1C) TIME

The time is a never-ending progress of existence and events, from the past, through the present, to the
future.

TELLING THE TIME ⏰

FORMAL, BUT EASIER WAY

Say the hours first, and then the minutes.
7:10 it’s seven ten 10:47 it’s eleven forty-seven 18:21 it’s six twenty-one
9:33 it’s nine thirty-three 15:43 it’s three forty-three 22:57 it’s ten fifty-seven
For minutes 01 through 09, you can pronounce the ‘0’ as oh.
8:03 it’s eight oh three 11:06 it’s eleven oh six 19:09 it’s seven oh nine

MORE POPULAR WAY

Say the minutes first, and then the hours.
Use past and the preceding hour for minutes 01 through 30.
Use to and the forthcoming hour for minutes 31 through 59.
7:10 it’s ten past seven 10:47 it’s thirteen to eleven 18:21 it’s twenty-one past six
9:33 it’s twenty-seven to ten 15:43 it’s seventeen to four 22:57 it’s three to eleven
Another possibility of saying '15 minutes past' is a quarter past.
4:15 it’s a quarter past four 11:15 it’s a quarter past eleven 17:15 it’s a quarter past five
Another possibility of saying '15 minutes to’ is a quarter to.
2:45 it’s a quarter to three 9:45 it’s a quarter to ten 22:45 it’s a quarter to eleven
Another possibility of saying '30 minutes past’ is half past.
9:30 it’s half past nine 13:30 it’s half past one 17:30 it’s half past five

NOTES
Use o’clock only at the full hour.
7:00 it’s seven o’clock 10:00 it’s ten o’clock 18:00 it’s six o’clock
For times around midnight or midday you can use the expressions midnight or midday // noon instead
of the numbers 12 or 00.
00:30 it’s half past midnight 11:45 it’s a quarter to noon 12:15 it’s a quarter past midday
More formal expressions to indicate whether a time is before noon or after are a.m. (ante meridiem,
before noon) and p.m. (post meridiem, after noon). Use these expressions only with the formal way of
telling the time.
3:15 it’s three fifteen a.m. 14:34 it’s two thirty-four p.m. 20:43 it’s eight forty-three p.m.
It is not usual to use a.m. and p.m. with past/to.

BIGGER PERIODS OF TIME 🗓

Days of the week and months are always capitalized.
DAYS OF THE WEEK
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
MONTHS
January February March April May June
July August September October November December
YEARS
Years can be pronounced dividing them in half.
The first two figures are a number and the last two figures are a number.
For figures 01 through 09, you can pronounce the ‘0’ as oh.
1789 seventeen eighty-nine 1902 nineteen oh two
1939 nineteen thirty-nine 1989 nineteen eighty-nine
From 2000 onwards, years can be pronounced like ordinary cardinal numbers.
two thousand and three two thousand nineteen
2003 2019
or twenty oh three or twenty nineteen

DATES 📅
If you put the day before the month, use the definite article the before the day and the preposition of
before the month.
7 September the seventh of September, eighteen 15 November the fifteenth of November, eighteen
1822 twenty-two 1889 eighty-nine
If you put the month before the day, use the definite article before the day in British English. In
American English, the definite article can be dropped.
March (the) fifteenth, nineteen eighty-
April 1, 1964 April (the) first, nineteen sixty-four March 15, 1985
five
 SEASONS 🏖

spring summer

autumn or fall winter

TALKING ABOUT THE WEATHER 🌞

There are a lot of adjectives to talk about the weather in a place.
Use it is + adjective or it is + verb-ing to talk about the weather.
Many times, when we are talking about the weather, we can add the letter y to the end of a noun to make
it an adjective.
It is a fine day. It is very cloudy.
It’s a hot morning now. Take an umbrella, it’s raining today!
It is a humid day. It is snowing right now!

It’s sunny and hot. It’s windy. It’s cloudy. It’s foggy and misty.
 It’s drizzling. It’s raining. It’s stormy. It’s snowing.
When learning vocabulary about the weather, it is important to remember that some of the words have a
noun form, a verb form and/or an adjective form.
rain noun The game was cancelled because of the rain.
rain verb I think it is going to rain later.
rainy adjective It's a rainy day.

EXERCISES ⌚
1) Write the hours that appear on each clock. Don’t forget to use the verb to be.

2) Write one action that you normally do in the periods of time below.
a) In the morning.

b) In the afternoon.

c) In the evening.

3) Take a look at the sports’ schedule in a Sunday. Then answer the questions.
 Example: When is Austria x Germany happening? It is at one o’clock in the afternoon.
a) When is the match between Thailand and China?

b) When is the São Paulo x Corinthians match?

c) When is England x Nigeria match going to happen?

d) When is Island x Norway going to be?

e) When is the Internacional x Sports match?

4) Research when these historic events began. Then write the dates in full (day, month and year).
Example: French Revolution. 5 May 1789. The fifth of May, seventeen eighty-nine.
a) Russian Revolution.

b) First World War.

c) Second World War.

d) Atomic bombings of Hiroshima.

e) Vietnam War.

5) Write the weather characteristic that the images represent. Use verbs or adverbs.
 rain/rainy

6) Look at the weather forecast.

Now complete the sentences with the words below. Research in a dictionary the words or
expressions you don’t know.
fly my kite sunny snowy stay at home went to the beach rainy hot sunny
swim in the
stormy hot cold windy took my umbrella cloudy went skiing
pool

a) Today is Thursday. The weather is _______________ and _______________.

b) Yesterday I _______________ because it was _______________ and _______________.
c) Tomorrow I'll _______________ because the weather will be _______________.
d) On Saturday I'll _______________ because the weather will be _______________.
e) On Monday I _______________ because it was _______________.
f) On Tuesday I _______________ because it was _______________ and _______________.
g) On Sunday I'll _______________ because the weather will be _______________ again.
7) Take a look at the map of Brazil below.

Now circle the correct sentences below.

Example: In Florianópolis, it will be (radiant // tempestuous // drizzling).
 a) In Goiás, the weather will be (good // bad // excellent). It will (rain // be sunny // be windy)
during the morning and temperatures will be (below zero // low // high).
b) We will be able to see the (rain // sun // clouds) for a while in Espírito Santo. We can have a
picnic in the open air during the morning. But watch out! It will be (cloudy // snowing // hot) in
the afternoon and temperatures will be lower.
c) If you are planning to go to the north of Brazil, you should take a raincoat. It will (rain // snow //
be very hot) all day.
d) If you want to go to Brasília, you should take your (umbrella // sweater // sunglasses).

From questions 8-14, choose the correct alternative for each question.
8) João, take an umbrella. ___! 12) The weather in Brazil is often ___ and
a) It’s snowing people are tanned.
b) It’s foggy a) sunny
c) It’s raining b) stormy
d) It’s misty c) windy
9) I can’t see anything in this thick ___! d) cold
a) fog 13) When there’s a storm, ___ are quite
b) sun common.
c) cloud a) wind and rainbows
d) earth b) sun and bright sky
10) The day was so ___ that the clothes were dry c) hailstone
in half an hour. d) thundering and lightning
a) windy 14) Don’t get into the water, it’s ___. You’ll get
b) foggy a cold.
c) cloudy a) warm
d) rainy b) freezing
c) foggy 💡 Questions 8-14 are
11) Normally, at the North Hemisphere, when it
d) humid multiple choice questions!
___ children make snowmen.
a) is foggy a)
b) rains b)
c) snows c)
d) is thundering d)
15) Read the dialogue below and complete with the verb to be.
Choose the correct option!
Pedro: I’m sick of the rain! Look, it (a) _____________________ chucking down again!
Clara: Yes, it (b) _____________________ awful, isn’t it?
Pedro: The weather forecast said it will be clear up before sunset.
Clara: They always say that! But to be fair, it (c) _____________________ a lot colder back home.
Pedro: Really? Where (d) _____________________ you from?
Clara: I (e) _____________________ from Rio Grande do Sul.
Pedro: How (f) _____________________ the weather in Rio Grande do Sul now?
Clara: It (g) _____________________ freezing cold, and windy.
Pedro: Is that so! Then this must be like nice weather for you!
Clara: You bet! But I do like the cold days sometimes, when I can be at home watching movies under
my blanket.
Pedro: Me too! I also like to eat hot pot with my family and friends! What (h) _____________________
your favourite movies?
Clara: My favourite movies are Cidade de Deus and Hoje Eu Quero Voltar Sozinho.
Pedro: These (i) _____________________ great movies. Cidade de Deus happens in Rio de Janeiro, which
 (j) _____________________ a humid city.
Now answer the questions.
a) Do Pedro and Clara like rainy days?

b) Where are Pedro and Clara?

c) How does Pedro describe the weather in Rio de Janeiro?

16) Which season do you like the most? Why?

17) Listen to a weather forecast. Match the two halves of the sentence.
a) The weather in the north is mostly ___. ( ) rainy
b) The weather in the east is mostly ___. ( ) cloudy and sunny
c) The weather in the west is mostly ___. ( ) dry and cloudy
d) The weather in the south is mostly ___. ( ) windy

Listen again and write the correct word to fill the gaps. Listening 11
https://bit.ly/2xItev2
WEATHER FORECAST
a) Welcome to the weather forecast. Now, let’s see what the ______________________ is
like today.
b) In the north of the country it’s very windy and cold. There is a ______________________
of some rain, too. So don’t leave home without your ______________________!
c) The temperature is around 10 ______________________ centigrade.
d) In the east it’s rainy all day today, I’m afraid. There may be a thunderstorm in the
afternoon. The ______________________ is a bit higher, at around 13 degrees.
e) In the west and middle of the country the weather is dry, ______________________ cloudy. So no rain
for you! But it is quite windy. And the temperature is just ______________________ degrees.
f) The south of the country has the ______________________ weather today. It’s cloudy most of the time
but sunny this afternoon. The temperature ______________________ around 15 degrees.