An Example: MIPS

From the Harris/Weste book

Based on the MIPS-like processor from
the Hennessy/Patterson book

MIPS Architecture
w  Example: subset of MIPS processor
architecture
n  Drawn from Patterson & Hennessy
w  MIPS is a 32-bit architecture with 32 registers
n  Consider 8-bit subset using 8-bit datapath
n  Only implement 8 registers ($0 - $7)
n  $0 hardwired to 00000000
n  8-bit program counter

Ø 1
 Instruction Set

Instruction Set

What’s missing from this instruction set?

Ø 2
 Instruction Set

What’s missing from this instruction set? Lots of things!

One in particular: Support for subroutine calls… (JAL, STPC, etc.)

Instruction Encoding
w  32-bit instruction encoding (still 8-bit data)
n  Requires four cycles to fetch on 8-bit datapath

format example encoding

6 5 5 5 5 6
R add $rd, $ra, $rb 0 ra rb rd 0 funct

6 5 5 16
I beq $ra, $rb, imm op ra rb imm

6 26
J j dest op dest

Ø 3
 Fibonacci (C)
f0 = 1; f-1 = -1
fn = fn-1 + fn-2
f = 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …

Fibonacci (Assembly)
w  1st statement: int n = 8;
w  How do we translate this to assembly?
n  Decide which register should hold its value
n  Load an immediate value into that register

n  But, there’s no “load immediate” instruction…

n  But, there is an addi instruction, and there’s a

convenient register that’s always pinned to 0

w  addi $3, $0, 8 ; load 0+8 into register 3

Ø 4
 Fibonacci (Assembly)

Fibonacci (Binary)
w  1st statement: addi $3, $0, 8
w  How do we translate this to machine
language?
n  Hint: use instruction encodings below
format example encoding
6 5 5 5 5 6
R add $rd, $ra, $rb 0 ra rb rd 0 funct

6 5 5 16
I beq $ra, $rb, imm op ra rb imm

6 26
J j dest op dest

Ø 5
 Fibonacci (Binary)
w  Machine language program

Fibonacci (Binary)

format example encoding

6 5 5 5 5 6
R add $rd, $ra, $rb 0 ra rb rd 0 funct

6 5 5 16
I beq $ra, $rb, imm op ra rb imm

6 26
J j dest op dest

Ø 6
 MIPS Microarchitecture
w  Multicycle microarchitecture from
Patterson & Hennessy
PCWriteCond PCSource
PCEn
PCWrite
IorD Outputs ALUOp
ALUSrcB
MemRead
Control ALUSrcA
MemWrite
RegWrite
MemtoReg
Op RegDst
IRWrite[3:0] [5 : 0]
0
M
Jump 1 u
Instruction [5 : 0] 6 8 address x
Shift
left 2 2
Instruction
[31:26]
PC 0 0
M Instruction Read
[25 : 21] register 1 M
u Address u
x Read x
Instruction Read A Zero
1 Memory
[20 : 16] register 2 data 1 1
MemData 0 ALU ALU ALUOut
Registers
Instruction M Write Read result
[15 : 0] register data 2 B
Instruction u 0
Write Instruction [15 : 11] x 1 1 M
data Write
register 1 data u
2 x
Instruction 0 3
[7 : 0] M
u
x
Memory 1
data ALU
register control ALUControl

Instruction [5 : 0]

Multicycle Controller
Instruction fetch

0 1 2 3
MemRead MemRead MemRead MemRead Instruction decode/
ALUSrcA = 0 ALUSrcA = 0 ALUSrcA = 0 ALUSrcA = 0 register fetch
IorD = 0 IorD = 0 IorD = 0 IorD = 0 4
IRWrite3 IRWrite2 IRWrite1 IRWrite0
ALUSrcB = 01 ALUSrcB = 01 ALUSrcB = 01 ALUSrcB = 01 ALUSrcA = 0
ALUOp = 00 ALUOp = 00 ALUOp = 00 ALUOp = 00 ALUSrcB = 11
PCWrite PCWrite PCWrite PCWrite ALUOp = 00
PCSource = 00 PCSource = 00 PCSource = 00 PCSource = 00

e)
(Op = 'J')
')

-typ
EQ

Reset
=R
'B

(Op
=

Memory address ')

'S B
p

Branch
(O

= Jump
computation (Op
') or Execution completion completion
= 'L B
5 (Op 9 11 12
ALUSrcA = 1
ALUSrcA = 1 ALUSrcA =1 ALUSrcB = 00
ALUSrcB = 10 PCWrite
ALUSrcB = 00 ALUOp = 01
ALUOp = 00 PCSource = 10
ALUOp = 10 PCWriteCond
PCSource = 01
(Op = 'L B ')

(O
p
=
'S
B'
)

Memory Memory
access access R-type completion
6 8 10

RegDst = 1
MemRead MemWrite RegWrite
IorD = 1 IorD = 1 MemtoReg = 0

Write-back step
7

RegDst = 0
RegWrite
MemtoReg = 1

Ø 7
 Logic Design
w  Start at top level
n  Hierarchically decompose MIPS into units
w  Top-level interface

memread
crystal
Clk memwrite
oscillator
MIPS 8
processor adr
8 external
writedata
reset memory
8
memdata

Verilog Code
// top level design includes both mips processor and memory
module mips_mem #(parameter WIDTH = 8, REGBITS = 3)(clk, reset);
input clk, reset;
memread
wire memread, memwrite; crystal
oscillator
Clk memwrite
MIPS 8
wire [WIDTH-1:0] adr, writedata; processor adr
writedata
8 external
reset memory
wire [WIDTH-1:0] memdata; memdata
8

// instantiate the mips processor

mips #(WIDTH,REGBITS) mips(clk, reset, memdata, memread,
memwrite, adr, writedata);
// instantiate memory for code and data
exmem #(WIDTH) exmem(clk, memwrite, adr, writedata, memdata);
endmodule

Ø 8
 Block Diagram
PCWriteCond PCSource
PCEn
PCWrite
IorD Outputs ALUOp
ALUSrcB
MemRead
Control ALUSrcA
MemWrite
RegWrite
MemtoReg
Op RegDst
IRWrite[3:0] [5 : 0]
0
M
Jump 1 u
Instruction [5 : 0] 6 8 address x
Shift
left 2 2
Instruction
[31:26]
PC 0 0
M Instruction Read
[25 : 21] register 1 M
u Address u
x Read x
Instruction Read A Zero
1 Memory
[20 : 16] register 2 data 1 1
MemData 0 ALU ALU ALUOut
Registers
Instruction M Write Read result
[15 : 0] register data 2 B
Instruction u 0
Write Instruction [15 : 11] x 1 1 M
data Write
register 1 data u
2 x

memwrite
Instruction 0 3
[7 : 0] M
u
x
Memory 1
data ALU
register control ALUControl

memread Instruction [5 : 0]

controller
aluop[1:0]
alucontrol
op[5:0]
zero

alusrca
alusrcb[1:0]
pcen
pcsource[1:0]
memtoreg
regdst
iord
regwrite
irwrite[3:0]

funct[5:0]

alucontrol[2:0]
ph1
ph2
reset

adr[7:0]
datapath
writedata[7:0]
memdata[7:0]

// simplified MIPS processor

Top-level
module mips #(parameter WIDTH = 8, REGBITS = 3)
(input clk, reset,
code
input [WIDTH-1:0] memdata, memwrite

output memread, memwrite,

memread

controller
output [WIDTH-1:0] adr, writedata); aluop[1:0]
alucontrol
op[5:0]
zero

alusrca
alusrcb[1:0]
pcen
pcsource[1:0]
memtoreg
regdst
iord
regwrite
irwrite[3:0]

funct[5:0]

alucontrol[2:0]

wire [31:0] instr;

wire zero, alusrca, memtoreg, iord, pcen; ph1

wire regwrite, regdst; ph2

reset
wire [1:0] aluop,pcsource,alusrcb; datapath
wire [3:0] irwrite;
adr[7:0]
writedata[7:0]

wire [2:0] alucont; memdata[7:0]

controller cont(clk, reset, instr[31:26], zero, memread, memwrite,

alusrca, memtoreg, iord, pcen, regwrite, regdst,
pcsource, alusrcb, aluop, irwrite);
alucontrol ac(aluop, instr[5:0], alucont);
datapath #(WIDTH, REGBITS)
dp(clk, reset, memdata, alusrca, memtoreg, iord, pcen,
regwrite, regdst, pcsource, alusrcb, irwrite, alucont,
zero, instr, adr, writedata);
endmodule

Ø 9
module controller(input clk, reset,
input [5:0] op,
input
output reg
zero,
memread, memwrite, alusrca, memtoreg, iord,
Controller
output pcen,
output reg regwrite, regdst,
output reg [1:0] pcsource, alusrcb, aluop,
(FSM)
output reg [3:0] irwrite);
Instruction fetch

parameter FETCH1 = 4'b0001;

0 1 2 3
Instruction decode/
parameter FETCH2 = 4'b0010; MemRead
ALUSrcA = 0
MemRead
ALUSrcA = 0
MemRead
ALUSrcA = 0
MemRead
ALUSrcA = 0 register fetch

parameter FETCH3 = 4'b0011; IorD = 0

IRWrite3
IorD = 0
IRWrite2
IorD = 0
IRWrite1
IorD = 0
IRWrite0
4

parameter FETCH4 = 4'b0100; ALUSrcB = 01

ALUOp = 00
ALUSrcB = 01
ALUOp = 00
ALUSrcB = 01
ALUOp = 00
ALUSrcB = 01
ALUOp = 00
ALUSrcA = 0
ALUSrcB = 11
parameter DECODE = 4'b0101; PCWrite
PCSource = 00
PCWrite
PCSource = 00
PCWrite
PCSource = 00
PCWrite
PCSource = 00
ALUOp = 00

parameter MEMADR = 4'b0110;

e)

(Op = 'J')
')
parameter LBRD = 4'b0111; -typ

EQ
Reset
=R

'B
(Op
parameter LBWR = 4'b1000;

=
Memory address B ')

p
= 'S Branch

(O
Jump
computation (Op
') or Execution completion
parameter SBWR = 4'b1001; = 'L B
completion
5 (Op 9 11 12
parameter RTYPEEX = 4'b1010; ALUSrcA = 1
ALUSrcA = 1
ALUSrcB = 00
ALUSrcA =1 PCWrite
parameter RTYPEWR = 4'b1011; ALUSrcB = 10
ALUOp = 00
ALUSrcB = 00 ALUOp = 01
PCWriteCond
PCSource = 10
ALUOp = 10
parameter BEQEX = 4'b1100; PCSource = 01

parameter JEX = 4'b1101;

(Op = 'L B ')

(O
p
=
parameter ADDIWR = 4'b1110; // added for ADDI

'S
B'
)
Memory Memory
access access R-type completion
parameter LB = 6'b100000; 6 8 10

parameter SB = 6'b101000; MemRead MemWrite

RegDst = 1
RegWrite
IorD = 1 IorD = 1
parameter RTYPE = 6'b0; MemtoReg = 0

parameter BEQ = 6'b000100;

parameter J = 6'b000010;
Write-back step
parameter ADDI = 6'b001000; /// added for ADDI 7

RegDst = 0
reg [3:0] state, nextstate; RegWrite
MemtoReg = 1
reg pcwrite, pcwritecond;

module controller(input clk, reset,

input [5:0] op,
input zero,
output reg memread, memwrite, alusrca, memtoreg, iord,
output pcen,
output reg regwrite, regdst,
output reg [1:0] pcsource, alusrcb, aluop,
output reg [3:0] irwrite);

parameter FETCH1 = 4'b0001;

parameter FETCH2 = 4'b0010;
parameter FETCH3 = 4'b0011; State Encodings...
parameter FETCH4 = 4'b0100;
parameter
parameter
parameter
DECODE = 4'b0101;
MEMADR = 4'b0110;
LBRD = 4'b0111;
Controller
parameter
parameter
parameter
LBWR = 4'b1000;
SBWR = 4'b1001;
RTYPEEX = 4'b1010;
Parameters
parameter RTYPEWR = 4'b1011;
parameter BEQEX = 4'b1100;
parameter JEX = 4'b1101;
parameter ADDIWR = 4'b1110; // added for ADDI

parameter LB = 6'b100000;
parameter SB = 6'b101000;
parameter RTYPE = 6'b0; Opcodes...
parameter BEQ = 6'b000100;
parameter J = 6'b000010;
parameter ADDI = 6'b001000; /// added for ADDI

reg [3:0] state, nextstate;

reg pcwrite, pcwritecond;
Local reg variables...

Ø 10
 Main state machine – NS logic
// state register
always @(posedge clk) MEMADR: case(op)
if(reset) state <= FETCH1; LB: nextstate <= LBRD;
else state <= nextstate; SB: nextstate <= SBWR;
ADDI: nextstate <= ADDIWR; 

// next state logic (combinational) // should never happen
always @(*) default: nextstate <= FETCH1; 

begin endcase
case(state) LBRD: nextstate <= LBWR;
FETCH1: nextstate <= FETCH2; LBWR: nextstate <= FETCH1;
FETCH2: nextstate <= FETCH3; SBWR: nextstate <= FETCH1;
FETCH3: nextstate <= FETCH4; RTYPEEX: nextstate <= RTYPEWR;
FETCH4: nextstate <= DECODE; RTYPEWR: nextstate <= FETCH1;
DECODE: case(op) BEQEX: nextstate <= FETCH1;
JEX: nextstate <= FETCH1;
LB: nextstate <= MEMADR;
SB: nextstate <= MEMADR; ADDIWR: nextstate <= FETCH1; 

// should never happen
ADDI: nextstate <= MEMADR;

RTYPE: nextstate <= RTYPEEX; default: nextstate <= FETCH1; 

endcase
BEQ: nextstate <= BEQEX;
end
J: nextstate <= JEX;

// should never happen
default: nextstate <= FETCH1; 

endcase

Setting Control Signal Outputs

FETCH2:
begin
always @(*)
memread <= 1;
begin irwrite <= 4'b0010;
// set all outputs to zero, then
 alusrcb <= 2'b01;
// conditionally assert just the 
 pcwrite <= 1;
// appropriate ones end
irwrite <= 4'b0000; FETCH3:
begin
pcwrite <= 0; pcwritecond <= 0;
memread <= 1;
regwrite <= 0; regdst <= 0; irwrite <= 4'b0100;
memread <= 0; memwrite <= 0; alusrcb <= 2'b01;
alusrca <= 0; alusrcb <= 2'b00; 
 pcwrite <= 1;
end
aluop <= 2'b00; pcsource <= 2'b00;
FETCH4:
iord <= 0; memtoreg <= 0; begin
case(state) memread <= 1;
FETCH1: irwrite <= 4'b1000;
alusrcb <= 2'b01;
begin
pcwrite <= 1;
memread <= 1; end
irwrite <= 4'b0001; 
 DECODE: alusrcb <= 2'b11;
alusrcb <= 2'b01; 
 .....
pcwrite <= 1; 
 endcase
end end
endmodule

Ø 11
 MIPS Microarchitecture - Datapath
PCWriteCond PCSource
PCEn
PCWrite ALUOp
IorD Outputs
ALUSrcB
MemRead
Control ALUSrcA
MemWrite
RegWrite
MemtoReg
Op RegDst
IRWrite[3:0] [5 : 0]
0
M
Jump 1 u
Instruction [5 : 0] 6 8 address x
Shift
2
left 2
Instruction
[31:26]
PC 0 0
M Instruction Read
[25 : 21] register 1 M
u Address u
x Read x
Instruction Read A Zero
1 Memory
[20 : 16] register 2 data 1 1
MemData 0 ALU ALU ALUOut
Registers
Instruction M Write Read result
[15 : 0] register data 2 B
Instruction u 0
Write Instruction [15 : 11] x 1 1 M
data Write
register 1 data u
2 x
Instruction 0 3
[7 : 0] M
u
x
Memory 1
data ALU
register control ALUControl

Instruction [5 : 0]

module datapath #(parameter WIDTH = 8, REGBITS = 3)

(input clk, reset,
input [WIDTH-1:0] memdata,
input alusrca, memtoreg, iord, pcen, regwrite, regdst,
input [1:0] pcsource, alusrcb, // mux select bits
input [3:0] irwrite, // InstReg write flags
input [2:0] alucont, // ALU control bits
output zero, // “ALU output is zero” flag
output [31:0] instr, // 32-bit instruction register
output [WIDTH-1:0] adr, writedata); // 8-bit address and write-data registers

// the size of the parameters must be changed to match the WIDTH parameter
localparam CONST_ZERO = 8'b0;
localparam CONST_ONE = 8'b1;

wire [REGBITS-1:0] ra1, ra2, wa; // register address bits

wire [WIDTH-1:0] pc, nextpc, md, rd1, rd2, wd, a, src1, src2, aluresult, aluout, constx4;

// shift left constant field by 2

assign constx4 = {instr[WIDTH-3:0],2'b00}; Verilog:
// register file address fields
assign ra1 = instr[REGBITS+20:21];
Datapath 1
assign ra2 = instr[REGBITS+15:16];
mux2 #(REGBITS) regmux(instr[REGBITS+15:16], instr[REGBITS+10:11], regdst, wa);

Ø 12
 // independent of bit width, load instruction into four 8-bit registers over four cycles
flopen #(8) ir0(clk, irwrite[0], memdata[7:0], instr[7:0]);
flopen #(8) ir1(clk, irwrite[1], memdata[7:0], instr[15:8]);
flopen #(8) ir2(clk, irwrite[2], memdata[7:0], instr[23:16]);
flopen #(8) ir3(clk, irwrite[3], memdata[7:0], instr[31:24]);

// datapath
flopenr #(WIDTH) pcreg(clk, reset, pcen, nextpc, pc);
flop #(WIDTH) mdr(clk, memdata, md);
flop
flop
#(WIDTH) areg(clk, rd1, a);
#(WIDTH) wrd(clk, rd2, writedata);
Verilog:
flop
mux2
#(WIDTH) res(clk, aluresult, aluout);
#(WIDTH) adrmux(pc, aluout, iord, adr);
Datapath 2
mux2 #(WIDTH) src1mux(pc, a, alusrca, src1);
mux4 #(WIDTH) src2mux(writedata, CONST_ONE, instr[WIDTH-1:0], constx4, alusrcb, src2);
mux4 #(WIDTH) pcmux(aluresult, aluout, constx4, CONST_ZERO, pcsource, nextpc);
mux2 #(WIDTH) wdmux(aluout, md, memtoreg, wd);
regfile #(WIDTH,REGBITS) rf(clk, regwrite, ra1, ra2, wa, wd, rd1, rd2);
alu #(WIDTH) alunit(src1, src2, alucont, aluresult);
zerodetect #(WIDTH) zd(aluresult, zero);
endmodule

MIPS Microarchitecture - ALU

PCWriteCond PCSource
PCEn
PCWrite
IorD Outputs ALUOp
ALUSrcB
MemRead
Control ALUSrcA
MemWrite
RegWrite
MemtoReg
Op RegDst
IRWrite[3:0] [5 : 0]
0
M
Jump 1 u
Instruction [5 : 0] 6 8 address x
Shift
2
left 2
Instruction
[31:26]
PC 0 0
M Instruction Read
[25 : 21] register 1 M
u Address u
x Read x
Instruction Read A Zero
1 Memory
[20 : 16] register 2 data 1 1
MemData 0 ALU ALU ALUOut
Registers
Instruction M Write Read result
[15 : 0] register data 2 B
Instruction u 0
Write Instruction [15 : 11] x 1 1 M
data Write
register 1 data u
2 x
Instruction 0 3
[7 : 0] M
u
x
Memory 1
data ALU
register control ALUControl

Instruction [5 : 0]

Ø 13
 Verilog: alu
module alu #(parameter WIDTH = 8)
(input [WIDTH-1:0] a, b,
input [2:0] alucont,
output reg [WIDTH-1:0] result);
wire [WIDTH-1:0] b2, sum, slt;

assign b2 = alucont[2] ? ~b:b; // pre-compute B-inv for subtraction

assign sum = a + b2 + alucont[2]; // A + B or A + Binv + 1 (i.e. subtraction)
// slt should be 1 if most significant bit of sum is 1
assign slt = sum[WIDTH-1];

always@(*) // compute ALU result (based on alucont bits)

case(alucont[1:0])
2'b00: result <= a & b;
2'b01: result <= a | b;
2'b10: result <= sum;
2'b11: result <= slt;
endcase
endmodule

MIPS Microarchitecture - ALUctl

PCWriteCond PCSource
PCEn
PCWrite
IorD Outputs ALUOp
ALUSrcB
MemRead
Control ALUSrcA
MemWrite
RegWrite
MemtoReg
Op RegDst
IRWrite[3:0] [5 : 0]
0
M
Jump 1 u
Instruction [5 : 0] 6 8 address x
Shift
2
left 2
Instruction
[31:26]
PC 0 0
M Instruction Read
[25 : 21] register 1 M
u Address u
x Read x
Instruction Read A Zero
1 Memory
[20 : 16] register 2 data 1 1
MemData 0 ALU ALU ALUOut
Registers
Instruction M Write Read result
[15 : 0] register data 2 B
Instruction u 0
Write Instruction [15 : 11] x 1 1 M
data Write
register 1 data u
2 x
Instruction 0 3
[7 : 0] M
u
x
Memory 1
data ALU
register control ALUControl

Instruction [5 : 0]

Ø 14
 Verilog: alucontrol
module alucontrol(input [1:0] aluop, input [5:0] funct, output reg [2:0] alucont);

always @(*)
case(aluop)
2'b00: alucont <= 3'b010; // add for lb/sb/addi
2'b01: alucont <= 3'b110; // sub (for beq)
default: case(funct) // R-Type instructions
6'b100000: alucont <= 3'b010; // add (for add)
6'b100010: alucont <= 3'b110; // subtract (for sub)
6'b100100: alucont <= 3'b000; // logical and (for and)
6'b100101: alucont <= 3'b001; // logical or (for or)
6'b101010: alucont <= 3'b111; // set on less (for slt)
default: alucont <= 3'b101; // should never happen
endcase
endcase
endmodule

MIPS Microarchitecture - Regfile

PCWriteCond PCSource
PCEn
PCWrite
IorD Outputs ALUOp
ALUSrcB
MemRead
Control ALUSrcA
MemWrite
RegWrite
MemtoReg
Op RegDst
IRWrite[3:0] [5 : 0]
0
M
Jump 1 u
Instruction [5 : 0] 6 8 address x
Shift
2
left 2
Instruction
[31:26]
PC 0 0
M Instruction Read
[25 : 21] register 1 M
u Address u
x Read x
Instruction Read A Zero
1 Memory
[20 : 16] register 2 data 1 1
MemData 0 ALU ALU ALUOut
Registers
Instruction M Write Read result
[15 : 0] register data 2 B
Instruction u 0
Write Instruction [15 : 11] x 1 1 M
data Write
register 1 data u
2 x
Instruction 0 3
[7 : 0] M
u
x
Memory 1
data ALU
register control ALUControl

Instruction [5 : 0]

Ø 15
 Verilog: regfile
module regfile #(parameter WIDTH = 8, REGBITS = 3)
(input clk,
input regwrite,
input [REGBITS-1:0] ra1, ra2, wa,
input [WIDTH-1:0] wd,
output [WIDTH-1:0] rd1, rd2);

reg [WIDTH-1:0] RAM [(1<<REGBITS)-1:0];

// three ported register file

// read two ports (combinational)
// write third port on rising edge of clock
always @(posedge clk)
if (regwrite) RAM[wa] <= wd;

assign rd1 = ra1 ? RAM[ra1] : 0; // register 0 is hardwired to 0

assign rd2 = ra2 ? RAM[ra2] : 0; // register 0 is hardwired to 0

endmodule

module flopenr #(parameter WIDTH = 8)

Verilog: Support (input

input
clk, reset, en,
[WIDTH-1:0] d,
output reg [WIDTH-1:0] q);
Structures always @(posedge clk)
if (reset) q <= 0;
else if (en) q <= d;
module zerodetect #(parameter WIDTH = 8) endmodule
(input [WIDTH-1:0] a,
output y); module mux2 #(parameter WIDTH = 8)
assign y = (a==0); (input [WIDTH-1:0] d0, d1,
endmodule input s,
output [WIDTH-1:0] y);
module flop #(parameter WIDTH = 8) assign y = s ? d1 : d0;
(input clk, endmodule
input [WIDTH-1:0] d,
output reg [WIDTH-1:0] q); module mux4 #(parameter WIDTH = 8)
(input [WIDTH-1:0] d0, d1, d2, d3,
always @(posedge clk)
input [1:0] s,
q <= d;
output reg [WIDTH-1:0] y);
endmodule
always @(*)
case(s)
module flopen #(parameter WIDTH = 8) 2'b00: y <= d0;
(input clk, en, 2'b01: y <= d1;
input [WIDTH-1:0] d, 2'b10: y <= d2;
output reg [WIDTH-1:0] q); 2'b11: y <= d3;
always @(posedge clk) endcase
if (en) q <= d; endmodule
endmodule

Ø 16
 Logic Design
w  Start at top level
n  Hierarchically decompose MIPS into units
w  Top-level interface

memread
crystal
Clk memwrite
oscillator
MIPS 8
processor adr
8 external
writedata
reset memory
8
memdata

Verilog: exmemory simulation

// external memory accessed by MIPS // read and write bytes from 32-bit word
module exmemory #(parameter WIDTH = 8) always @(posedge clk)
(clk, memwrite, adr, writedata, memdata); if(memwrite)
case (adr[1:0])
input clk; 2'b00: RAM[adr>>2][7:0] <= writedata;
input memwrite; 2'b01: RAM[adr>>2][15:8] <= writedata;
input [WIDTH-1:0] adr, writedata; 2'b10: RAM[adr>>2][23:16] <= writedata;
output reg [WIDTH-1:0] memdata; 2'b11: RAM[adr>>2][31:24] <= writedata;
endcase
reg [31:0] RAM [(1<<WIDTH-2)-1:0];
wire [31:0] word; assign word = RAM[adr>>2];
always @(*)
initial case (adr[1:0])
begin 2'b00: memdata <= word[7:0];
$readmemh("memfile.dat",RAM); 2'b01: memdata <= word[15:8];
end 2'b10: memdata <= word[23:16];
2'b11: memdata <= word[31:24];
endcase
endmodule

Ø 17
 Synthesized memory?
w  If you synthesize the Verilog, you’ll get a
memory
n  But – it will be huge!
n  It will be made of your DFF cells
n  plus synthesized address decoders

n  Custom memory is much smaller

n  but much trickier to get right
n  … see details in VGA slides …

Verilog: exmemory
// external memory accessed by MIPS // Looks like you need to clock the memory early
module exmem #(parameter WIDTH = 8) // to make it work with the current control...
(clk, memwrite, adr, writedata, not(clkB, clk);
memdata);
// Instantiate the UMC SPRAM module
input clk; UMC130SPRAM_8_8 mips_ram (
input memwrite; .CK(clkB),
input [WIDTH-1:0] adr, writedata; .CEN(1'b0),
output [WIDTH-1:0] memdata; .WEN(memwriteB),
.OEN(1'b0),
wire memwriteB, clkB; .ADR(adr),
.DI(writedata),
// UMC RAM has active low write enable... .DOUT(memdata));
not(memwriteB, memwrite);
endmodule

Ø 18
 MIPS (8-bit) size comparison

One big EDI run of the whole thing

With some work, could probably get this in a single TCU...

MIPS (8-bit) size comparison

Separate EDI for controller, alucontrol, datapath

and custom RF, assembled with ccar

Ø 19
 MIPS (8-bit) whole chip

Includes poly/m1/m2/m3 fill, and logos

Routed to the pads using ccar

System Verilog
w  Enhanced version of “classic Verilog”
n  More data types
l  typedef, struct, union, enum
n  Some OO features
n  Adds better support for verification

w  Backward compatible with Verilog

Ø 20
 New data type: logic
w  “logic” as a data type is like a reg
n  But can be used everywhere, not just in sequential
blocks (always, initial)
n  It must have a single driver – only one gate driving

the value (like a logic value!)

n  If you have more than one driver (think tri-state),

then it must be a “wire”

logic [7:0] my_var; // 8-bit logic type variable

mips module definition

// simplified MIPS processor
module mips #(parameter WIDTH = 8, REGBITS = 3) 

(input logic clk, reset, 

input logic [WIDTH-1:0] memdata, 

output logic memread, memwrite, 

output logic [WIDTH-1:0] adr, writedata);
logic [31:0] instr;

logic zero, alusrca, memtoreg, iord, pcen, regwrite, regdst;

logic [1:0] pcsrc, alusrcb;

logic [3:0] irwrite;

logic [2:0] alucontrol;

logic [5:0] op, funct;
assign op = instr[31:26]; 

assign funct = instr[5:0];
controller cont(clk, reset, op, funct, zero, memread, memwrite, 

alusrca, memtoreg, iord, pcen, regwrite, regdst,

pcsrc, alusrcb, alucontrol, irwrite);
datapath #(WIDTH, REGBITS) 

dp(clk, reset, memdata, alusrca, memtoreg, iord, pcen,

regwrite, regdst, pcsrc, alusrcb, irwrite, alucontrol,

zero, instr, adr, writedata);
endmodule

Ø 21
 C-type Data Structuring
w  Enumerated data types allow numeric
quantities to be assigned meaningful names
n  Like “parameters” in Verilog

typedef enum logic [2:0] {


RED, GREEN, BLUE, CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW

} color_t;
color_t my_color = GREEN;
initial $display("The color is %s”, my_color.name());
// note the use of the name() built-in function

C-type Data Structuring

w  Structs are like C structs…
typedef struct { 

byte a;

Disclaimer – I don’t know
reg b;
 much about how these
shortint unsigned c;

} myStruct;
 interact with synthesis…


module struct_data ();

// Define a local struct.

struct {

byte a;

reg b;
 // When defined typedef, we can be used as new data type

shortint unsigned c;
 myStruct object = '{10,0,100};

} myLocalStruct = '{11,1,101}; 


 initial begin

$display ("a = %b b = %b c = %h", object.a, object.b, object.c);

$display ("a = %b b = %b c = %h", myLocalStruct.a, 

myLocalStruct.b, myLocalStruct.c);

#1 $finish;

end

endmodule

Ø 22
module controller(input clk, reset,
input [5:0] op,
input zero,
output reg memread, memwrite, alusrca, memtoreg, iord,
output pcen,
output reg regwrite, regdst,
output reg [1:0] pcsource, alusrcb, aluop,
output reg [3:0] irwrite);

parameter FETCH1 = 4'b0001;

parameter FETCH2 = 4'b0010;
parameter FETCH3 = 4'b0011; State Encodings...
parameter FETCH4 = 4'b0100;
parameter DECODE = 4'b0101;
parameter MEMADR = 4'b0110;

Controller
parameter LBRD = 4'b0111;
parameter LBWR = 4'b1000;
parameter SBWR = 4'b1001;
parameter
parameter
parameter
RTYPEEX = 4'b1010;
RTYPEWR = 4'b1011;
BEQEX = 4'b1100;
Parameters:
parameter
parameter
JEX = 4'b1101;
ADDIWR = 4'b1110; // added for ADDI Verilog
parameter LB = 6'b100000;
parameter SB = 6'b101000;
parameter RTYPE = 6'b0; Opcodes...
parameter BEQ = 6'b000100;
parameter J = 6'b000010;
parameter ADDI = 6'b001000; /// added for ADDI

reg [3:0] state, nextstate;

reg pcwrite, pcwritecond;
Local reg variables...

System Verilog Version

// states and instructions
typedef enum logic [3:0] {FETCH1 = 4'b0000, FETCH2, FETCH3, FETCH4,

DECODE, MEMADR, LBRD, LBWR, SBWR,

RTYPEEX, RTYPEWR, BEQEX, JEX} statetype;

typedef enum logic [5:0] {LB = 6'b100000,


SB = 6'b101000,

RTYPE = 6'b000000,

BEQ = 6'b000100,

J = 6'b000010} opcode;

typedef enum logic [5:0] {ADD = 6'b100000,


SUB = 6'b100010,

AND = 6'b100100,

OR = 6'b100101,

SLT = 6'b101010} functcode;

Ø 23
 SystemVerilog Version
module controller(input logic clk, reset, 

input logic [5:0] op, funct,

input logic zero, 

output logic memread, memwrite, alusrca, 

output logic memtoreg, iord, pcen, 

output logic regwrite, regdst, 

output logic [1:0] pcsrc, alusrcb,

output logic [2:0] alucontrol,

output logic [3:0] irwrite);
statetype state;

logic pcwrite, branch;

logic [1:0] aluop;
// control FSM

statelogic statelog(clk, reset, op, state);
outputlogic outputlog(state, memread, memwrite, alusrca,

memtoreg, iord, 

regwrite, regdst, pcsrc, alusrcb, irwrite, 

pcwrite, branch, aluop);
// other control decoding

aludec ac(aluop, funct, alucontrol);

assign pcen = pcwrite | (branch & zero); // program counter enable

endmodule

New Sequential Blocks

w  Old: Verilog
n  always @(*) // combinational
n  always @(posedge clk) // sequential (latch or ff)

w  New: SystemVerilog

n  always_comb // combinational – like @(*)
n  always_ff @(posedge clk) // sequential with ff
n  always_latch // level-sensitive latch

// gate inferred from the code

// don’t use this one…

Ø 24
 NS logic: Verilog
// state register
always @(posedge clk) MEMADR: case(op)
if(reset) state <= FETCH1; LB: nextstate <= LBRD;
else state <= nextstate; SB: nextstate <= SBWR;
ADDI: nextstate <= ADDIWR; 

// next state logic (combinational) // should never happen
always @(*) default: nextstate <= FETCH1; 

begin endcase
case(state) LBRD: nextstate <= LBWR;
FETCH1: nextstate <= FETCH2; LBWR: nextstate <= FETCH1;
FETCH2: nextstate <= FETCH3; SBWR: nextstate <= FETCH1;
FETCH3: nextstate <= FETCH4; RTYPEEX: nextstate <= RTYPEWR;
FETCH4: nextstate <= DECODE; RTYPEWR: nextstate <= FETCH1;
DECODE: case(op) BEQEX: nextstate <= FETCH1;
JEX: nextstate <= FETCH1;
LB: nextstate <= MEMADR;
SB: nextstate <= MEMADR; ADDIWR: nextstate <= FETCH1; 

// should never happen
ADDI: nextstate <= MEMADR;

RTYPE: nextstate <= RTYPEEX; default: nextstate <= FETCH1; 

endcase
BEQ: nextstate <= BEQEX;
end
J: nextstate <= JEX;

// should never happen
default: nextstate <= FETCH1; 

endcase

NS logic: SystemVerilog
module statelogic(input logic clk, reset,

input logic [5:0] op,
 MEMADR: case(op)

output statetype state); LB: nextstate = LBRD;

statetype nextstate; SB: nextstate = SBWR;

default: nextstate = FETCH1; 

always_ff @(posedge clk)

// should never happen

if (reset) state <= FETCH1;

endcase

else state <= nextstate; LBRD: nextstate = LBWR;

always_comb
 LBWR: nextstate = FETCH1;

begin
 SBWR: nextstate = FETCH1;

case (state)
 RTYPEEX: nextstate = RTYPEWR;

FETCH1: nextstate = FETCH2;
 RTYPEWR: nextstate = FETCH1;

FETCH2: nextstate = FETCH3;
 BEQEX: nextstate = FETCH1;

FETCH3: nextstate = FETCH4;
 JEX: nextstate = FETCH1;

FETCH4: nextstate = DECODE;
 default: nextstate = FETCH1; 

DECODE: case(op)
 // should never happen

LB: nextstate = MEMADR; 
 endcase

SB: nextstate = MEMADR;
 end

RTYPE: nextstate = RTYPEEX;
 endmodule
BEQ: nextstate = BEQEX;

J: nextstate = JEX;

default: nextstate = FETCH1; 

// should never happen 

endcase

Ø 25
 Outputs: Verilog
FETCH2:
begin
always @(*)
memread <= 1;
begin irwrite <= 4'b0010;
// set all outputs to zero, then
 alusrcb <= 2'b01;
// conditionally assert just the 
 pcwrite <= 1;
// appropriate ones end
irwrite <= 4'b0000; FETCH3:
begin
pcwrite <= 0; pcwritecond <= 0;
memread <= 1;
regwrite <= 0; regdst <= 0; irwrite <= 4'b0100;
memread <= 0; memwrite <= 0; alusrcb <= 2'b01;
alusrca <= 0; alusrcb <= 2'b00; 
 pcwrite <= 1;
end
aluop <= 2'b00; pcsource <= 2'b00;
FETCH4:
iord <= 0; memtoreg <= 0; begin
case(state) memread <= 1;
FETCH1: irwrite <= 4'b1000;
alusrcb <= 2'b01;
begin
pcwrite <= 1;
memread <= 1; end
irwrite <= 4'b0001; 
 DECODE: alusrcb <= 2'b11;
alusrcb <= 2'b01; 
 .....
pcwrite <= 1; 
 endcase
end end
endmodule

Outputs: SystemVerilog
FETCH2:
module outputlogic(input statetype state,
 begin
output logic memread, memwrite, alusrca, 
 memread <= 1;
output logic memtoreg, iord, 
 irwrite <= 4'b0010;
output logic regwrite, regdst, 

alusrcb <= 2'b01;
output logic [1:0] pcsrc, alusrcb,

pcwrite <= 1;
output logic [3:0] irwrite,

output logic pcwrite, branch,
 end
output logic [1:0] aluop); FETCH3:
always_comb
 begin
begin
 memread <= 1;
// set all outputs to zero, then 
 irwrite <= 4'b0100;
// conditionally assert just the appropriate ones
 alusrcb <= 2'b01;
irwrite = 4'b0000;
 pcwrite <= 1;
pcwrite = 0; branch = 0;
 end
regwrite = 0; regdst = 0;
 FETCH4:
memread = 0; memwrite = 0;
 begin
alusrca = 0; alusrcb = 2'b00; aluop = 2'b00;

memread <= 1;
pcsrc = 2'b00;

irwrite <= 4'b1000;
iord = 0; memtoreg = 0;

case (state)
 alusrcb <= 2'b01;
FETCH1: 
 pcwrite <= 1;
begin
 end
memread = 1; 
 DECODE: alusrcb <= 2'b11;
irwrite = 4'b0001; 
 .....
alusrcb = 2'b01; 
 endcase
pcwrite = 1;
 end
end endmodule

Ø 26
 Outputs: SystemVerilog
module aludec(input logic [1:0] aluop, 

input logic [5:0] funct, 

output logic [2:0] alucontrol);

always_comb

case (aluop)

2'b00: alucontrol = 3'b010; // add for lb/sb/addi

2'b01: alucontrol = 3'b110; // subtract (for beq)

default: case(funct) // R-Type instructions

ADD: alucontrol = 3'b010;

SUB: alucontrol = 3'b110;

AND: alucontrol = 3'b000;

OR: alucontrol = 3'b001;

SLT: alucontrol = 3'b111;

default: alucontrol = 3'b101; // should never happen

endcase

endcase
endmodule

Flops, etc.: SystemVerilog

module flop #(parameter WIDTH = 8)

(input logic clk, 

input logic [WIDTH-1:0] d, 

output logic [WIDTH-1:0] q);



always_ff @(posedge clk)

q <= d;
endmodule

module flopen #(parameter WIDTH = 8)


(input logic clk, en,

input logic [WIDTH-1:0] d, 

output logic [WIDTH-1:0] q);

always_ff @(posedge clk)

if (en) q <= d;
endmodule

Ø 27