VISUALISING SOLID SHAPES 6

CHAPTER

CONTENTS

 Polyhedrons
(3) A cube has 8 vertices, 6 faces, 12 edges
 Platonic solids
  Solid shapes (Polyhedrons)
  Prisms
(4) A triangular prism has 6 vertices, 5 faces,
  Pyramids 9 edges

  Euler's formula
  Nets of solids
  Identifying and Matching pictures  Note : A sphere, a cylinder and a cone are not
polyhedrons.

Convex Polyhedrons
 POLYHEDRONS A polyhedron is convex if any two points on its


surface can be joined by a line segment that

A polyhedron is a solid shape which is bounded entirely lies inside or on the polyhedron.
by polygons which are called its faces, these faces
meet at edges which are line segments and the
edges meet at vertices which are points.
Eg. :
(1) A pyramid which has 5 vertices, 5 faces, 8 edges
Vertex

Face These are convex polyhedrons

Edge
(2) A cuboid which has 8 vertices, 6 faces,
12 edges
These are not convex polyhedrons.
Regular Polyhedrons This polyhedron is not regular even through all
the faces are congruent because at P, 3 faces meet
A polyhedron is said to be regular if its faces are
but at Q, 4 faces meet.
made up of regular polygons and the same
number of faces meet at each vertex. P

Q
A cube is a regular polyhedron as its faces are
made up of regular polygons. Also the vertices are
formed by the same number of faces.

 PLATONIC SOLIDS

There are only five regular polyhedrons. These are known as Platonic solids.
Name Figure Faces Edges Vertices

1. Tetrahedron
4 (Triangular) 6 4

2. Cube or Hexahedron
6 (Square) 12 8
e.g., Ice-cube

3. Octahedron
e.g., Diamond 8 (Triangular) 12 6
Crystals

4. Dodecahedron 12 (Pentagonal) 30 20

5. Icosohedron 20 30 12
 SOLID SHAPES (POLYHEDRONS)


Let us look at the solid shapes once more. In class

VII, we have studied some of the regular
polyhedrons. They are tetrahedrons and cubes. A
regular polyhedron has all its faces congruent.
Such solids are also called platonic solids. Net
Solid shown in figure is a Dodecahedron having
equal regular pentagons as faces. In greek
language do means two and deca means ten.
Hence dodeca means Twelve.

6 Faces
4 Faces
All sides are equal
All edges are equal. All faces are equal
All faces are equal. A cube or a regular
A regular tetrahedron Hexahedron Drawing
What we see
Now look at the solids in figure. This is also
regular hexahedron as it has six faces and all six
faces are equal.

Net of one side

What we see Drawing
Shows a regular polyhedron having 20 congruent
faces. It is called an icosohedron.

Net
Regular octahedron has 8 faces and equal edges.
The faces are eight equilateral triangles as shown
in figure.
What we see Drawing

What we see Drawing Net

 There are many other polyhedrons made with
combination of two or three two dimensional
shapes.
Let us take a quick look at some of them. These
are not regular polyhedrons as all of their faces
are not congruent to each other.

(b) Pentagonal antiprism 2 Pentagons and 10 Triangles

(a) Square antiprism 2 Squares and 8 Triangles

(c) Cuboctahedron 6 Squares and 8 Triangles

 PRISMS

A solid whose base and top are identical polygons and the sides are rectangles, is known as a prism. It is a
polyhedron, two of whose faces are congruent polygons in parallel planes and whose other faces are
parallelograms.
Types Figure Faces Edges Vertices

1. Triangular Prism 5 9 6

2. Cuboid 6 12 8
Rectangular Prism

3. Square Prism 6 12 8

4. Cube
6 12 8
 Types Figure Faces Edges Vertices

5. Pentagonal Prism 7 15 10

6. Cylinder
3 2 

 PYRAMIDS

A pyramid is a polyhedron whose base is a polygon (of any number of sides) and whose other faces are triangles
with a common vertex.
Types Figure Faces Edges Vertices

1. Triangular Pyramid 4 6 4

2. Rectangular Pyramid
5 8 5

3. Square Pyramid 5 8 5

4. Pentagonal Pyramid 6 10 6
  EULER’S FORMULA

The table below shows the number of faces, edges and vertices of each of the platonic solids.
Here, v stands for vertices, f for faces and e for edges.
Solid f v e f+v e+2
Hexahedron (Cube) 6 8 12 6 + 8 = 14 12 + 2 = 14
Octahedron 8 6 12 8 + 6 = 14 12 + 2 = 14
Dodecahedron 12 20 30 12 + 20 = 32 30 + 2 = 32
Icosohedron 20 12 30 20 + 12 = 32 30 + 2 = 32

The above table clearly shows that (b) Net of a cube shown in figure
f + v = e + 2.
Leonard Euler (1707 – 1783) discovered this
formula which established the relationship among
the number of faces, edges and vertices of a
polyhedron.
Euler’s Formula (i) Without tabs (ii) With tabs
f+v=e+2
where f = number of faces
v = number of vertices
e = number of edges
(iii) Making of a cube (iv) Cube
 NETS OF SOLIDS
(c) Net of a cone shown in figure.

(a) Net of cylinder shown in figure.

(i) Open (ii) Closed

(d) Net of a tetrahedron shown in figure

(i) (ii) (iii)
(Open at both (Closed at one end (Closed at both
ends with tabs) without tabs) ends without tabs)

(a) Without tabs (ii) With tabs

 Making a tetrahedron Ex.2 Name the solid that results from folding each
net.

Sol. (i) – Pyramid with square base

(i) (ii)

(e) Net of a hexagonal prism shown in figure. (ii) – Prism with rectangular base

(iii) – Prism with rectangular base

(f) Net of cylinder surmounted by a cone figure.

(iv) – Prism with hexagonal base

(v) – Pyramid with hexagonal base

(a) Open base (b) Closed base

EXAMPLES 
(vi) – Prism with square base
Ex.1 Dice are cubes where the sum of number on
opposite sides must be 7. Which of the
following are dice.
Ex.3 Write the Nets with area of faces for the
3 6 5 following :
2 6 5 1 4 3 3
4
4 2 1 (a) (b)
3
3 4
8
Sol. 2 6 5 1
6
4
3
In this 4+3=7
1+6=7 (c) (d)
6 9
2+5=7
So, this is the dice. 3
4 3
Sol. Nets with areas of faces (ii)

16 24
(a) 24 24 24 (b) 9 24 9
16 24 24
24

12 18 12 9
(c) (c) 27 27 27 27
24 18 24
9

IDENTIFYING AND MATCHING PICTURES

We have studies nets in previous class. Let us

identify and match the correct picture.
(a) (b)
Ex.4 Match the given net with the correct figure :
(i)

3 cm
(c) (d)
2 cm
4 cm Sol. (c)
(iii)

3 cm
4 3 3
2 cm 3
3 cm 3 cm 4 cm
4
3 cm
4 cm

(a) (c)

(a) (b)
3 3 3 3 3
3 4

4 4
3

(b) (d) (c) (d)

Sol. (a) Sol. (d)

 (iv)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Sol. (d)
 EXERCISE
Q.1 Find the number of faces do the following
solids have :
(iii) (iv)
(i) Regular octahedron
(ii) Hexagonal pyramid
Q.2 Find the number of vertices the following Q.8 Dice are cubes where the sum of number on
solids have : opposite sides must be 8. Which of the
(i) Pentagonal pyramid following are dice ?
(ii) Hexagonal prism 4 6 5
Q.3 How many edges does each of the following (i) 3 6 5 2 (ii) 4 2
solids have ? 4 3 1
(i) Cone (ii) Octagonal prism
Q.9 Match the following :
Q.4 Fill the following table and verify Euler's
Formula : 4 6
Solid f v e f+v e+2
(a) (i) 4 6 4
4
6
5 6
(i)
2
12 24 12
(b) 2 (ii)
(ii) 18 24 18
3
4
Q.5 If a polyhedron has six faces and eight 4 (iii) 10 10 10 10
(c)
vertices, how many edges does it have ?
4
Q.6 How many faces a polyhedron will have if it
6
has sixteen vertices and four edges.
Q.7 Which among the following are nets for a 3 16
cube :
(iv) 20 20 20
(d)
16 20
(i) (ii)
5

2
2

ANSWER KEY
1. (i) 8 and (ii) 7 2. (i) 6 and (ii) 12 3. (i) 1, (ii) 24 5. 12 6. 10
7. (i), (ii) and (iii) 8. (i) 9. (a)  (iv), (b) : (i), (c) : (ii) and (d) : (iii)