1 For

Examiner’s
Use

May June 2003

1 (a) Define gravitational potential.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Explain why values of gravitational potential near to an isolated mass are all negative.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) The Earth may be assumed to be an isolated sphere of radius 6.4 × 103 km with its mass
of 6.0 × 1024 kg concentrated at its centre. An object is projected vertically from the
surface of the Earth so that it reaches an altitude of 1.3 × 104 km.

Calculate, for this object,

(i) the change in gravitational potential,

change in potential = ……………………………………. J kg–1

(ii) the speed of projection from the Earth’s surface, assuming air resistance is
negligible.

speed = ……………………………………. m s–1

[5]
 2 For
Examiner’s
Use

(d) Suggest why the equation

v 2 = u 2 + 2as

is not appropriate for the calculation in (c)(ii).

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
 For
3
Examiner’s
Use
May June 2006
2 The Earth may be considered to be a uniform sphere with its mass M concentrated at its
centre.

A satellite of mass m orbits the Earth such that the radius of the circular orbit is r.

(a) Show that the linear speed v of the satellite is given by the expression

⎛ ⎞
v = √ ⎝GM
r ⎠
.

[2]

(b) For this satellite, write down expressions, in terms of G, M, m and r, for
(i) its kinetic energy,

kinetic energy = …………………………. [1]

(ii) its gravitational potential energy,

potential energy = …………………………. [1]

(iii) its total energy.

total energy = …………………………. [2]

 For
4
Examiner’s
Use

(c) The total energy of the satellite gradually decreases.

State and explain the effect of this decrease on

(i) the radius r of the orbit,

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) the linear speed v of the satellite.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]
 5 For
Examiner’s
Use
May June 2007
3 (a) Explain what is meant by a gravitational field.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A spherical planet has mass M and radius R. The planet may be considered to have all
its mass concentrated at its centre.
A rocket is launched from the surface of the planet such that the rocket moves radially
away from the planet. The rocket engines are stopped when the rocket is at a height R
above the surface of the planet, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

R 2R

planet
R

Fig. 1.1

The mass of the rocket, after its engines have been stopped, is m.

(i) Show that, for the rocket to travel from a height R to a height 2R above the planet’s
surface, the change ΔEP in the magnitude of the gravitational potential energy of
the rocket is given by the expression

GMm
ΔEP = .
6R

[2]
 6 For
Examiner’s
Use

(ii) During the ascent from a height R to a height 2R, the speed of the rocket changes
from 7600 m s–1 to 7320 m s–1. Show that, in SI units, the change ΔEK in the kinetic
energy of the rocket is given by the expression

ΔEK = (2.09 × 106)m.

[1]

(c) The planet has a radius of 3.40 × 106 m.

(i) Use the expressions in (b) to determine a value for the mass M of the planet.

M = …………………………… kg [2]

(ii) State one assumption made in the determination in (i).

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]
 For
7
Examiner’s
Use

October November 2005

5 The Earth may be considered to be a sphere of radius 6.4 × 106 m with its mass of
6.0 × 1024 kg concentrated at its centre.
A satellite of mass 650 kg is to be launched from the Equator and put into geostationary
orbit.

(a) Show that the radius of the geostationary orbit is 4.2 × 107 m.

[3]

(b) Determine the increase in gravitational potential energy of the satellite during its launch
from the Earth’s surface to the geostationary orbit.

energy = ………………………………... J [4]

(c) Suggest one advantage of launching satellites from the Equator in the direction of
rotation of the Earth.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]
 For
8
Examiner’s
Use
October November 2006
6 The definitions of electric potential and of gravitational potential at a point have some
similarity.

(a) State one similarity between these two definitions.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain why values of gravitational potential are always negative whereas values of
electric potential may be positive or negative.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [4]
 For
9
Examiner’s
May June 2004 Use

7 A binary star consists of two stars that orbit about a fixed point C, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

R2
C
M1 M2

R1

Fig. 3.1

The star of mass M1 has a circular orbit of radius R1 and the star of mass M2 has a circular
orbit of radius R2. Both stars have the same angular speed ω, about C.

(a) State the formula, in terms of G, M1, M2, R1, R2 and ω for

(i) the gravitational force between the two stars,

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) the centripetal force on the star of mass M1.

...................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) The stars orbit each other in a time of 1.26 × 108 s (4.0 years). Calculate the angular
speed ω for each star.

angular speed = ................................... rad s–1 [2]

 For
10
Examiner’s
Use

(c) (i) Show that the ratio of the masses of the stars is given by the expression
M1 R
= 2.
M2 R1

[2]

M1
(ii) The ratio is equal to 3.0 and the separation of the stars is 3.2 × 1011 m.
M2
Calculate the radii R1 and R2.

R1 = ........................................ m

R2 = ........................................ m
[2]

(d) (i) By equating the expressions you have given in (a) and using the data calculated in
(b) and (c), determine the mass of one of the stars.

mass of star = ......................................... kg

(ii) State whether the answer in (i) is for the more massive or for the less massive star.

...................................................................................................................................
[4]
 11 For
Examiner’s
October November 2002 Use

8 If an object is projected vertically upwards from the surface of a planet at a fast enough
speed, it can escape the planet’s gravitational field. This means that the object can arrive at
infinity where it has zero kinetic energy. The speed that is just enough for this to happen is
known as the escape speed.

(a) (i) By equating the kinetic energy of the object at the planet’s surface to its total gain
of potential energy in going to infinity, show that the escape speed v is given by
2GM
v2 = ,
R
where R is the radius of the planet and M is its mass.

(ii) Hence show that

v 2 = 2Rg,

where g is the acceleration of free fall at the planet’s surface.

[3]
 12 For
Examiner’s
Use

(b) The mean kinetic energy Ek of an atom of an ideal gas is given by

Ek = 32 kT,

where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the thermodynamic temperature.

Using the equation in (a)(ii), estimate the temperature at the Earth’s surface such that
helium atoms of mass 6.6 × 10–27 kg could escape to infinity.

You may assume that helium gas behaves as an ideal gas and that the radius of Earth is
6.4 × 106 m.

temperature = ........................................ K [4]

 For
13
Examiner’s
October November 2006 Use

9 A rocket is launched from the surface of the Earth.

Fig. 4.1 gives data for the speed of the rocket at two heights above the Earth’s surface, after
the rocket engine has been switched off.

height / m speed / m s–1

h1 = 19.9 × 106 v1 = 5370

h2 = 22.7 × 106 v2 = 5090

Fig. 4.1

The Earth may be assumed to be a uniform sphere of radius R = 6.38 × 106 m, with its mass
M concentrated at its centre. The rocket, after the engine has been switched off, has
mass m.

(a) Write down an expression in terms of

(i) G, M, m, h1, h2 and R for the change in gravitational potential energy of the rocket,

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) m, v1and v2 for the change in kinetic energy of the rocket.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Using the expressions in (a), determine a value for the mass M of the Earth.

M = ………………………… kg [3]
 14

For
Examiner’s
Use

10 A spherical planet has mass M and radius R.

The planet may be assumed to be isolated in space and to have its mass concentrated at its
centre.
The planet spins on its axis with angular speed ω, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1.

mass m

equator of
planet

pole of
planet

Fig. 1.1

A small object of mass m rests on the equator of the planet. The surface of the planet exerts
a normal reaction force on the mass.

(a) State formulae, in terms of M, m, R and ω, for

(i) the gravitational force between the planet and the object,

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) the centripetal force required for circular motion of the small mass,

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) the normal reaction exerted by the planet on the mass.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) (i) Explain why the normal reaction on the mass will have different values at the
equator and at the poles.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2008 9702/04/O/N/08

 15

(ii) The radius of the planet is 6.4 × 106 m. It completes one revolution in 8.6 × 104 s. For
Calculate the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration at Examiner’s
Use

1. the equator,

acceleration = .........................................m s–2 [2]

2. one of the poles.

acceleration = .........................................m s–2 [1]

(c) Suggest two factors that could, in the case of a real planet, cause variations in the
acceleration of free fall at its surface.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

2. ......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2008 9702/04/O/N/08

 16

For
Examiner’s
Use

11 (a) Define gravitational field strength.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A spherical planet has diameter 1.2 × 104 km. The gravitational field strength at the
surface of the planet is 8.6 N kg–1.
The planet may be assumed to be isolated in space and to have its mass concentrated
at its centre.
Calculate the mass of the planet.

mass = .......................................... kg [3]

(c) The gravitational potential at a point X above the surface of the planet in (b) is
– 5.3 × 107 J kg–1.
For point Y above the surface of the planet, the gravitational potential is
– 6.8 × 107 J kg–1.

(i) State, with a reason, whether point X or point Y is nearer to the planet.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) A rock falls radially from rest towards the planet from one point to the other.
Calculate the final speed of the rock.

speed = ...................................... m s–1 [2]

© UCLES 2009 9702/04/M/J/09
 17

For
Examiner’s
Use

12 (a) State Newton’s law of gravitation.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The Earth may be considered to be a uniform sphere of radius R equal to 6.4 × 106 m.

A satellite is in a geostationary orbit.

(i) Describe what is meant by a geostationary orbit.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii) Show that the radius x of the geostationary orbit is given by the expression

gR 2 = x 3ω 2

where g is the acceleration of free fall at the Earth’s surface and ω is the angular
speed of the satellite about the centre of the Earth.

[3]

(iii) Determine the radius x of the geostationary orbit.

radius = ........................................... m [3]

© UCLES 2009 9702/41/O/N/09
 18

For
Examiner’s
Use

13 (a) The Earth may be considered to be a uniform sphere of radius 6.38 × 103 km, with its
mass concentrated at its centre.

(i) Define gravitational field strength.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) By considering the gravitational field strength at the surface of the Earth, show that
the mass of the Earth is 5.99 × 1024 kg.

[2]

(b) The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation system that can be used anywhere
on Earth. It uses a number of satellites that orbit the Earth in circular orbits at a distance
of 2.22 × 104 km above its surface.

(i) Use data from (a) to calculate the angular speed of a GPS satellite in its orbit.

angular speed = ..................................... rad s–1 [3]

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 19

For
Examiner’s
Use

14 (a) Define gravitational potential at a point.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The Earth may be considered to be an isolated sphere of radius R with its mass
concentrated at its centre.
The variation of the gravitational potential φ with distance x from the centre of the Earth
is shown in Fig. 1.1.

distance x
0 R 2R 3R 4R 5R
0

–2.0

/ 107 J kg–1

–4.0

–6.0

–8.0

Fig. 1.1

The radius R of the Earth is 6.4 × 106 m.

(i) By considering the gravitational potential at the Earth’s surface, determine a value
for the mass of the Earth.

mass = ......................................... kg [3]

© UCLES 2010 9702/43/M/J/10
 20

(ii) A meteorite is at rest at infinity. The meteorite travels from infinity towards the For
Earth. Examiner’s
Use

Calculate the speed of the meteorite when it is at a distance of 2R above the Earth’s
surface. Explain your working.

speed = ..................................... m s–1 [4]

(iii) In practice, the Earth is not an isolated sphere because it is orbited by the Moon, as
illustrated in Fig. 1.2.

initial path
of meteorite
Moon

Earth

Fig. 1.2 (not to scale)

The initial path of the meteorite is also shown.

Suggest two changes to the motion of the meteorite caused by the Moon.

1. ..............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2010 9702/43/M/J/10 [Turn over

 21

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 (a) Define gravitational field strength.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) An isolated star has radius R. The mass of the star may be considered to be a point
mass at the centre of the star.
The gravitational field strength at the surface of the star is gs.

On Fig. 1.1, sketch a graph to show the variation of the gravitational field strength of the
star with distance from its centre. You should consider distances in the range R to 4R.

1.0gs

0.8gs
gravitational
field strength 0.6gs

0.4gs

0.2gs

0
R 2R 3R 4R
surface distance
of star

Fig. 1.1
[2]

(c) The Earth and the Moon may be considered to be spheres that are isolated in space
with their masses concentrated at their centres.
The masses of the Earth and the Moon are 6.00 × 1024 kg and 7.40 × 1022 kg
respectively.
The radius of the Earth is RE and the separation of the centres of the Earth and the
Moon is 60 RE, as illustrated in Fig. 1.2.

RE
Moon
mass
Earth 7.40 x 1022 kg
mass
6.00 x 1024 kg

60 RE

Fig. 1.2 (not to scale)

© UCLES 2010 9702/41/O/N/10
 22

(i) Explain why there is a point between the Earth and the Moon at which the For
gravitational field strength is zero. Examiner’s
Use

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Determine the distance, in terms of RE, from the centre of the Earth at which the
gravitational field strength is zero.

distance = ...........................................RE [3]

(iii) On the axes of Fig. 1.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of the gravitational
field strength with position between the surface of the Earth and the surface of the
Moon.

gravitational
field strength

0
surface surface distance
of Earth of Moon

Fig. 1.3
[3]

© UCLES 2010 9702/41/O/N/10 [Turn over

 23

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 A planet of mass m is in a circular orbit of radius r about the Sun of mass M, as illustrated in
Fig. 1.1.

planet
mass m
Sun
mass M

Fig. 1.1

The magnitude of the angular velocity and the period of revolution of the planet about the
Sun are x and T respectively.

(a) State

(i) what is meant by angular velocity,

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) the relation between x and T.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Show that, for a planet in a circular orbit of radius r, the period T of the orbit is given by
the expression

T 2 = cr 3

where c is a constant. Explain your working.

[4]
© UCLES 2010 9702/43/O/N/10
 24

(c) Data for the planets Venus and Neptune are given in Fig. 1.2. For
Examiner’s
Use
planet r / 108 km T / years
Venus 1.08 0.615
Neptune 45.0

Fig. 1.2

Assume that the orbits of both planets are circular.

(i) Use the expression in (b) to calculate the value of T for Neptune.

T = ....................................... years [2]

(ii) Determine the linear speed of Venus in its orbit.

speed = ..................................... km s–1 [2]

© UCLES 2010 9702/43/O/N/10 [Turn over

 25

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 (a) State what is meant by a field of force.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Gravitational fields and electric fields are two examples of fields of force.
State one similarity and one difference between these two fields of force.

similarity: ..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

difference: ........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Two protons are isolated in space. Their centres are separated by a distance R.
Each proton may be considered to be a point mass with point charge.
Determine the magnitude of the ratio

force between protons due to electric field

.
force between protons due to gravitational field

ratio = ............................................... [3]

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 26

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 (a) Newton’s law of gravitation applies to point masses.

(i) State Newton’s law of gravitation.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Explain why, although the planets and the Sun are not point masses, the law also
applies to planets orbiting the Sun.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Gravitational fields and electric fields show certain similarities and certain differences.
State one aspect of gravitational and electric fields where there is

(i) a similarity,

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) a difference.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

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 27

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 (a) A moon is in a circular orbit of radius r about a planet. The angular speed of the moon
in its orbit is ω. The planet and its moon may be considered to be point masses that are
isolated in space.

Show that r and ω are related by the expression

r 3ω 2 = constant.

Explain your working.

[3]

(b) Phobos and Deimos are moons that are in circular orbits about the planet Mars.
Data for Phobos and Deimos are shown in Fig. 1.1.

period of rotation
radius of orbit
moon about Mars
/m
/ hours

Phobos 9.39 × 106 7.65

Deimos 1.99 × 107

Fig. 1.1

© UCLES 2011 9702/41/O/N/11

 28

(i) Use data from Fig. 1.1 to determine For

Examiner’s
1. the mass of Mars, Use

mass = ............................................ kg [3]

2. the period of Deimos in its orbit about Mars.

period = ...................................... hours [3]

(ii) The period of rotation of Mars about its axis is 24.6 hours.
Deimos is in an equatorial orbit, orbiting in the same direction as the spin of Mars
about its axis.

Use your answer in (i) to comment on the orbit of Deimos.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2011 9702/41/O/N/11 [Turn over

 29

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 (a) A moon is in a circular orbit of radius r about a planet. The angular speed of the moon
in its orbit is ω. The planet and its moon may be considered to be point masses that are
isolated in space.

Show that r and ω are related by the expression

r 3ω 2 = constant.

Explain your working.

[3]

(b) Phobos and Deimos are moons that are in circular orbits about the planet Mars.
Data for Phobos and Deimos are shown in Fig. 1.1.

period of rotation
radius of orbit
moon about Mars
/m
/ hours

Phobos 9.39 × 106 7.65

Deimos 1.99 × 107

Fig. 1.1

© UCLES 2011 9702/42/O/N/11

 30

(i) Use data from Fig. 1.1 to determine For

Examiner’s
1. the mass of Mars, Use

mass = ............................................ kg [3]

2. the period of Deimos in its orbit about Mars.

period = ...................................... hours [3]

(ii) The period of rotation of Mars about its axis is 24.6 hours.
Deimos is in an equatorial orbit, orbiting in the same direction as the spin of Mars
about its axis.

Use your answer in (i) to comment on the orbit of Deimos.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2011 9702/42/O/N/11 [Turn over

 31

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 The planet Mars may be considered to be an isolated sphere of diameter 6.79 × 106 m with
its mass of 6.42 × 1023 kg concentrated at its centre.
A rock of mass 1.40 kg rests on the surface of Mars.

For this rock,

(a) (i) determine its weight,

weight = ............................................ N [3]

(ii) show that its gravitational potential energy is –1.77 × 107 J.

[2]

(b) Use the information in (a)(ii) to determine the speed at which the rock must leave the
surface of Mars so that it will escape the gravitational attraction of the planet.

speed = ....................................... m s–1 [3]

© UCLES 2011 9702/43/O/N/11

 32

(c) The mean translational kinetic energy <EK> of a molecule of an ideal gas is given by the For
expression Examiner’s
Use

<EK> = 32 kT

where T is the thermodynamic temperature of the gas and k is the Boltzmann constant.

(i) Determine the temperature at which the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of

hydrogen molecules is equal to the speed calculated in (b).
Hydrogen may be assumed to be an ideal gas.
A molecule of hydrogen has a mass of 2 u.

temperature = ............................................. K [2]

(ii) State and explain one reason why hydrogen molecules may escape from Mars at
temperatures below that calculated in (i).

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2011 9702/43/O/N/11 [Turn over

 33

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 (a) Define gravitational potential at a point.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The gravitational potential φ at distance r from point mass M is given by the expression

GM
φ = –
r

where G is the gravitational constant.

Explain the significance of the negative sign in this expression.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) A spherical planet may be assumed to be an isolated point mass with its mass
concentrated at its centre. A small mass m is moving near to, and normal to, the surface
of the planet. The mass moves away from the planet through a short distance h.

State and explain why the change in gravitational potential energy ΔEP of the mass is
given by the expression

ΔEP = mgh

where g is the acceleration of free fall.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2012 9702/41/M/J/12

 34

(d) The planet in (c) has mass M and diameter 6.8 × 103 km. The product GM for this planet For
is 4.3 × 1013 N m2 kg–1. Examiner’s
Use

A rock, initially at rest a long distance from the planet, accelerates towards the planet.
Assuming that the planet has negligible atmosphere, calculate the speed of the rock as
it hits the surface of the planet.

speed = ....................................... m s–1 [3]

© UCLES 2012 9702/41/M/J/12 [Turn over

 35

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 (a) State Newton’s law of gravitation.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The Earth and the Moon may be considered to be isolated in space with their masses
concentrated at their centres.
The orbit of the Moon around the Earth is circular with a radius of 3.84 × 105 km. The
period of the orbit is 27.3 days.

Show that

(i) the angular speed of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth is 2.66 × 10–6 rad s–1,

[1]

(ii) the mass of the Earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg.

[2]

© UCLES 2012 9702/42/M/J/12

 36

(c) The mass of the Moon is 7.4 × 1022 kg. For

Examiner’s
(i) Using data from (b), determine the gravitational force between the Earth and the Use

Moon.

force = .............................................. N [2]

(ii) Tidal action on the Earth’s surface causes the radius of the orbit of the Moon to
increase by 4.0 cm each year.

Use your answer in (i) to determine the change, in one year, of the gravitational
potential energy of the Moon. Explain your working.

energy change = ............................................... J [3]

© UCLES 2012 9702/42/M/J/12 [Turn over

 37

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 (a) Define gravitational potential at a point.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The gravitational potential φ at distance r from point mass M is given by the expression

GM
φ = –
r

where G is the gravitational constant.

Explain the significance of the negative sign in this expression.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) A spherical planet may be assumed to be an isolated point mass with its mass
concentrated at its centre. A small mass m is moving near to, and normal to, the surface
of the planet. The mass moves away from the planet through a short distance h.

State and explain why the change in gravitational potential energy ΔEP of the mass is
given by the expression

ΔEP = mgh

where g is the acceleration of free fall.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2012 9702/43/M/J/12

 38

(d) The planet in (c) has mass M and diameter 6.8 × 103 km. The product GM for this planet For
is 4.3 × 1013 N m2 kg–1. Examiner’s
Use

A rock, initially at rest a long distance from the planet, accelerates towards the planet.
Assuming that the planet has negligible atmosphere, calculate the speed of the rock as
it hits the surface of the planet.

speed = ....................................... m s–1 [3]

© UCLES 2012 9702/43/M/J/12 [Turn over

 39

For
Examiner’s
Use

1 (a) State Newton’s law of gravitation.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A satellite of mass m is in a circular orbit of radius r about a planet of mass M.

For this planet, the product GM is 4.00 × 1014 N m2 kg–1, where G is the gravitational
constant.
The planet may be assumed to be isolated in space.

(i) By considering the gravitational force on the satellite and the centripetal force,
show that the kinetic energy EK of the satellite is given by the expression
GMm
EK = .
2r

[2]

(ii) The satellite has mass 620 kg and is initially in a circular orbit of radius 7.34 × 106 m,
as illustrated in Fig. 1.1.

initial
orbit
7.34 × 106 m

7.30 × 106 m

new orbit

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

© UCLES 2012 9702/42/O/N/12
 40

Resistive forces cause the satellite to move into a new orbit of radius 7.30 × 106 m. For
Examiner’s
Determine, for the satellite, the change in Use

1. kinetic energy,

change in kinetic energy = ............................................. J [2]

2. gravitational potential energy.

change in potential energy = ............................................. J [2]

(iii) Use your answers in (ii) to explain whether the linear speed of the satellite increases,
decreases or remains unchanged when the radius of the orbit decreases.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2012 9702/42/O/N/12 [Turn over

 41

Section A For
Examiner’s
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. Use

1 (a) Explain what is meant by a geostationary orbit.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) A satellite of mass m is in a circular orbit about a planet.

The mass M of the planet may be considered to be concentrated at its centre.
Show that the radius R of the orbit of the satellite is given by the expression

R3 =
冢 GMT 2
4π2 冣
where T is the period of the orbit of the satellite and G is the gravitational constant.
Explain your working.

[4]

(c) The Earth has mass 6.0 × 1024 kg. Use the expression given in (b) to determine the
radius of the geostationary orbit about the Earth.

radius = ............................................. m [3]

© UCLES 2013 9702/42/M/J/13

 42

Section A For
Examiner’s
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. Use

1 (a) State what is meant by a gravitational field.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) In the Solar System, the planets may be assumed to be in circular orbits about the Sun.
Data for the radii of the orbits of the Earth and Jupiter about the Sun are given in
Fig. 1.1.

radius of orbit
/ km
Earth 1.50 × 108
Jupiter 7.78 × 108

Fig. 1.1

(i) State Newton’s law of gravitation.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) Use Newton’s law to determine the ratio

gravitational field strength due to the Sun at orbit of Earth

.
gravitational field strength due to the Sun at orbit of Jupiter

ratio = ................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2013 9702/41/M/J/13

 43

(c) The orbital period of the Earth about the Sun is T. For
Examiner’s
(i) Use ideas about circular motion to show that the mass M of the Sun is given by Use

4π2R 3
M=
GT 2

where R is the radius of the Earth’s orbit about the Sun and G is the gravitational
constant.
Explain your working.

[3]

(ii) The orbital period T of the Earth about the Sun is 3.16 × 107 s.
The radius of the Earth’s orbit is given in Fig. 1.1.
Use the expression in (i) to determine the mass of the Sun.

mass = ............................................ kg [2]

© UCLES 2013 9702/41/M/J/13 [Turn over

 4 44

Section A For
Examiner’s
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. Use

1 (a) Define gravitational potential at a point.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The Moon may be considered to be an isolated sphere of radius 1.74 × 103 km with its
mass of 7.35 × 1022 kg concentrated at its centre.

(i) A rock of mass 4.50 kg is situated on the surface of the Moon. Show that the change
in gravitational potential energy of the rock in moving it from the Moon’s surface to
infinity is 1.27 × 107 J.

[1]

(ii) The escape speed of the rock is the minimum speed that the rock must be given
when it is on the Moon’s surface so that it can escape to infinity.
Use the answer in (i) to determine the escape speed. Explain your working.

speed = ........................................ m s–1 [2]

(c) The Moon in (b) is assumed to be isolated in space. The Moon does, in fact, orbit the
Earth.
State and explain whether the minimum speed for the rock to reach the Earth from the
surface of the Moon is different from the escape speed calculated in (b).

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2013 9702/42/O/N/13

 4 45

Section A For
Examiner’s
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. Use

1 (a) State Newton’s law of gravitation.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A star and a planet are isolated in space. The planet orbits the star in a circular orbit of
radius R, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1.

t
planet

star
mass M
R

Fig. 1.1

The angular speed of the planet about the star is ω.

By considering the circular motion of the planet about the star of mass M, show that ω
and R are related by the expression

R 3ω2 = GM

where G is the gravitational constant. Explain your working.

[3]

© UCLES 2013 9702/43/O/N/13

 5 46

(c) The Earth orbits the Sun in a circular orbit of radius 1.5 × 108 km. The mass of the Sun For
is 2.0 × 1030 kg. Examiner’s
A distant star is found to have a planet that has a circular orbit about the star. The radius Use

of the orbit is 6.0 × 108 km and the period of the orbit is 2.0 years.

Use the expression in (b) to calculate the mass of the star.

mass = ........................................... kg [3]

© UCLES 2013 9702/43/O/N/13 [Turn over

 47

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