READING unita1 The Hungry Blue Whale uNiT 12 The Use of Masks uni 13, Life-Changing Discovery ~~ vuNT14 Johnny Appleseed - uniras The Cursed City -- CHECK UP 3 Tickling and Laughter 666 6 6 6 UICE PLUS unit 16 Disappearing Honeybees - unity Jobs of the Past -- unit 18 Cave Diving: + @ 6 6 The World's Deadliest Sport unr19 The Siesta -- UNIT 20 Early Traffic Lights « CHECK UP 4 ‘The Burning of Zozobra - APPENDIX Reading WPM Graph «-»- oO 0 2 2The Vegetable Orchestra ony Coens match the words and the correct definitions. develop 2 range complicat 6 potentialImagine you are a member of a famous orchestra in Vienna. Now imagine that 1 your instrument is a vegetable. You blow into a carrot. Other musicians bang on 2 ‘gourds or blow into beans. Just like any other orchestra, there are diferent kinds» Of instruments in your Viennese orchestra, The only difference is that they are all « vegetables. 5 ‘The Vegetable Orchestra began in Vienna, Austria, in 1998.@Itismadeup — « of eleven musicians and a cook. @ The musicians come from different musical > backgrounds. Together, they developed new ideas about instruments. They « make flutes from carrots. ® They also make pumpkin basses and celery bongos. > (One of the most complicated instruments is the carrot recorder. It has many holes that have to be carved out. The members are constantly creating new Instruments, a ‘The Vegetable Orchestra is able to make a whole range of sounds. @A 1s squash can make hollow sounds. Little holes in carrots produce high notes. Sometimes they use kitchen utensils to add more sounds. Of course, a fresh 1s vegetable tastes the best. ® These musicians believe that a fresh vegetable sounds the best too. They always create their instruments from the freshest 1° vegetables. ® ‘The Vegetable Orchestra gives almost thirty concerts a year. @ An hour before a show, the members are busy making their instruments, They usually go 2» to.an open market to find the freshest vegetables. @® Then they chop and peslthe x ‘vegetables. At the end of the show, they make soup with the instruments. ®The = entire audience can enjoy the vegetables one more time, 2s The musicians were quite Imaginative to see the musical possibilities in > vegetables. They think that each celery, onion and carrot has the potential to = create music. Itis wrong to tel ther, “Do not play with your food!" Instead, why 26 not try dancing to the beat of the best with these great musicians? B B=) Ber Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 when the orchestra started Line —__ 2. what the musicians make flutes out of Line —___ 3. the event at the end of their show Line —__Renee) A Choose the correct answers. 1. What s the passage mainly about? the problems with making vegetable instruments b the benefits of the Vegetable Orchestra © unique orchestra from Vienna 2 What is done with the vegetables at the end of the show? They are sold to the audience, b They are cooked in a soup, © They are saved for later shows, 3 Which is NOTincluded in the orchestra? a acook b_avvegetable farmer © several artists 4 Which is NOT a potential instrument for this orchestra? a carrot recorder b_ wooden violin © pumpkin base B Choose where the following sentences fit best in the passage. 1 There are also a sound engineer and a video artist in the orchestra. ao bo c® 2 Each sound makes a great harmony in the orchestra. ao bo c® 3 The vegetable soup is enough forall the audience, ae be c@Deu } Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1 The town has from a small farming village into a tourist attraction. a carried bb developed complicated differed 2 Webhave to do very __ research to complete the assignment in two weeks. a complicated hollow ¢ wonderful d accessible 3. Mr. Harding gave us a whole (of books to read for the project. a orchestra b range © several ¢ reading 4 All children have the great ___ to achieve their dream. a orchestra upgrading magic ¢ potential ‘Complete the passage summary with the correct sentences. + The members make instruments with fresh vegetables + Te started in Vienna, Austin 1988 + The members offer the autience the vegetable soup, + There are pumpkin basses, celery bongos and carrot recorder. The Vegetable Orchestra 4. Origins: 2.nstruments: 3, Before the show: | 4 Alter the show wre 9elie } Match the words and the correct definitions. 1 2 3 weaken toxic decay benefit release pollution anything that gies an advantage to make or become less strong harmful deadly to set re orlet go contamination; harmful waste to break down into little parts; rotToday, people use plastics to make or package many items. Plastic is cheap to. 1 make, easy to use and lasts a long time, However, it also causes ahuge problem. It damages our environment. People tend to throw away plastics easily because: they are cheap and light. A supermarket chain in North America began using + containers made out of com. These *comtainers” have several benefits. crm When plastic containers are made, harmful gasses are released into the « air. These gasses weaken the Earth's atmosphere and speed up global warming. * CComtainers produce 65% less pollution than regular plastic containers. They + reduce environmental damage. ; \aizsn6) Another good thing about comtainers is that they produce less litter. They» ‘are biodegradable. This means that they can decay quickly and naturally. Plastic containers can take from one hundred to several thousand years to biodegrade 2 in tandfils. Comtainers biodegrade in just a few months. 8 There is one thing you have to be careful of when you use comiainers. You can use them to hold cold foods lke fruit, sandwiches and salads. f you put 1s hot foods like soup or baked potatoes in them, they may start getting softer and 1 changing shape! Another thing—do not try to eat them. They are not toxic but 17 they will taste Ike plastic. Maybe someday, comtainers will completely replace ‘traditional containers. At the supermarket, you will be asked, "Paper or com?" Instead of “Paper or plastic?” » 9» Jos Find where the following information is in the passage. 11 the main Idea of the passage Line 2 how long it takes plastic containers to biodegrade Line 3. the result of carrying hot foods in corntainers Line _ae cen) A Choose the correct answers, 1 What is the passage mainly about? a how corntainers are made the types of comtainers © the benefits of comtainers 2 What are corntainers made of? a aform of gas ba type of plastic © akind of grain 3 Whichis true about corntainers? a They are made from plastic. b They arenon-toxic © They are expensive ‘4 What happens when corntainers go into landfills? a They disappear in a few months. They remain for several thousand years. © They help other trash break down into litte pieces, 8 Choose the best concluding sentence for the passage. 2 Orthe ward, container, will not exist in the dictionary anymore » Pollution is @ huge enviranmental problem. © Maybe corntainers are not very realistic afterallAlea cor Write the word that has the similar meaning to each group of words. weaken toxic decay release 1 reduce / decrease / lessen 2 decompose / rot / ruin 3. harmful / poisonous / damaging _ 4 free / lot go / unleash _ ee Leese + There are many benefits of comtainers, + Comntainers disappear shorty after they have been putin lanl. + Corntainers are more environmentally friendly than traitional containers. (Paragraph®) (Paragraph 8)Vomiting Caterpillars (renin ‘Match the words and the correct definitions. vomit + va reward + +b 3 predator + unusual 5 sharp 5 poke to push or thrust having to throw up out ofthe ordinary, strange a gift ora pi an animal that hunts other animals for foodItis not easy being a caterpillar. Many predators such as birds, bats and spiders 1 like to eat caterpillars. They are easy targets because they move very slowly. = They are also very tasty. Caterpillars have to find ways to protect themselves, ‘Some caterpillars have very unusual ways of defending themselves. ‘ Some caterpillars are masters of Gisguise. Predators cannot see them — because they look ike leaves or twigs. Some caterpillars make bad smells which « keep predators away, Other caterpillars have sharp, poisonous hairs called 7 spines on their bodies. When a bird tries to eat the caterpillars, the spines poke * into the bird's mouth. The poison causes pain. One kind of caterpillars works with > other animals. It ives near ants, When an animal attacks, the ants protect the 1 caterpillar. It rewards the ants with food. hn Silk moth caterpillars have the most unusual defense. They vomit! They 12 ‘make a clicking sound with their mouth as a warning. If the enemy stil tries to 8 cat them, they vomit a brown liquid, This is not poisonous, but it has a terrible taste. Hawk moth caterpillars vomit a green liquid. This is polsonous, and it wil 5 make the other animals sick. Predators will quickly learn to stay away from these © caterpillars, Caterpilars may seer weak and harmless. They may seem like a quick — and easy meal for some animals. However, they are very good at defending themselves. Sometimes, looks can be very deceiving, » B=) QB) vm incl where the following information is in the passage. 11 the main idea of the passage Line —__ 2. the reason some caterpillars have bad smells Line — 3. the silk moth caterpillars defense Line =Pur) ‘A Choose the correct answers, 1 What s the passage mainly about? how caterpillars protect themselves how caterpillars produce spines © how caterpillars find food 2 Why co caterpillars make the clicking sound? a towarn predators b toattract ants © tomake other caterpillars vomit 3 Why do some caterpillars live near ants? Ants give food to the caterpillars, Ants hide the caterpillars, © Ants help protect the caterpillars, ‘4 Which is NOT true about caterpillars’ vomit? 2 Itis used as disguise. b Itmay harm the enemies. © Ithas atorrible taste. B Match the animals and their correct actions. 1 birds + a They give protection in exchange for food, 2 caterpillars « + D They can get spines stuck in their mouth, 3 ants : + © They know how to protect themselves,Pee Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1 hunt other animals for food. a Predators b Targets ¢ Masters d Defenses 2 The company will _ her for her hard work. ‘2 appear b serve reward d hire 3. Susan became very sick and began to a vomit b annoy © pack swallow 4 The store sells very and interesting items. a loud b unusual ordinary d successful ee ae ee et ot ‘This is used to warn predators. + This is something that tastes bac to predators, + This has poison. + This helps caterpillars hide from predators Caterpillars 1. Disguise = 2.Vomit 2.Spine: 4, Cicking ours 37Match the words and the correct definitions. 5 6 supply technology aig ancient caring attack knowledge or skills used for practical purposes to invade; battle very old brave; bold to provide to remove earth or turn overMachu Picchu sounds like the name of a cartoon character. Machu Picchu has. nothing to do with a cartoon. It ls an ancient city located in Peru. For many centuries, very few people knew about this special place. Even fewer have actually lived there. In 1911, a daring explorer named Hiram Bingham found the ity again on a sunny July day. Amazed by the magnificent city, he wrote a best-selling book called The Lost City ofthe Incas. (ssn Machu Picchu is located at 2,490 motors above sea level. It was built by Inca emperors. The Incas ruled much of South America around 1100 A.D. They built great cities, and their culture spread through the area, The Incas had high ‘technology. They had a special system to supply their land with water, They were able to perform skull surgery. They were experts in constructing stone buildings. ‘The stone blocks were carved so carefully that even today a sharp knife blade wil not fit between the blocks. creesi®) Today, no one is exactly sure why the city was bull. Scientists believe the Inca rulers would go there if they were attacked. Another theory Is that it was a vacation resort for the king’s family. it may also have been a place for religious ‘ceremonies. The city was lost after the Incas were attacked by the Spanish in the 1500s. Then, smallpox killed most of the people. All that remains of Machu Picchu is over 140 constructions —temples, houses and parks—and many silent skeletons. After Hiram Bingham wrote his book, Machu Picchu became well known. Archaeologists began digging up the site. Professors began studying i. Today, Machu Picchu is popular with more than just scientists and scholars. Tourists love to see and experience the “lost city.” Like Machu Picchu, Hiram Bingham became very famous. Many people believe the Indiana Jones movie character is based on him, Find where the following information is in the passage. DS») Coss 1 a person who found Machu Picchu Line 2 the information about who built Machu Picchu Line 3 an inca medical practice Line —___ ers 39Pere A Choose the correct answers, 1. What is the passage mainly about? @ the beauty of the ancient city of inca the history and background of the lost city of inca © the technology of the ancient Inca, 2 Why did Hiram Bingham write about Machu Picchu? 2 He wanted to promote tourism, b Hewes amazed by the city © He was curious about how it was built 3 What is NOT a reason Machu Picchu was built? @ asa place for protection b asaplace todo surgery © asaplace for recreation 4 Which is true about the inca? They carried water up the mountain by hand b Theyruled over all of South America. © They were good at building stone structures, B Choose the best introductory sentence for the passage, @ Machu Picchu is a good example of how a book can bring attention toa place, » Machu Picchu isa good example of ancient ruins in South America, © Machu Picchu isa good example of how smalipox destroyed an entre ciulizationMeter taste CF Complete the sentences with the correct words. ancient supply daring technology 1. My brother likes all kinds of old things. He studies ____ellization. 2 tise attempt to fire back to your mother. 3. Thanks to modern medical , many people can survive serious illness 4 We need new energy resources which can electricity forthe future fee tee ee un a Cease ue + The Spanish attacked the Incas + Small pox spread out + The Incas had an advanced technology. + The Incas was a leading country of South America paragraph A | Paragraph) | OOSUC Oa ee) ecg atch the words and the correct defi 1 constant - popular victim +b mean fone who is hurt or killed ¢ well-liked continually ha to look forDracula wakes up in the middle of the night and starts hunting. He searches for ‘the blood of helpless vietims. His pale skin and sharp fangs glow in the dark. = This Is a myth, of course. Interestingly, the myth of Dracula is based on areal» person. ‘ |A prince was born in 1431 in Trangylvania which was located in Romania 5 today. His name was “Viad Dracula” His father was “Vlad Dracul.” *Dracul” —« means devil or dragon in Romanian. “Dracula” means “son of Dracul.” , Dracula became the ruler of Transylvania when he was seventeen. He was young but his country was in constant war. He had to fight against his» ‘enemies and even his own brother to keep his empire. With many fights and wars, 1 Dracula became a very cruel king. He had to showhis power to his enemies end people, 2 (eae) There are several records of Dracula's cruelty. He often killed people © by stabbing them. He once feasted on raw birds and let the blood run down his chin. He also enjoyed bread dipped in the victim's blood. He even looked 5 soary. He had pale skin and red eyes. People were horrified by his actions and appearance. ‘According to historians, Dracula may have been sick with a disease, —* porphyria. He looked strange with pale skin and big teeth which were both ‘symptoms of porphyria. twas a common disease back then but not easy to cure. ‘Around that time, people told tales of vampires living in castles. This added up to 2 ‘the reputation of cruel Dracula. 2 The story of Dracula was told from people to people for 500 years In 2 Romania. It became popular with the book Dracula written by Bram Stoker.» ‘The real Dracula's castle sill stands today. In fact, the Romanian government is» ‘currently seling it, For $100 milion, it could be yours. Knowing the Dracula myth, % ‘would you be brave enough to buy it? 2 Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 the main idea of the passage Line —_ 2 when Dracula became the ruler of his country Line —__ 3 aperson who wrote the book Dracula Line urs 23Pe ciean A Choose the correct answers, ‘1 What is the passage mainly about? how the myth of Dracula was made into a movie Stoker's novel based on real "Viad Dracul* © the real story about a Transylvanian prince 2 How did the real Dracula kill people? @ by stabbing them bby sucking their blood © by choking ti 3 Which is true about porphyria? Historians are working to find the cure of porphyria b Aperson with porphyria may have pale skin, © A person with porphyria turns into a vampire, 4 Which made Dracula popular? a the real Dracula castle the history of Transylvania © afictional book written by Stoker 8 Choose the best topic sentence and supporting information for Paragraph), 1 Best topic sentence: __ 2 Supporting information 1; 3 Supporting information 2: @ Alot of stories show how cruel Dracula was. b Dracula stabbed and killed people, © Vlad was Dracula's original name. ¢ Dracula ate bread dipped in real blood.Pe ecu CUE Choose the word that best completes each word analogy. 1 light: dark —___: cooked a raw b sick c red 4 kingdom 2. game: hunter — murderer a prince b myth « victim ¢ enemy 3 funny: humorous — ikea a hortfies popular interesting constant 4 discover: find — _: look for a live b decide ¢ search d cruel + He had pale skin, + He was areal person, + He was the ruler of Transylvania + He illad people by stabbing + He started hunting in the middle ofthe night. + His character became famous with the book Dracula Vlad Dracula |How many hot dogs can you eat in twelve minutes? Five, ten, or twenty? Anyone who can eat more than sixty hot dogs should enter Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest. He or she might set a new world record, Welcome to the world of competitive eating! Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest is one of the most famous food eating ‘competitions. It started in 1916, Four immigrants were arguing about who was more patriotic. They decided to settle the argument with a hot dog eating contest, Every 4th Of July, the contest is held at the site of the original Nathan's famous hot dog stand on Coney Island, New York. The contest has a few simple rules. Only completely eaten hot dogs get counted. Competitors must keep down both the hot dogs and its buns, In 1916, Jim Mullen defeated his three competitors by eating thirteen hot dogs in just twelve minutes. Today, the contest stil lasts for exactly twelve minutes. However, the competition has become a fot more difficult. The most recent winner just set a new World record. He devoured fifty nine and a half hot dogs and buns, He also holds world records for eating pork ribs, waffles and chicken wings. In the invitation-only Nathan's contest, twenty participants compete against each other. They compete under the watchful eyes of judges, fans and TV cameras. Today, competitive eating is a serious worldwide sport. It draws competitors from many nations. With competition like that, itis no wonder a world record is broken every few years. Eating over fifty nine and a half hot dogs may not be so much fun ‘to most people. However, to competitive eaters, itis a challenge to overcome,Choose the correct answers. What is the main idea of the reading? athe introduction of a very famous eating competition bb people who frst started food eating contests the benefit of participating in a hot dog eating contest How did Nathan’s Hot Dog Eating Contest start? a tosettle an argument b tacelebrate aholiday © toadvertise hat dogs ‘What rule has not changed since the first contest? Contestants only eat hot dogs without buns. b Only professionals can participate. © Thecontest only lasts twelve minutes. ‘What has changed since the first Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest? a There are now fewer participants. b tis more competitive The hot dogs have gotten larger. ‘Who competes in Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest? professional athletes twenty random participants invited guestsSEEM eect) Med Match the words and the correct definitions. 1 generation 2 raft : : eople who live duri ame time period mucus + +d theamount of moisture in dimly : +e athick liquid 6 humidity + +f notbrWaitomo is the name of a cave in New Zealand. The Maori, natives of New Zealand, named it. Neatly a thousand years ago, the Maori found the cave. A stream ran underground by the cave. Men could enter the cave only one way. ‘They had to float down the stream, A few brave men went deep down into the cave. They believed they saw blue stars shining on the walls. @ The Maori passed the story about the cave from one generation to the next. In 1887, a Maori chief invited an explorer to come. Fred Mace came to explore the cave with the chief. They took some reeds and built a small raft. Holding their candles high, they floated down the stream. They found the underground room with the softly glowing blue “stars.” ® They discovered that the celing was covered with glowing worms! © The glowworms are tiny. They are about the size of a mosquito. They only live in a few New Zealand caves. © The worms glow brightly when they are hungry. Bugs are drawn to the glowworms' light. The worms drop a line of sticky ‘mucus. The insects stick to it. Then the glowworms have dinner! They eat the midges, mosquitoes and fies. The worms glow dimly after they have eaten. Now tourists visit Waitoro Cave. They go to see the “Glowworm Grotto." A special team of workers watch out for the glowworms. Theit job is to keep them healthy. They check the cave's air quality, temperature, and humility. They decide Ifthe air flow is okay. They say how many people may visit the worms each day! BP) Bsa Find where the following information is in the passage. 1. when the Maori first discovered the glowworms Line _ 2. the year in which the cave was fully explored Line — 3 what glowworms lke to eat Line ure 29P feu) A Choose the correct answers, 1 Whats the passage mainly about? @ cave in which unusual worms live b the stories told by Maori natives © the size ofthe glowworms 2 When do giowworms shine the brightest? at night bb after they have eaten © when they are hungry 3. What can be inferred from the passage? Grotto is another word for*cave.” Fred was the first person to explore the cave. © Glowworms come in many colors, 4 Which statement is true? The glowworms are about the size of earthworms: b The glowworms use mucus to catch prey. © TheTinorau are the New Zealand natives, 8 Choose where the following sentences fit best in the passage. 1 The men touched the "stars." ao be ©@ 2 They are actually flies that spend most of their lives in a worm stage, ae bo ©@ 2 The Maori did not know what the stars were, ao b@ ©@ 4 The men took a handful of them out of the cave for scientists to study, ao be ©® 30 feuegiaPreVee Ee Complete the sentences with the correct words. generation raft dimly humidity 1. The boys floated down the river ona = 2 Asingle streetlight shone __ on the corner. 3 High _____ makes any air temperature feel warmer. 4 My grandparents are in a different __ than | am. ‘Complete the passage summary with the cortect phrases. + brought out some ofthe glowworms + New Zealand is home to blue glonworms « filed with “blue stars" to each generation + they glow more dimly + spend most of thelr ives as worms + the Maori Found the cave Acavein Nearlya thousand years ago, They told the story of the cave In 1887, two men entered the cave and Scientists studied them, The glowworms are tiny flies that catch bugs. After the worms eat, They glow and use mucus to ure 31Wem aS Match the words and the correct definitions. Trax + +a to 2 emotion +b togetbigger dition that is marked by to make better imitate + @ to play against someone else 6 enhance +f to copy or try to be likeMusic has @ powerful influence in our dally ves. it makes us happy and energetic ‘and also helps us relax and focus. Scientists have studied the power of music. ‘They found out that music greatly affects and enhances our learning and living © Classical music calms people. Scientists believe listening to classical rmusie helps people relax. It can make headaches disappear. Music by Mozart reduces muscle activity. It can even lower body temperature. @ It can help a person sleep better. It does not ust nelp people. @® Studies show it helps plants, too. It causes plants to grow faster and healthier. @ Rock-and-roll music has the opposite effect. © It can increase energy. It ‘makes people want to dance. Athletes often listen to it when they train. The music helps them run longer and faster. © Before a big game ora match, some athletes listen to their favorite rock-and-roll songs. It prepares them to compete. Certain kinds of music help people lea and remember. Teachers use rmusie to teach students letters, numbers and words. Leaming through singing and chanting is more fun. Rhythm and melody help students remember things better. Music also helps people to remember good times with friends and ‘families. Most people enjoy hearing the Birthday Song or Christmas carols. They remind us of happy times and special memories. ‘The origin of music lies in nature. People started to imitate the sounds cf nature lke birdsongs or raindrops. ® Many great composers also have tried to recreate the sound of nature in thelr music. The rhythm of classical music is similar to human brain waves, ® The theme of music is based on human ‘emotions and feelings. ® Music is a simple combination of sound and since, However, itis an easy tool that makes us smarter and happier. QQ») Qosan Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 the main idea of the passage Line 2 the first reason athletes listen to rock-and-roll music Line 3 the effect of listening to the Birthday Song line —__ our 33CE aU A Choose the correct answers, 1 Whatis the passage mainly about? '@ music lessons for students in need ways to lower stress by playing music © different effects of music on different people 2 What isthe effect of Mozart's music on people? a It lowers muscle activity 'b Ithelps students learn faster. © Itincreases body temperature, 3 What helps students learn better? a the volume of the music b the words of the song. © the rhythm and melody 4 Which is NOT true about music? @ Ithas healing effects for people and plants. b Ithelps students communicate with teachers © Ithelps peopie sleep better. 5 Choose where the following sentences fit best in the passage. 1 Italso siows heart rate ao be ©@ 2 Trainings not the only time athletes listen to music, a@ be cr) 3 The beat of rock-and-roll music has the similar pattern of a heartbeat, ao be <® 34 eating ieVocabulary Expansion >@- Write the word that has the similar meaning to each group of words. relax increase imitate enhance 1. unwind / calm down / rest 2 copy / reproduce / follow ee 3 gain / add / expand 4 improve / upgrade / strengthen + Tthelps athletes prepare tocompete. + It slows down heart rate + It helps plants grow faster. + Itemakes people think about friends and families. + It helps athletes tain better. + Ithelps peaple remember happy times in thelr lives | Rock-and-roll Music | classical Music : | . a 2 | Chastmas carols a wry 35The Beginning of the Alphabet Weed Match the words and the correct definitions. 1 record + +a toexpand widely 2 determine + - or an object that mean: solution develop symbol + c settle or decide spread + +f towrite downPeople started writing more than 5,000 years ago. At first, they did not use alphabets. Alphabets developed as a better way to write down and record many ideas. Before alphabets, ancient people used pictures and symbols. The Sumerians wrote using little marks called cuneiform. They looked like title ‘viangles. The ancient Egyptians invented a different writing system. itis called hieroglyphics. Wilting using pictures and symbols did not always work. People had to have a lot of diferent signs. There ware too many to remember, and not many people could write. Around 1500 BO, the Phoenician people of Syria found a solution, They used symbols for sounds instead of words. They made twenty= two different sounds. This was much easier to learn. The Greeks took the Phoeniclan writing system and created the new alphabet system in the th century BC. They spread their alphabet all over Europe. Over time, some cultures added new letters for new sounds. Others removed letters they didn’t need, The shapes of letters changed, too. They became the twenty-six letters we use today. Many of the world's alphabets developed in a similar way. They all have ‘one thing in common. They are used to determine the meanings of thousands of different words. I's a good thing we have alphabets. It would be very dificult to remember and write symbols for all those words, =) Ben Find where the following information is in the passage. 11 the main idea of the passage Line 2 what cuneiform looks lke Line — 3. the solution the Phoenician found Line —__A Choose the correct answers, 1. Whats the passage mainly about? the culture of the ancient Sumerians b different kinds of alphabets used today © how the alphabet developed from ancient times 2 What did the Egyptians and Sumerians write with? pictures and symbols b triangles © twenty-two letters 3 What was the problem with using pictures and symbols? a They were hard ta remember. b They were not good for counting. © They were difficutt to draw, 4 What do all alphabets have in common? They are used to make many different words b They are difficult to learn to use ¢ They have twenty-six letters B Choose the best introductory sentence for the passage. ‘Ancient peoples did not know how to use alphabets, Writing isa toot we use for nearly every task. © Itis not clear when writing was invented,1 The couple finally a date for their wedding. a determined —_b developed « prepared d added 2. Mathematicians use many complicated math __ to write problems. a pictures b symbols ¢ letters chances, 3 The Greek alphabet became popular and was ____ all over Europe. a drew b spread displayed d developed 4 The mathematicians worked hard to find the for old math problems. a ancients b questions ¢ solutions common + the Greek alphabet spread all over Europe + the Syrians used symbols for sounds The History of the Alphabet [Fist Then, | TrenDon Quixote match the words and the correct de nitions. 1 frail + a member ofthe farm worker ck defend 5 s of medieval knights peasant chivalry typical + ual; common literaryIn 1605, Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes wrote his most famous novel, Don Quixote, while in prison, © The main character is the famous Ilterary hero Don Quixote. He is not a typical hero. He wears rusty armor and rides an od frail horse. @ He even hires his peasant neighbor as an assistant. Even so, he proves he has the courage and willpower of a true hero. © Don Quixote is a fity year old country gentleman who really loves to read books of chivalry. ® He believes every word in the books he reads. He decides to become a knight and starts a journey. © The only problem is that knights don't exist anymore in his time. His unrealistic journey is full of imagination and. comical adventures. © He sleeps in a small, diy inn which he believes to be a grand castle. He chooses a lady to honor and defend, He fights his imaginary enemies in the name of his lady. Only, his “lady” is an ugly farm girl. The most famous folly is attacking windmills, imagining they are dangerous giants. Don Quixote is foolish and mad and his actions seem ridiculous. @ Yet, people have enjoyed his humor and found the meaning of a hero in his character. He has the courage to follow his dreams. ® He chooses to become a knight regardless of what other people say. He lives and fights for what he believes in. @ Through history, Don Quixote has been admired by many great artists and writers. Salvador Dali made a sculpture of Don Quixote. Mark Twain was also Influenced by Don Quixote and created a similar character, Huckleberry Finn. on Quixote even inspired a new English word. The word quixoticnow describes ‘someone who is both idealistic and foolish. BD) seme Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 the main idea of the passage Line —____ 2 the reason Don Quixate leaves his village Line —____ 3. what Don Quixote believes the windmills are Lineee see) A Choose the correct answers, 1. What is the passage mainly about? a the influence of Don Quixote on ather artists the meaning of Don Quixote in the literary world ¢ how Cervantes and his novel Don Quivote became popular 2 What kinds of stories cid Don Quixote like to read? legends about ladles stories about glants tales about knights 3 What makes Don Quixote a literary hero? the way he lives to achieve his dreams the number of chivalry books he read the way he pretends to be a knight 4 What does the word “quixotic” mean? a old and ambitious loving and determined € idealistic and foolish B Choose where the following sentences fit best in the passage. 1. He does many other things that seem foolish, ao be ©@ 2 He admires their knightly deeds, ae be co 3 He bravely continues his journey and overcomes problems. ao be c@ 42 Renin ce PuesPees Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1 He instantly became famous with his first novel in the world. a writing b literary c chivalry ¢ adventure 2A woman is working in the farm with her family a foolish peasant © brave 4 ridiculous 3 The story of King Arthur begins in the age of a knightly bb kingdom « chivalry 4 literary 4 The soldiers tried to _ their village against the enemy. a defend b frail « fight @ hire Get Hoon acess pea sg eg iene Py rere etc + He was created by @ Spanish writer, + He is considered true literary hero, + He inspired many other artists and writers, +» He has many comical adventures. + He does his best to achieve what he believes in, + He judges and laughs at other people. Don QuixoteEast and West ery Match the words and the correct definitions, 1 daw : + 2 to move or run smoothly 2 guard +b» showing or having strong emotions 3 imperial + © to protect 4 fear + da strong feeling caused by danger 5 passionate « + @ anailof an animal 6 flow +f ofanemperorIn Asia, being bom in the year of the dragon is very lucky. These people are considered brave and passionate, They are natural leaders. A dragon means {good things in the East. However, a dragon is believed to be bad in the West. Dragons have different meanings in different cultures. ‘ In the East, the dragon looks like @ giant snake. thas four short legs with ‘claws. Its body is covered with scales like a fish. It does not have wings, but it « ccan fy, It flows in the wind. It uses special powers to fly and to guard the people > of the Earth. tt sometimes makes rain for people and often lives in arrive orlake. ‘The Western dragon looks a ite diferent. It looks ike a huge lizard with wings.» ‘These wings can sometimes cover the sun and make the sky dark. It scares 1» people. It breathes fire and hurts people. u ‘The Eastem and Western dragons get along with people differently. In the 2 East, people think a dragon has power over nature. It can control the weather. 1s It can also bring wealth to people. It protects and helps people. In China, the ‘dragon was a symbol of imperial power. On the other hand, the Westem dragons is an evil monster fighting against good people. In many Western fables, a brave 1s prince has to fight the dragon to save a princess. The dragon does not bring ‘money. Instead, it takes gold from people. It hides the gold in caves. Ifpeople try to take the gold, the dragons will kil them. » Dragons are mythical creatures. They were created because of people's fear and wonder of Mother Nature. In old times, it was not easy to explain the 2 natural events like rain, lightning, thunderbolt or eclipses. Over time, dragons = became a symbol of power, and strength. People reflect these same qualities in their own lives. What kind of dragon do you have in you? Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 the main idea of the passage Line —___ 2. the information about the dragon's ability to bring darkness Line —___ 3 what dragons are like in Wester stories Line —___Peek i A Choose the correct answers, 1. Whatis the passage mainly about? ‘a how dragons look indifferent cultures how people see dragons in different cultures © how dragons bring people together 2 What do dragons mean to the western world? 2 eviland fear b the dark of night © people's weaknesses 3 Which is NOT true about dragon myths? a They are based on real animals, b They show people's fear of supernatural power. © They show different desires of human beings. 4 Which is true according to the passage? The Eastern dragons guard and help people. The Western dragons have scales lke fish all over their bodies © Dragons in the East harm people. B Check Fact or Opinion. Fact Opinion 1 People born in the year of the dragon are brave. oO o 2 In China, the dragon was a symbol of imperial power. o oO 3. The Western dragons scare people ood 4 Myths reflect what people love and fear in thelr ves. oa 46 feats hessVocabulary Expansion >@- Choose the word that best completes each word analogy. 1. Blow is to exhale as glide is to __. a flow b shy smart fable 2. Happiness is to joy as horror is to_. a surprise b courage c fear d hide 3. Human is to nail as cat is to a toe b daw c tall d fear 4, Amusing is to funny as royals to a imperial b important gigantic « passionate Geer i ra cere ce + Itusesits breath of fire against human beings + Ithelps and keeps people away from harm. + It iga symbol of imperial power. + fe goes to battle with humans, + Tt covers the sunlight with its wings. Western Dragon Eastern Dragon ware 47If you found a gold nugget, would you tell anybody? An American carpenter, James Marshall found a small piece of gold in a California stream. He tried to keep it a secret, but word soon spread all over America. It started one of the largest gold rushes in history. Marshall found his gold nugget on January 24, 1848, A few months later, people heard the news about the tiny town of San Francisco, California. The population of ‘San Francisco quickly exploded to 25,000 within one year. Soon miners from as far avray as Chile heard the news. They caught gold fever. They traveled to California ‘with dreams of instant wealth. The first miners to arrive were the lucky ones. Most others were not. The early miners picked gold nuggets from stream beds. Some made a quick fortune and settled down as farmers or businessmen. Most miners, however, were not so lucky. Gold was not easy to find, There were too many people and not enough gold left. They struggled in poverty. Many had given up their families for the dream of easy money, ‘There were a few lucky miners, but the real winners were the entrepreneurs, ‘They were the people who started businesses. They sold food, clothing and other things to the miners. These businesses helped San Francisco grow. Ina few years, San Francisco became one of the largest, most important American cities. One of these entrepreneurs, Levi Strauss, had an idea. He saw the miners needed strong clothing, He created blue jeans. His business is still around long after the gold rush Unfortunately for James Marshall, he did not get to profit from his discovery. He was forced off his land by gold-seeking miners, and died penniless, in 1885. The ‘man who started it all wound up as one of the many victims of Gold Fever, 48 Beatie PassTT cucu sais eee aiahe Choose the correct answers. 1 Whatis the main idea of the reading? ‘a. The gold rush made only a few people ric. California was not important before the gold rush, © Mining businesses started during the gold rush. 2 How did the Gold Rush start? ‘a_ James Marshall who had lots of gold died without an heir. b Gold suddenly started to be used as currency. James Marshall found gold nuggets in a California stream. 3. What did many of the successful miners do after they got rich? a They bought farms or started businesses, b They created bigger gold mines, € They left California forever. 4 How did the new businesses change San Francisco? ‘a Thecity became a ghost town It became an important city. Poor miners moved there. 5 Who was Levi Strauss? a aminer with alot of gold b the inventor of blue jeans ¢_aleader in San FranciscoQe y G match the words and the correct definitions. 1 crush sigantic + filter gulp unique 6 krill == + F different from everything else; special‘The largest animal on Earth is a sea animal, Itlives in the sea, but itis nota fish. © Itis a mammal. The blue whale is not only the lergest animal, but also itis a very unique creature, @ The blue whale is about the same size as an airplane. It can be 30 meters long and weigh up to 137,000 kilograms. That is heavier than 20 elephants. © Its heart usually weighs over 450 kilograms and as big as a car on the street. A grown man could comfortably swim in the blood vessels of the blue whale. For its gigantic size, the blue whale has a really small throat about the size of a beach ball. @ It eats mainly shrimp-tke creatures, called kill. These litle sea Creatures are only about three centimeters long. The blue whale cannot eat just a few kril a day to stay alive, ® It must eat at least 50 millon krill every day! © In order to eat so much, the blue whale uses baleen plates. @ The blue whale can take in as much as 60 tons of seawater in one gulp. ® Then it pushes the water out through the plates. The baleen plates filter kil out of the water. A blue whale usually has about 300 to 400 baleen plates instead of teeth. @ Life started in the water. Many mammals began their ife in water and ‘came onto land, However, the blue whale went back into the water. Because of its size and weight, the blue whale couldn't live on the land. it would be crushed by its own weight. Returning to the water was a smart choice. The ocean is the perfect place for its size and there is plenty of food to eat! Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 the main idea of the passage Line 2 the reason the blue whale eats krill Line 3 the number of krill the blue whale must eat Line —ee cu) ‘A Choose the best answers. 1 Whatis the passage mainly about? a. how the blue whale catches food b why the blue whale is large ¢ why the blue whale is special 2 Whichis correct about the body parts of the blue whale? The heart is heavier than twenty elephants, b Ithas about 300 to 400 teeth, © The body size is about the same as an airplane 3 What does the blue whale use to filter seawater? a its plates b its fins € its teeth 4 Which is NOT true about the blue whale? a Ithas a very small throat, bb Itcan breathe underwater. €_Itsweeps water into its mouth B Choose where the following sentences fit best in the passage. 1 It cannot breathe under water. ao be <® 2 It needs to eat a large amount of food to survive, ae be <® 3 The plates are hanging from each side of the upper jaw. a@ be <® 52 Redag ce resVocabulary Expansion >@- Complete the sentences with the correct words. kel unique filter gigantic He used the special chemicals to____ the water. 2 The fisherman's net was full of fish and 3 Baleen isa ‘feature ofthe blue whale. 4 Alitte gir looked up at the __ giraffe + tt sweeps up all and seaws + Treats krill because ofits small throat. cd + Tt weighs up to 137/000 latograms. + Itean be 30 meters long, + itis a mamma ' Blue Whale Facts 1. nimal Type: 2,Body Size, —_——_ f[ 3. Weight: 4, Food Choice: | 5, HuntingO match the words and the correct definitions. 1 purpose 2 festival 3 worship 4 identity 5 disguise ea a celebration or partyMany well-known cartoon heroes, like Batman and Spiderman, wear masks to hide their true Identity. However, not all masks are the same, Each kind of mask serves a very different purpose. Masks have been used for performance, amusement and protection. ‘ Gee) Some people wear masks for performing religious rituals. They believe + masks have magical power and wear them to worship religious spirits. The « Tlingit are people who live in Northwest America. They believe in animal spirts. ‘They make masks that look like eagles and wolves. They perform dances while ‘wearing these masks. Thay believe weering masks makes the spirits happy. In» return, the spirits will protect their families and crops, » ) Masks are also used for entertainment. The Japanese are famous for their 11 ‘wooden No masks. The masks show many different expressions, like anger or excitement. Actors wear them during musical plays. Many European countries celebrate a big festival called Carival. Everyone wears fun and strange masks. smi) Masks have commonly been used for protection. During the Middle Ages, knights wore heavy metal masks during battle. They protected the knight from 6 being stabbed. Today, many people weer protective masks. Doctors wear masks 50 they do not spread germs to patients, Baseball catchers wear a mask to 1s protect their face from flying balls » Masks allow people to express, disguise and protect themselves in 20 different ways. Wearing a mask may give people a chance to be someone else ‘and even do unusual things. It makes people dance or perform their work better. = ‘Atter all, Spiderman wouldn't be so powerful without wearing a mask. Find where the following information is in the passage. 11 the main idea of the passage Line —___ 2 what the Tiingit believe their masks do Line 3a purpose of the masks worn by knights Line —___Sere een) A Choose the correct answers. 1. Whats the passage mainly about? 2. the different ways of using masks b how masks are used in cartoons © the reason people lke to use masks 2 What do the lapanese use their Nomasks for? a dances b plays © festivals 3 What do doctors’ masks do? They keep people from getting stabbed, b They prevent spread of germs, © They protect the doctar from sparks. 4 What does wearing a mask allow people to do? a todancein musical plays b to pretend they are someone else © tomake a Superman cape B Check the correct purpose of each type of mask. religion entertainment 1 Masks worn by knights a Oo 2 Tlingit animal masks Qo oO 3 Nomask oO oO 4 Masks worn by a catcher oO oO 5 Carnival masks og oPree UU Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Some people God through daily prayers. a worship b disguise ¢ meet 4 patient 2 Icould see the of sadness on his face. ‘endurance excitement ——_¢ expression ¢ expectation 3 The police struggled to find out the true__of the killer. a character b identity « expression worship 4 Inorder to achieve their they are ready to work hard a situal b protection reason purpose + People use masks for religious reasons + Europeans wear masks during Camival + Doctors wear masks to protect thelr patients. + People use masks for entertainment. + TheTTlingit make animal masks toworship spits. People wear masks for protection (Paragraph A) Purpose: - Example: Paragraph ®) Purpose; Example Paragraph) Purpose: Example:Life-Changing Discovery [reece Match the words and the correct definitions. + a to increase the number or quantity creature + +b topay attention to 3. multiply + + © adrug used for a disease or pain & not discover + 6 minor + +f tofind or learn for the first timeYou wake up one moming. You feel sick. Your throat hurts. You go to the doctor. He looks at your throat. He tells you that you have strep throat. He gives, you a spacial medicine to take. Its called an antibiotic. Soon, you feel better. It is as simple as that. However, before Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics, people got sick and even died from strep throat Antibiotics are a very important discovery. They kill bacteria. Bacteria are tiny living creatures that multiply very quickly. They get inside people's bodies ‘and make people very sick. "SED Alexander Fleming was a scientist. He studied different kinds of molds. He ‘grew them in laboratory dishes. One day in 1928, he noticed something new. He ‘saw all the bacteria were dead around a certain mold. He experimented with the mold and found that it could kill bacteria. However, he thought it could not be made into medicine. In 1980, a group of British scientists used Alexander's mold and made it into medicine. They called it pericilin. It was the world's first antibiotic. Over the years, scientists made other antibiotics. Now there are over sixty different kinds. ==EH Today, people stil got sick from bacteria. With antibiotics, people usually do not die from minor diseases. Alexander Fleming's discovery changed the ‘world. It helped people lve longer and healthier. It saved many people's lives. It started from a tiny mold, but it became a huge medical discovery. @-) =a Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 the main idea of the passage Line _ 2 what Alexander noticed Line —____ 3. the name of the world’s first antibiotic Line wes 59Se un A Choose the correct answers. 1 Whatis the passage mainly about? how Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics b_what medicine to take when you have strep throat © why the discovery of antibiotics is important 2 What are bacteria? tiny creatures helpful medicines © serious diseases 3 Which is NOT true about Alexander Fleming? @ He studied molds, b He was adoctor. © He made an important discovery, 4 Which best describes the benefit of penicillin? a It produces more bacteria inside people's bodies, b It prevents people from getting strep throat: € It provides a faster and safer cure for some diseases. 8 Choose the best introductory sentence for the follo paragraphs, 1 Paragraph) _ 2 (Paragraph B) Antibiotics are made in the ab. b Antibiotics were discovered a long time ago. © Bacteria affect people's lives,Dre mS CU Write the word that has the similar meaning to each group of words. creature notice multiply ‘minor 1 look at / observe / recognize —_ 2 less / small / not serious 3. increase / grow / reproduce a 4. being / organism / living thing — Umimanyec. chet tan weiner ee + People died from strep throat + Doctors knew how to kill bacteria, + Minor diseases coulé kill people. + People lived longer. | Before Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics. [After Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics... jny O smatch the words and the correct definitions, 1 plant : jece of land with many fruit or nut trees c Vv 2 reality accept grave 6 orchard“As American as apple pie” is an old American saying. New York City is often called “The Big Apple.” The apple became an all time Ametican favorite because cof one man—Johnny Appleseed Johnny's real name was John Chapman. He was born in Massachusetts on ‘September 26th, 1774, His father owned an apple orchard. Little Johnny grew to love apples. He loved everything about them. He loved their color and shape. He especially loved their taste, His cream was to plant apple trees across America. ‘When Johony was twenty-three, he headed west. He made his clothes from sacks. His hat was a tin pot. He carried a big bag of apple seeds. Along his path, he planted the seeds. Johnny was a wanderer. He slept outdoors and walked barefoot through snow and ice. He made friends with everyone he met, including Indian tribes. Itis said he even talked with animals. ‘As Johnny's trees spread, the tales got bigger and bigger. Some people said he planted trees all the way to the Pacific Ocean. In reality, Johnny only made it to Indiana. It is fairly close to Massachusetts. However, itis true that he planted tens of thousands of apple trees. Some of his orchards are still alive today. Johnny sold apple trees to the early settlers. When people could net pay, he accepted other things like old clothes or even a promise to pay in the future. ‘Sometimes, he gave trees to poor people for free. He was generous. He loved both people and nature, He was loved by almost everyone he met. In 1845, he died at the age of 70. On his grave stone, it says "Johnny Appleseed, he lived for others.” Find where the following information is in the passage. 11 the main idea of the passage Line 2 what Johnny loved about apples Line —___ 3 the description of Johnny's clothes Line wary 6A Choose the correct answers, 1 What is the passage mainly about? why Americans love apple pie how John Chapman planted apple trees © the life of chnny Appleseed 2 What was young Johnny's dream? 2 tolive in nature b to plant apple trees across his country © to wander across America 3 How far did Johnny actually travel? @ tolndiana b tothe Pacific Ocean © to Massachusetts “4 Which is NOT true about Johnny Appleseed? @ ‘Nearly everyone he met loved him, b He liked being in nature. © He made everyone pay for trees. 8 Choose the best concluding statement for the passage. Now when Americans eat apple pe, they can think ofthe kindness of Johnny Appleseed. Johnny may have lived litle longer if he had lived more for himself © There are parts of Johnny's life that many people don't know about. 64 nang 2PDAS ue Complete the word analogies with the correct words. orchard plant reality grave 1 Insectis to ant as hole is to = 2 Bird is to flock as tree isto _ 3. Stamp is to collect as tree is to 4 Uieis to truthas myth is to Bra + Johnny died at the age of 70 in 1865 + young Johnny dreamed of planting apple seeds across America + Johnay left home with ttn hat and a bag of apple seeds || + Johnny sold trees to the early settlers Johnny Appleseed's Story First, Then Then, Finally, wre 65Ute er Rei ‘Match the words and the correct definitions. 1 vanish + a theend of something which is lke a death 2 intact + b tobe very successful 3 demise + © gloomy oF depressing 4 flourish +d toorder someone not to do something 5 grim © unbroken; undamaged 6 prohibit + +f todisappear“Entering the borders of Bhangarh before sunrise and after sunset is strictly prohibited." This is a grim sign. Its posted outside a deserted city. Yet, this isa > popular place in India. Toutists like to go there. : Bhangarh is a city in India. It is located at the edge of the Sariska Tiger «+ Reserve. Four hundred years ago, the city flourished. It had beautiful temples, shops, and houses. Now centuries later, there are no buildings left. They have all « ‘crumbled. The city is empty. It is the most haunted place in India, ‘Amyth says the city was cursed. The curse brought Bhengarh's demise. In 1631, Princess Rani Ratnawat! ved in the palace at Bhangarh. Many men hoped» to many her. One of her admirers was a wizard named Singhia. He wanted the» princess for his own. Yet he knew her father would never agree. One day, the princess was in the marketplace. She bought scented = oll. Singhia saw her. He used his magic. He cast a spell on the oll. When the princess touched the oil, she would fallin ove with him. His plan didnot work. The ¥ princess sensed the spell. She threw the oll on a boulder. The boulder roled ‘through the streets and crushed the wizard! ' ‘As Singhia lay dying, he cursed the city. He said that everyone would 17 vanish. No one would live there again. Anything people tried to build would be wrecked. Within a year, the city was empty. All the roofs caved in. No roof is» Intact. Hundreds of years have passed. Stil, the city remains empty. Many think» that ghosts are trapped there. ” No home in the city has an intact roof. The locals say their roofs cave in. In nearby towns, every home has a straw roof. Straw is the material least likely to kil 2 ‘occupants in case of collapse. ™ ‘Space is limited in India, However, no one wants to rebuild Bhangarh. The village people have a deep fear. They fear the curse of Singhia, >) Qs Find where the following information in the passage. 1 the main idea of the passage Line _ 2 theiitem on which Singhia put a spell Line 3. why homes near Bhangarh have straw roofs Line —___Pen A Choose the correct answers, 1 What is the passage mainly about? @ the spooky ruins of an Indian city an old Indian city that people are rebuilding © why ghosts frighten people in an indian city 2. How long ago did Bhangarh have people living in it? @ S0years ago about 200 years ago © almost 400 years ago 3 How did the princess break the spell on the oil? She put a different spell on it b She threw the cil ona rock © She crushed the wizard with a boulder. 4 Which is NOT true about Bhangarh? Most ofits buildings have intact roofs, b Itwas once a busy city ful of people, © tis illegal to be in the city after dark, 5 Choose the best concluding statement for the passage. Bhangarh was built 1km away, » Bhangarh is one of india's most popular tourist sites © The tourist ofice near Bhangarh isnot close tothe city 68 eatersMr RAS CSL Write the word that has the similar meaning to each group of words. grim flourish demise intact thrive / succeed / lively 2 death / ruin / failure 3 4 whole / unbroken / undamaged gloomy / depressing / bleak + the Princess broke the spell + Bhangarh was a thriving city in India + the city was empty and has stayed that way + Singhia put acurse onthe city + all the residents vanished + aboulder crushed the wizard + wizard tred to use magic on Princess Rani | { First, —___ | | Then, But Next, _. After that, _ — = Later, Atlast, eres 69Did you know that itis impossible to tickle yourself? Go ahead, give ita try. Even if you are the most ticklish person on Earth, you cannot do It. What happens when your friend sneaks up on you and tickles your feet? Usually you will kick around and laugh in tears. You might even enjoy it, especially when you get to tickle your friend. back. Why can't you tickle yourself? One reason Is because you cannot surprise yourself. Your cerebellum will not let you. The cerebellum is the part of the brain ‘responsible for paying attention to sensations. When your friend tickles you, it sends a signal to nerves that are sensitive to pain. The nerves are surprised by the signal It then tells your body to react. In this case, the reaction is laughter. On the other hand, when you try to tickle yourself, there is no surprise, Without a surprise, the cerebellum does not tell your body to react. ‘Why laugh? Why not cry or yell? Nerves are sensitive to pain. One explanation is that you laugh because you are relieved not to be in danger. The mast ticklish parts of your body are also some of the areas most sensitive to harm. Most people are tickish in their belly, armpits, or neck. When something touches you near 2 sensitive part of your body, the cerebellum screams "DANGER" Then, when your brain understands that It is just your friend tickling you, you laugh. You laugh because you feel relief, Tickling is a lot of fun for most people. In fact, itis one of the most important Ways parents bond with their children, and siblings and friends show affection. Next time your friends tickle you, tickle them back—it’s twice the fun!Choose the correct answers. ‘What is the main idea of the reading? a why tickling makes people laugh some people are tillish, others are not howto tickle your friends What does your cerebellum do? fa Ithelps you predict tickling bb It monitors the important organs. ¢ Itsendsa signal to nerves. Why can't you tickle yourself? You cannot surprise yourself b Youare not sensitive to your own touch, Your do not find it funny enough ‘Why do people laugh when tickled? because they think tickling is funny b because they cannot cry because they feel relieved Where are people most ticklish? a inareas that are easily harmed bin areas that have more nerve cells ¢ imareas that are loser to the cerebellumMi 6 latch the words and the correct definitions. beekeeper + nectar collect abandon + harmful Disappearing Honeybe a \ a protected against sickness a sweet liquid Found in plants causing damage a person who raises bees togather together to leave completely; desertHoneybees fly around and collect nectar from the blossoms of different flowers. + They usually return to their colony and make honey with the nectar. Across North 2 America, many honeybees never make it home. They are dying or disappearing, + and nobody knows exactly why. Now scientists are trying to find the reasons. ‘ ‘Some think that honeybees are stressed out. Many farmers buy « honeybees from @ beekeeper. Then they bring the honeybees on the back of « trucks, sometimes across the continent. Farmers release the bees in the fields > to pollinate the plants. Bees sometimes get confused and stressed out ina different environment. Then they become weak and sick. , (Other people think that pesticides—insect-kiling chemicals—are hurting 10 the bees. Many farmers use pesticides to keep harmful insects away fom 11 their crops. However, pesticides also harm honeybees. Some pesticides make honeybees forget where their colonies are. They get lost and never return. b ‘Another possible reason is a disease from mites or fungus. Scientists have found fungus in the stomachs of dead bees. The mites and fungus suck juice 1s out of honeybees’ bodies, The honeyoees’ immune systems get weak and soon 1s they become sick. Sometimes, when the mites or fungus get into the hives, aduit «7 honeybees abandon their young. They leave their hives anc never come back. Bees are very important to the food chain. They pollinate trees, flowers and other plants. Then the trees and plants grow fruits and vegetables. Without bees,» much of the food supply isin danger. One third ofall the foods people eat every = day are made with the help of honeybees. Honeybees may seem litte, but the = entire food chain depends on them, B Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 how farmers bring the honeybees to their arm Line —__ 2. the example of how pesticides hurt honeybees Line 3. the third reason the bees may be disappearing. Line verte 73Mer ei A Choose the correct answers. 11 Whats the passage mainly about? ‘a how to protect honeybees from pesticides b how to find disappearing honeybees © why honeybees are disappearing 2 Why do farmers buy bees from beekeepers? a tomake honey b to pollinate their crops © tokill harmful insects 3 Whats the result of pesticides on bees? a The bees cannot find their homes. b The bees become very stressed out. © The bees cannot grow the right Fungus 4 How do honeybees react when the mites or fungus get into their hives? a They fight against the mites or fungus. They fly away and never return, © They produce more young bees. B Choose the best concluding statement for the passage. ‘a Beekeepers need to find the bees before the supply of honey runs out. b Inorderto keep the food chain safe, honeybees must be pre © Nobody is sure what causes the bees to abandon the' hives, but scientists are ‘working on the problem, ved.Ar ee Cue Complete the sentences with the correct words. beekeeper harmful abandon Immune 1. The thieves got scared and ed the stolen goods on the street. 2 She has already had the chickenpox. She is now. — to that illness. 3 tis thejob ofthe ___s to raise bees. 4 Eating too much sugar may be _ to your health. + Bees get confused and weak from being moved around so much + Special chemicals make bees forget where their homes are. + Bees are stressed by being moved across the continent + Pesticides are king bees as wellas harmful insects. + Bees leave their home when mites or fungus get into the hive. ‘Where Have the Honeybees Gone? Guess 1 Guess 2: Guess 3: a &Bane | Crees atch the words and the correct definitions. 1 replace 2 profession « 3 disappear 4 allow 5 protect 6 skilled +b +d to keep from harm to take the place of to stop existing career to let; permit having the ability to performIn any newspaper, you can find ads for doctors, enginoers, writers and 1 carpenters. Some jobs have always existed. Other jobs were once very popular 2 ‘ornecessary, but disappear over time, 3 Many cities have electric strestlights. Until the twentieth century, + streetlights were gas lamps. Lamplighters had to light all the lamps one by onein ‘the evening and tum them off in the morning. D They often worked as watchmen, « +00, @ Like police officers, they protected people from thieves and robbers. @ Today, there are no lamplighters. Strestights tum on and off automatically. 5 During the Middle Ages, barbers were surgeons, People did not know very» much about medicine then. They often went to barbers for surgery. There were stil professional medical surgeons in Europe. @ However, the barber surgeons were very well-liked. Most of the barbers were skilled with razors because they Used them to cut hair. People thought they would be good surgeons. © Many years passed, and barbers were not allowed to do surgery anymore. © People decided that they should only cut hair. “ In Russia, a buriac was once a well-known profession. A burlac pulled 16 boats through rivers or canals. To pull one boat required as many as 150 burlacs. ‘They pulled a boat as they walked along the shore. @ In the nineteenth century, the steam engine was invented. ® Boats and ships no longer had to be pulled by hand, ® By the twentieth century, there were no more burlacs. ” New technologies are replacing jobs all the time. Some jobs people have 21 today may not exist in the future. Maybe your children will not believe that there 2 ‘were once jobs ike pilots or garage men. Those jobs may become “jobs of the» past.” ou Find where the following information is in the passage. 1. when lamplighters disappeared line —_ 2. the main job of a lamplighter Line 3. the reason burlacs aren't needed anymore LineA Choose the correct answers, 11 Whatis the passage mainly about? how to find jobs that disappeared over time the description of jobs that don't exist anymore © why some jobs were well-liked in the past 2 What did lamplighters also work as sometimes? a watchmen b salesmen © firefighters 3 Which is true about the barber the Middle Ages? They were educated to perform professional surgeries b They were more popular than medical surgeons. © People visited them to learn how to use razors, 4 What happened to burlacs by the twentieth century? Burlac became a well-known profession in Russia. b_Burlacs needed to hire more than 150 people to pull a boat. © Modern technology replaced what burlacs did in the past. B Choose where the following sentences fit best in the passage. 1 They did it with a very long pole. ao bo <® 2 However, the barbers did not know enough about medicine. a@ be c® 3 It was very tiring work. ao be c® 78 seg ie szDee USC Write the word that has the similar meaning to each group of words. allow skilled replace protect guard / defend / save 2 let / permit / approve 3 talented / experienced / trained 4 change / substitute / fillin + worked in medicine + used to light street lamps | + pulled boats + was akind of guard + worked in ateam + euthair I | Lamplighter —_— Barber Surgeon BurlacCes] TT The World’s Deadliest Sport ried Match the words and the correct definitions. 1 entrance + to break down into smaller pieces ordinary a point beyond which it is impos labyrinth to hit something in a sudden and f & bump + ¢_ group of confusing paths or ps crumble limit‘The Bahamas are islands in the Caribbean Sea. These islands have blue holes. At the surface, blue holes look like ponds. They are actually the entrances to underwater cave tunnels. Itis easy to getlostin the tunnets. They can be hundreds of meters deep. The tunnels are a labyrinth. They are watery mazes. ‘A quarter milion years ago, Earth was in an Ice Age. Thick ice formed in polar areas. When Earth warmed, the Ice melted. It flowed into ordinary land ‘caves. The sea level rose 120 m. Then it rained. The freshwater covered the seawater, Overtime, the deepest layer of water lost its oxygen. Without it, animal bones do not break down. These animal bones found in the blue holes tell many things. They tell about lifelong ago in the Bahamas, © “The blue holes have many dangers. Getting lost is one. The caves can be totally dark. Divers set up a guide wire. They follow the wire to find their way out. Another danger is toxic chemicals. A layer of chemicals lies on the seawater. it is under the freshwater. The layer has no oxygen. Yet, bacteria ives there. The poison comes from bacteria's waste, @ That is not all. The rocks in these caves have not been touched for hundreds of years. Ifa diver bumps against one, it starts to crumble. Running out of air or breaking the line from an air tank can be deadly, too, In addition, water pressure makes it risky to be 79 m underwater ® ‘The blue holes attract many cave divers. They push themselves to the limit in the caves. Why do cave divers risk their lives? One reason is that they want to {go where no one else has been before. They search for old animal bones, too. Blue holes attract cave divers who push themselves to the limit. Each year, an average of 20 cave divers die. Its the world's most deadly spor. 9 ose, Find where the following information is in the passage. 1. what occurred when the sea level rose Line —___ 2 what is done during the first dive of the day Line —__ 3 what created the toxic layer of water Line —____een A Choose the correct answers. ‘1 Whats the passage mainly about? a how blue holes formed the dangers of cave diving € the things found deep in the blue holes 2 How did the blue holes form? The polar ice caps grew larger. b Toxic waste from bacteria ate away the rocks, © The sea level rose and flooded land caves. 3 Animal bones do not break down without___, a oxygen poison © freshwater 4 Which is NOT a danger to a cave diver? getting hurt in an underwater cave-in running out of air before reaching the surface © breathing in toxic chemicals from the water 5 Choose where the following sentences fit best in the passage. 1 It stings a diver's face and hands. ao be <@ 2. So much pressure can give divers a deadly condition called “the bends.” ao be co 3 Some of these animals no longer live in the Bahamas, ao be c@De ee. a Complete the sentences with the correct words. crumbled labyrinth entrance limit 1 Alo) Is another name for a maze. 2 Thereis a(n) ___ of one coupon per person. 3. Whereis the theater's _____ 4 When | picked it up, the muffin een Blue Hole Hazards Main idea: Detail 1:_ 4 Example: _ Detall2; Example: _ oma 83The Siesta Match the words and the correct definitions, 1 productivity « + a having no people; empty adopt deserted +e toch snooze + + ¢ tobri 5 revive 6 alertImagine you are visting Spain for the first time. It is 2:00 pm. The sun is bright, 1 and itis muggy. The streets are deserted. @ No one is working. The post office = has a "CLOSED" sign on the door. Even the dogs have stopped barking. Itlooks like a ghost town. What is going on? ® 4 Everyone is taking a siesta, “Siesta” means “short nap” in Spanish. ® ‘The practice started in Spain and Portugal. The siesta takes place between « 2:00 pm and 4:00 pm. Businesses close and workers can go home. They eat a leisurely lunch with their families. The most popular TV shows are on during the « siesta time. Everyone then takes a short snooze, usualy thirty minutes. @ The» businesses re-open until8:00 pm. In countries that have the siesta, peopledonot 10 eat dinner unti 9:00 pm, u @ Siestas started hundreds of years ago. Farmersrested during thehottest_ 12 part of the day, It was too hot to work outside. They took naps until the weather cooled down, Even indoors it was very hot. People who worked indoors took naps as well. © Then they started working again and worked unti the evening. 5 Other countries like Mexico, the Philippines, Greece and Morroco have adopted this practice. @ It is also common in South Asia and some of China. ¥ Doctors believe naps are a natural way to revive our energy. @ Our i bodies need a rest in the middle of the night and in the aftemoon. Researchers say people who take siestas are healthier and more mentally alert. According to 20 NASA, a short nap in the afternoon improves productivity by 30% and reduces. stress and the risk of heart disease by 349%. ® Many famous people took an advantage of taking a nap. Edison and da Vinel were known to take naps. Napoleon even took a nap while sitting on his horse between battles, ™ DD vem Find where the following information is in the passage. 1. the meaning of siesta line —__ 2 the reason that farmers rested in the afternoon Line _ 3 the benefit of taking a nap Line —Pee can A Choose the correct answers, 1. Whats the passage mainly about? 2 the introduction of the siesta b the effects of siestas on travelers © the differences in siestas around the world 2 What time does the siesta usually start? 9:00 pm b 4:00pm © 2:00pm 3 Why did the siesta start to prevail hundreds of years ago? 3 People needed to sleep because they worked very hard. b People needed a break to cool down, © People had a tendency to be lazy, ‘4 Which is NOT true according to the passage? 3 Siestas involve sleeping, eating and sometimes watching TV. b Siestas started when farmers rested during the hottest part ofthe day ¢ Siestas are needed because people become sleepy after they cat 8 Choose where the following sentences fit best in the Passage. 1 There are no cars on the street, ao bo co 2 Then everyone goes back to work, ae be ce 3 We get tired every twelve hours ae be coVee DA Ue Write the word that has the similar meaning to each group of words. revive deserted productivity snooze 1 sleep / nap / doze 2 awaken / restart / refresh _—_ 3 output / work rate / capacity - 4 empty / sparse / lonely the passage summary with the correct sent aoe + People eat lunch with ther families, + People leave their office, + People wake up ready to go back to work + People sleep for thirty minutes, —s ‘Siesta” is a Spanish word meaning "a short nap." Taking @ siesta means more than just sleeping, | Seager | ———— i _ egive’ Mei a " = 7% : Match the words and the correct definitions. 1 complain 2 granted 3 install 4 prevent 5 proceed 6 improvement - to putinto position something that adds to the value; progress accepted without a question to keep from happening to-go forward to express unhappy feelingsPeople take traffic lights for granted, We often complain about having to waitfor 1 the lights to change from red to green. However, everyone knows how important traffic lights are to control the cars on the street. Without them, trafic jams and + accidents would increase, 4 comm The first traffic light was installed in London outside of the British Houses ‘of Parlarnent in 1868. A man named J.P. Knight made the first traffic ight out ofa « {gas lantem. He wanted to prevent carriage—a horse-drawn wagon—accidents. > knight's light had two sides: green and red. A palce officerhad to tun the lanterns 30 that the correct side was facing the traffic. When the carriage crivers saw the green side, they knew it meant "go.” When they saw the red side, they stopped, It worked well for a litle while. But then It blew up and hurt the police officer. The tratfic light needed some improvement. Otherwise, it would not be safe to use, “RaTEED In 1910, Eamest Sirrine of Chicago invented the first automatic traffic ight 15 system. Unlike modem trafic lights, Sirine's invention was just two simple signs that said “Stop” and “Proceed.” By 1920, a government worker named Wiliam 1» Potts carne up with the third trafic light color—yellow. He also created lights that 16 controlled traffic in four directions. Y Finally, Garrett Morgan received a patent to produce inexpensive traffic lights in 1923. He designed a trafic light based on the fist tratfic ight installed in 11868 in London. Morgan's traffic ight was very similar to Wiliam Potts's. » ‘As cars became more common in the cities, an effective traffic system was 21 needed. Traffic lights help to reduce traffic problems and make city driving safer {for everyone. Next time you're waiting forthe light to change, try to imagine how bad the traffic would be without traffic lights. x» Find where the following information is in the passage. 1 why traffic lights are imps Line 2 person who invented the first traffic ight Line 3. signs on the second traffic light Line — ran 89ees A Choose the correct answers. 1 What is the passage mainly about? a the first traffic light b the effects of the trafic light © the inventions of early traffic lights 2 Which is true about LP. Knight's traffic light? It operated automatically It was installed in London, © Ithad three different colors, 3 What happened to the first traffic light? a [twas patented. b ttexploded, © Iewas used for railroad lights. 4 Which is true about Wiliam Potts? 3 He got his idea from .P. Knight’ trafic light, b_ He made a lot of money from his invention, © He added the yellow light to the two trafic lights B Choose the best topic sentence for the following paragraphs. 1 aragraph®) 2 (Paragraph 2 London was home to the first traffic light, which was installed in 1866. A police officer had the job of directing traffic by turning a lantern © William L. Potts made the grave mistake of forgetting to patent his invention, @ Garrett Morgan invented the moder traffic lights based on the previous ones.Vocabulary Expansion >@ ‘Complete the word analogies with the correct words. proceed install granted improvement. 1 Vietory is to win as assumedis to 2 Dangerous isto risky as put is to 3. Happy is to cheerful as continue is to 4 Tightis to tense as advance is to + Hees the frst inventor of tri-color traffic lights + His traffic lights exploded and injured a police officer. | + He patented his traffic lights and received the crecit. + His traffic lights have only two signs; ‘stop’ and“proceed’ LP. Knight Earnest Sirrine | Wiliam Potts Garrett Morgan __ort eae "Bum him, burn him, burn him.’ Thousands of people chant this command each year in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The spectators are gathered to watch an ugly, toothless giant, The giant will soon get burned up completely. Parents and their Children arrive early in the evening to get a good view of him. After dark, fireworks burst, and the giant suddenly goes up in flames. He dies a fiery death. The people cheer and rejoice, The giant is not a real giant or even alive. It is a forty-sever-foot tall puppet called Zozobra, also known as “Old Man Gloom,” It represents all the sadness of the People. The burning of Zozobra is said to ease the sadness and make people happy. ‘The burning also signals the start of the Santa Fe Festival, an exciting celebration of the city’s history, Zozobra was first created in 1924 by a famous Santa Fe artist. Each year it 's built and each year it is destroyed. The puppet is hollow. People stuff it with full Of tokens that remind them of their sadness. Some people put notes and letters inside the glant. All ofthese items are burned with him. As their objects burn, people hope to forget their sadness. At the same time, they are preparing for the festivities ahead. The burning of Zozobra may seem like a strange celebration, but every year it draws a huge crowd. For many people, the burning is the end of bad memories and the beginning of a better future,Choose the correct answers, +1 Whats the main idea of the reading? 2 The burning of Zozobra is an unusual tradition Burning Zozobra symbolizes forgetting sadness. ‘¢_ Families in Santa Fe enjoy burning Zozobra. 2 What doas Zozabra look like? a afrightening animal b atall person without teeth © anold short woman 3 What happens after Zozobra is gone? ‘2 People burn personal objects. b Families dance around the fire. ¢ Thereisa local festival 4 Who made the first Zozobra? a Mexican people b alocalartist sad families 5 Why do people give Zozobra letters? a to curse him forhis gloom b toask for his help in the future forget sad memorieswsevuvusreeensueeesté a Ps we Reading WPM Graph How to Use WPM Graph How to Calculate WPM, 1 Listen tothe co, ‘Word Count + Reading Time x 60 2.Time your own reading ofeach passage. erie manta ws einen 2. Caleulate your WPMWord Per Minute). “Curgrysersingtreto ses 4 Record the result, the WPM, onthe graph, “SAAR Matows= Hace ” we * : 2 : ‘ be ae as ® = ue