Introduction to Well Calibration

using Zero-Offset Synthetic

Modeling

Tutorial
 Paradigm®

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2 Introduction to Well Calibration using Zero-Offset Synthetic Modeling Paradigm® 15.5

Contents 0 r e t p a h C

Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Step 1: Calculate the Initial Synthetic Seismogram ....................................... 9
Select the modeling method and input data . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... .. . .9
Examine the input logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... .. . 10
Define the output dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... .. . 11
Calculate the initial synthetic and modify the display . . . ..... ... .. . 12
Modify the wavelet frequencies to match the seismic . . . ..... ... .. . 12
Decision Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... .. . 15
Step 2: Calibrate the Synthetic using a Model Wavelet
(Bandpass/Gabor/Ricker) ............................................................................ 16
Define the correlation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Apply a phase rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Shift the synthetic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Fine tune the match using Stretch & Squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Decision Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Save the output dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Step 3 (Optional): Refine the Calibration using an Extracted Wavelet........ 26
Extract (estimate) a new wavelet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Save the output logs and wavelet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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4 Introduction to Well Calibration using Zero-Offset Synthetic Modeling Paradigm® 15.5

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Introduction

Overview
1 A synthetic seismogram is a seismic trace calculated from well data
(velocity, density and time-depth) and a wavelet. This document explains how
to use the acoustic convolutional modeling method to calculate and calibrate
zero-offset synthetic seismograms in the time domain.

Zero-Offset Synthetic Modeling

Zero-offset synthetic modeling in Paradigm uses an acoustic convolutional

modeling method. This method generates a reflectivity trace from well
data, then scales the reflectivity to time and convolves it with a wavelet to
create a synthetic seismogram.
Basic convolutional modeling can be described in three steps:
Step 1: Reflectivity is calculated from the input velocity and density.
The Reflectivity trace is generated from the velocity and density input data.
Reflectivity (R) is the difference between acoustic impedances at a boundary
between two samples.

Step 2: The reflectivity trace is scaled from depth to time.

The Reflectivity trace is scaled to time using the provided time-depth
relationship.
Step 3: The reflectivity trace is convolved with a wavelet.
The scaled reflectivity trace is convolved with the wavelet in the time domain.
Synthetic
Reflectivity Wavelet Seismogram

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Once the seismogram is calculated, it is inserted into the seismic section. You
then calibrate the synthetic seismogram to improve the match with the seismic.
Options for improving the match between the synthetic and the seismic include:
 Change the input well logs used to generate the seismogram.
 Modify the wavelet type, frequency range or phase used to create the
seismogram.
 Shift, stretch or squeeze the seismogram. (Be careful withthis step.
Stretching and squeezing modifies the checkshot and may adversely
affect log velocity.)
 Select different seismic traces in the vicinity of the well that might
provide better correlation.

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Workflow
2 This document provides a step-by-step workflow for calibrating your well data to
the seismic data using zero-offset synthetic modeling. This workflow is divided
into two steps:
 Step 1: Calculate the Synthetic Seismogram
— Select the Zero-Offset (Acoustic) modeling method and input data
— Examine the input logs
— Define the output dataset
— Calculate the initial synthetic and modify the display
— Modify the wavelet frequencies to match the seismic
— Decision Point: After performing the tasks described in this step,
examine the seismogram to see if it matches the seismic. If the answer
is yes, then your well is calibrated and you are done! If not, proceed to
step 2.

 Step 2: Calibrate the Synthetic Seismogram using a Model Wavelet

— Define the correlation parameters
— Apply a phase rotation to the wavelet, if necessary
— Apply a time shift
— Fine tune the match using Stretch & Squeeze
— Decision Point: If the well is calibrated you can go directly to the next
task and save the output data. If you would like to improve the match,
extract a realistic wavelet for inversion or other workflows, or use a
wavelet extracted from the seismic then go to Step 3.
— Save the output data

 Step 3 (Optional): Refine the Calibration using an Extracted Wavelet

— Extract a new wavelet using the well and seismic data
— Save the output logs and wavelet

Synthetic Modeling Videos

 Checkshot Calibration and Drift Correction

 Well Calibration in the Time Domain
 Well Calibration in the Depth Domain
 Managing Time-Depth Data for Domain Conversion
Access Paradigm Online University from the Customer
Portal (https://pdgm.custhelp.com/app/home/)

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8 Introduction to Well Calibration using Zero-Offset Synthetic Modeling Paradigm® 15.5

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Step 1: Calculate the Initial Synthetic Seismogram

In this step you first examine the seismic frequencies you want to model, create
a wavelet and then modify the wavelet to match the seismic frequencies. If the
synthetic seismogram looks good, you can consider your well calibrated. If the
results are not good or you want to see if you can improve the match, you
should continue to step 2.

Select the modeling

1 1 In the Section window, display a seismic section through a well. Modify the
method and input seismic properties to your liking. Right-click on the well trajectory and select
data Switch to Well Location to ensure you are looking at a section that
intersects the well.
2 Right-click on the well and select Synthetics Utility from the right mouse
button menu.
3 In the Input/Output tab, select a Modeling Mode from the pull-down menu
(Zero Offset - Acoustic, or Non-Zero Offset - Elastic).
4 Select the input data. By default, the active logs for the data types are
selected. You can click the Select button to select a different input log.
Note It is good practice to make sure that your checkshot velocities are
similar to the log velocities used to calculate the synthetic. You can use the
Checkshot Correction utility to update the checkshot with log velocities and
correct the difference (drift correction). The corrected checkshot can then be
used as input for the Time-Depth relationship for the synthetic calculation.

For more information, watch the Checkshot Calibration

video available from the Synthetics category in Paradigm
Online University.

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Examine the input

2 1 Click the Display Logs button to open the Well Log window.
logs 2 Examine the logs that are being used for the calculation. (At this point you
have not yet calculated the synthetic seismogram, so you will have several
empty tracks. Logs for these tracks will appear after you define the output
data and calculate the synthetic.)
Note Edit any input logs which have gaps, bad values, spikes, and/or
washout regions. Save the edited logs to the database then recalculate the
synthetic with the edited logs.

By default the STANDARD SYNTHETICS template is applied to the well log

display which controls which logs are displayed. If this is not the template you
see, open the Template Manager, select Site and then select and apply the
STANDARD SYNTHETICS template. Some logs may not display in the log
tracks if these logs were not selected or created.
To include log tracks for displaying drift logs generated during stretch &
squeeze, use the SYNTHETICS_FULL template (this template also includes
tracks for logs generated from a non-zero phase workflow).

For help using Templates in the Well Log window, watch the
short video called “Working with Templates in the Well Log
window” in the SeisEarth > Displaying and Editing Wells
category in Paradigm Online University.

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Define the output

3

dataset
Selecting Output Data

The synthetic calculation involves the temporary generation of a variety of

intermediate logs and can include creation of logs that can be derived during
the synthetic modeling process. You can define the output data you would like
to create and display to help you QC the calibration. When you are finished
with your calibration work, you can save any of the defined data to the
database.

1 Define the output dataset (Parameters tab > Output Data Types). [See table
from Online Help at the end of this step.]
Output data that is not selected will not be available for display or to save.
 The default value for Synthetic Seismogram Format is “Seismogram
(convolved)” which results in the SYNT / Synt_Stack:1 - Convolved log
(reflectivity convolved with a wavelet). If you also want to display and/or
save the Reflectivity log, choose “Both Convolved and Full Band
Synthetic Seismograms.” This latter option creates both the convolved
log (synthetic seismogram) and the SYNT_FB / Synt_FB_Stack:1 - Full
Band (reflectivity) log (which has not been convolved with a wavelet).

 The synthetic creation process creates upscaled versions of the input

P-wave and Density logs (example: P_VELOCITY_UPSCALED,
DENSITY_UPSCALED) to increase the processing speed. The
upscaling uses Backus averaging. The default scaling parameters are
defined in the Up-Scaling Parameters panel of the Parameters tab. You
can modify these to fit your requirements (example, reduce the scaling
to model thin beds). The scaled logs are then used to generate the
impedance log which is used to calculate reflectivity (full-band
synthetic). The reflectivity is then convolved with the wavelet to create
the convolved synthetic seismogram.
Note If you select impedance or another option for the input, the data is
converted to P-Velocity and Density as Intermediate Input and then
upscaled once you calculate the Synthetic Seismogram.

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 The Residual log is a useful output because it shows you what seismic
responses are not captured in the synthetic. You can use this log as a
QC tool to help you improve the synthetic. The fewer the deflections in
this log, the more seismic data is captured by the synthetic.
Note Items selected in the Output Data Types panel are not automatically
saved to the database and are only available during the modeling session.
You must explicitly save the data to reuse it in another session.

Calculate the initial

4 1 In the Synthetics Utility, click Apply to calculate the initial seismogram.
synthetic and
The synthetic seismogram is displayed along the well trajectory in the
modify the display Section window. In the Well Log window you should now see the synthetic
seismogram and the other output logs that were calculated during the
modeling process.
Note At this point the Synthetic Seismogram has been calculated using the
input log data and a default Bandpass wavelet. You still need to modify the
frequencies and phase of the wavelet to match the seismic. You will do this in
the next few tasks.
2 In the Section window, double-click on the synthetic seismogram to open
the Properties dialog box in a tab embedded in the window next to the
Display Elements tab. Modify the display to your liking.
3 In the Well Log window, double-click on the synthetic seismogram
(displayed in the SYNT track) to open the properties. Set the Style to
Duplicated. Also set the Style for the Residual log (SYNT_RESIDUAL) to
Duplicated.

Modify the wavelet

5 1 Select the Wavelet and Calibration tab of the Synthetics Utility.
frequencies to
2 Select the well you are working with in the Well Table to view the wavelet
match the seismic and correlation information for that well.
3 In the Section window, use the Capture tool to select a region of seismic
data around the well.
The Normalized Amplitude Spectrum panel of the Synthetics Utility is
automatically updated. If you do not see the solid red line showing the
frequency of the seismic data, toggle it on by clicking in the box to the left of
the Seismic option.

The region selected in the Section window is to be used as a visual guide to

help you manually modify the wavelet frequencies to be similar to the
seismic. This region is also used to estimate a wavelet from the seismic
spectrum when you select a Seismic Only wavelet extraction method.
Try to draw a region around the data that is most representative of the seismic
that you are trying to match. Try to avoid noisy regions or complex regions.

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4 Right-click in the Normalized Amplitude Spectrum panel and select Select

Wavelet Type and select a wavelet type that best fits the general shape of
the amplitude spectrum of the seismic data.
5 Use the Select (arrow) tool to adjust the position of the pink nodes to modify
the wavelet frequency to match the seismic amplitude spectrum. Be sure
that the Freq. Selection option is checked on to see the pink nodes.

Notice there is also an Extracted curve you can display in the Normalized
Amplitude Spectrum panel. This curve represents the data adjacent to the
well based on the cross-correlation parameters you define (you will do this in
Step 2). Use this curve also to help you estimate wavelet frequencies.

6 Click Apply to recalculate the synthetic with the modified wavelet.

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Calculating the Phase Spectrum of the Seismic

When you use the Capture tool to select a region in the

Section window to calculate the amplitude spectrum of
the seismic data, you have an option to include the
phase spectrum. In general you should not use this option unless you are
confident that the region you selected will not provide ambiguous results.
The Include Phase Spectrum option does not use well data in the
calculation. Therefore it may not extract the correct phase of the seismic
data.
To understand this, imagine two layers (A and B) on top of each other and a
minimum phase wavelet. The resulting seismic trace would appear as a peak
followed by a trough.
Now imagine a thin layer (B) and a zero-phase wavelet. The resulting seismic
would also appear to be a peak followed by a trough, since the side lobes
overlap inside the layer, canceling each other out.

Without reflectivity information from the well data, the phase estimation can
be unreliable.
The option to include the phase estimation should only be used when you
know the geology and can selected a strong isolated event, such as the water
bottom.

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Decision Point
6 1 Examine the seismogram in the Section window. Does it match?
— Yes! The well is calibrated to the seismic and this indicates that the T-D
relationship (checkshot) for the well is good. You do not need to save
the checkshot since it was not modified.
— No! You may need to apply a phase rotation to the wavelet, shift and
modify the checkshot and possibly extract a better wavelet to improve
the well to seismic match. These tasks are covered in the next steps.
Note You should not try to extract a wavelet using methods that
incorporate both well and seismic data (L1, L2, Amplitude-Phase Split)
until you complete Step 2 and have a fairly good match between the well
and seismic.

At this point you have not defined the parameters used to calculate the
cross-correlation coefficient and it is calculated using default parameters
which may not be appropriate for your data. This means you should not rely
on the Cor. Coef or Max Cor. Coef values displayed in the well table in the
Wavelet and Calibration tab. Your determination at this point is strictly visual.
To use correlation parameters to obtain a more quantitative understanding of
the calibration, you need to perform Step 2.

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Step 2: Calibrate the Synthetic using a Model Wavelet

(Bandpass/Gabor/Ricker)

In the previous step you determined the input data and model wavelet for the
synthetic calculation. You also modified the frequencies of the model wavelet to
match the seismic frequencies. If the resulting seismogram does not match the
seismic you can perform several additional adjustments to improve the
calibration using the model wavelet:
 Apply a phase rotation to the wavelet
 Shift the checkshot
 Stretch & squeeze the synthetic to match the seismic
Before performing these adjustments, you should define correlation parameters
used to define the region of well and seismic data to be used to calculate the
correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient (and error values) can be used
to help you quantify the calibration results to ensure a good calibration.

Define the
1 1 In the Section window, toggle on the Cross-correlation window from the
correlation Display Elements tab.
parameters The Cross-correlation window shows in yellow the interval used to calculate
the correlation coefficient for the Synthetic Seismogram.
Note The Cross-correlation window does not determine the region used to
calculate the synthetic seismogram. You can define this region from the
Parameters tab > Synthetic Calculation Parameters.
2 Open the Well Log window from the Synthetics Utility. You can see the
correlation interval in yellow to the left of the track. (You may need to use the
horizontal scroll bar at the bottom of the Synthetic track, SYNT, to view it.)
3 In the Section window, use the Select tool to drag the top and bottom of the
cross-correlation window to match the range of the input log data or your
zone of interest.

When determining the time range for the Cross-correlation window, keep
in mind that the well and seismic data from this time range will be used to
calculate the cross-correlation value and will be used for the wavelet
extraction calculations (covered in Step 3).
Be sure not to include regions where well data is poor or missing, and be
careful when including regions where seismic data is noisy or has a lot of
structure at the well. Since the time range is used for wavelet calculation, it
should be at least three times the wavelet length (defined in well table).

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4 In the Wavelet and Calibration tab of the Synthetics Utility:

a Set the correlation mode to 3D (or 2D if you are working on a traverse or
want to limit the data used in the correlation calculation to the displayed
section).
b Select the number of traces around the well to be used for the
correlation and wavelet extraction calculations. Try different values and
notice that the correlation coefficient changes. Find the value that gives
the best correlation (Max Cor. Coef.).
c The shift required to obtain the Max Cor. Coef value is listed in the Shift
Max Cor. column in the Well Table.

Determining the number to traces to use

The number of traces defines the trace at the well plus traces on
either side of the well in all directions. For example, if you select
3, then there will be a total number of nine traces.
The traces are averaged to create a single trace, identified as
the EXTRACTED seismic log which can be displayed in the Well
Log window (if it was selected in the Output Data Types list).
The Extracted seismic trace is used as input for the cross correlation and
wavelet extraction calculations. Selecting a higher number of traces will
create a smoother Extracted seismic trace and likely increase the correlation
value.
The amplitude spectrum of this extracted trace can also be displayed in the
Normalized Amplitude Spectrum panel.

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Apply a phase
2 1 Examine the symmetry of cross-correlation curve to determine if you are
rotation working with zero-phase data or non-zero phase data (example, minimum
phase, reverse polarity, etc.).

Using the Cross Correlation Curve to Understand Seismic Phase

The shape of the cross-correlation curve shows how well the wavelet (in this
case a zero-phase bandpass) models the phase of the seismic data.
If the curve appears extremely asymmetrical then you should correct the
polarity of the wavelet by applying a phase rotation. This should improve the
cross-correlation values shown in the Well Table.

Zero‐phase wavelet with 
Zero‐phase wavelet with  90‐degree phase rotated 
zero‐phase seismic seismic

2 To calculate the phase of the seismic data using the zero-phase wavelet,
right-click in the Wavelet and Calibration tab and select Estimate Phase
Rotation of Wavelet.
Note You can test the sensitivity of the phase estimation in this area by
modifying the parameters for the cross-correlation window (see green
information box below).

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The Estimate Phase Rotation of Wavelet uses the extracted trace

determined by the cross-correlation time range and number of traces you
defined in the previous task. As a result, it is sensitive to these parameters and
you may get a different estimated phase if you change the cross-correlation
parameters.
To determine the phase rotation of the entire seismic volume, it is best to
estimate the phase rotation at each well location and then take an average to
estimate the phase for the volume. Seismic phase can be slightly variable
across a region of data and the phase at one well may not be the same as the
phase seen at another well in a different region of the data.
For zero-phase data you may see a non-zero phase rotation estimated at each
well location. As long as this is a fairly small rotation (<~20 degrees) the data
can still be considered zero-phase.

3 Once you determine the appropriate phase, you can either automatically
apply the calculated phase or enter your own value and apply it to the
wavelet. The Phase column will be updated in the Well Table.
To automatically apply the estimated phase rotation to the wavelet:
a After estimating the phase rotation, click Apply to recalculate the
synthetic.
To apply a user-defined phase rotation to the wavelet:
a If you want to apply a user-defined value, use the slider bar at the
bottom of the Phase Spectrum panel (or enter the value in the text field).
b Click Apply to recalculate the synthetic with the user-defined phase
rotation applied to the wavelet.
4 Check that the cross-correlation value improved and also examine the
synthetic seismogram in the Section window and the Well Log window.

Applying a phase rotation will affect the time shift required to maximize the
correlation (Shift Max Cor.). This is why it is good practice to first estimate the
phase and then apply the shift.

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Shift the synthetic

3 1 Examine the Cross Correlation graph displayed at the bottom left of the
window. In the graph, you want to see the maximum correlation at zero. The
value in the Shift Max Cor. column in the well table displays the shift
required to maximize the correlation.
— The Cor. Coef value in the well table shows you the correlation with the
current T-D relationship, and the Max Cor. Coef value shows you what
the correlation will be after applying the time shift. Keep in mind that the
shift and phase are linked, so modifying the phase in the previous step
will affect the shift required to maximize the correlation.

2 At the bottom of the Synthetics Utility, on the Wavelet and Calibration tab,
click the Shift to Max. Cross Correlation button.
Note Be careful to only apply the time shift if it seems reasonable (<~24 ms).
You can also enter a time shift manually into the Well Table and apply it.

Fine tune the match

4 Important! Try to avoid making large adjustments with the Stretch & Squeeze
using Stretch & utility. If you make large adjustments to the checkshot, the interval velocities
Squeeze from the checkshot will deviate significantly from the interval velocities
calculated from the p-velocity data used to calculate the synthetic. This means
you have modified the time-depth relationship too much and it is no longer valid
since the resulting velocities are unrealistic. The result may be problematic
when using the modified checkshot together with the p-velocity log in other
processes.
It is good practice to estimate and examine the drift while performing Stretch &
Squeeze to ensure that your modifications do not significantly impact the log
velocities.
1 In the Well Log window, open the Template Manager and select the
SYNTHETICS_FULL template. Click Apply. This template includes tracks
to display the drift logs.

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2 In the Synthetics Utility, select the Checkshot Calibration tab. Toggle on

Estimate of Drift due to Stretch & Squeeze. This will calculate and display
the drift logs during the stretch & squeeze process.
Note By default, the zero time/depth is held constant and not allowed to shift.
You can change this setting in the Stretch & Squeeze Options panel in the
Parameters tab of the Wavelet and Calibration tab.
3 To use the Stretch & Squeeze (S&S) utility, click the Move/Stretch/Squeeze
Synthetic tool in the Section window.
4 Click to create a pink tie lines where you think the synthetic matches the
seismic. (Toggle off the Cross-correlation window as needed.)
Note If you don't like the tie, right-click and select Remove Tie.
5 After you have set your tie lines to anchor the data at these points, click and
hold the synthetic at a mismatched reflector and drag it to the desired
correlation point with the seismic. Where you release the mouse button a tie
line is displayed.
Note You can also perform the stretch & squeeze operation in the Well Log
window.
6 In the Well Log window, examine the drift curves and the
P_VELOCITY_UPSCALED_SS curve (click on the curve name, in orange,
in the track title bar to display this curve on top of the others). Compare it to
the P_VELOCITY_UPSCALED log, without the stretch & squeeze (log
name is in red in the track title bar). Check that there are no drastic changes
to the velocities in the region where you applied stretch and squeeze.
7 Repeat the process to fine tune the match throughout the synthetic.

The Correlation Coefficient is automatically updated as you stretch &

squeeze the synthetic. Use this information to check that modifications you
make improve the correlation and don’t make it worse.

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Decision Point
5 Determine if the well is now calibrated sufficiently for your purposes. Use the
following methods to help you with this determination:
— Visual examination of the synthetic against the seismic in the Section
window.
— Visual examination of the residual vs. seismic log in the Well Log
window.
Note Check that important reflectors are modeled in the synthetic and
don’t remain in the residual.
— Quantitative evaluation based on parameters in the well table
 Cor Coef: >0.6. The higher the better (range is 0-1).
 PEP: The higher the better. This measures the proportion of seismic
energy modeled by the synthetic (range is 0.05-1).
 NMSE: The lower the better. This measures the error between the
synthetic and seismic (range is 0-1).
If the well looks calibrated, you can now save the output data (go to the next
task).
If you would like to further improve the match using an extracted wavelet,
calculate a more realistic wavelet for a workflow such as inversion, or are
struggling to get a good correlation and want to use a wavelet extracted from
the seismic, continue to Step 3.

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Save the output

6 Once you are satisfied with the calibration work, you should save the new time-
dataset depth relationship (TWTIME) which was modified when you applied a shift and
used the stretch & squeeze tool. Some suggested uses for other standard log
data generated during the synthetic modeling are listed in the Table 1-1.
1 Click the Save Logs button at the top of the Synthetics Utility, or select File
> Save Logs.
Note Newly created or modified log data is colored red, whereas original
input data that was copied to a new set but not modified is colored blue. By
default the log data is displayed by Data Tree. Right-click in the white space
to the left of the data list and select Expand Tree or toggle on Expanded for
the Default Tree View.
2 Select the logs you want to save and click Save.
Note For information on defining the set names see “Saving logs and sets”
on page 25.

Only data for the data types you selected in the Output Data Types panel of
the Parameters tab are available to save to the database. It is not necessary
to save them all. The logs you save will be written to the well database.

Table 1-1 Suggested uses for some of the zero-phase modeling output data.

Set Name (+
Log Name Suggestions for use
suffix)
TIMEDEPTH or TWTIME To display well data (markers and
CHECKSHOT logs, etc.) at the proper location
on the seismic data and to use in
any calculations which use both
well data and seismic data and
require domain conversion.

SYNT SYNT_STACK As model trace (neuron) for

supervised facies classification in
Stratimagic.

SYNTFB SYNT_FB_STACK As input for synthetic modeling

(Modeling Mode = Existing
Synthetic). This seismogram does
not include a wavelet. Using this
as input enables you to extract a
new wavelet or modify the wavelet
without requiring you to reselect
the input logs.

WAVELETS_T WAVELET For amplitude inversion or related

work

Paradigm® 15.5® Step 2: Calibrate the Synthetic using a Model Wavelet (Bandpass/Gabor/Ricker) 23
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7 Table 1-2 Table in the Online help documentation

24 Introduction to Well Calibration using Zero-Offset Synthetic Modeling Paradigm® 15.5

Paradigm®

Saving logs and sets

New log sets are automatically created and listed in red. Newly created or
modified logs are also listed in red in the new sets. By default, these sets have
a suffix taken from the Unique set name suffix, the User-Defined Comment
and the Automatic Suffix at the bottom of the Input/Output tab of the
Synthetics Utility.

To create log sets with a user-defined suffix, toggle on Save As. Toggle on
Save As Suffix and enter the suffix you want. Select the data you want to
save and click Save. In the Well Data Manager you will find the logs saved to
a set name with the user-defined suffix.
If you toggle on Save As, you have several options to name the sets.
 Automatic version advancement & Create New Logs in current
set. This option results in a new version of the log name in the same
set name that the original log was created in.
 Save As Suffix & Create New Sets. This option results in a new set
name comprising the original set name plus this suffix. Use this option
if you don't want to use the Unique set name suffix that is listed at the
bottom right of the Synthetic Utility > Input/Output tab. [The Unique
set name suffix is generated by the software and cannot be changed
in the Synthetics Utility. Set names can be changed in the Well Data
Manager > Sets tab.]
 Automatic version advancement & Create New Sets. This option
results in a new set name comprising the original set name and
unique set name suffix with a new version number.

Paradigm® 15.5® Step 2: Calibrate the Synthetic using a Model Wavelet (Bandpass/Gabor/Ricker) 25
 Paradigm®

Step 3 (Optional): Refine the Calibration using an

Extracted Wavelet 1 . 0

Once you have a good match between the synthetic and the seismic (Cor Coef.
> ~0.6), you can perform additional work to try to improve the wavelet using
information from the well and the seismic data. To do this you use wavelet
extraction.
Extracted wavelets allow a non-constant phase and are thus more realistic (they
model a more complex signal) than the model wavelets used in Steps 1 and 2. If
you plan on saving and using the wavelet for seismic inversion and other related
workflows, it is recommended to perform this optional step.
If your purpose is just to tie the well data to the seismic so that the well data
displays properly on the seismic time sections, then this step is not necessary.

Before using any wavelet extraction methods which use both well and seismic
data (L1, L2 and amplitude-phase split), confirm that the correlation is
sufficient to obtain a reliable result (Cor Coef. >~0.6).

Note The Seismic Only (Zero-Phase) wavelet extraction method does not
include well data and therefore does not require a good correlation between the
synthetic and seismic. If you are having difficulty obtaining a good correlation
using a Model wavelet in Step 2, try using the Seismic Only extraction method to
calculate a wavelet. To do this:
a Reset the checkshot (right-click on the synthetic seismogram and select
Reset) to remove the stretch & squeeze and time shift applied to the
checkshot in Step 2.
b Right-click on one of the panels in the Wavelet and Calibration tab and
select Automatic Wavelet Extraction > Seismic Only (Zero Phase).
c Recalculate the synthetic using the original checkshot and seismic only
wavelet.
d Apply a phase rotation, time shift and stretch & squeeze to improve the
match.

26 Introduction to Well Calibration using Zero-Offset Synthetic Modeling Paradigm® 15.5

Paradigm®

Extract (estimate) a
1 1 Right-click on one of the panels in the Wavelet and Calibration tab and
new wavelet select Automatic Wavelet Extraction to display the estimation methods.
Select one of the following methods:
— Amplitude-Phase Split
— General (L1)
— General (L2 “Roy White”)
Note The Amplitude-Phase Split (Global) method should be used only
when you are trying to find a single global wavelet from multiple calibrated
wells. This is usually part of a seismic inversion workflow and is not covered
in this document.

Notice that the Wavelet changes and the phase spectrum of the wavelet is
displayed in the Phase Spectrum panel. For a perfectly zero-phase wavelet,
you would expect a straight horizontal line at zero indicating zero phase for all
frequencies. Phase adjustment for different frequencies is usually required to
get the synthetic to match the seismic.

2 Click Apply to recalculate the synthetic seismogram with this new wavelet.
3 Examine the synthetic seismogram against the seismic in the Section
window. Examine the seismogram and the residual in the well log window
and notice that the Max Cor. Coef. and the Cor. Coef values in the well table
change.
Note If the Max Cor. Coef. and the Cor. Coef values are different, it indicates
that if you use this wavelet you will need to apply another shift to obtain the
best correlation. The shift to apply is indicated in the Shift Max Cor. column of
the table. You can also see it in the Cross Correlation panel.
4 Repeat steps 1 and 2 in this task to see the effect of different wavelets on
the synthetic. Determine which extraction method provides the highest Max.
Cor. Coef. value. Use the correlation value and an examination of the
wavelet itself in the Wavelet panel to determine which wavelet is the best for
your needs.
Note You may find that you get a very good correlation but the wavelet has
strange sidelobes and phase changes across the different frequencies. In
this case, you would not select this wavelet, even though it has a high
correlation value.
5 Once you select the best wavelet, click the Shift to Max. Cross Correlation
button to adjust the checkshot to maximize the correlation.

Save the output logs

2 Refer to the last task in Step 2 (“Save the output dataset” on page 23). For
and wavelet inversion workflows you need to obtain a wavelet representative of the entire
survey, therefore you need a smoother wavelet based on all of the well data. For
information on how to do this, go through the Multi-Well Synthetics (Zero-Offset)
Calibration for Inversion” interactive module on Paradigm Online University.

Paradigm® 15.5® Step 3 (Optional): Refine the Calibration using an Extracted Wavelet 27
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28 Introduction to Well Calibration using Zero-Offset Synthetic Modeling Paradigm® 15.5