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rRNA (Ribosomal) tRNA (Transfer) mRNA (Messenger) : Function

RNA is a polymeric molecule composed of nucleotides containing a ribose sugar, phosphate and one of four nitrogenous bases. It exists in three main types - rRNA, tRNA and mRNA - that play essential roles in coding, decoding, regulating and expressing genes. rRNA combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during translation. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into proteins.

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113 views3 pages

rRNA (Ribosomal) tRNA (Transfer) mRNA (Messenger) : Function

RNA is a polymeric molecule composed of nucleotides containing a ribose sugar, phosphate and one of four nitrogenous bases. It exists in three main types - rRNA, tRNA and mRNA - that play essential roles in coding, decoding, regulating and expressing genes. rRNA combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during translation. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into proteins.

Uploaded by

Vanshika Sethi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RNA or ribonucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides which is made up of a ribose sugar, a

phosphate, and bases such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

It is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation,


and expression of genes.

 RNA is a single-stranded helix.


 The strand has a 5′end (with a phosphate group) and a 3′end (with a hydroxyl group).
 It is composed of ribonucleotides.
 The ribonucleotides are linked together by 3′ –> 5′ phosphodiester bonds.
 The nitrogenous bases that compose the RNA are adenine (abbreviated A), guanine (G),
uracil (U) and cytosine (C).

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, there are three main types of RNA –
 rRNA (ribosomal)
 tRNA (transfer)
 mRNA (messenger)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)


 Accounts for about 5% of the total RNA in the cell.
 Most heterogeneous of the 3 types of RNA in terms of both base sequence and size.
 It carries the genetic code copied from the DNA during transcription in the form of
triplets of nucleotides called codons.
 As part of post-transcriptional processing in eukaryotes, the 5’ end of mRNA is capped
with a guanosine triphosphate nucleotide, which helps in mRNA recognition during
translation or protein synthesis.
 Similarly, the 3’ end of an mRNA has a poly A tail or multiple adenylate residues added
to it, which prevent enzymatic degradation of mRNA.
 Both 5’ and 3’ end of an mRNA imparts stability to the mRNA.
Function
mRNA transcribes the genetic code from DNA into a form that can be read and used to make
proteins.
mRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
 account for 80% of the total RNA present in the cell.
 Found in the ribosomes
 rRNAs combine with proteins in the cytoplasm to form ribosomes, which act as the site
of protein synthesis and has the enzymes needed for the process.
 These complex structures travel along the mRNA molecule during translation and
facilitate the assembly of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
 They bind to tRNAs and other molecules that are crucial for protein synthesis.
Function
rRNA directs the translation of mRNA into proteins.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
 tRNA is the smallest of the 3 types of RNA having about 75-95 nucleotides.
 tRNAs are an essential component of translation, where their main function is the
transfer of amino acids during protein synthesis. Therefore they are called transfer RNAs.
 Each of the 20 amino acids has a specific tRNA that binds with it and transfers it to the
growing polypeptide chain.
 tRNAs also act as adapters in the translation of the genetic sequence of mRNA into
proteins. Therefore they are also called adapter molecules.
Function
Transfer RNA brings or transfers amino acids to the ribosome that correspond to each three-
nucleotide codon of rRNA. The amino acids then can be joined together and processed to make
polypeptides and proteins.

Other types of RNA


Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)

snRNA is involved in the processing of pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) into mature mRNA.
They are very short, with an average length of only 150 nucleotides.

Regulatory RNAs

A number of types of RNA are involved in regulation of gene expression, including micro RNA
(miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA) and antisense RNA (aRNA).

miRNA (21-22 nt) is found in eukaryotes, and acts through RNA interference (RNAi). miRNA
can break down mRNA that it is complementary to, with the aid of enzymes. This can block the
mRNA from being translated, or accelerate its degradation.

siRNA (20-25 nt) are often produced by breakdown of viral RNA, though there are also
endogenous sources of siRNAs. They act similarly to miRNA. An mRNA may contain regulatory
elements itself, such as riboswitches, in the 5' untranslated region or 3' untranslated region;
these cis-regulatory elements regulate the activity of that mRNA.

Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)

Found in many bacteria and plastids. tmRNA tag the proteins encoded by mRNAs that lack stop
codons for degradation, and prevents the ribosome from stalling due to the missing stop codon.
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)

This type of RNA has two strands bound together, as with double stranded DNA. dsRNA forms
the genetic material of some viruses.

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