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CMP 477 Computer Graphics: Module 4 Basic Geometric Objects

The document discusses basic geometric objects or graphics primitives in computer graphics including points, lines, polygons, pixels and the graphics pipeline. It explains that graphics is constructed from a few basic elements. Points are defined by x and y coordinates, lines can be defined by two or more points, polygons are bounded by closed polylines, and pixels are tiny dots that make up raster displays. The graphics pipeline specifies the steps to display data, including application programs, application data structures, and the graphics system.

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82 views17 pages

CMP 477 Computer Graphics: Module 4 Basic Geometric Objects

The document discusses basic geometric objects or graphics primitives in computer graphics including points, lines, polygons, pixels and the graphics pipeline. It explains that graphics is constructed from a few basic elements. Points are defined by x and y coordinates, lines can be defined by two or more points, polygons are bounded by closed polylines, and pixels are tiny dots that make up raster displays. The graphics pipeline specifies the steps to display data, including application programs, application data structures, and the graphics system.

Uploaded by

Chi Hana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CMP 477 Computer Graphics

Module 4 Basic Geometric Objects


Dr. S.A. Arekete
Redeemer’s University, Ede
Graphic Primitives

 The basic geometric objects in CG are usually called primitives or graphic


output primitives
 A primitive is a graphics object that is essential for the creation or
construction of complex images.
 Fortunately, graphics is constructed from a few basic elements, as opposed
to the great variety of graphics applications.
Points

 Points are uniquely defined by their x- and y-coordinates


 Points are usually not drawn themselves
 Their main function is the description of other objects like lines that can be
defined by their two endpoints
Lines, Polylines or Curves

 These can be defined by two or more points


 For lines two points are needed
 Curves need two points and additional control points
 Polylines are connected sequences of lines
Areas

 Areas are bounded by closed polylines or polygons


 Areas can be filled with colour or a texture
Pixel

 A pixel is a point of light.


 It is just one tiny dot on the raster displays.
 Though it has no structure, it is definitely a building block and hence it can
be considered as the graphics primitive.
 The resolution of CRT is related to the dot size, the diameter of a single dot.
 A resolution of 100 dots lines/inch implies a dot size of 0.01 inch.
 However, in reality, pixels are more elliptic than circle.
 The shape of a pixel purely depends upon the characteristics of the visual
display unit.
Pixel..


Line

 Line, especially straight lines, constitute an important building block of


computer images.
 For example, line is the basic building block of Line graphs, bar and pie
charts, two and three-dimensional graphs of mathematical functions,
engineering drawings and architectural plans.
 In computer graphics, straight line is so basic in creating images that we
call it a graphics primitive.
 Straight lines can be developed in two different ways.
 A structural method determines which pixels should be set before drawing
the line;
 a conditional method tests certain conditions to find which pixel should be
set next.
Polygon

 A polygon, even though generally constructed from straight lines, is an


important graphics primitive.
 So often we want to handle polygon as a single entity, as images of objects
from the real world consist in large part of polygons.
 A polygon is a closed area of image bounded by straight or curved lines and
filled with one solid colour.
 Since images are two dimensional, a polygon is a closed planar figure.
 Implementing a polygon as a graphics primitive is natural and helpful.
 We can define polygon as an image which consists of a finite ordered set of
straight boundaries called edges.
 Alternately, the polygon can be defined by an ordered sequence of vertices,
the corners of the polygon.
Polygon..

 The edges of the polygon are then obtained by traversing the vertices in the given
order;
 The edge list is sufficient for wireframe drawings. Two consecutive vertices define one
edge.
 We close the polygon by connecting the last vertex to the first.
 Face list is required in order to fill the polygon.
 We can decompose a scene from real world into a collection of polygons of simple
shapes.
 For example, a simple house can be constructed with a square and a rectangle.
 However, neither straight lines nor polygons precisely describe a real world scene;
 It is only an approximation of the scene we can get; such scenes actually seem to be
of fractal nature.
Polygon..
Graphics Pipeline

 The graphics pipeline specifies a series of steps needed to display data on


an output device.
 The steps vary depending on the needs of the application.
 The application may be realistic, fast, aesthetic or informatic.
 However, the graphics Pipeline has three major components, viz. the
application program which stores into and restores from the application
data structure and sends graphics command to the graphics system.
Graphics Pipeline..
Graphics Pipeline..

 Application program: This is a collection of output plotting subroutines


based on 2D or 3D geometry of the object to be displayed.
 The application program performs the following:
 View transforms: specifies what part of the world scene is to be displayed and
converts those points into view coordinate points.
 Converts from viewport to normailized device coordinates (NDC): specifies
where in the view surface should the object be displayed.
 Clips: Determine visible surfaces and shading. Then, the object outside the NDC
is clipped.
 Maps data to device coordinates: All the geometric and non-geometric details
in the data structure are converted to one of the graphics output primitives and
passed to the graphics system i.e. the objects are scan converted into pixels and
the framebuffer displayed.
Graphics Pipeline..

 Application data structure: This is a database of descriptions and properties, like


geometric coordinates, colour, surface texture and connectivity relationships of
objects to be displayed on the display unit of the graphics system.
 For example, lets consider the design of a room with a few furniture in it.
 Then structure would contain
 Description of primitives that defines the shape of the objects in the room.
 Object attributes like line style, colour, texture that defines the “look” of the primitives
 Connectivity relations and positioning data that defines how components fit together
 Geometry spectrum that defines the layout of physical objects to description of
concepts without geometry (eg. statistics)
 Textual, numeric data (equations, formulas, etc.) and procedures often included in
the models
Graphics Pipeline..
Graphics Pipeline..

 Graphics system: This handles the low-level architecture of the display


processor and xy co-ordinate system of the physical screen, hiding these
details from the user.

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