Reference: Mr.

Richard Li
DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Discrete Uniform Distribution
 Binomial Distribution
 Hypergeometric Distribution
 Multinomial Distribution
 Poisson Distribution
 Negative Binomial Distribution
 Geometric Distribution

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 All values of the random variables have an
equal chance of occurring.
u (x:n) = 1 / n ; x = x1, x2, x3 ... Xn
where:
u(x:n) = the probability assigned to each one
of the values of the random variable
n = parameter of the distribution referring to
the total number of values which the random
variable can assume

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Mean, μ

 Variance, σ2

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
Characteristics
1. The experiment consists of n repeated trials. Each trial
is called a Bernoulli trial.
2. For each trial, there are only two mutually exclusive
outcomes, success and failure. The event that
corresponds to success is chosen arbitrarily. Usually, it
is defined in accordance to what is required in the
problem.
Let p = probability of success
q = probability of failure
where: p+q = 1
3. The probability of success remains constant from trial to
trial. The repeated trials are independent. This means
that the outcomes on any given trial does not affect the
outcomes of the succeeding trials.

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
Underlying Assumption
 Sampling is done with replacement. Trials
are independent of each other.
Let x = binomial random variable
= refers to the number of successes
obtained in n trials

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Mean, μ

 Variance, σ2

Note: If lot size is big and sampling is small, binomial distribution

can be applied even if it is without replacement.

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 This distribution is an extension of the binomial
distribution. This is a general representation of
the binomial distribution where there are more
than two possible outcomes per trial.
Characteristics
1. The experiment consists of n repeated trials.
2. There are k mutually exclusive outcomes on
each trial.
3. The probabilities of the outcomes remain
constant from trial to trial. Sampling is done
with replacement.

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Let xi = number of successes of outcome
i = 1, 2, 3, ... K

 Mean, μ

 Variance, σ2

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Reference: Mr. Richard Li
DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Reference: Mr. Richard Li
DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Answer:

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
Characteristics
1. A random sample of size n is selected from
N items.
2. The N items may be subdivided into two
groups, k of the items are classified as
successes. Thus, N – k of the items are
considered failures. The choice of
successes is arbitrary.
3. Sampling is done without replacement.

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Let x = hypergeometric random variable

 Mean, μ

 Variance, σ2

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
Cases where Binomial Can Approximate the
Hypergeometric Distribution
1. when N is not given (assume N is large)
2. N is given but it is very large

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Reference: Mr. Richard Li
DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Reference: Mr. Richard Li
DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
Answer: 0.62

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 In the Poisson experiment, the observer is
concerned with the actual number of
occurrences or successes at random points in
time, space or volume or in any other stated
unit.
 Examples of Experiments which May Follow
the Poisson Experiment
1. number of arrivals per hour at a counter
2. number of defects per square meter of cloth
3. product demand in a year
4. number of telephone calls per five minutes

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Let x = Poisson random variable
= number of occurrences per stated unit
μ = mean number of occurrences per
stated unit

 Mean, μ

Note: x and x must always be stated in the same units.

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Poisson Approximation to the Binomial
Distribution
◦ The Poisson Distribution can be used as an
approximation to the binomial distribution when
n  100 and p < 0.01.

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Reference: Mr. Richard Li
DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
Answer: 0.1563

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 If repeated independent trials can result in a
success with a probability p and a failure with
a probability of q = 1 – p, then the probability
distribution of the random variable x, the trial
on which the kth success occurs is given by,

where: k = number of successes

x = number of trials

 Mean, μ Variance, σ2

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 If repeated independent trials can result in a
success with probability p and a failure with
probability q, then the probability distribution
of the random variable x, the trial on which
the first success occurs, is given by,

 Mean, μ Variance, σ2

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Continuous Uniform Distribution
 Exponential Distribution
 Normal Distribution

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 If the probability distribution of a continuous
random variable x is constant over a finite
interval for finite numbers of x1 and x2, then
the random variable has a continuous
uniform probability distribution.

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Mean, μ

 Variance, σ2

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 This is the most common probability
distribution for time-related variables. If the
random variable, t, follows the exponential
distribution, its density function is given by,

where: t = time between occurrences

 = mean time between occurrences
 = std. deviation of time bet. occurrences

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 Cumulative Density Function

where:  = 1 / 
2 =  2

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 A random variable x is normally distributed if
its density function is given by:

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
Properties
1. The point where a curve is a maximum x = , where  is the
mean value of x. It is also the mode and median of the
distribution.
2. The curve is symmetric about a vertical axis passing through
the mean .
3. The exponent – (x - )2 / 22 is negative, meaning that the
farther x is from , the smaller the value of n(x, , ). This
means that the tails of the normal curve experience a
decreasing density.
4. n(x, , ) can never be zero. This means that the normal curve
has the x axis as asymptote.
5. The total area of the curve is 1 and lies above the horizontal
axis.
6. A change in the value of  displaces the whole normal curve
while a change in the value of  alters the shape and width of
the curve.

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
Standard Normal Distribution and Area Under
the Normal Curve
 A random variable z is said to have the
standard normal distribution if it has a mean
of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Thus, the
probability distribution of a normal random
variable is given as

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 To transform the normal distribution n(x, ,
) into the standard normal distribution n(z),

where:

 By using a standard normal distribution table,

one can compute for the probability based on
the corresponding z value of the random
variable x.

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering
 The normal distribution can be used as an
approximation to the binomial if:
1. n is large
2. np  5 ; nq  5

where:

Note: Always adjust x before transforming it to z

since x is a discrete random variable whose
probability is being calculated using a continuous
probability distribution.

Reference: Mr. Richard Li

DLSU Gokongwei College of Engineering