BASIC MATHEMATICS

1. N umber System :
(i) Natural numbers : N = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , . . . . . }

(ii) Whole numbers : W = {0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , . . . . . }

(iii) Integers : Z or I = {. . . . . – 3 , – 2 , – 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . . .}
Natural numbers are also called positive integers (denoted by Z + or I +)
Whole numbers are also called non–negative integers.
The set of negative integers, Z – or I – = { . . .. . – 3 , – 2 , – 1}

The set of non positive integers is { … , – 3 , – 2 , – 1 , 0}

Zero is neither positive nor negative but it is non–positive as well as non–negative.

(iv) Rational numbers : Numbers of the form p/q where p , q Z and q 0 (because division by
zero is not defined). ‘Q’ represents their set.
All integers are rational numbers with q = 1
When q 1 and p, q have no common factor except 1, the rational numbers are called fractions.
Rational numbers when represented in decimal form are either ‘terminating’ or ‘non–terminating’
but repeating.
e.g., 5/4 = 1.25 (terminating)
5/3 = 1.6666 . . . . . (non terminating but repeating)
p
(v) Irrational numbers : Numbers, which cannot be represented in form.
q
In decimal representation, they are neither terminating nor repeating all surds fall into this category
e.g., 2 , (15) ,
1/3
, etc.

22/7, 22/7 is only an approximate value of in terms of rational numbers, taken for
convenience . Actually = 3.14159 . . .

(vi) Real numbers :

All rational and irrational numbers taken together form the set of real numbers, represented by R.
This is the largest set in the real world of numbers.

Integers which give an integer on division by 2 are called even integers otherwise they are called
odd integers.
Zero is considered as even number.
The set of natural numbers can be divided in two ways.
(i) Odd and even natural numbers.
(ii) Prime numbers (which are not divisible by any number except 1 and themselves)
and composite numbers (which have some other factor apart f rom 1 and
themselves).
1 is neither prime nor composite
 Basic Mathematics

2 is the only even number which is prime

1.1 Set Theory

1.1.1 Basic Concept

Set : A set is a well–defined collection of objects or elements. Each element in a set is unique.
Usually but not necessarily a set is denoted by a capital letter e.g. A, B, . . . . . U, V etc. and the
elements are enclosed between brackets {}, denoted by small letters
a , b, . . . . . x, y etc. For example:
A = Set of all small English alphabets
= {a , b , c , . . . . . x , y , z}
B = Set of all positive integers less than or equal to 10
= {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10}
R = Set of real numbers
= {x : – < x < }
The elements of a set can be discrete (e.g. set of all English alphabets) or continuous (e.g., set of
real numbers). The set may contain finite or infinite number of elements. A set may contain no
elements and such a set is called Void set or Null set or empty set and is denoted by (phi).
The number of elements of a set A is denoted as n(A) and hence n ( ) = 0 as it contains no
element.

1.1.2 Union of sets

Union of two or more sets is the set of all elements that belong to any of these sets. The symbol
used for union of sets is ‘ ’
i.e., A B = Union of set A and set B = {x : x A or x B(or both)}
e.g. If A = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4} and B = { 2 , 4 , 5 , 6} and C { 1 , 2 , 6 , 8} , then
A B C = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8}

1.1.3 Intersection of sets

It is the set of all the elements, which are common to all the sets. The symbol used for intersection
of sets is ‘ ’ i.e., A B = {x : x A and x B}
e.g. If A = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4} and B = { 2 , 4 , 5 , 6} and C = { 1 , 2 , 6 , 8} , then A B C = { 2} .
Remember that n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A B)

1.1.4 Difference of two sets

The difference of set A to B denoted as A – B is the set of those elements that are in the set
A but not in the set B i.e., A – B = { x : x A and x B}
Similarly B – A = {x : x B and x A} . In general A – B B –A
e.g. If A = { a , b , c , d} and B = { b , c , e , f } , then A – B = { a , d} and B – A = { e . f }

Illustration 1 :

If A = {a, b, c} and B = {b, c, d} then evaluate A B, A B , A – B and B – A

So l u t i o n :
A B = {x : x A or x B} = {a , b , c , d}
A B = {x : x A and x B} = {b, c}
A – B = {x : x A and x B} = {a}
B–A = {x : x B and x A} = {d}

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 Basic Mathematics

Practice Problems # 01
1. Find the number of values of x for which x 4 + 4 is a prime number where x N.

2. Find the number of real roots of the equation (x – 1) 2 + (x – 2)2 + .... (x – 100) 2 = 0 .

3. Convert the number in the fraction form :

(i) 1. 3 (ii) 3.4 5 (iii) 3. 142857

4. State whether True/False :

(i) 1 is a prime number
(ii) Two prime numbers are always co-prime .
(iii) Union of Q Q c is real numbers .

5. Draw a Venn diagram involving , real number , rational number , irrational numbers ,
whole number , natural number , integer .

6. Prove that : log2 7 is an irrational number .

2 . Rational I nequations :
2.1 INTERVALS
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are of very much importance in calculus as you will get to
know shortly . If there are two numbers a, b R such that a < b, we can define four types of
intervals as follows :
Open interval : (a , b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e., end points are not included.

Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a x b} i.e., end points are also included.

This is possible only when both a and b are finite.

Open–closed Interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x b}

Closed–open interval : [a, b) = {x : a x < b}

The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(a, ) = {x : x > a} ; [a, ) = {x : x a} ; (– , b] = {x : x b}
intervals are particularly important in solving inequalities or in finding domains etc.

2.2 Inequalities
The following are some very useful points to remember
a b either a < b or a = b.
a < b and b < c a < c.
a<b a+c<b+c c R
a<b –a>–b
i.e., inequality sign reverses if both sides are multiplied by a negative number.
a < b and c < d a + c < b + d and a – d < b – c.
a<b ma < mb if m > 0 and ma > mb if m < 0.
0<a<b ar < br if r > 0 and ar > br if r < 0.
1
a+ 2 a > 0 and equality holds for a = 1.
a

1
a+ –2 a < 0 and equality holds for a = –1.
a

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If a1 > b1, a2 > b2, a3 > b3 . . . . . , where ai > 0, bi > 0, i = 1, 2,…

Then a1 + a2 + a3 + . . . > b1 + b2 + b3 + . . . and a1a2a3 . . . > b1b2b3 . . .
If a > b, p and q are some positive integers, then following results are evident.
a>b an > bn a–n < b–n where n N
a>b al/q > bl/q ap/q > bp/q

2.3 Wavy Curve Method

P (x) P (x)
In order to solve inequalities of the form 0 , 0 , where P (x) and Q (x) are
Q (x) Q(x)
polynomials, we use the following method:
If x 1 and x 2 (x 1 < x 2) are two consecutive distinct roots of a polynomial equation, then within this
interval the polynomial itself takes on values having the same sign. Now find all the roots of the
polynomial equations P (x) = 0 and Q (x) = 0. Ignore the common roots and write

P (x) (x 1 ) (x 2 ) (x 3 ) .... ( x n)
= f (x) = ,
Q(x) (x 1) (x 2 ) (x 3 ) .... ( x n)
Where 1, 2, . . . . . n , 1, 2, . . . . . , m are distinct real numbers .
Then f (x) = 0 for x = 1, 2, . . . . . , n and f(x) is not defined for x = 1
, 2
,....., m
.
Apart from these (m + n) real numbers f(x) is either
positive or negative. Now arrange
1
, 2, . . . . . , n , 1, 2, . . . . . , m in an increasing
order say c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, . . . . . , cm+n . Plot them on the
real line . Draw a curve starting from right of c m+n along
the real line which alternately changes its position at
these points . If a root is repeated even number of
times , then retain sign to the immediate left of the point.

This curve is known as the wavy curve .

The intervals in which the curve is above the real line will be the intervals for which f(x) is positive
and the intervals in which the curve is below the real line will be the intervals in which f(x) is
negative.

Illustration 2 :

(x 3) ( x + 2) ( x + 5)
If f (x) = then find x such that
( x + 1) ( x 7)
(i) f (x) > 0. (ii) f (x) < 0.
So l u t i o n :
(x 3) ( x + 2) ( x + 5)
Given f(x) =
( x + 1) ( x 7)
(i) f (x) > 0 x (–5, –2) (–1, 3) (7, )
-5 -2 -1 3 7
(ii) f (x) < 0 x (– , –5) (–2, –1) (3, 7)

Illustration 3 :

(x 4) ( x 5) ( 6 x )
If f (x) = , then find ‘ x ‘ such that
(1 x ) ( x 2)
(i) f (x) 0 (ii) f (x) 0

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So l u t i o n :
(i) f (x) 0 x (1 , 2) [4 , 5] [6 , ) 1 2 4 5 6
(ii) f (x) 0 x (– , 1) (2 , 4] [5 , 6]

Practice Problems # 02
Solve the following inequalities
2x 1 1 1 1
1. 2 2. x 2
+ x 1
>
x 9 x+2 x

3. (x 2 + 3 x + 1) (x 2 + 3 x – 3) 5

12 1 6
4. 1+ 2 < 5. x
x x x 5

x2 + 2 x + 7
6. If x is a real number such that <6.
2x + 3

3 . M odulus Function :
Let x R , then the magnitude of x is called it’s absolute value and in general, denoted by |x| and
x , x 0
defined as x =
x , x>0
Note that x = 0 can be included either with positive values of x or with negative values of x . As we
know all real numbers can be plotted on the real number line, x in fact represents the distance
of number ‘x’ from the origin, measured along the number–line. Thus x 0 secondly, any point
‘x’ lying on the real number line will have it’s coordinate as (x , 0). Thus it’s distance from the origin

is x2 .

Hence x = x 2 . Thus we can define x as x = x 2

e.g if x = – 2.5 then x = 2.5 , if x = 3.8 then x = 3.8

Brain Teaser 1 :
x 1 1 1
If x R– then is ,– ,± or not defined .
4x 2 2 2 2

Illustration 4 :
Find the value of ‘ x ‘ for equation , x2 + 3 x + 3 = x2 + 2 x + 2 + x+1
So l u t i o n :
As we know a+b = a + b
when both a and b are non negative or both are negative.
x2 + 2 x + 2 + x + 1 = x2 + 2 x + 2 + x + 1
Here x 2 + 2 x + 2 is always positive so x + 1 must be positive

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x+1 0 x –1 x [– 1 , )

Illustration 5 :
Find the value of ‘ x ‘ for equation , x+5 + x–1 =7
So l u t i o n :

Here y = 7 line cuts the curve at two points . 7 7

So points are 2 x + 2 = 7 and – 2 x – 2 = 7 2
x = { 2.5 , – 4.5} –3 –1

Practice Problems # 03
Solve for x :

1. Find the number of real values of , so that the equation x– 2

+ x– =
has infinitely many solutions.

2. x+ x+3 +1 =4

3. Find the number of real values of ‘ x ‘ for which the equation ,

(x 2 + x + 1)2 – 2 x 2 + x + 1 + 1 = 0

4. Find the number of integral solutions of ‘ x ‘ for the equation

2 x – 8 + 2 x + 6 = 14

3x 1 3x 1
5. Find the solution set of equation (2 x – 1) + = 2x – 1 + .
x x

6. Find the values of x for the equation x2 – 9 + x2 – 1 + x2 – 5 x + 6 = 0.

3.1 Basic Properties

x = x

x > a x > a or x<–a if a R+ and x R if a R–

x < a –a<x<a if a R+ and no solution if a R– {0}

x x
x+y x + y xy = x y y = y , y 0

Illustration 6 :
Solve |2x – 1| < 3.
So l u t i o n :
|2x – 1| < 3 – 3 < 2x – 1 < 3 – 2 < 2x < 4 – 1 < x < 2.

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Illustration 7 :
Solve the inequation , x–1 + x–2 <7
So l u t i o n :

Here y = 7 cuts the curves at two points . So points lies in

2 x – 3 < 7 and – 2 x + 3 < 7 7 7
1
x < 5 and x>–2
1 2
x (– 2 , 5)

Practice Problems # 04
Find the Solution set of the inequations :

x x x 1
1. < 2. 0
x +1 x +1 x 2

x (2 x ) x 3
3. Find the solution set of the real values of x for inequation 0.
(x 1)

4. Find the value of x which is not in the solution of the inequation ,

1 1
< .
x 3 2

5. Find the solution of the inequation x 1 < 1–x , x R.

6. If x satisfies x 1 + x 2 + x 3 6, then find the set of values for x :

4. Logarithm :
The logarithm of a positive number ‘x’ to the base a (a > 0 ; a 1) is a number equal to the power
to which ‘a’ must be raised in order to obtain ‘x’.
When solving logarithmic inequations it is necessary to remember that the function ,
y = loga x (a > 0 , a 1 , x > 0) is decreasing if 0 < a < 1 and increasing if a > 1 .

4.1 Properties of Logarithm

m
(i) loga mn = loga m + loga n (ii) loga = loga m – loga n
n

1
(iii) loga m n = n log a m (iv) log a k N = logaN
k

logc b
a = (b ) b
log a
(v) (vi) logab =
logc a

log b a log b c
(vii) c = a (viii) logb 1 = 0

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(ix) logb b = 1

(x) logb a > 0 is possible when both a and b simultaneously lies in the interval
(0 , 1) or (1 , )

(xi) logb a < 0 is possible if lies in the (0 , 1) then ’ b ‘ must be in (1 , ) or if ‘ a ‘ lies in

(0 , ) then ‘ b ‘ must be in (0 , 1) .

(xii) If logb a = y , then a = by . This is known as antilog .

(xiii) logb a > y , if b (0 , 1] then antilog will change the sign , a < by
if b (1 , ) then antilog will not change the sign , a > by

(xiv) logb a1 logb a2 a1 a2 > 0 if b>1

0 < a1 a2 if 0<b<1

Brain Teaser 2 :
log x 2 = 2 log x , is it true or false ?

Illustration 8 :

Find the logarithms of 0.0625 to the base ‘2’.

So l u t i o n :
1 1
Suppose 2x = 0.0625 = = 4 or 2x = 2–4 or x = – 4
16 2

Illustration 9 :

(x 3) (x 3)
2 log3 + 1 = log3
x 7 x 1

So l u t i o n :
2
x 3 x 3
log3 + log33 = log3 Domain = (– , 1) (7 , )
x 7 x 1

2
x 3 x 3
log3 3 . = log3
x 7 x 1

2
x 3 x 3 3x 9 1
3 = (x – 3) =0
x 7 x 1 x 7 x 1

3 x2 3x 9x + 9 x + 7
(x – 3)
( x 1) ( x 7)

2
3 x 2 13 x + 15 x 3 x 3
(x – 3) 3 =
( x 1) ( x 7) x 7 x 1

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 Basic Mathematics

(x – 3) (x 2 + x – 20) = 0
x = 3 , x = 4 , x = – 5. Now taking intersection with domain we get x = – 5

Practice Problems # 05
1. Find the sum and product of all possible values of x which makes the following statement
4
log654 + logx 16 = log x – log36 true.
2
9

2. Find the number of values of x for the equation log 2 | x – 1 | = 1,

3. If the value of x = a satisfy the equation

2a
log10 x 3 + log10 2x 1 = log10 3 x + 3 , then find the value of
5

1
log 9 25
4. Let a = 5 , then find the number of integral solutions of the equation ,
x – 18 + x – 15 = a .
5. Find the number of solution of the equation ,

log
(x2 + 6 x + 8) {log( 2 x2 + 2 x + 3 ) (x
2
2x )} =0

6. If loga x + logc x = logb x 2 and x 1 , then find the relation between a, b and c

A sketch showing the behaviors of the logarithmic function is as given :

y y

0 (1 , 0) x 0 (1 , 0) x
y = loga x (a > 1)
y = loga x (0 < a < 1)

Illustration 10 :
Solve for x, log1/2 (x – 2) > 2.
So l u t i o n :
1
log1/2(x – 2) > log1/2
4

1 9
0<x–2< 2<x<
4 4

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 Basic Mathematics

9
So x 2,
4

Practice Problems # 06
1. Find the solution set of the inequation , log1/3 (x 2 + x + 1) + 1 > 0 .

2. If (log5 x)2 + log5 x < 2 then , find the value of x .

3. Find the set of real values of ‘ x ‘ for which in equation log2x + 3 x 2 < log(2x + 3) (2 x + 3) holds
true

4. If log2 x log1/2 (x – 1) , then find the interval where x lies

5. Find the solution set of the inequality , log1/ 7 (x 2 + x + 2) > 0.

( x + 3) log10 x
6. Find the solution set of the equation , > 0.
(x 4) ( x 2 + 9)

5. Exponential Equations and I nequations :

If we have an equation of the form af (x) = b (a > 0) , then :

(i) x if b 0

(ii) f (x) = loga b if b > 0 , a 1

(iii) The equation is satisfied for all x D (f) a = 1 , b = 1

(since 1 f (x)
= 1 for all x D (f))

(iv) x if a = 1 , b 1

Properties :
The identities used in solutions of exponential and logarithmic equations and inequalities
(a > 0 , a 0) are as follows :
(i) ax = ay x=y (ii) ax . ay = ax + y
(iii) a0 = 1 (iv) ax . by = (a . b)x , b > 0
(v) (ax)0 = ax y

Illustration 11 :

Solve for ‘x’ , 32 x + 5 = 3x + 2 + 2 .

So l u t i o n :
32 x . 243 – 9 . 3x – 2 = 0

3x 2
3x
1
3x +
2
32 x – – =0 =0
27 243 9 27

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 Basic Mathematics

1 2
3x = 3x = – not possible
9 27
3x = 3–2 x=–2
Illustration 12 :
Solve for ‘x’ , 9x – 2x + 0.5 = 2x + 3.5 – 32 x – 1
So l u t i o n :
32 x
32 x + = 2x + 7/2 + 2x + 1/2
3

32x
4
3
(
= 2x 27 / 2 + 21/ 2 )
32 x 21/ 2 (23 + 1)
= 3
2x 4

32 x 33 3
x
= 3/2
x=
2 2 2

Practice Problems # 07
2 2
+2
1. Find the set of all x satisfying , 4 x +2 – 9 .2 x +8=0.

2. Find the value of x for the equality ( x 2 + x + 1)x = 1

3. Find the number of solution of the equation 3 x + 4x = 5x

4. Find the value of x for the equation (4 + ) (

15 + 4
x
15 )
x
= 62 ,

5. If 25log x = 5 + 4 x log 5 . Then find ‘ x ‘.

65
6. Find the value of x for the equation = 2x 3x
36

A sketch showing the behaviors of the exponential function is as given :

If a > 0 , then the function defined by f (x) = ax , x R is called an Exponential Function with
base ‘a’ .
Y–
y = ax

a>1
(0 , 1)

Case I : When a > 1 O X

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Y
x
y=a

(0 , 1)
a<1

Case II : When 0 < a < 1 O X

Illustration 13 :
1/ x
1
Solve the equation , 2 x + 2 > or 2x + 2 > ( 2–2) 1/x
4
So l u t i o n :
According to identity we have 2x + 2 > 2– 2/x
2
Since the base 2 > 1 , we have x + 2 > – (the sign of the inequality is retained) . Solving the
x
inequality we obtain x (0 , ).

Illustration 14 :

(1.25)1 – x < (0.64 )2 (1 + x )

So l u t i o n :
We write the initial inequality in the form

5
1 x
16
2 1+( x ) 4
x 1
4
2.2 1 + ( x )
< or <
4 25 5 5

Since we have 0 <

4
5
< 1 , the last inequality is equivalent to the inequality x – 1 > 4 1 + ( x )
(the sign of the inequality has changed to the opposite) . Next we have x – 4 x – 5 > 0 , whence

( x 5 )( )
x + 1 > 0 i.e. x > 5 . The final result is x > 25 .
x (25 , )

Practice Problems # 08
1. Find the set of values for the inequation , 25x – 5x + 1 + 4 < 0,

2. Find the solution set of the inequation , 2x – 1 + 2 >3.

x x
1 1
3. Find the solution set of inequation , 3 72
>1
3 3

4. Find the solution set of the inequality 9x – 3x + 1 – 15 < 2 . 9x – 3x

1 1
5. Find the complete solution set of inequality , >
2 x
1 1 2x 1

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21 x
2x + 1
6 Solve the inequation : 0
2x 1

6. I rrational Equations and I nequalities :

When solving irrational equations, we must take into consideration the following theorem .
2n
When n is natural , the equation f ( x) = (x) is equivalent to the system :

f ( x ) = ( ( x))2 n
(x) 0

When solving irrational inequalities, we must take into consideration the following theorems.
2n
When n is natural , the inequality f (x) < (x) is equivalent to the system of inequalities :

f ( x ) < ( ( x ))2 n
f (x) 0
(x) > 0

2n
When n is natural , the inequality f (x) > (x) is equivalent to the collection of two system of
inequalities :

(x) < 0 (x) 0

f (x) 0
and f ( x ) > ( ( x ))2 n

2n
f ( x)
When n is is natural , the inequality > f is equivalent to the system of inequalities
(x)

(x) > 0
f ( x ) > ( ( x ))2 n

2n
f ( x)
When n is is natural , the inequality < 1 is equivalent to the collection of two system of
(x)

inequalities .

(x) > 0
(x) < 0 f (x) 0
and
f (x) 0 f (x) < ( ( x ))2 n

Illustration 15 :

Find the value of ‘ x ‘ for the equation , (x – 1) x2 x 2 =0

So l u t i o n :
Domain x2 – x – 2 0
(– , – 1] [2 , )
Now x – 1 = 0 x=1
and x –x–2=0
2
x = – 1, 2
NANCE Hence the answer is (– 1 , 2) 13
 Basic Mathematics

Practice Problems # 09
1. If x + x 1 x = 1, then find the value of x

2. If 2 x = 5x 7 , then find the value of x .

3. Find the value of x for the solution of the equation , x 2 + 4 x = 6 x

4. Find the number of integer in the solution set of given equation x + 1 = 11 x .

2x 4
5. Find the integral value of x for the equation = 2,
x +1

6. The number of integer in the solution of given equation x + 8 + x+1 =2x+9

Illustration 16 :

Find the set of values of the inequation , 3x 10 > 6 x

So l u t i o n :
10
Domain of 3x 10 is , and Domain of 6 x is (– , 6]
3

10
Hence domain of the inequation is , ,6
3

Now both side is always non negative . So squaring both the sides will give
x (4 , )
Hence the answer is (4 , 6]

Illustration 17 :

x 3
Find the set of values of inequation , >0.
x 2

So l u t i o n :
Domain equals to [3 , )
Here numerator is a non negative quantity . So x – 2 > 0 x>2
Hence the answer is (3 , )

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Practice Problems # 10
3 7 6
1. If 5 + < 5
x +1 x + 2 x 1 , then find the value of x

2. Find the solution of x +2+2 x +1 + x +5 + 4 x +1 3.

3. Find the value of x : x2 + 4 x + 5 + x 0.

4. Find the solution set of the inequation , x – 1 x <0.

5. Find the solution set of the inequation x 1 3–x.

6. Find the solution set of the inequality , x 5 – 9 x 1.

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ANSWER SHEET
Practice Problems # 01

4 311 3112419
1. 1 2. zero 3. (i) (ii) (iii)
3 90 990000

4. (i) False (ii) False (iii) True

irrational
Rational

integer
Whole
5. Natural

Practice Problems # 02
1. (– , – 3) (– 2 , 3) 2. ( 2 ,0 ) (1 , 2 ) (2 , )

3. (– , – 4] (– 2 , – 1] [1 , ) 4.
3
5. (– , – 1] (5 , 6] 6. 1 < x < 11 or x < –
2

Practice Problems # 03

1 1
1. 1 2. x = {0} 3. 1 4. 8 5. 0, ,
3 2
6.

Practice Problems # 04
1. x (– 1 , 0) 2. (– , – 2) [– 1 , 1] (2 , ) 3. (– , – 2] (1 , 2] {0 , 3}
4. – 4 5. 6. x 0 or x ³ 4

Practice Problems # 05
9
1. ,2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 4 5. one solution
2
loga b
6. c2 = a c

Practice Problems # 06
1 3
1. (– 2 , 1) 2. ,5 3. , 1 (– 1 , 3)
25 2

4. (1 + 5, ) 5. 6. (0 , 1] [4 , )

NANCE 16
 Basic Mathematics

Practice Problems # 07
1. Two integer points 2. 0 3. 1 4. ± 2
5. 10 6. x = – 4

Practice Problems # 08
1. (0 , log5 4) 2. x > 1 3. 0 x < 64 4. (1 , )

5. (0 , log (43 ))
2
(1 , ) 6. (– , 0) (1 , )

Practice Problems # 09
16
1. 2. 3. x = 4 4. 1 5. – 4 6. 2
25

Practice Problems # 10
5
1. x (– , – 2) ,1 (1 , 5) 2. x –1 3. x
4

1+ 5 14 + 7
4. 1, 5. x 2 6. x 9
2 2

NANCE 17
 Basic Mathematics

Solved Examples (Subjective)

E x a m p le 1 :
Solve x2 – 3 x – 4 = x2 – 3 x – 4
So l u t io n :
We know x = x when x 0
So, x 2 – 3x – 4 0
(x – 4) (x + 1) 0 x 4 or x –1.

E x a m p le 2 :

Solve 184 x–3 = 54 2 ( )3 x 4

So l u t io n :

Given equation is 184 x – 3 = 54 2 ( )3 x 4

Taking log on both the sides, we get

(4x – 3)log 18 = (3x – 4) log (18.3 2 ) (since 3 2 = 18 )

3
or, (4x – 3) log 18 = (3x – 4) log (18) 3/2 or, 4x – 3 = (3x – 4)
2
or, 8 x – 6 = 9x – 12 or x=6

E x a m p le 3 :
Solve for x if log3 x + log9 (x 2) + log27 (x 3) = 3
So l u t io n :
log3x + log9(x 2) + log27(x 3) = 3

log x 2 log x 3 log x 3 log x

+ + =3 =3
log 3 2 log 3 3 log 3 log 3

log x = log 3 x=3

E x a m p le 4 :
If x is real, prove that 3 x 2 – 5 x + 4 is always positive
So l u t io n :

2 5 4
3 x2 – 5 x + 4 = 3 x x+
3 3

2 2
5 48 25 5 23
=3 x + =3 x + >0
6 36 6 36

since square of real number is always non negative.

NANCE 18
 Basic Mathematics
E x a m p le 5 :
Solve : log| x | x =0
So l u t io n :
We have
log| x | x =0
x =1
but x 1 (being in base of logarithm)
x
E x a m p le 6 :
Find the value of for which |x – 1| + |x – 10| = has infinitely many
Sol u t ion :
This equation will have infinitely many solution where LHS become constant and it is possible
when 1 x < 10
So value of will be =9
E x a m p le 7 :
Find the sum of all negative integral value of x satisfying (x2 – 3x + 2) (x3 – 3x2) (4 – x2) 0
Sol u t ion :
(x – 1) (x – 2)2 x2 (x – 3) (x + 2) 0
+ + – – +
–2 0 1 2 3
x [–2, 1] [3, ]
So sum will be – 2 – 1 = –3
E x a m p le 8 :
Final the solution set of real ‘x’ such that

(x + 3)2 (x 2 + x + 1)
0
(4 – x)x

Sol u t ion :
(x + 3)2 (x 2 + x + 1) (x + 3)2
0 0
x(x – 4) x(x – 4)

+ + – +
–3* 0 4
x (0, 4) {–3}
E x a m p le 9 :

f( ) + f(2.1)
If f(x) |2 – x| + |4 – x| then find the value of
f(3)

Sol u t ion :
f(x) = |x – 2| + |x – 4|
Now if 2 x < 4
f(x) = x – 2 – x + 4 = 6
So f( ) = 6, f(2.1) = 6 and f(3) = 6

6+6
=2
6

NANCE 19
 Basic Mathematics
E x a m p le 1 0 :

x 2 – 5x + 6 x 2 – 5x + 6
Find the solution set of x satisfying = 2
x – 6x + 5
2
x – 6x + 5

Sol u t ion :
| t | = t when t is non negative

x2 – 5x + 6 (x – 3)(x – 2)
i.e. 2 0 0
x – 6x + 5 (x – 5)(x – 1)

x (– , 1) [2, 3] (5, )
E x a m p le 1 1 :
Prove that the logn (n + 1) > logn+1 (n + 2) for any natural number n > 1.
Sol u t ion :
n+1 1 1 n+2
= 1+ > 1 + =
n n n +1 n +1
Using the properties of a logarithmic function we have for n > 1
n+1 n +1 n+2
logn > logn +1 > logn +1
n n n +1
logn(n + 1) – 1 > log(n+1) (n + 2)
E x a m p le 1 2 :
If log10 196 = c, log10 56 = d then find the value of log10 (0.175)4 in terms of c and d.
Sol u t ion :
0.175 = 175/1000 = 7/40 = 7/22. 10. Thus log10 0.175 = log10 7 – 2 log10 2 – 1. Now c = log10 196 = log10
22. 72 = 2 log10 2 + 2 log10 7 and d = log10 56 = log10 23. 7 = 3 log10 2 + log10 7. Solving in terms of log10 2 and
(2d – c)
log10 7, we have log10 2 = and log10 7
4

3c – 2d
= . Therefore, log (0.175)4
4
= 4(log10 7 – 2 log10 2 – 1)
= 5c – 6d – 4
E x a m p le 1 3 :
Find all real number x which satisfy the equation

2 log2 log2 + log1/2 log2 (2 2x) = 1

Sol u t ion :
Putting log2 x = u. The given equation reduces to
2 log2 u + log1/2 (log2 23/2 + u) = 1
3
log2 u2 – log2 +u =1
2

u2
log2 =1
3/2 + u
u2 = 2(3/2 + u)
u – 2u – 3 = 0 u = 3, –1
2

x = 23, 2–1 = 8, 1/2

x = 23, 2–1 = 8, 1/2

NANCE 20
 Basic Mathematics
E x a m p le 1 4 :
If a, b, c are the length of the sides of a right angled triangle and c is hypotenuse such that b + c 1 and
c–b 1, a 1 show that logc + b a + logc – b a = 2 logc + b a. logc – b a.
Sol u t ion :
Since c2 = a2 + b2 so a2 = c2 – b2 = (c – b) (c + b).

1 1
Now logc + b a + logc – b a = log (c + b) + log (c – b)
a a

loga (c – b) + loga (c + b)
= log (c + b) log (c – b)
a a

= 2 logc + b a logc – b a
E x a m p le 1 5 :
Solve the following equations for x an y log100 |x + y| = 1/2, log10y – log10 |x| = log1004
Sol u t ion :
The first equations is equivalent to |x + y| = 1001/2 = 10. The second equation is equivalent to log10 y/|x| =

1
log102 4 = log10 4 = log10 2
2
y|x| = 2 y = 2|x|. Hence we have |x + 2|x|| = 10. If x > 0 then we have
3x = 10 x = 10/3. If x < 0, then |x – 2x| = 10 |–x| = 10
–x = 10 i.e. x = –10. Thus x = 10/3, y = 20/3 and x = – 10, y = 20.

NANCE 21
 Basic Mathematics

Solved Examples (Objective)

E x a m p le 1 :
If x 2 – 2 x – 3 = 0 , x equals
(A) {– 3, 5} (B) {– 3, 3} (C) {2, 5} (D) {7, –7}
So l u t io n :
Put x = y then given equation can written as y 2 – 2y – 3 = 0
y2 – 3y + y – 3 = 0 y = 3, –1
But y= x
So when x = 3 x=±3
But x = –1 is not possible Only solution is x = ± 3.

E x a m p le 2 :
If x – 1 x – 2 = – (x 2 – 3x + 2), then x lies in the interval
(A) [1, 2] (B) (– , 1] [2, ) (C) (1, 2) (D) [1, 2)
So l u t io n :
x–1 x – 2 = – (x – 2) (x – 1)
(x – 1) (x – 2) 0 1 x 2

E x a m p le 3 :
2
If x – 3 x + 2 = 0 , x equals
(A) {2, –2} (B) {1, –1} (C) {1, –1, 2, –2} (D) none of these
So l u t io n :
2 2
x –3 x +2=0 x –2 x – x + 2 = 0 |x| (|x| 2) – 1 (|x| 2) = 0

( x 1) ( x 2) = 0 x =1, x =2
x = ± 1, x = ± 2

E x a m p le 4 :
The function loge loge logex is defined for x belongs to
(A) (0, ) (B) (1, ) (C) (e, ) (D) none of these
So l u t io n :
loge (logex ) is defined for loge (logex) > 0 which is true for logex > 1 x > e.

E x a m p le 5 :
If log2 x log1/2 (x – 1) , then x lies in the interval :

(A) 1 [ 2 ,1+ 2 ] (B) ( , 1 2 ]

(C) [1 + 2, ] (D) ( , 2 ] [ 2, )
So l u t io n :

We can write the given expression as log 2x log2 (x – 1) . 1

()
log2 1
2

NANCE 22
 Basic Mathematics
log2x – log2 (x – 1) log2 x (x – 1) 0
log2x(x – 1) log21 x (x – 2) 1

x 2 – 2x –1 0 (x – 1– 2 ) (x – 1 + 2 ) 0

x 1+ 2 or x 1– 2 but x > 1

x [1 + 2, )
E x a m p le 6 :

The number of solutions of the equation ( x 2 + x + 1) 2 + 1 = ( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 x 5) in the interval (–2, 3)

is
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 3
Sol u t ion :
The given equation can be written as

1
y+ = x2 x 5 where
y

1
y = x 2 + x +1 observe that y + 2
y

E x a m p le 7 : The limiting value of ( log n 1 (n) ) . ( log n (n + 1) ) . ( log n +1 (n + 2) ) .... ( log n k 1 n k ) , where
n is
(A) ek (B) 1
(C) k (D) none of these

log n
So l u t io n :
n
( )
Lim log n 1 n k = k Lim
n log(n 1)
=k

E x a m p le 8 :
If a = log12 18, b = log24 54 then the value of ab + 5 (a – b) is
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) none of these
Sol u t ion :
We have

log2 18 1 + 2log2 3
a = log12 18 = log 12 = 2 + log 3 and
2 2

log2 54 1 + 3log2 3
b = log24 54 = log 24 = 3 + log 3 .
2 2

Putting x = log2 3, we have

1 + 2x 1 + 3x 1 + 2x 1 + 3x
ab + 5(a – b) = . +5 –
2+x 3+x 2+x 3+x

6x 2 + 5x + 1 + 5(–x2 + 1) x 2 + 5x + 6
= = =1
(x + 2)(x + 3) (x + 2)(x + 3)

NANCE 23
 Basic Mathematics
E x a m p le 9 :
The number of solutions of log4 (x – 1) = log2 (x – 3) is
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0
Sol u t ion :
The given equality is meaningful if x – 1 > 0, x – 3 > 0 x > 3.
The given equality can be written as

log(x – 1) log(x – 3)
=
log4 log2

log (x – 1) = 2 log (x – 3) (log 4 = 2 log 2)

(x – 1) = (x – 3)2 Þ x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
(x – 5) (x – 2) = 0 x = 5 or 2. But x > 3 so x = 5.
E x a m p le 1 0 :
2 2
+2 +2
The set of all x satisfying 4 x – 9.2 x + 8 = 0 consists of
(A) infinitely many points,
(B) finitely many points from the set of all natural number
(C) finitely many points from the set of all integers
(D) two integers
Sol u t ion :
2 2
+2 +2
Setting 2 x = t, the original equation reduces to t2 – 9t + 8 = 0 t = 1, 8. If t = 1 then 2 x = 8 then
x2 + 2 = 3 x = ± 1.
E x a m p le 1 1 :
The sum of the solution of the equation 9x – 6.3x + 8 = 0
(A) log32 (B) log3 6 (C) log38 (D) log3 4
Sol u t ion :
9 x – 6.3x + 8 = 0
Let 3x = t hence t2 – 6t + 8 = 0
t = 4, 2 3x = 4 3x = 2
x1 = log34 x2 = log32
x1 + x2 = log38
E x a m p le 1 2 :
Number of real values of x satisfying the equation |x – 1| = |x – 2| + |x – 3| is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) more than 3
Sol u t ion :
|x – 1| = |x – 2| + |x – 3|
if x 3 x –1= x –2+ x –3
x = 4
if 2 x < 3 x –1= x –2–x + 3 x = 2
if 1 x < 2 x –1= –x + 2–x + 3 x = 2
if x < 1 –x + 1 = – x + 2 – x + 3 x = 4
Hence two values x = 4, 2

NANCE 24
 Basic Mathematics
E x a m p le 1 3 :
The solution set of the equation e4x – 5e2x + 4 = 0 over R is
(A) {1, 4} (B) {–4, –1} (C) {–loge20, loge2} (D) {0, loge2}
Sol u t ion :
Let e2x = t
t2 = 5t + 4 = 0 t = 1, t = 4
e2x = 1 x = 0
e2x = 4 x = loge2
E x a m p le 1 4 :
2 2
+ 3x –1) + 3x + 2
The sum of all values of x so that 16(x = 8x is

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D) –5

Sol u t ion :
2 2
+ 6x + 2 + 3x + 2
(8)2x = 8x
2x2 + 6x + 2 = x2 + 3x + 2
x2 + 3x = 0
x1 = 0, x2 = –3
Sum is –3
E x a m p le 1 5 :
The least positive integral solution of in equation |x + 1| + |x – 4| > 7 is
(A) 5 (B) (6) (C) 7 (D) none of these
Sol u t ion :
Case-1 x 4
x +1+x –4> 7 x > 5
Case-2 –1 x < 4
Case-3 x < –1
–x – 1 – x + 4 > 7 x <–2
Hence Ans. 6

NANCE 25
 Basic Mathematics

ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise - 01
CBSE FLASH BACK
1. Find the solution set of inequation (x 2 – x – 1) (x 2 – x – 7) < – 5

x2 – | x | –12
2. Find the solution set of inequation 2x
x–3

(x – 2)(x – 4)(x – 7)
3. Find the solution set of inequation >1
(x + 2)(x + 4)(x + 7)

4. Find the value of x for which the equation log2 x + 3 log2 x = 2 is true

5. Find the value of x for the equation 1 + 1 + x x 2 – 2x = x

2x 2 + 15x – 17
6. Find the Solution set of inequation 0
10 – x

7. Find the value of x for which the equation 4 –1/x + 6–1/x = 9–1/x satisfied

2x –1 – 1
8. Find the solution set of inequation <2
2x +1 + 1

9. Prove that for 0 < x < 1,

x
x < – log(1 – x) <
1– x

10. Show that 2 logx a + logax a + 3 loga2 x a = 0 if and only if x = a –4/3, a–1/2.

NANCE 26
 Basic Mathematics

Exercise - 02
OBJECTIVE
1. If log16x + log4x + log2x = 14, then x =
(A) 16 (B) 32 (C) 64 (D) None of these

1
2. If 4 – 3x then x is equal to :
2
7 3 7 3 7 3
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) None of these
6 2 6 2 6 2

3. The product of all the roots of the equation x 2 x – 6 = 0 is

(A) – 9 (B ) 6 (C) 9 (D) 36

4. The value of p for which (x – 1) is a factor of x 3 + (p + 1)2 x 2 – 10 is given by

(A) 4 , 2 (B) 2 , – 4 (C) – 2 , 4 (D) None of these

5. The minimum value of 2 x ( 2 3 )2 + 27 is :

(A) 227 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) None of these

6. If log10 3 = 0.477, the number of digits in 3 40 is :

(A) 18 (B) 19 (C) 20 (D) 21

7. If (x 4 – 9) – (x 2 + 3) = x 4 – 9 – x 2 + 3 , then set of value of x will be :

(A) x ( – , – 2] [2 , ) (B) x ( – , – 2) [2 , )
(C) x ( – , ) (D) None of these

8. If x 2 – 1 + (x – 1)2 + x2 3 x + 2 = 0 , then value of x is :

(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) – 2 (D) none of these

9. The solution set of the inequality log sin (2 /3)

( x 2 – 3 x + 2) 2 is :

1 5 1 5
(A) ,1 2, (B) ,1 2,
2 2 2 2

1 5
(C) ,1 2, (D) None of these
2 2

10. The equation , x+3 4 x 1 + x + 15 8 x 1 = 2 has :

(A) no real root (B) exactly one real root
(C) infinitely many real roots (D) None of these

a+b
log
3
11. If a2 + b2 = 7a b , then =
(log a + logb)

1 1
(A) 2 (B) (C) 4 (D)
2 4

12. The solution set of the inequality (x 2 + x + 1)x < 1 is

(A) – 1 < x < 0 (B) x < 0 (C) x < – 1 (D) None of these

NANCE 27
 Basic Mathematics

13. If 5x – 5 + 3 – 2x = 3 x – 2 , then :
3 3
(A) x (– , 1) , (B) x (– , 1) ,
2 2

3
(C) x 1, (D) None of these
2

2x 1
14. If S is the set of all real x such that is positive , then S contains :
2 x + 3 x2 + x
3

3 3 1 1 1
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) None of these
2 2 4 4 2

15. Solution of 2x + 2 x
2 2 is :
(A) ( , log2 ( 2 + 1) ) (B) (0 , )

(C)
1
2
, log2 ( 2 1) (D) ( , log2 ( 2 1)] 1
2
,

3
16. Solution set of log3 (x 2 – 2) < log3 x 1 is :
2
(A) ( 2, 1 ) (B) ( 2,+ 2 )
(C) ( 2, 2) ( 2 ,2 ) (D) None of these

17. Solution of the inequality , x > 1 x is given by :

1 5 5 1
(A) , (B) ,
2 2

5 1
(C) ,1 (D) None of these
2

3
2 4 1
18. Let 0 < x < 1 , then (x 1) + 4 (2 x + 1) – 3 x is :
2

5 1 1
(A) (B) (C) – (D) Dependent of x
2 2 2
1
19. If x > 0 , > 0 and x+ – 1 is always non-negative , then the least value of ‘ ‘ is :
x
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 0 (D) 1/4
20. Solution of set of inequality , log 1/2 x log1/3 x is given by :
(A) (0 , ) (B) (1 , ) (C) (0 , 1] (D) None of these

NANCE 28
 Basic Mathematics

Exercise - 03
SUBJECTIVE
1. Find the solution common to both the inequalities

(x 1)3 ( x 2 + 3 x + 2)5 x + 4
< 0 and 1 < x–3 <5
(x 2
+ 4x + 4 )
7

2. Solve for x
x 2
(i) x–3 + x+2 =3 (ii) <5
2x + 7

1
3. If a2 + 4 b2 = 12 a b , then prove that log (a + 2b) = (log a + log b + 4 log 2)
2

4. Find Domain

x+3 ( x 1) ( x + 3)
(i) sin (ii) loge
x 1 ( x + 2) ( x 4)

(x 3) 2 ( x + 3) 5 ( x 1)
5. Find the solution to the inequality >0
( x + 5) ( x 4)

x2 x2
6. Find the solution set of inequality , 4 x + 2
– 5 . 2x 1+ 2
<6 .

7. Solve the equation , x log10 x

= 10 .

1
8. Solve the equation , logtan ( tan =0
/6)
1 + x2

9. Solve the equation , log

6x x2
(– cos x – cos 3 x ) = log 6 x x2
(– cos 2 x )
11 11

x+1 x+5
10. Solve the inequalities
x 1 x+1

11. Solve the equation : log x + log 3 x x =0.

3 x

x (y + z x) y (z + x y ) z ( x + y z)
12. If = = . Then prove that , x y yx = zy yz = x z zx .
log x log y log z

13. Find ‘ a ‘ for which a x 2 + x – 1 < 0 x R.

a
x2 2x + 2
14. Find the solution set of inequality , > 0 , where ‘a’ is parameter..
x2 a2

15. If a , b , c are positive real numbers , then find the value of , (a b) log (a/b) . (b c)log(b/c) . (c a)log(c/a)

NANCE 29
 Basic Mathematics

Exercise - 04
OBJECTIVE
1. If A = log2 log2 log4 256 + 2 log 2
2 , then A equals to
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7

2. If logk A . log5 k = 3 , then A =

(A) 53 (B) k3 (C) 12 (D) 243

log 2
3. If the product of the roots of the equation , x 2 – 5 x + 4 = 0 is 8 , then is
(A) ± 2 2 (B) 2 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these

x2 9
4. The domain of definition of the function f (x) =
log x
(A) R (B) (1, ) (C) (0, 1) (1, ) (D) [1, )

5. The solution set of x 1 + x + 5 = 6 is :

(A) [ 5 , 1] (B) [1 , ) (C) ( , 5] (D) R

6. The solution set of log1/2 (x 2 1) > 0 is :

(
(A) 1 , 2 ) (B) ( 2, 1 ) (C) ( 2, 2 ) (D) None of these

x x2
7. The number of real value of ‘ x ‘ which satisfy the equation , + x = is :
x 1 x 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) infinite

2
+ (log3 x ) 2 10
1
8. The set of all x satisfying the equation , x log3 x =
x2
is :

1 1 1
(A) {1, 9} (B) 1, 9 , (C) 1, 4 , (D) 9,
81 81 81

9. The set of all the solutions of the inequality , log1 – x (x – 2) – 1 is :

(A) (– , 0) (B) (2 , ) (C) (– , 1) (D)

10. The set of all solutions of the equation ,

log3 x log4 x log5 x = log3 x log4 x + log4 x log5 x + log5 x log3 x is :
(A) {1} (B} {1, 60} (C) {1 , 5 , 10 , 60} (D) None of these

11. The set {x : 1 log1/ 5 x + 2 = 3 log1 / 5 x } is equal to :

1 1 1
(A) (0 , ) (B) , (C) ,5 (D) 0,
5 5 5
2 2
+2 +2
12. The set of all x satisfying , 4 x – 9 . 2x + 8 = 0 consists of
(A) infinitely many points (B) four integer points
(C) Two integer points (D) None of these

13. If 2x + 1 – 1 + 2x + 1 + 1 = 2|x + 1| , x R , then the value of x is

(A) – 2 (B) – 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these

NANCE 30
 Basic Mathematics

log 2 x 3 3 log x 4
14. If x 2 = (x – 2)3 , then the value of x is :

(A) – 4 , – 3 (B) 4, 3 (C) 3, – 4 (D) None of these

15. The solution set of x 2 – 1 + sin x = x 2 – 1 + sin x belonging to the interval

[– 2 , 2 ] is :

(A) [– 2 , 2 ] [ – 1 , 0] [1 , ] {2 } (B) ( – 2 , – ] [ – 1 , 0]
(C) [2 , – ] ( – 2 , 0) (D) None of these

16. The number of solutions of 3x2 + 6 x + 7 + 5 x 2 + 10 x + 14 = 4 – 2 x – x 2 is :

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

10
17. If log2 x + logx 2 = = log2 y + logy 2 and x y , then x + y is equal to :
3

65 37
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D) None of these
8 6

(x + 3) log10 x
18. The solution set of the equation , (x 4) (x2 + 9) > 0 is :

(A) (0 , 1] [4 , ) (B) (0 , 2) [4 , )
(C) (0 , 1] [4 , ) (D) None of these

19. The number of real roots of x+2 x 1 – x 2 x 1 = 2 is :

(A) zero (B) one (C) two (D) infinite

20. If x = loga (b c) , y = logb (a c) and z = logc (a b) , then which of the following is correct ?
(A) x + y + z = 1 (B) (1 + x)–1 + (1 + y)–1 + (1 + z)–1 = 1

(C) x y z = 1 (D) None of these

NANCE 31
 Basic Mathematics

Exercise - 05
SUBJECTIVE
1. Solve, log0.3 (x – 1) < log0.09 (x – 1) .

2. Find the set of all solution of the equation , 2 |y| = 2y – 1 + 1

log 3 5 log 5 7 log 3 7 log 5 3

3. Evaluate : 7 + 3 – 5 – 7 .

4. Find domain :

log2 ( x + 3 ) x 1
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) =
2
x + 3x + 2 2 x

5. Solve the equation : 8 + 2x x2 > 6 – 3 x .

x
6. Solve the equation : 4 x2 + 0.
x

7. Solve the equation : log 3 x + 7 (9 + 12 x + 4 x 2) + log2 x + 3 (6 x 2 + 23 x + 21) = 4 .

1/ x
1
8. Find the solution set of the inequality : 5 x + 2 > .
25

9. Find all real numbers ‘ x ‘ which satisfy the equation , 2 log2 log2 x + log1/2 log2 2 2 x = 1 . ( )
log 3 x 2 2 log x 9
10. Find all real values of ‘ x ‘ satisfying x 1 = (x – 1)7 .

11. Solve the simultaneous equations , log 3 (log2 x) + log1/3 (log1/2 y) = 1 and x y2 = 4 .

12. Find the number of real roots of the equation 2x 2 + 5| x | – 3 = 0.

x+ x2 2 x 1+ x2 2
13. Find the solution set of inequality , 4 –5. 2 < 6.

2
14. Find the solution set of inequality , (x 2)x 6x + 8
> 1.

15. Find the value of ‘ x ‘ satisfying the equation , x

(
log 3 x 2 + log 3 x 2 ) 10
=
1
.
x2

NANCE 32
 Basic Mathematics

Exercise - 06
IIT NEW PATTERN QUESTIONS

Fill in the blanks :

1. The solution set of x 1 + x+5 = 6 is _______ .

2. The value of x such that log 1/2 x > log1/3 x is ________ .

3. If it is known that a1 + .........+ an = 0 , then values of a1, a2........an , ________ .

2 + 1 log 10 16
4. The value of 10 2 is ________ .

1 1 1
5. If x = loga bc, y=logb ca, z = logc ab, then + + = ________ .
x +1 y + 1 z +1

More than One Correct :

1. If 5x – 5 + 3 – 2x = 3 x – 2 , then :

3
(A) x (– , 0] (B) x (– , 1] ,
2

3
(C) x 1, (D) None of these
2

2x 1
2. Set of values of x satisfying > is :
2
2x + 5x + 2 x +1

2 1
(A) R (B) (– 2 , –1) (C) , (D) None of these
3 2

2
3. Values of x satisfying log 2 x are :
log 2 x 1

1 1 1
(A) 0 , (2 , 4] (B) [3, 4] (C) , (D) None of these
2 4 2

4. If x 2– 4–3x , then x belongs to :

3
(A) (– , 1] , (B) [2 , ) (C) [4 , 5] (D) None of theser
2

NANCE 33
 Basic Mathematics

5. The simultaneous equations, y = x + 2 x and y = 4 + x – x have the solution set given by

4 4
(A) 4 (B) – 4 (C) (D) –
3 3

Assertion/Reason
(A) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True, Statement 2 is a correct explanation for
Statement 1
(B) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True ; Statement 2 is NOT a correct explanation
for Statement 1
(C) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False
(D) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is True

1. Statement 1 : log10 tan 1º log10 tan 5º log10 tan 9º . . . log10 tan 89º
= log10 tan 1º + log10 tan 5º + log10 tan 9º + . . . + log10 tan 89º
Statement 2 : log10 x + log10 y + log10 z = log10 x.log10 y.log10 z.

(x 3) ( x 4)
2. Statement 1 (A) : The inequation > 0 is true for x (3,4) (5, ) and
( x 5)

solution set of (x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 5) > 0 is also (3, 4) (5, ).

(x a) ( x b)
Statement 2 (R) : The solution of 0 is same as (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) 0
(x c)

3. Statement 1 (A) : The equation x–3 = 4–x have two real solution.
Statement 2 (R) : x 0 for all real value of x.

4. Statement 1 (A) : log 16 = 2 log 4

Statement 2 (R) : log x 2 = 2 log x , x R

5. Statement 1 (A) : x2 + 2 x + 3 > 0 x R

Statement 2 (R) : The quadratic trinomial a x 2 + b x + c is always positive when a > 0 and
D < 0 , D being the discriminant of the equation

6. Statement 1 (A) : The equation x+7 =– x – 13 possesses just one solution in real
numbers .
Statement 2 (R) : The sum a + b can never be negative .

p
7. Statement 1 (A) : log3 11 can’t be represented in the form (q 0) , p , q being integers
q

Statement 2 (R) : There don’t exist integers m and n for which 3 m = 11n holds good .

8. Statement 1 (A) : + = , , R implies that and are of the opposite

sign.
Statement 2 (R) : + = + , , R implies that and are of the same sign.

9. Statement 1 (A) : The equation 2 3 ( )x = 1728 has one solution .

NANCE 34
 Basic Mathematics

Statement 2 (R) : ab = ac , a > 0 implies b = c . (a , b , c R)

Write Ups
WI
Let the inequation is of form ax + b c x + d. In this type of inequation if cx + d 0 then ax + b
is always satisfies the inequality in its domain and if cx + d > 0 then we can square both the sides
and solve the inequation. If inequation is of form ax + b cx + d. In this type of inequation if cx
+ d < 0 then it will never satisfies the inequality and if cx + d 0 then we can square both the sides
and solve the inequation.

x3 x
1. The number of integral solution of > 0 , is :
2 x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

2. If x 2 < x + 2, then the solution set of x is

(A) (–1, 0) (0 , ) (B) (–1, ) (C) (0 , ) (D) none of these

1 3 1 1
3. If 2 < – then the total prime numbers in the solutions are :
x x x 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

W II
Let us have two functions f(x) and g(x) and we have f(x) > g(x) to solve. If both sides are non
negative then only we can square both the sides, but if we have the equation in the form f(x) = g(x)
then squaring leads to the extreaneous root, so far we have to put these roots directly to the
equation and check whether it satisfies the equation or not. If it is satisfying the equation then it is
also considered as a real root of equation.

1. If 5x + 7 – 3x + 1 = x + 3 , then the value of ‘ x ’ is :

1 1
(A) , 3 (B) (C) { – 3} (D) None of these
11 11

2. If 2x 6 + x + 4 = 5 , then the number of values of ‘x’ is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

3. If x – x – 1 < 0, then the solution set of ‘x’ is

1 1 1 1 1
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) ,
2 2 2 2 2

W III
x , x 0
The absolute value of a real number x is defined by the formula x =
x , x<0

Now |x|=a x=±a a R+

and |x|<a x (–a, a) a R+
and |x| a x (– , –a] [a, ) a R+
and |x|=a x a R–
and |x|>a x R a R–

NANCE 35
 Basic Mathematics

and |x|<a x a R–
1. If x +1 > 9 – x , then the values of x belongs to
(A) (– , –1) (4, ) (B) [4, ) (C) (4, ) (D) x R

2. If x + 3 + 5–x < 14, then the number of prime numbers from the solution set of x is
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) none of these

5 x
3. If x+1 + x+ + 10 + 3 2, then the solution set of x is
2 2

3 5
(A) x R (B) x (C) x , (D) none of these
2 2

W IV
Let us have two functions f(x) and g(x) and we have f(x) > g(x) to solve. If both sides are positive
t hen onl y we can square bot h t he si des, but i f we hav e t he equat i on in the f orm
f(x) = g(x) then squaring leads to the extraneous root, so far we have to put these roots directly to
the equation and check whether it satisfies the equation or not. If it is satisfying the equation then
it is also considered as a real root of equation.
1. If 2 x 6 + x + 4 = 5 , then the value of ‘ x ’ , is :
(A) 5 (B) 165 (C) 5 , 165 (D) None of these

2. If 3 x 10 – 6 x > 0 , then the solution set of ‘x’, is

(A) [4, ) (B) (4, 6) (C) (4, ) (D) (4, 6]

3. If x – x – 1 < 0 , then the solution set of ‘ x ’ , is

1 1 1 1 1
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) ,
2 2 2 2 2

WV
We know that x + y x+y ; x + y = x+y when xy 0
and x – y x – y ; x – y = x – y when xy 0

1. If 2 – x 2 = x 2 – 4 + 2, then the solution set is:

(A) x (– , –2] [2, ) (B) x (– , –2) (2, )
(C) x [–2, 2] (D) None of these

2. If sin x + cos x = sin x + cos x , then x will lies in

(A) I and II quadrant (B) I and III quadrant
(C) II and III quadrant (D) III and IV quadrant

20 + x 20 x
3. The value of x for which – = 6 , is
x x
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these

NANCE 36
 Basic Mathematics

Match the Column

1. Column I Column II
x 1 3
(A) 0 (p) (– , 1] ,
x 2 2

5
(B) 1 x–2 3 (q) 1 x
2
(C) x 2– 4–3x (r) (– , – 2) [– 1 , 1] (2 , )
(D) x – 1 + 5 – 2x = 4–x (s) [ – 1 , 1] [ 3 , 5]

2. Column I Column II
(A) log1/2 (x 2 – 5x + 7) > 0, (p) (4, )
(B) log1/3 x > log1/9 x is (q) (2, 3)
2
(C) log2 x (r) 0<x<1
log 2 x 1

1
(D) log9 (x 2 – 5 x + 6) > log3 (x – 4) (s) 0, ( 2 , 4]
2

3. Column I (inequation) Column II (solution set)

5x + 1
(A) <1 (p) x (– , 0) (0, 2) (2, + )
(x + 1)2
(B) x + x–3 >3 (q) x (– , –5) (–3, 3) (5, + )
1 1
(C) < (r) x (– , –1) (–1, 0) (3, + )
x 3 2

x4
(D) >0 (s) x (– , 0) (3, + )
(x 2)2

4. Column I Column II
(A) The value of x for the equation 2 x + 5 = x + 2 is (p)
(B) The real roots of the equation x + 5 x + 4 = 0 are
2
(q) 15
(C) The sum of all the real roots of the equation
2
x
+ x 2 2 2 = 0 is (r) 8
(D) The largest integral value of x satisfying the inequality
2 8
> , is (s) 4
x 13 9

5. Column I Equation Column II Value of x

4
(A) x– x+1 =5 (p)
3

2x 2 ( x + 1)
(B) x +1 – =1 (q) 4
x
(C) x 2 – 7 x + 12 = 0 (r) 8
(D) x + 2 = 2(3 – x) (s) –2

NANCE 37
 Basic Mathematics

ANSWER SHEET
Exercise - 01 CBSE FLASH BACK
1. (–2, – 1) (2, 3) 2. (– , 3) 3. (– , –7) (–4, –2)

–17
4. 2 5. 7 6. – , [1, 10)
2

3
7. log 5 –1 8. R
2
2

Exercise - 02 OBJECTIVE

1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. A

8. A 9. A 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. B 14. A

15. D 16. C 17. C 18. A 19. D 20. C

Exercise - 03 SUBJECTIVE

37 7
1. (–1, 1) 2. (i) No solution (ii) , ,
9 2

4. (i) (– , –3] (1, ) (ii) (– , –3) (–2, 1) (4, )

5. ( , – 5) (– 3, 1) (4, ) 6. ( , 2 ] [ 2 , 1. 5 ) 7. x = 10–2 , 102

4
8. 0, 9. 10. (– , – 1) (1 , 3]
3

1
11. x = 1 , x = 3–5/6 13. ,
4
14. x ( , a ) (a , ) if a 0 ; (– , 0) (0 , 1) (1 , ) if a = 0
15. 1

Exercise - 04 OBJECTIVE
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. D

8. B 9. D 10. B 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. B

15. A 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. B

NANCE 38
 Basic Mathematics

Exercise - 05 SUBJECTIVE

1. (2, ) 2. 1, log2 ( 3 1) 3. zero

4. (i) (–3, ) – {–2, –1} (ii) (–2, –1] [1, 2) 5. [1, 2]

6. [– 2 , 0) (0 , 3 ] 7. x = –
1
4
8. (0, )

1 1
9. x = 23 , 10. x = 2 , 81 11. y= , x = 64
2 4

12. 2 13. ( , 2 ] [ 2 , 1. 5 ) 14. (2 , 3) (4 , )

1
15. 1, 9 ,
81

Exercise - 06 IIT-JEE NEW PATTERN

Fill in the blanks

1. [ 5 , 1] 2. 0 < x < 1 3. a1 = a2 = ......an = 0

4. 20 5. 1

More than One Correct

1. AB 2. BC 3. ABC 4. ABC 5. CD

Assertion/Reason
1. C 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A

6. D 7. C 8. A 9. C
Write Ups

WI W II
1. A 2. B 3. A 1. B 2. B 3. C
W III W IV
1. C 2. B 3. A 1. A 2. D 3. C
WV
1. A 2. B 3. D

Match the Column

1. A r B s C p D q

2. A-q B-r C-s D-p

3. A r B s C q D p

4. A s B p C s D q

5. A r B s C q D p

NANCE 39