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D 101.11
9-3305
TM 9-3305

TECHNICAL MANUAL

PRINCIPLES OF

ARTILLERY

WEAPONS

RM B
E R
LD MAN LIBA AR
A Y
PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
REFERENCE DEPARTMENT

JAN 10 1990
A
NI
GI

VE
IR

RS
IT
Y
YOF VIB

HEADQUARTERS , DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA LIBRARY

MAY 1981
 * TM 9-3305

TechnicalManual) HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
No. 9-3305 Washington, DC , 4 May 1981
PRINCIPLES OF ARTILLERY
WEAPONS

REPORTING ERRORS AND RECOMMENDING IMPROVEMENTS

You can help improve this manual. If you find any mistakes or if you know of a
way to improve the procedures, please let us know . Mail your letter , DA Form
2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms), or DA Form
2028-2 , located in the back of this manual, direct to: Commander , US Army Ar
mament Materiel Readiness Command, ATTN : DRSAR-MAS, Rock Island, IL
61299. A reply will be furnished to you.

Para Page
PARTONE. GENERAL
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . ...... .... ................ 1-1 1-1
2 . HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
Section 1. General.... ......................... 2 - 1 2-1
II. Development ofUnited States Cannon Artillery ............. 2 -8 2 -5
III. Development of Rockets andGuided Missiles .......... . .. ... 2 - 11 2 -21
CHAPTER 3 . CLASSIFICATION OF CURRENT FIELD ARTILLERY WEAPONS

Section 1. General........
· Current Field Artillery Weapons . NIS .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. 3 -4 3-1

PART TWO. THE CANNON

CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION
Section 1. General ........ .. . . .. . ... .. .. .. ... . .... . .. . .. . .... 4 -1
II. Barrel Assembly ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 1
III. Breech Mechanism ......... 4 -8

CHAPTER 5. LOADING AND RAMMING MECHANISM

Section 1. Hand Loading and Ramming Devices .. O . . . 0 . 000000
5-1
II. Power Loading and Ramming Mechanism ......
CHAPTER 6. RECOIL MECHANISM
Section 1. General ........ ...... 6 - 1 6-1
II. Basic Principles ofOperation ... ........ ... .... ... ... ... 6-3 6 -2
CHAPTER 7. CARRIAGE AND MOUNT
Section 1. General ... 7 -1
II. Cannon Support Components ...... .... 7 -2 7 -2

* This manual supersedes TM 9-3305-1, 14 November 1956.

TM 9 -3305

Para Page
Section III. Equilibrator... nundinand
7-7 7-3
IV . ElevatingMechanism .... 7- 11 7- 10
V . TraversingMechanism .......... 7 -14 7- 13
VI. Axle and Equalizer............ ......... ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7- 17 7-16
VII. Firing Support and Retractable Suspension System ....... ............ 7 -19 7-17
VIII. Trail and Shields ............ ............. 7-22 7 -20
IX . Brakes .. .......... 7 -24 7-25
PART THREE. GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 8. THE LANCE AND PERSHING GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEMS
Section 1. General ................ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

... .., 8 - 1 8-1

สสสสสสสสสสสสสส
II. The Lance Guided Missile System ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -2 8 -1
III. The Pershing GuidedMissile System .. 8-6 8-8
APPENDIX REFERENCES . ..... A -1
ALPHABETICAL INDEX ..... ...... Index 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page
2-1 Catapult ........... OOO . . . OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
2- 1
2 -2 Early carriage ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-3 Early rifled cannons........

100ns . 000

2 -4 Civil War cannon ........................

2-5 French 75-mm gun,model of 1897 ........ ... . ... . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . .
2-6 6- inch gun on barbette carriage............
2-7 16- inch barbette carriage in casemate ....
2-8 American 75 -mm gun, model of 1916 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-9 French 155 -mm gun (Filloux) ...........

2-10 French 155 -mm howitzer (Schneider)..................
2- 11 M1 4 .5 - inch gun on M1carriage..............
2-12 M1 155-mm gun on M2(Long Tom ) carriage .........
2-13 M1 8-inch gun on M2 carriage..........
2-14 M85 280-mm gun ...........
2-15 M1A175-mm pack howitzer on M1(M116 ) carriage 2-9
2-16 M2A1 105 -mm howitzer on M2(M101) carriage ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2-17 M1 155-mm howitzer on M1(M114) carriage ..... ... 2-10
2-18 M18-inch howitzer on M1(M115) carriage ..... 2- 11
2-19 M1 240-mm howitzer on M2 carriage ............... . . . OOOOO .
2-11
:

2 -20 M12motor carriage 155-mm gun ......................... 2-12

:

2-21 M40 motor carriage 155 -mm gun ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-13
2-22 M53 155-mm self-propelled medium gun........... 2-13
2-23 T93 motor carriage 8- inch gun .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
2-24 M37 motor carriage 105 -mm howitzer ....... 2-14
2 -25 M7motor carriage 105 -mm howitzer................. 2- 14
2- 26 M8 105 -mm self-propelled light howitzer
WICACI .
... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 15
2 -27 M44 155 -mm self-propelled medium howitzer..... 2-15
2-28 M55 8 -inch self-propelled heavy howitzer ....... 2-16
2 -29 T92motor carriage 240 -mm howitzer............... . . . . . . . . . 2- 16
2-30 M102 105 -mm towed light howitzer . ............ 2-17
2- 31 M198 155-mm towed medium howitzer ........... ...................................................... 2 - 17
2-32 M107 175 -mm self-propelled field artillery heavy gun .... ........ 2-18
 TM 9 -3305

Figure Title Page

2-33 M108 105-mm self-propelled light howitzer ... 2 - 18
2-34 M109 155-mm self-propelled medium howitzer... 2-19
2-35 M109A1 155 -mm self-propelled medium howitzer............ 2-19
2-36 M110 8-inch self-propelled heavy howitzer ............. 2-20
2-37 M110A1 8-inch self-propelled heavy howitzer .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-20
2-38 M110A2 8- inch self-propelled heavy howitzer ........ 2-20
2-39 M119 4.5- inch multiple rocket launcher ...... 2-22

•
2-40 Honest John rocket launcher ........ 2-22

•
2-41 Little John rocket launcher .... 2- 23

•
2-42 Corporal guided missile ................. 2-23
2-43 Lance guided missile.....
2-44 Pershing guided missile.. 2-24
2 -45 Sergeant guided missile.......... 2-25
3-1 M101A1 howitzer .................. 3-1
3 -2 M102 howitzer .................. 3-2
3 -3 M114A1howitzer . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

3-4

‫ܟ ܟ ܒܣ‬ ကံ
M 198 howitzer ...................................... .. ... ................ .. .................. .............. ........... .
M108 howitzer ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-6 M109 howitzer ............. .. .. . .

3-7 M109A1 howitzer ......... 3-4
3-8 M110 howitzer ........... 3-5
3- 9 M110A1 howitzer ............. 3-5
3- 10 M107 gun ......... ... ....... . . . . . . . . . . .
3-6
3 - 11 Pershing guided missile ............. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
3-12 Lance guided missile .....

a
4-1 Barrel assembly (cross section )...........
4-2 Lands and grooves .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-3

Ács
Projectile with rotating band . ..........................
4.4 Rifling - right-hand uniform twist.

as
4-5 Centralboremounting ..........
4-6 Recoil slide rail mounting ............
4 -7 Cradle and sleigh mounting ....... . . . . . . . ..... ...
4 -8 Bore evacuators............
4- 9 Bore evacuator operation ......
4 -10 Muzzle brake.........
4-11 Muzzle brake operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-12 Breech mechanism for semifixed ammunition .. .. . . . . .. . oo oo

4 -13 Breech mechanism for separate loading ammunition ........
4-14 Interrupted-screw breechblock ..............................
4-15 Stepped -thread interrupted-screw breechblock .............
co

4- 16 Horizontal sliding -wedge breechblock .. ...............................................................

4-17 Vertical sliding -wedge breechblock .. 4.9
4- 18 Sliding-wedge breechblock operation ......... 4-10
4- 19 Manual carrier breech operating mechanism .......... 4-10
4 -20 Counterbalance mechanism ............. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. 4-11
4-21 Semiautomatic carrier breech operatingmechanism .. . .. . . . 4- 11
4-22 Opening and closing the breech (semiautomatic carrier breech operating
mechanism ).. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... 4-12
4-23 Horizontal sliding-wedge breech operatingmechanism ................. .. ... .. 4 -13
4 - 24 Extractor ....... . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . 4-13
4 -25 Extracting a cartridge case.... ....... .. ... ... ..... ..... ... ..... ... ..... .. 4 -14
4- 26 Vertical sliding-wedge breech operatingmechanism ........ 4-14
4-27 M13 firingmechanism .......... 4-15
4-28 Continuous-pull firing mechanism operation (1 of 2)........ 4-16
4 -28 Continuous-pull firing mechanism operation (2 of 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -17
TM 9 -3305

Figure Title Page

4-29 M35 firing mechanism ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 - 18
4-30 Inertia firingmechanism ........... 4 - 18
4-31 Inertia firing mechanism operation ...... 4- 19
4-32 Percussion -hammer firing mechanism ........... 4-20
4-33 Percussion-hammer firing mechanism operation ............. 4 -20
4 -34 Obturator spindle ,breechblock , and carrier ... 4-21
4-35 Obturator spindle components 4-21
4-36 Obturator operation ............ 4-22
5 -1 Hand loading and ramming for weapons firing semifixed ammunition ..... 5-1
5-2 Hand loading and ramming for weapons firing separate-loading ammunition .......... 5 - 1
5-3 Loader and rammer mechanism ................ . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. 5-2
5-4 Rammer mechanism ........................ 5-2
5-5 Loader and rammermechanism (stowed position )...... . . . . .

‫ܚ ܟ ܀ܛ‬
5 -6 Loader and rammer mechanism components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

•
5-7 Loader and rammer mechanism controls .............

•
5 -8 Hand pump .......

•
5 -9 Handcranks........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. 5 -5
5-10 Rammer controlmanifold ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -6

•
5-11 Rammermechanism components.... 5-7
5 -12 Rammer mechanism controls.................... 5 -8
5 - 13 Latch switch .......... ... . . .... . .... .. . 5 -8
5 -14 Limiting switch .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 -9
5-15 Rammer control box .......... 5 -9
5 - 16 Solenoid ........... 5-9
6 -1 Effects of recoil force.. 6 -1
6 -2 Throttling grooves....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 -3
6-3 Throttling rod .................. . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... ...... ... ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
6 -4 Variable recoil ............. 6 -4
6 -5 Variable recoil throttling rod and throttling grooves ............. 6 -4
6 -6 Dependent
De counterrecoilmechanism ........... 6 -5
6 -7 Independent counterrecoil mechanism .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -6
6 -8 Piston-type hydropneumatic recuperator ........... 6 -7
6 -9 Dash pot counterrecoil buffer .......... 6 -8
6 -10 Hydraulic spring counterrecoil buffer ............... 6 -9
6 -11 Respirator or Schindler counterrecoil buffer......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 10
6 -12 Spring-typereplenisher............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -11
6 -13 Nitrogen gas-type replenisher............. 6 - 11
7- 1 Top and bottom carriages ......... 7-2
7-2 Cradle and sleigh.................. 7-3
7 -3 Pull-type spring equilibrator....... 7 -4
7-4 Carriage-mounted pull-type spring equilibrator 7-5
7-5 Pusher-type spring equilibrator (1 of 2). 7 -5
7-5 Pusher-type spring equilibrator (2 of 2)........ 7 -6
7 -6 Pneumatic equilibrator.......... 7-7
7-7 Hydropneumatic equilibrator (1 of 2)........... 7 -8
7-7 Hydropneumatic equilibrator (2 of 2)........ 7 -9
7-8 Elevating rack and pinion -type elevatingmechanism ......... 7- 10
7-9 Elevating screw -type elevatingmechanism .... 7-11
7- 10 Hydraulic cylinder-type elevating mechanism ..... 7 -12
7- 11 Hydraulicmotor rack and pinion -type elevating mechanism .... 7 -13
7- 12 Screw -type traversing mechanism ......... ....................... 7-13
7-13 Rack and pinion-type traversing mechanism ........ . 7 -14
7-14 Carriage traversing-type traversing mechanism .... 7 -15
7-15 Ring gear-type traversingmechanism ........... 7 -15
7 - 16 Axle .............................. .... 7- 16
7 -17 Bottom carriage (axle ) ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16
 TM 9-3305

Figure Title Page

7- 18 Equalizer ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7- 17
7-19 Firing jack ........... . . . .
.......... 7-18
7-20 Firing platform on theM102 howitzer ..... .......... 7 -18
7 -21 Firing platform on theM198 howitzer .......... .......... 7- 19
7-22 Manualretractable suspension system ... 7 -19
7-23 Hydraulic retractable suspension system .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20
7-24 Split trail ..... 7- 21
7-25 Box trail ...... . . . . . 7 -21
7 -26 Lunette........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-22
7- 27 Lunette coupled to pintle ........ 7 -22
7-28 Fixed spade........ 7 - 23
7-29 Detachable spade (1 of 2)..... 7 -23
7-29 Detachable spade (2 of 2)........... ......... 7- 24
7 - 30 Shields.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7- 24
7- 31 Parking brake ............ . . . . . . . 7 -25
7-32 Airbrake diaphragm ............. ..... .... 7-26
8-1 Lance guided missile system on M752 self-propelled launcher........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

oo
8-2 Trajectory of Lance missile... . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

:
8 - 3 Lancemissile........... . 8 -3

:
8 -4 M251warhead section .... 8-3

:
8-5 Missilemain assemblage........ .......... 8-4
8 -6 Guidance set .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 8-4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 -7 Rocket engine system ........ 8-5

: : : : : : :
8 -8 Control surfaces ................
8-9 Zero-length launcher............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 -10 Basic launch fixture................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8-11 Mobility kit............ 8 -8
8-12 Pershing guided missile system ..........

: : :
. .. 8 .9
8-13 Pershing missile sections . ........ 8 -10
8 -14 First and second stages.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 8 -11
8 - 15 Guidance section .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8- 12
8 -16 Operation of guidance section ...................... ........ 8-13
8 -17 Warhead section ......
 TM 9- 3305

PART ONE
GENERAL
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1-1. Scope. illeted prField

f1-ie2.ld artCannon ly tillery WWeapons.
imariArtillery eapo This man
a. This manual is intended for use in training ual is devoted primarily to the principles of cannon
field artillery personnel in the history and funda field artillery weapons. It explains the principles of
mentals of artillery weapons. It discusses only the the major components of these weapons and the
basic theory and principles underlying the func application of these components on current field
tioning of current field artillery weapons; it does artillery weapons.
not attempt to discuss the mechanical details or
operating procedures that differentiate one model 1-3. Rockets and Guided Missiles . Since guided
weapon from another. General reference is made to missiles are included in the family of field artillery
specific models to give an overall picture of the de weapons, they are also discussed in this manual.
velopment of field artillery from the ancient ballis
ta to the guided missile . 1-4 . References. The appendix contains a list of
current references pertaining to field artillery
b . Specific information about ammunition ( TM weapons. Detailed information about operation
43-0001-28 ) is not contained in this manual. How and maintenance of specific weapons can be ob
ever, information about ammunition important to tained from applicable technical manuals (DA Pam
the development of particular weaponshasbeen in 310 -4 ).
cluded .

1-1 (1-2 blank)

 TM 9 -3305

CHAPTER 2
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Section I. GENERAL
2-1. Pregunpowder Era. Artillery has had a his- 2-3. Primitive Artillery Using Gunpowder.
tory of development for over 2000 years. a . The Arabian madfaa was the original can
non brought to Western civilization . With this
a . Before the invention of gunpowder, there small, mortar-like wooden weapon , the ball rested
were two main types of artillery . on themuzzle end until firing of the charge tossed
( 1) Ballista. These mechanical devices, pow it in the general direction of the enemy.
ered by twisted ropes of hair, hide, or sinew , were
designed to throw heavy stones or combustible b . Another primitive cannon, with a narrow
materials. Likemodern field guns, theballista shot neck and flared mouth , fired an iron dart up to 700
low and directly toward the enemy. yards. The shaft of the dart was wrapped with leath
er to fit tightly into the neck of the cannon . A red
(2) Catapult . The catapult (fig 2- 1), the how hotbar thrust through a vent ignited the propelling
itzer or mortar of its day, could throw a 100-pound charge. The bottle shape of the weapon perhaps
stone 600 yards in a high arc. suggested the name, pot de fer (iron jug), given to
early cannons. As the cannon developed, the nar
row neck probably was enlarged until the " bottle "
became a straight tube.

2-4 . Smoothbore Cannons.

a. The early artillerist's concept of trajectory
was that a projectile traveled in a straight line un
til its energy was spent. Then the projectile
dropped to the target. The curved path of a projec
tile moving through the air was not considered in
the design of the early weapons. Therefore, beyond
pointblank range, the gunner was never sure of
hitting the target .
ARR 80-1308 b . From the earliest use of firearmsuntil about
the year 1300, weapons were smoothbore. They
Figure 2- 1 . Catapult. were made by casting the tube around a core. As
cannons evolved, they were cast solid and the bore
drilled , improving the uniformity of the piece. One
of the earliest recorded uses of such a weapon in
b . In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Greeks warfare is that of an attack on Seville, Spain , in
used a composition known as Greek Fire. It proba 1247.
bly consisted of phosphorus, animal fats, and oils
and was used to set fire to wooden ships or build
ings . In use and effect, Greek Fire was probably
similar to jellied gasoline.
2-2 . The Invention of Gunpowder . Although
many stories have been told about the invention of
gunpowder, it is believed that it was invented early
in the 13th century in western Europe. Berthold
Schwartz , a German monk, and Roger Bacon , an
English monk , are both credited with inventing
gunpowder.

2-1
 TM 9 -3305

c. During the Hundred Years' War (1399 2-5 . Carriages and Mounts.
1453), cannons came into general use. The early
iron or cast-bronze pieces were very small and fired a . The first cannons were placed on wagons or
carriages for transporting . These early carriages
lead , iron , or stone balls. The cannons were laid di ( fig 2- 2) supported the cannon at the center of bal
rectly on the ground , with themuzzles elevated by ance and at the breech. Adjustments in elevation
mounding up the earth. Cumbersome and ineffi were made by a wedge under the breech. To move
cient, they played little part in battle but were the barrel, it was necessary to move the entire car
quite useful in a siege. riage. Large wheels helped move the weapon over
the poor roads. The trail absorbed a moderate
d. Mohammed II of Turkey used one weapon in amount of weapon jump and helped to traverse the
his military conquest of Constantinople in 1453. piece.
This weapon weighed 19 tons and used gunpowder
to hurl a 600 -pound stone seven times a day. The
usefulness of the weapon was reduced because it
took 60 oxen and 200 men to move it. The weapon
was responsible , however, for destroying the city
walls which had successfully resisted many at
tacks by other weapons for more than 1000 years.
e . Bombards were very large weapons with
barrels made of staves and were hooped like a bar
rel (from which they got their name). The gunpow ARR 80-1309
der used was weak and barrel pressures were low , Figure 2 - 2. Early carriage.
but even so, barrels frequently burst.

raAtgedthetanbeginning
ungf..uballswere sed.of.ThThe
d the uused 15th century, cast
ethe greater b . Mobile artillery came on the field with the
siron being
the iron ball and the improvements in gunpowder
efficiency of Car Bohemeld artidetoxen. Cellent me the
cart guns of John Zizka during the Hussite Wars
of Bohemia (1418- 1424). The French further im
encouraged the building of smaller and stronger proved field artillery by using light guns hauled by
guns. Before 1500 , the siege gun had been the pre horses instead of oxen . The maneuverable French
dominant weapon . Forged -iron cannons for field , guns proved to be an excellentmeans for breaking
garrison , and naval service and then cast- iron and up heavy masses of pikemen in the Italian cam
cast-bronze guns were steadily developed . paigns of the early 1500 ' s. The Germans, under
Throughout the 1500 's, improvements were made Maximilian I, however, took the armament leader
in lightening the enormous weights of the guns and ship away from the French with guns that ranged
projectiles, as well as finding better ways to move 1500 yards and with men who had earned the repu
the artillery . An increased knowledge of gunpow tation of being the best gunners in Europe.
der and improvement in casting resulted in the re
placement ofbombards with lighter cannons in the c. Around the year 1525, the Spanish Square
16th century. of heavily armed pikemen and musketeers began
to dominate the battlefield . In the face of musket
g . Until about 100 years ago, cannons were ry , field artillery declined . Although artillery had
simply constructed . They had a cast barrel, a achieved some mobility, carriages were still cum
wedge elevating mechanism , and crude wheels and bersome. To move a heavy cannon , even over good
carriage. These weapons were fired by igniting ground , required 23 horses. Ammunition was car
gunpowder with a live fire or match at the touch ried in wheelbarrows and carts or on a man 's back .
hole at the breech . As the cannons improved , they The gunner' s pace was the measure of the field ar
were ofdecreased size and were cast in one piece of tillery speed . Lacking efficient mobility , guns were
cast iron or cast bronze. The casting of trunnions captured and recaptured with every changing
on the gun made elevation and transportation sweep of the battle.
easier .

2-2
 TM 9-3305

2 -6 . Rifled Cannons.
d . Under the Swedish warrior Gustavus Ad a . Straight grooving was applied to small arms
olphus, artillery began to take its true position on as early as 1480 . During the 1500 ' s, straight groov
the battlefield in the 17th century . He increased ing of musket bores was done extensively. Rifling
the rapidity of fire by combining the powder probably evolved from the early observation of
charge and the projectile into a single cartridge, feathers on an arrow and from the practical results
doing away with thes old spieces ofwoladling
andmethod
into the gun . Recognizing the need for mobile
powder
rd for powder of cutting channels in a musket to reduce fouling.
Then it was found that rifling also improved the ac
weapons, he made use of pieces which could be curacy of a shot.
moved by two horses and served by three men . In
the past, one cannon for 1000 infantrymen had b . Early cannons were not made accurately;
been standard; Gustavus brought the ratio to six their accuracy of fire was correspondingly low .
cannons per 1000 men . These weapons could not bemade better than the
tools which produced them , and good machinery
e . Throughout the 18th century, artillery re capable of boring cannons was not made until
mained very clumsy and battles were largely de 1750. Although rifling had already been applied to
cided by infantry and cavalry . About 1750 , Freder small arms, machinery of the necessary accuracy
ick II, King of Prussia , succeeded in developing to apply rifling to cannons was not available until
the first light artillery , used during the Seven about a century later.
Years' War (1756 -1763). Heused artillery that was
light and mobile enough to accompany the army c. In 1846, Major Cavelli in Italy and Baron
and to be readily maneuvered on the battlefield . Wahrendorff in Germany independently produced
The gradual destruction of his veteran infantry rifled iron breech- loading cannons. The Cavelli gun
made him lean more heavily on artillery . To keep (view A , fig 2- 3) had two spiral grooves which fit
pace with cavalry movements, he developed a ted the 1 /4 - inch projecting lugs of a long projectile .
horse artillery that moved rapidly along with the Abon Whthe
About itwsame
orth;time,
de B).a British Livil War ( 184Joto
This weaindustrialist,
cavalry. His field artillery had only light guns and seph Whitworth, developed the helical hexagonal
howitzers. bore weapon (view B ). This weapon was one of
many used during the American Civil War (1861
1865). It was an efficient piece, though subject to
easy fouling which made it dangerous.

ons

A . STUDDED PROJECTILE AND BORE (CAVELLI)

C
ARR 80-1310

B . HEXAGONAL PROJECTILE AND BORE (WHITWORTH )

Figure 2- 3 . Early rifled cannons.

2- 3
TM 9-3305

2-7 . Breech -Loading Cannons.

d . The American CivilWar began with smooth a . The first successful breech -loading cannon
bore muzzle loaders and ended with rifled muzzle was made less than a century ago . There were some
loaders ( fig 2 -4 ). When these weapons wore out or breech -loading cannons made over 400 years ago ,
were captured , smoothbore weapons were replaced but by our standards, they were not satisfactory
with rifled pieces. The Rodman gun is an example and were not the forerunners of modern breech
of a weapon converted from a smoothbore to a rif loading cannons.
led bore. Developed by Captain T . J . Rodman
(United States Army Ordnance) in themid -1800 's , b . The need for breech -loading was to enable
this smoothbore weapon was cast around a water firing and reloading without exposing the gunners
cooled core. Its inner walls solidified first and were to the enemy. The solution of the breech-loading
compressed by the contraction of the outer metal problem depended on finding a mechanism that
as it cooled more slowly . By this process, it had would seal the propellant gases within the cham
much greater strength to resist explosion of the ber . This was accomplished by using soft metal
charge. The Rodman smoothbore cannon , cast in (brass) cartridge cases for the smaller cannons and
8 -, 10 -, 15 ., and 20-inch calibers, was the best cast more complex expanding asbestos and metal seals
iron ordnance of its time. During and after the for the larger ones. The first cannon that had all
Civil War, a number of the 10 -inch Rodman the features now in use was the French 75 (fig 2 -5 ).
smoothbore cannons were converted into 8-inch ri This 75 -mm gun,model of 1897 , used cased ammu
fles by enlarging the bore and inserting a grooved nition and had modern sights, a firingmechanism ,
steel tube. and a recoilmechanism . Itwas the backbone of the
artillery of the Allied armies in World War I
(1914 - 1918 ).

ARR 80- 1311 ARR 80-1312

Figure 2 -4 . Civil War cannon . Figure 2-5 . French 75 -mm gun , model of 1897.

2 -4
 TM 9 -3305

Section II. DEVELOPMENT OF

UNITED STATES CANNON ARTILLERY
2-8. Early Development. (2 ) A distinctly American development in
a. Fixed Artillery. fixed or harbor-defense artillery was reached early
in the 20th century with the adoption of the disap
(1) Design characteristics of United States pearing carriage. This enabled the gun to rise over
artillery have generally followed those of other na a parapet to fire, but was withdrawn by recoil
tions. Before the Civil War , there was little manu forces behind the parapet for reloading.
facturing of cannons in this country . At the begin (3 ) Another fixed artillery piece, the bar
ning of that conflict, it became necessary to pur
chase much of this equipment abroad. There were bette carriage (fig 2 -6 and 2 -7 ), was a permanently
differentmodels ofvarious sizes of cannons for use emplaced carriage capable of traversing through
in fortifications. These weapons included brass large angles, except as limited by the protecting
guns, iron guns, and iron howitzers. turret or casemate.

ARR 80- 1313

Figure 2 -6 . 6 -inch gun on barbette carriage.

was weer

ARR 80- 1314

Figure 2 -7 . 16 -inch barbette carriage in casemate.

2- 5
TM 9-3305

b . Mobile Artillery . The appearance of the (2) The American 75-mm gun,model of 1916
French 75 in 1897 spurred American designers to a (fig 2 -8 ).
series of developments.Many models were made in
3-, 4 .7 -, 6 -, and 8 - inch caliberswith various carriage (3) The British 75 -mm gun, model of 1917.
and recoil mechanism arrangements. Little money
was available, however, tomanufacture these guns (4) The French 155-mm gun (Filloux)(fig 2-9),
for issue. Therefore, upon entering World War I in more familiarly known as the G . P . F ., after its
1917, weapons were adopted for which production French name, Grande-e- Puissance Filloux (gun of
facilities existed . The following gunswere adopted great power ).
into the Armed Forces:
(5 ) The French 155-mm howitzer (Schneider)
(1) The French 75-mm gun, model of 1897. (fig 2-10).

Figure 2 -8 . American 75 -mm gun , model of 1916 . ARR 80 -1315

min ID : 110 ARR 80- 1316

Figure 2 -9 . French 155-mm gun (Filloux). *

ARR 80 - 1317
Figure 2 - 10. French 155 -mm howitzer (Schneider).

2 -6
 TM 9 -3305

2-9 . Development During World War II. 2. Mi 155 -mm gun on M2 (Long
a . The period between World War I and II Tom ) carriage ( fig 2- 12).
brought about very little in the production of new
field artillery weapons. With the beginning of 3. Mi 8-inch gun on M2 carriage
World War II, there was a need formodern field ar ( fig 2-13).
tillery weapons, and a large number of new weap
ons were developed . 4 . M85 280-mm gun (fig 2-14).

b . Modern highways and high -speed trucks (b ) Howitzers.

brought about the development of artillery weap 1. M1A1 75 -mm pack howitzer on
ons that could be towed at relatively high speeds. M1 (M116 ) carriage (fig 2- 15 ).
With the further development of the tank after
World War I, artillery weapons were also needed 2. M2A1 105-mm howitzer on M2
that could travel cross-country over rough and
rugged terrain . These requirements brought about (M101) carriage (fig 2- 16 ).
the development of a large number of new towed 3. Mi 155 -mm howitzer on Mi
and self-propelled artillery weapons. (M114) carriage (fig 2-17).
(1) The towed weapons are as follows:
4. Mi8 -inch howitzer on Mi(M115 )
( a ) Guns. carriage (fig 2- 18 ).
5 . M1 240-mm howitzer on M2 car
1. Mi 4 .5-inch gun on Mi carriage riage (fig 2- 19).
(fig 2 -11).

ARR 80- 1318

Figure 2-11.M1 4.5-inch gun on Mi carriage.

2 -7
TM 9- 3305

ARR 80-1319

Figure 2 -12. M1 155-mm gun on M2 (Long Tom ) carriage.

Figure 2-12. MI 155

PD 52
ARR 80- 1320

Figure 2- 13. M1 8-inch gun on M2 carriage.

2-8
 TM 9 -3305

ARR 80 -1321

Figure 2- 14 . M85 280-mm gun.

12000000'l 00SAL UD

ARR 80- 1322

Figure 2- 15 . M1A1 75 -mm pack howitzer on M1 (M116 ) carriage.

2- 9
TM 9-3305

1
9
00

II

OOO

ARR 80-1323
Figure 2-16.M2A1 105-mm howitzer on M2(M101)carriage.

ARR 80-1324
Figure 2- 17.M1 155-mm howitzer onM1(M114) carriage.

2-10
 TM 9 -3305

O
n
8
6

ARR 80- 1325

Figure 2- 18 .Mi 8-inch howitzer on M1 (M115 ) carriage.

ARR 80- 1326

Figure 2-19. M1 240-mm howitzer on M2 carriage.

2-11
 TM 9 -3305

(2) The self-propelled weapons are as fol (b ) Howitzers.

lows:
1. M37 motor carriage 105 -mm how
(a ) Guns. itzer (fig 2-24).
1. M12 motor carriage 155 -mm gun 2. M7motor carriage 105-mm howit
(fig 2 - 20). zer (fig 2-25 ).

2 . M40 motor carriage 155-mm gun 3 . M8 105-mm self-propelled light

(fig 2-21). howitzer ( fig 2 -26 ).
3. M53 155 -mm self-propelled medi 4. M44 155-mm self-propelled medi
um gun (fig 2-22). um howitzer (fig 2 -27).
4 . T93 motor carriage 8- inch gun 5. M55 8 -inch self-propelled heavy
(fig 2-23). howitzer (fig 2-28).
6 . T92motor carriage 240-mm howit
zer (fig 2-29).

L
a

Eli

ARR 80-1327

Figure 2 -20. M12 motor carriage 155 -mm gun .

2 - 12
 TM 9-3305

.
ERRE

OL
hoil

ARR 80-1328

Figure 2-21. M40 motor carriage 155-mm gun .

13 ABUNY

Teile

UR
SOLO

COOCOVÓ .
de ARR 80-1329

Figure 2-22. M53 155-mm self-propelled medium gun .

2 -13
TM 9-3305

DWOWODOODPODOPODODE SIC
27 7WT
/

DO

ARR 80- 1330

Figure 2-23. T93 motor carriage 8-inch gun.

LC

ARR 80- 1331

Figure 2-24 .M37 motor carriage 105-mm howitzer.

ARR 80-1332
Figure 2-25 .M7motor carriage 105-mm howitzer.

2- 14
 TM 9-3305

BODO

Coo
US

4 . 1::/!!.07 .
ARR 80-1333
Figure 2-26 . M8 105-mm self-propelled light howitzer.

SBI
heter
22

ARR 80-1334
Figure 2-27.M44 155-mm self-propelled medium howitzer.

2-15
 TM 9-3305

PIDA

O TODO
VY

O O

10

ARR 80- 1335

Figure 2-28 . M55 8-inch self-propelled heavy howitzer.

00001000 )
1000
A
IC C
TO

ARR 80-1336

Figure 2-29. T92 motor carriage 240 -mm howitzer.

2-16
 TM 9- 3305

2- 10. Development Since the Korean Conflict. (2) Howitzers.

Weapons developed since the Korean conflict in
clude towed weapons with a 6400 -mil traverse and (a) M108 105 -mm self-propelled light
weapons with an extended range capability. For howitzer (fig 2-33).
many years, all self-propelled field artillery weap
ons were mounted on converted tank chassis. As (b) M109 155 -mm self-propelled medium
these older self-propelled weapons became obso howitzer ( fig 2-34).
lete, a new family of self-propelled weapons was in
troduced. These chassis were designed specifically (c) M109A1 155-mm self-propelled medi
for field artillery weapons. um howitzer (fig 2-35).
a. The towed weapons are as follows: (d) M110 8-inch self-propelled heavy
howitzer (fig 2-36 ).
(1) M102 105-mm towed light howitzer
(fig 2-30). (e)M110A1 8-inch self-propelled heavy
howitzer (fig 2-37).
(2) M198 155-mm towed medium howitzer
(fig 2-31). (f) M110A2 8 -inch self-propelled heavy
howitzer ( fig 2-38 ).
b . The self-propelled weapons are as follows:
(1) Gun . M107 175 -mm self-propelled field
artillery heavy gun (fig 2-32).

W
A
L
A

ARR 80- 1337

Figure 2-30.M102 105-mm towed light howitzer.
AD
THIH
OR

un
U
N

ARR 80- 1338

Figure 2-31. M198 155-mm towed medium howitzer.

2 -17
TM 9-3305

AL USARU
2242
DOO

ARR 80- 1339

Figure 2-32.M107 175-mm self-propelled field artillery heavy gun.

lo

ARR 80-1340

Figure 2-33. M108 105-mm self-propelled light howitzer.

2-18
 TM 9- 3305

ന്
മ
ത
യ
ി
ര
്
(പ e
t
her

ARR 30 1341

Figure 2 -34 . M109 155 -mm self-propelled medium howitzer.

ARR 30i842

Figure 2-35 . M109A1 155-mm self-propelled medium howitzer.

2 .19
TM 9-3305

a
USARMY
272412
oraneo

200000
ARR 80- 1343

Figure 2-36 .M110 8-inch self-propelled heavy howitzer.

ar
Man
hulle
fants

ARR 80-1344

Figure 2-37.M110A1 8-inch self-propelled heavy howitzer.

= 100

14
uste
222412
13 Taar

VOO0007
ARR 80-1345
Figure 2-38 .M110A2 8-inch self-propelled heavy howitzer.

2 -20
 TM 9 -3305

Section III. DEVELOPMENT OF

ROCKETS AND GUIDED MISSILES
2 -11. Early Development.
a . Rockets. From the earliest times, rockets (5 ) Rocket development began again around
have attracted the attention of the military engi 1918 , during World War I. During this period and
neer for warlike purposes, first in Asia and later in the years immediately after, an American , Dr.
Europe. Robert Goddard, performed the rocket develop
mentwork which was to lay the foundation ofmod
(1) The Chinese used an arrow with a rocket ern rockets and guided missiles. Dr. Goddard de
propelling device in battle against the Mongols as veloped the basic idea of the bazooka in 1918 , but
early as 1232. By the end of the 13th century , the weapon was not used until World War II.
knowledge of rockets had traveled from the Orient
to Europe. b . Guided Missiles.
t be know naof
(2) By thehebeginning
rysthe15th century , ( 1) The torpedo was developed during the
rockets were widely known in parts of Europe, as Civil War and is classified as the first guided mis
shown in a German military report of 1405 , in sile. By the time ofWorld War I, the torpedo was a
which several types of rockets were mentioned . highly developed and formidable weapon .
During the 15th century , both cannons and rockets
were used on the battlefield . The accuracy and (2 ) The inaccuracy of rockets brought about
range advantages of the cannon over the crude the realization that some form of guidance would
rockets became apparent, and the rockets were be necessary if the potentialities of speed and
gradually discarded. For the next three centuries, range were to be profitably used. Dr.Goddard laid
rockets became obsolete as weapons, and their use down the principles of rocketry that are used today
was limited to signals and fireworks displays. in the development of guided missiles.
(3 ) During the latter part of the 18th centu (3 ) During the 1930 's , much research was
ry , India used rockets in combat against the Brit conducted on jets and rockets by both American
ish . These rockets reached ranges up to 1- 1/2 miles and German rocket societies. The Germans initi
and were so successful that the British immediate ated guided missile warfare in August 1943, when
ly began developing a war rocket. As a result, Sir a British ship was hit with a radio -controlled bomb
William Congreve developed a rocket that reached launched from a German airplane. The Germans
up to several thousand yards. The British used did not exploit these radio -controlled missiles, but
their rockets against the French in 1806 and instead developed mechanical systems for control
against the Americans in the War of 1812. ling missiles that were pre-set before takeoff. Such
controls were used most exclusively in the V - 1 and
(4) By 1850 , the use of rockets as weapons V -2 missiles which were used to bombard England
was practically discontinued. Guns were still the and the European Continent during World War II.
predominant weapons of war, since the develop The V- 1 missiles were launched both from the air
ment of rifled barrels and recoil mechanisms set an and the ground.
efficiency standard with which rockets could not
compete.

2- 21
TM 9- 3305

2-12 . Development Since World War II.

Although the M119 4.5 -inch multiple rocket
launcher (fig 2-39) was developed and used as a
field artillery weapon during World War II, most
of the development of rockets and guided missiles
took place after World War II.

UHHHYY

ARR 80- 1346

Figure 2-39.M119 4.5-inch multiple rocket launcher.

a. Rockets . Large- caliber free-flight rockets (1) Honest John rocket launcher ( fig 2-40 ).
were developed soon after World War II. These
rockets used a solid propellant (fuel) and were fired (2) Little John rocket launcher (fig 2-41).
from mobile launchers equipped with a launcher
rail to guide the rocket during takeoff. The rockets
and rocket launchers developed since World War
II are as follows:
NO

WJB

We
DI
S

ARR 80- 1347

Figure 2-40. Honest John rocket launcher.

2- 22
 TM 9-3305

0
0
2
ARR 80 -1348
Figure 2-41. Little John rocket launcher.
b . Guided Missiles. Guided missiles were de (1) Corporal guided missile ( fig 2-42).
veloped that used both liquid and solid propel
lants. These guided missiles are all equipped with (2) Lance guided missile (fig 2-43).
an electronic guidance system . The guided missiles
developed since World War II are as follows: (3) Pershing guided missile (fig 2-44).
(4) Sergeant guided missile (fig 2-45).
SE2B
AU

B6BB
BEEB
AG

P ARR 80-1349
Figure 2-42. Corporal guided missile.

2-23
TM 9 - 3305

A
US RMY

ARR 80-1350

Figure 2-43. Lance guided missile .

100
RR 50 1961
ARR 80- 1351
Figure 2 -44. Pershing guided missile.

2 - 24
 TM 9-3305

A.SU RMY
i

mu

ARR 80-1352
Figure 2-45. Sergeant guided missile.

2-25 (2-26 blank)

 TM 9-3305

CHAPTER 3
CLASSIFICATION OF CURRENT
FIELD ARTILLERY WEAPONS

Section 1. GENERAL
3-1. General. Current field artillery weapons
ded in
s
ui mmis i b . Howitzer. A howitzer is a cannon with a me
clude both cannon-type weapons and e d guided dium length barrelwhich fires varioustypes of pro
siles. Each type ofweapon si g n
is designed for a partic jectiles at a high angle of fire and at a medium
h of flich has
ular use andattherefore has aa different range and muzzle velocity .
trajectory (path of flight).
3-3. Rockets and Guided Missiles.
3- 2. Cannon-Type Weapons. Cannon -type weap a . Rocket. A rocket is a free- flight missile. Al
ons are classified as guns or howitzers. Some artil though the rocket is classified as a field artillery
lery weapons have both gun and howitzer charac weapon , it is currently not in military use.
teristics.
b . Guided Missile . A guided missile is a rocket
a. Gun . As a type of artillery, a gun is a cannon type device with a trajectory that can be altered in
with a long barrel which fires limited types of pro flightby a mechanism within themissile . It is held ,
jectiles at a low angle of fire and at a high muzzle aimed , and fired by a rail- or platform -typemissile
velocity. launcher.

Section II. CURRENT FIELD ARTILLERY WEAPONS

3-4. Cannon-Type Weapons.
a. M101A1 105-MM Towed Light Howitzer
(Fig 3-1). This weapon came into service in the ear
ly 1940's and was used extensively during World
War II and the Korean conflict. The M101A1 is
now in limited use with the US Army and is being
replaced with the M102. The M101A1 is primarily
assigned to infantry divisions.
O
O

N
VI O

JOOOO

ARR 80- 1353

Figure 3 - 1 . M101A1 howitzer.

3- 1
TM 9- 3305

b . M102 105-MM Towed Light Howitzer

(Fig 3-2 ). This weapon came into service in the
mid - 1960's and was used extensively during the
Vietnam conflict. The M102 has generally replaced
theM101A1. The M102 is primarily assigned to in
fantry, airmobile, and airborne divisions.

W
o
w
ARR 80-1354

Figure 3-2. M102 howitzer.

C. M114A1 155-MM Towed Medium Howitzer

(Fig 3-3). This weapon came into service in the ear
ly 1940's and was used in World War II and the
Korean and Vietnam conflicts. Although now in
use, the M114A1 is scheduled to be replaced with
theM198. TheM114A1 is primarily assigned to in
fantry and airmobile divisions and thenondivision
al units that support them .

T
.

ARR 80- 1355

Figure 3 -3. M114A1 howitzer.

3- 2
 TM 9- 3305
d . M198 155 -MM Towed Medium Howitzer
(Fig 3-4 ). This weapon came into service in the
mid-1970 's and is replacing the M114A1. The
weapon will be assigned to divisional and nondivi
sional units.

Illus
00
ARR 80- 1356

· Figure 3-4 . M198 howitzer.

e. M108 105-MM Self-Propelled Light Howit

zer (Fig 3-5 ). After coming into service in the early
1960's, this weapon was used extensively in the
Vietnam conflict. TheM108 hasbeen phased outof
the active Army and is being replaced by the M109
and M109A1 howitzers in the armored and mecha
nized divisions.
W

ARR 80- 1357

Figure 3-5 . M108 howitzer.

3-3
TM 9 -3305

f. M109 155 -MM Self-Propelled Medium How

itzer (Fig 3 -6 ). This weapon , which came into serve
ice in the early 1960 's , was used extensively in the
Vietnam conflict. The M109 is being replaced by
theM109A1.

0 0
0 0
0 0

ARR 80- 1358

Figure 3 -6 . M109 howitzer.

g. M109A1 155-MM Self-Propelled Medium

Howitzer (Fig 3-7). This weapon was also intro
duced in the early 1960 ' s and was used in the Viet
nam conflict. The M109A1 will eventually replace
the M109. The M109A1 provides a greater range
than the M109 because of longer tube length and
the ability to fire the new charge 8 propelling
charge. This weapon is primarily assigned to divi
sional and nondivisional units.

G C

0000000 O .

ARR 80-1359

Figure 3 -7 . M109A1 howitzer.

3 -4
 TM 9 -3305

h. M110 8-Inch Self-Propelled Heavy Howitzer

(Fig 3-8). This weapon came into service in the
mid- 1960's and was used extensively in the Viet
nam conflict. TheM110 has been phased out and is
being replaced by the M110A1 and M110A2. The
M110 is primarily a corps weapon .

a
USA
22242

A3 ND
0000
ARR 80- 1360

Figure 3-8. M110 howitzer.

i. M110A1 8-Inch Self-Propelled Heavy How

itzer (Fig 3-9). One of several weapons used in the
Vietnam conflict, theM110A1came into service in
the mid -1960's. This weapon will eventually re
place theM110. The M110 . 1 is primarily assigned
to divisional and nondivisional units.

Ia

242
TO
03

ARR 80-1361

Figure 3-9.M110A1 howitzer.

3-5
TM 9-3305

j. M107 175 -MM Self- Propelled Gun

(Fig 3-10). This weapon came into service in the
mid- 1960's and was used extensively in the Viet
nam conflict. The few remaining M107's are as
signed to nondivisional units. TheM107 will even
tually be replaced by the M110A1 or M110A2.

ITA
S &R
Bolo

10000 ARR 80- 1362

Figure 3-10. M107 gun .

3-5. Guided Missiles.

a. Pershing Guided Missile (Fig 3-11). This
missile was developed as a long-range, surface-to
surface weapon with nuclear capability to be used
at the field army level. It came into service in the
early 1960's.

WAND

LOPOVARR 80-1363
Figure 3- 11. Pershing guided missile.

3-6
 TM .9-3305
b . Lance Guided Missile (Fig 3-12). This mis
sile, developed to replace the Honest John rocket
and the Sergeant guided missile, came into service
in the early 1970 's . Lance is the corps general sup
port missile system .

US ARMY

60 19

co

ARR 80-1364

Figure 3-12. Lance guided missile.

3-7 (3-8 blank)

 TM 9 -3305

PART TWO
THE CANNON
CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION
Section I. GENERAL
4 .1 . Scope. The term “ cannon " is defined as a a . Cannon .
fixed or mobile piece of artillery, such as a gun or
howitzer. Cannon is also used to refer to the por ( 1) Barrel assembly.
tion of a weapon required to fire a projectile. This
section is about the cannon as an entire weapon , (2 ) Breech mechanism .
while section II discusses the cannon as an individ
ual component of the weapon .
b . Loading and ramming mechanism .
4 -2 . Components. Although the number and
types of components may vary according to the re c. Recoil mechanism .
quirements of the weapon , a cannon essentially
consists of the following components: d. Carriage and mount.
Section II. BARREL ASSEMBLY
43. Definitions. The barrel assembly (fig 4 -1) the breech . Weapons firing ammunition with me
generally consists of the tube and breech ring. tallic cartridge cases do not have gas check seats
since the expansion of the case against the walls of
a . Tube. The tube consists of the chamber and the chamber provides a gas seal for the breech
bore. (rearward obturation).
(1) Chamber. The chamber is thatpart of the (b ) Centering slope. The centering slope
tube formed to receive the cartridge case when the is the tapered portion at or near the forward end of
complete round of ammunition is loaded into the the chamber that causes the projectile to center it
weapon . It consists of the gas check seat and the self in the bore during loading .
centering slope.
(a ) Gas check seat. The gas check seat is (2) Bore. The bore is the rifled cylindrical in
the tapered surface in the rear interior of the tube terior portion of the tube through which the projec
tile moves when fired . It extends from the forcing
on weapons firing ammunition without metallic cone to themuzzle . The tapered forcing cone at the
cartridge cases . It seats the split rings of the obtu rear of thebore allows the rotating band of the pro
rating mechanism when they expand under pres jectile to be engaged gradually by the rifling, there
sure in firing. This expansion creates a seal and by centering the projectile in the bore.
prevents the escape of gases through the rear of
BREECH
RECESS
-RIFLED BORE COUNTERBORE
MWCHAMBER
TUDIO

BREECH ZZZZZZZZZZZT .
RING T X

GAS CHECK SEAT | CENTERING CYLINDER TUBE

CENTERING SLOPE FORCING CONE ARR 80- 1365
Figure 4 . 1 . Barrel assembly (cross section).
TM 9 -3305

b . Breech Ring . The breech ring houses the 4-6 . Rifling .

breech mechanism and is attached to the rear end a . Rifling consists of helical grooves cut in the
of the tube. bore of a tube, beginning in front of the chamber
and extending to themuzzle. The lands ( fig 4 - 2 ) are
( 1) Breech recess. The breech recess is the the surfaces between the grooves.
space formed in the interior of the breech ring to re
ceive the breechblock .

(2) Screw threads. In current field artillery

weapons, the breech ring is attached to the tube by
screw threads. The M109 and M109A1 howitzers GROOVES
have interrupted screw threads on the breech ring
and tube. The tube and breech ring can be sepa
rated by rotating the tube only 1 /4 turn . LANDS
4 -4. Monobloc Tube Construction . Themonobloc
tube isfrformed ARR 80-1366
made from ainl inone
an alloy
om an piece
c inby
tosteel ned forging.
a ylingot thro The tube is
whichugis poured and
then hot-forged into a cylindrical shape by a high Figure 4 -2 . Lands and grooves.
pressure press. A hole is bored through the center,
the outer surface is rough-turned , and the barrel is b . The purpose of rifling is to impart to the pro
machined. The tube is then subjected to one or jectile the rotation necessary to ensure stability in
both of the following procedures : flight. The projectile (fig 4 - 3 ) is designed with ro
tating bands of soft metal, slightly larger in diame
a . Heat Treatment. In the heat treatment pro ter than the bore of the tube. As the projectile is
cess, the steel tube is subjected to high tempera forced through the bore by propellant gases, the
tures, air- cooled or quenched in oil, and tempered. lands cut through the rotating band , engraving it
This process brings out themost desirable combi to conform to the cross section of the bore and
nations of metal properties, i.e., strength, hard causing the projectile to rotate. The metal of the
ness, toughness, etc . rotating band in the grooves prevents escape of
gases past the projectile , thus performing forward
b . Autofrettage (Prestressing). In this process, obturation .
the inner portion of the tube is stressed beyond its
elastic limits (beyond the stress induced by the
highest charge to be fired). There are twomethods
of autofrettage. ROTATING BAND

( 1) Swage method . The tube is swaged open

by forcing a cylindrical-shaped carbon slug
through the tube.
(2 ) Hydraulic method. The tube is stressed
by applying very high hydraulic pressure to the in
side of the bore for a short time.

4 -5 . Caliber. The caliber of a cannon is a measure

ARR 80-1367
of the diameter of the bore, not including the depth
of the rifling. The caliber can be in either inches or
millimeters ( 1 inch = 25. 4 millimeters). Figure 4 - 3 . Projectile with rotating band .

4-2
 TM 9-3305
c. Almost all current field artillery tubes have a . Central Bore Mounting (Fig 4 -5). The barrel
rifling with a right-hand uniform twist (fig 4-4). As assembly may be mounted through the central
viewed from the breech end of the tube, the rifling bore of a cradle in which it slides during recoil and
rotates to the right or clockwise. With the uniform counterrecoil. Recoil cylinders on the cradle are
twist, the degree of the twist is constant from the coupled to the breech ring lug to regulate the recoil
origin of the rifling to the muzzle. The twist of ri of the barrel assembly and to return it to the bat
fling can be expressed in terms of the number of tery position . A recoil guide key , fitted in the key
calibers of length in which the groove completes way of the cradle yoke, prevents the barrel assem
one turn . bly from rotating in the cradle . The central bore
mounting of the barrel assembly is used on the
4-7. Barrel Assembly Mountings. The three ba M114A1 howitzer and the M109/M109A1 howit
sic methods for mounting a barrel assembly are zer .
centralbore, recoil slide rail, and cradle and sleigh .

ARR 80-1368

Figure 4 -4 . Rifling - right-hand uniform twist.

BARREL
ASSEMBLY CRADLE

RECOIL
GUIDE
KEY

OOOO
BARREL
ASSEMBLY

CRADLE

ARR 80- 1369

Figure 4-5 . Central bore mounting.

4 . 9
TM 9-3305

b . Recoil Slide Rail Mounting (Fig 4 -6 ). The

barrel assembly is mounted on slide rails which
slide in guides on the recoilmechanism cradle. The
breech ring is attached to the recoil mechanism pis
ton rod . The tube is attached to the breech ring by
interrupted threads. The tube locking key keeps
the tube from rotating. Themuzzle end of the tube
is supported by the tube support which is designed
to let the tubemove forward as it is expanded and
lengthened by heat. The recoil slide mounting of
the barrel assembly is used on the M110/M110A1/
M110A2 howitzer .

RECOIL
MECHANISM
CRADLE

RECOIL BARREL
SLIDE ASSEMBLY
RAILS

BREECH RING RECOIL SLIDE RAILS TUBE SUPPORT

BARREL ASSEMBLY
ARR 80-1370
Figure 4 -6 . Recoil slide rail mounting.
 TM 9-3305
C. Cradle and Sleigh Mounting (Fig 4-7). The
barrel assembly is mounted and fastened to the re
coil mechanism sleigh which slides on the cradle
during recoil and counterrecoil. The cradle and
sleigh mounting of the barrel assembly is used on
the M101/M101A1 howitzer , the M102 howitzer,
and the M198 howitzer.

BARREL
SLEIGH ASSEMBLY

CRADLE
* CRADLE
BARREL
ASSEMBLY

SLEIGH

CRADLE
0
9

ARR 80- 1371

Figure 4-7. Cradle and sleigh mounting.
TM 9 -3305

4-8. Auxiliary Items. (2 ) Operation . When a weapon has been fired

a . Bore Evacuator. and the projectile passes the evacuator jets, some
of the propellant gases flow into the evacuator
(1) Description. The bore evacuator (fig 4-8 ) chamber (fig 4 -9 ), creating a high pressure in the
is used on enclosed , self-propelled combat vehicles chamber. When the projectile leaves the muzzle ,
with a semi-automatic breech mechanism , such as the gases in the bore are suddenly released . With
the M109/M109A1 howitzer. It prevents contami the drop of pressure in the bore, gases flow from
the evacuator chamber through the jets into the
nation of the crew compartment by removing pro
pellant gases from the bore after firing. The bore bore. As the gases flow from the jets at high veloci
evacuator forces gases to flow outward through ty, gases are drawn from the rear of the bore .While
the bore from a series of jets enclosed in a cylindri the gases are escaping from the evacuator cham
ber, the breech is opened , allowing air and gases to
cal chamber on the tube. The jets may be inserts or flow through the bore and out of the muzzle .
orifices in the tube.

BORE BORE
EVACUATOR TUBE TUBE EVACUATOR

A . BORE EVACUATOR ON M109 HOWITZER B . BORE EVACUATOR ON M109A1HOWITZER

ARR 80- 1372

Figure 4 -8 . Bore evacuators.

BREECH EVACUATOR CHAMBER

MECHANISM
GAS
GAS / PROJECTILE

GAS

AIR AIR AND

GAS

ARR 80- 1373

Figure 4- 9. Bore evacuator operation.

4 -6
 TM 9 -3305
b . Muzzle Brake. (2) Operation . As the projectile leaves the
muzzle, the high -velocity gases strike the baffles of
( 1) Description. A muzzle brake( fig 4 -10) is a the muzzle brake ( fig 4 -11) and are deflected rear
cylindrical piece mounted on the muzzle of a tube. ward and sideways into the atmosphere. When
It has a centrally bored hole , through which the striking thebaffles, the gases exert a forward force
projectile passes, and one or more baffles. The pri on the baffles that partially counteracts and re
mary purpose of a muzzle brake is to reduce the duces the force of recoil.
force of recoil. The M109/M109A1 howitzer , the
M198 howitzer, and theM110A2 howitzer are each
equipped with a muzzle brake.

MUZZLE BRAKE TUBE

ARR 80-1374

Figure 4-10.Muzzle brake.

MUZZLE BAFFLES PROJECTILE

BRAKE

GASES

ARR 80-1375

Figure 4- 11. Muzzle brake operation.

4.7
TM 9-3305

Section III. BREECH MECHANISM

4-9. General. The breech mechanism is the group 4- 10 . Breechblock . The breechblock is the princi
of devices that opens and closes the breech , fires pal part of the breech mechanism . It is essentially
the round of ammunition , and provides a gas seal a large heavy piece of steel that covers or seals the
after firing. The breech mechanism (fig 4 -12 and breech end of the tube and houses portions of the
4- 13) consists of the following: firing mechanism . There are two types of breech
block - the interrupted-screw and sliding-wedge.
a . Breechblock . This opens and closes the
breech . a . Interrupted-Screw Breechblock (Fig 4 -14).
This type of breechblock is used on cannons that
b . Breech Operating Mechanism . This actuates fire separate loading ammunition .
the breechblock .
(1) The threaded surface of the breechblock
c. Firing Mechanism . This fires the round. is divided into an even number of sections, and the
threads of the alternate sections are cut away
d. Obturator. In weapons using separate-load ( fig 4. 14). As a result, half of the breechblock sur
ing ammunition , this provides a gas seal. face is threaded and half is plain or slotted. Simi
larly , the threads of the breech recess are cut away
BREECH opposite the threaded sections of the breechblock .
OPERATING The breechblock can be rapidly inserted into the
MECHANISM breech recess, with the threaded sections of the
breechblock sliding in the blank sections of the
breech recess. With a small turn , the threads of the
breechblock and breech recess are fully engaged
and the breechblock is locked . If the threads were
not cut away, locking the breechblock would re
quire several turns. This type of interrupted-screw
breechblock is used on theM109/M109A1 howitzer
and theM198 howitzer.
FIRING
MECHANISM
BREECHBLOCK
ARR 80- 1376
Figure 4 -12. Breech mechanism for semifixed
ammunition

D
OD

FIRING
MECHANISM BREECH
RING
OBTURATOR BREECH
BREECHBLOCK OPERATING
MECHANISM BREECHBLOCK
ARR 80-1377 1 1 | ARR 80-1378

Figure 4-13. Breech mechanism for separate loading Figure 4 -14. Interrupted -screw breechblock .
ammunition .

4-8
 TM 9- 3305

(2 ) The stepped-thread interrupted -screw

(Welin ) breechblock ( fig 4 - 15 ) is a modification of
the interrupted -screw breechblock. The breech re
cess and breechblock are cutwith a series of stepped
threads. When the breechblock is inserted and
turned in the breech recess, the matching sections
of stepped threads engage. Less rotation is needed
to close the breechblock , and there is a greater
threaded surface or holding area. The stepped
thread interrupted -screw breechblock is used on
the M114 /M114A1/M114A4 howitzer, the M110 /
M110A1/M110A2 howitzer, and the M107 gun .

ARR 80-1380
Figure 4-16. Horizontal sliding-wedge
breechblock .
(b ) When the motion of the breechblock
Wwwww
is vertical, themechanism is referred to as a verti
cal sliding-wedge breechblock (fig 4 -17). The M102
howitzer has this type of breechblock .
ARR 80 -1379

Figure 4- 15 . Stepped-thread interrupted- screw

breechblock .

b . Sliding-Wedge Breechblock .
( 1) Description . The rectangular sliding
wedge breechblock slides in a rectangular recess in
the breech ring. It is used on cannons firing semi
fixed ammunition .
(a) When the motion of the breechblock
is horizontal, the mechanism is referred to as the
horizontal sliding-wedge breechblock (fig 4 - 16 ). ARR 80- 1381
The M101/M10121 howitzer has this type of
breechblock . Figure 4 -17. Vertical sliding-wedge breechblock.

4.9
TM 9 -3305

(2) Operation . Figure 4- 18 shows the opera (c) With the action of the operating
tion of the sliding-wedge breechblock . mechanism , the breechblock slides over the breech
face (view C ). The beveled edge of the breechblock
(a) In view A , the breechblock is open , forces the round into its seated position in the
and the cannon is ready to receive theammunition. chamber. The wedging action between the breech
block and the breech ring seals the tube.
(b) The round is pushed into the breech
almost to a seated position as shown in view B .

COMPLETE BREECH RECESS BEVEL

ROUND

BREECHBLOCK
A . OPEN B . CLOSING C. CLOSED
ARR 80 - 1382

Figure 4-18. Sliding-wedge breechblock operation .

4 -11. Breech Operating Mechanism . The breech the threads after closing. The carrier breech oper
operating mechanism is primarily designed to ac ating mechanism is designed for manual or semiau
tuate the breechblock . The carrier and sliding tomatic operation .
wedge are the two main types of breech operating
mechanisms. ( 1) Manual operation . The operating handle
on this type of breech operating mechanism
a . Carrier Breech Operating Mechanism . The ( fig 4 -19) actuates the rotating mechanism of the
carrier breech operating mechanism is used in can breechblock carrier and swings the breechblock
nons with interrupted-screw breechblocks. The car out of its recess in the breech ring. A counterbal
rier, which is assembled to the breechblock, is ance mechanism aids in opening and closing the
hinged at the side so that it swings the breechblock breech on somemedium - and large-caliber weapons
horizontally. The carrier has a mechanism for ro that have large and correspondingly heavy breech
tating the breechblock to disengage the threadsbe blocks and carriers.
fore swinging it free of the breech and for engaging
- COUNTERBALANCE
OPERATING
HANDLE

ARR 80-1383

Figure 4-19.Manual carrier breech operating mechanism .

4- 10
 TM 9-3305

(a) To open the breech, the safety latch is position with ease, safety, and rapidity. Although
released and the operating handle is pulled down to useful at low elevation to hold the breechblock in
a horizontal position . This rotates and unlocks the the fully open or closed position, the counterbal
breechblock. The operating handle is then used to ance mechanism is especially valuable when the
swing the carrier and breechblock open . To close, cannon is elevated, because it aids in swinging the
the operating handle is used to swing the carrier breechblock against gravity and lowering it gent
and breechblock to the closed position . Raising the ly . The counterbalance mechanism is essentially a
operating handle to the upright position rotates cylinder, piston , piston rod, and compression
the breechblock to the locked position . spring connected to the breech mechanism . The
compression spring pulls and holds the breech
(b ) A counterbalance mechanism block in the open or closed position .
(fig 4 -20 ) is provided on some weapons to aid in
swinging the breechblock into the open and closed
PISTON COMPRESSION PISTON
CYLINDER ROD SPRING

OTES
:: ՍԱՍԱՆՆԵՍW ! 00 !
в ARR 80-1384
Figure 4-20 . Counterbalance mechanism .

(2) Semiautomatic operation. The rotation

of the operating crank on this type ofbreech oper.
ating mechanism (fig 4 -21) actuates the rotating
mechanism of the breechblock carrier and swings
the breechblock out of its recess in thebreech ring.
To load the first round, the breech must be opened
manually . After firing each round, the breech is au
tomatically opened during counterrecoil.

BREECHBLOCK

OPERATING
CRANK

TIT

BREECHL BREECHBLOCK
RING CARRIER

ARR 80 - 1385

Figure 4-21. Semiautomatic carrier breech operating mechanism .

4 - 11
TM 9-3305
(a ) Opening the breech . tating mechanism of the breechblock carrier and
causes the breechblock to rotate, unlock , and
1. Manual operation (view A, swing open .
fig 4-22). The breechblock is opened by depressing
the plunger on the operating handle and pulling (b ) Closing the breech (view C ). When the
the operating handle rearward until the operating breechblock is held in the open position with the
crank pin is engaged in the cradle cam . The operat operating crank pin engaged in the cradle cam , the
ing handle is returned to the locked position . closing springs inside the operating crank are un
der tension . To close the breech, the cradle cam is
2 . Automatic operation (view B ). lifted up until the operating crank pin is disen
During counterrecoil, the operating crank pins en gaged from the groove in the cradle cam . The ten
ter the cam grooves on the underside of the cradle sion of the closing springs rotates the operating
cam . As the cannon moves into battery , the cam crank , causing the breechblock carrier to swing the
grooves, acting on the operating crank pins, force breechblock closed , rotate , and lock .
the operating crank to rotate. This actuates the ro
BREECHBLOCK CRADLE TUBE
CARRIER CAM
PLUNGER

IIIIIII

OPERATING
HANDLE
TE
OPERATING
CRANK

A . OPENING THE BREECH MANUALLY B . OPENING THE BREECH AUTOMATICALLY

OPERATING CRADLE
CRANK CAM

OPERATING
CRANK
PIN

- BREECHBLOCK

C . CLOSING THE BREECH ARR 80-1386

Figure 4 -22. Opening and closing the breech (semiautomatic carrier breech operating
mechanism ).

4- 12
 TM 9 -3305

b . Sliding-Wedge Breech Operating Mecha rotated forward (view B ). The front face of the
nism . The breech operating mechanisms for hori breechblock is beveled and, as the breech is closed,
zontal and vertical sliding-wedge breechblocks are the beveled face contacts the base of the cartridge
manually operated and are similar in operation . case and seats it in the chamber. When the breech
The motion of the breechblock is used to activate is completely closed, the operating handle engages
the mechanism for extracting the cartridge case af and is locked in the closed position by a catch lo
ter firing. cated in the upper right corner of the breech ring.
(1) Horizontal sliding-wedge breech operat (c) The extractor ( fig 4 -24 ) is seated in
ing mechanism . The horizontal sliding-wedge the bottom of the breech ring under the breech
breech operating mechanism is operated by means block . As thebreech is closed , the camming groove
of the operating handle. in the breechblock rotates the extractor about its
seat in the breech ring until the lip end of the ex
(a ) When the operating handle is un tractor is in a recess in front of the rim of the car
latched and rotated to the rear, it cams the breech tridge case (view A , fig 4 - 25 ). When the breech is
block horizontally to the right, thereby opening opened, the extractor lip , which is engaged in the
the breech (view A , fig 4 -23). rim of the cartridge case, is cammed sharply to the
rear, thereby extracting the cartridge case from
(b ) After a round is inserted in the cham the chamber (view B ).
ber, the breechblock is cammed back into the
breech ring when the operating handle is manually OPERATING
OPERATING BREECHBLOCK HANDLE
BREECH
HANDLE RING
CATCH

N GK AS
R I
BREECH
RING BREECHBLOCK

A . OPEN POSITION B . CLOSED POSITION ARR 80-1387

Figure 4-23 . Horizontal sliding-wedge breech operating mechanism .

- BREECH RING

BREECHBLOCK

- EXTRACTOR

la ARR 80- 1388

Figure 4-24. Extractor.

4 - 13
TM 9 -3305

BREECH RING (b ) When a round is inserted in the cham

BREECHBLOCK TUBE ber, the extractors are pushed forward, unlocking
the breechblock. The operating handle is rotated
forward to close the breech ( view B ). When the
breechblock is completely closed, the operating
handle engages and is locked in the closed position
by a catch in the operating handle stop.
EXTRACTOR
Co
CARTRIDGE OPERATING HANDLE nt
CASE
ro
BREECH RING
A . CLOSED BREECH l

BREECH
RING

CARTRIDGE CASE

BREECHBLOCK

EXTRACTOR
A . OPEN POSITION

BREECHBLOCK TUBE

B . OPEN BREECH ARR 80-1389 OPERATING HANDLE

Figure 4-25. Extracting a cartridge case.

BREECH RING

(2) Vertical sliding-wedge breech operating

mechanism (fig 4 -26 ). The vertical sliding-wedge
breech operating mechanism is operated by the op BREECHBLOCK
erating handle . A coil spring in the breechblock op
erating shaft functionsas an equilibrator to equal
ize the effort required to open and close the breech
block .

(a) When the operating handle is un

latched and rotated to the rear, the breechblock
drops, opening the breech (view A , fig 4 -26 ). When
the breechblock drops, it moves the extractors to
the rear, extracting the fired cartridge case, and B . CLOSED POSITION
loads the coil spring in the operating shaft. The
downward motion of the breechblock also cocks ARR 80- 1390
the percussion mechanism . The extractors remain
in the rearward position to lock the breechblock in Figure 4- 26 . Vertical sliding -wedge breech
the open position. operating mechanism .

4- 14
 TM 9 - 3305

4-12. Firing Mechanism . The firing mechanism is a . Continuous-Pull Firing Mechanism . One
a device for initiating the ammunition primer . The continuous pull of the lanyard initiates the com
primer then sets off the igniter which ignites the plete functioning of the firing mechanism . This
propelling charge of the ammunition . Current field safety feature ensures that the firing mechanism is
artillery weapons have a percussion firing mecha not cocked except at the instant before firing. The
nism activated by a lanyard. The percussion firing M13 and M35 firing mechanisms are the two con
mechanism is also characterized by a firing pin tinuous-pull firing mechanisms in use.
which strikes the primer of a round . The three
types of percussion firing mechanisms are continu (1) M13 firing mechanism (fig 4 -27). Referred
ous-pull, inertia, and percussion -hammer . to as the firing lock, this firing mechanism is used
on the M101A1 howitzer and functions as follows:

SEAR SPRING
FIRING PIN HOLDER SLEEVE

FIRING SPRING
COTTER PIN
TRIGGER FORK
FIRING CASE
SEAR

FIRING PIN HOLDER

FIRING PIN ARR 80- 1391

Figure 4-27.M13 firing mechanism .

4- 15
TM 9- 3305

(a ) Pulling thelanyard causes the trigger (d) When the pressure on the trigger fork
shaft to rotate , which forces the trigger fork for is released, the firing spring continues to expand
ward ( view A , fig 4-28 , sheet 1). This pushes the forward and rearward with equal force. The for
firing pin holder sleeve forward, compressing the ward pressure is applied to themiddle rear surface
firing spring . of the trigger fork by the T on the firing pin holder
(view D ). The rearward pressure is applied to the
(b ) The sleeve continues to be forced for top front surface of the trigger fork by the firing
ward until it trips the sear (view B ). pin holder sleeve.
(c) This releases the firing pin holder , al (e) Since the rearward pressure exerted
lowing the compressed firing spring to expand and to the top front surface acts on a longer lever arm
snap the firing pin forward (view C , sheet 2). The than that of the forward pressure, the trigger fork
firing pin detonates the primer in the cartridge rotates rearward and moves the firing pin holder
case, which ignites the propelling charge. rearward until the sear again engages the firing pin
holder (view A , sheet 1).

FIRING PIN HOLDER SLEEVE

FIRING FIRING PIN HOLDER
CASEN
JBREECHBLOCK
BUSHING
99191998 RASHERR
TRIGGER
TRIG GERN
FORK
SA HA FIRING
Velog 1619 PIN

COTTER
PIN
TRIGGER
SHAFT FIRING SEAR
SPRING SPRING SEAR

A . IN FIRING POSITION

FIRING PIN FIRING SPRING

HOLDER SLEEVE (FULLY COMPRESSED )

SALARIA

SEAR SPRING SEAR

(COMPRESSED )

B . TRIPPING THE SEAR ARR 80- 1392

Figure 4-28. Continuous-pull firing mechanism operation (1 of 2).

4 - 16
 TM 9-3305

FIRING PIN
HOLDER
|FIRING
PIN
NILALANI

Solöllu ooo

FIRING SPRING

C . ATMOMENT OF FIRING

FORCE EXERTED BY FIRING

PIN HOLDER SLEEVE
LEVER ARMS OF
APPLIED FORCESN FIRING PIN
HOLDER
FORCES EXERTED BY |
FIRING PIN HOLDER |
1: 1: 1

: 1001

FULCRUM OF LEVER ARMS

OF APPLIED FORCES

FIRING SPRING
TRIGGER FIRING PIN (EXPANDING )
FORK HOLDER
SLEEVE

D . FORCES FOR AUTOMATIC COCKING ARR 80- 1393

Figure 4-28. Continuous-pull firing mechanism operation ( 2 of 2 ).

4 - 17
TM 9 -3305

(2) M35 firing mechanism (fig 4 -29). The

functioning of this firing mechanism is very simi
lar to the M13 firing mechanism . It is used on the
M109 /M109A1 howitzer, the M110/M110A1 how
itzer, the M198 howitzer , and the M107 gun.

HINGE PIN
HAMMER YOKE GUIDE YOKE SPRING

cu HAMMER SPRING
CUP am no
LEVER
SEAR PIN
SEAR SEAR
SPRING

CASE LANYARD
LEVER
FOLLOWER ARR 80 1394
Figure 4 -29. M35 firing mechanism .

b . Inertia Firing Mechanism (Fig 4-30). This tracted by a separate retracting spring. The firing
firing mechanism has a heavy firing pin and guide mechanism cocks when the breechblock is opened
assembly which moves forward by inertia to strike and remains cocked during loading and closing of
the primer after the action of the firing pin has thebreechblock . The inertia firing mechanism , used
stopped . The firing pin and guide assembly is re on the M102 howitzer, functions in three phases:

SPRING PIN

COCKING
LEVER COCKING BREECHBLOCK
LEVER
Ke - - - - SPRING
HOB FIRING
BUSHING TRIGGER

RETRACTOR DOO

RETAINER la VL SEAR
SEAR
SPRING SEAR
SPRING
FIRING PIN FIRING
GUIDE PIN ARR 80 1395

Figure 4 -30. Inertia firing mechanism .

4 - 18
 TM 9-3305
(1) Cocking phase (view A , fig 4 -31). The guide forward until it strikes the breechblock ; ar
cocking lever is rotated . The lower end of the lever the same time, the firing pin hits the primer and
pushes against a lug in the guide,moving the guide fires the weapon . The forward motion of the firing
rearward and compressing the firing spring until pin reduces the distance between the shoulder on
the sear lug passes the sear. The action of the sear the firing pin and the firing spring stop , thereby
spring moves the sear across the guide in front of compressing the retracting spring between them .
the sear lug. The fully compressed firing spring
pushes the guide and firing pin forward. The sear (3) Retracting phase (view C ). The retracting
lug pushes against the sear, which prevents the pin pulls back or retracts the firing pin into the
guide from flying forward . The weapon is now breechblock to keep the firing pin from being
ready for firing. sheared off as the breechblock is opened . The com
pressed retracting spring pushes back on the firing
(2 ) Firing phase (view B ). When the lanyard pin and is restrained only at its forward end by the
is pulled , the firing trigger is rotated , which in turn firing spring stop and breechblock . The guide, with
causes the sear to revolve. The rotation of the sear firing pin attached, is free to move to the rear. The
causes the engaging surfaces to tip over , releasing compressed retracting spring expands, pulling the
the inertia mechanism . The sear releases the guide, firing pin back into the breechblock . The system is
which moves forward under the pressure of the fir then at rest, ready for subsequent cocking and fir
ing spring. The firing spring stop strikes the for ing .
ward end of the breechblock, inertia carrying the
FIRING SPRING
FIRING PIN

BREECHBLOCK
BUSHING RETAINER
RETRACTING
W ool SPRING

FIRING SPRING
STOP SEAR LUG

A . COCKING PHASE

BREECHBLOCK FIRING BREECHBLOCK FIRING

BUSHING SPRING BUSHING SPRING
FIRING PIN RETAINER
Sonyha FIRING
PaugePIN
PIN
RETAINER

RETAINEN

'0009

SEAR LUG SEAR LUG RETRACTING

SPRING
FIRING SPRING RETRACTING FIRING SPRING
STOP SPRING STOP

B . FIRING PHASE C . RETRACTING PHASE

B.FIRING PHRASE431.Inertin firing mechanism ARR 80 - 1396
a nism
Figure 4 -31. Inerti firing mecha operation .

4 - 19
TM 9-3305

c . Percussion -Hammer Firing Mechanism (3) To fire, the lanyard is pulled (view B ). When
(Fig 4 -32). This firing mechanism has a hammer the lanyard is pulled , the hammer strikes the firing
which , when actuated by a pull on a lanyard, pin , which then strikes the primer.
strikes the firing pin and fires theweapon . The per
cussion -hammer firing mechanism , used on the (4) The compressed firing pin spring returns
M114A1howitzer, functions as follows: the firing pin to its normal position (fig 4 -32).
( 1) A primer is inserted in the primer holder (5 ) After firing, the firing mechanism block is
in the front face of the firing mechanism block unscrewed from the breechblock to remove the
( fig 4 -32). fired primer.
(2) The firing mechanism block is screwed
into the breechblock (view A , fig 4-33).
FIRING MECHANISM PROTECTIVE:
BLOCK HANDLE RIM
FIRING MECHANISM
SAFETY PLUNGER

FIRING PIN
SPRING ung und a
FIRING
MECHANISM
BLOCK CUTAWAY PORTION OF
PRIMER PROTECTIVE RIM TO
ALLOW PERCUSSION
HAMMER TO CONTACT
FIRING PIN FIRING PIN
ARR 80 1397
Figure 4 .32. Percussion-hammer firing mechanism .

FIRING
PIN FIRING
MECHANISM
BLOCK
FIRING
MECHANISM
BLOCK
HAMMER
BREECHBLOCK

HAMMER
LANYARD
LANYARD
A . PERCUSSION HAMMER LOCKED B . PERCUSSION HAMMER AT MOMENT
PRIOR TO FIRING OF FIRING
ARR 80 1398
Figure 4 -33. Percussion-hammer firing mechanism operation .

4 -20
 TM 9 -3305

4-13. Obturator. DeBange obturator,must be included in thebreech

a. Obturation . Obturation is the prevention of mechanism to prevent the rearward escape of pro
the rearward passage of gases into the threads and pellant gases.
other parts of the breech mechanism . These gases,
which have great velocities and high temperatures, b . DeBange Obturator.
would soon erode and ruin the breech mechanism .
This would affect the ballistics of the weapon if a (1) Components. The obturator, which
means of obturation were not introduced . passes through the breechblock ( fig 4 -34), is free
to move back and forth . Between the mushroom
(1) In Wweapons roved semifixed
hen theusing mmunit ,,
by meansammunitionion shaped head of the spindle and the breechblock is
obturation is accomplished by means of the car the obturator pad (fig 4-35) made of asbestos and
tridge case. When the round is fired, the pressure nonfluid oil or of neoprene. Two steel split rings,
of the propellant gases expands the cartridge case, ground accurately to bear against the walls of the
forming a tight seal against the walls of the cham bore, encircle the obturator pad . The obturator
ber. This prevents the gases from escaping to the pad , split rings, and spindle do not rotate with the
rear. When the gas pressure drops, the cartridge breechblock during closing or opening, but the
case contracts sufficiently to permit easy extrac breechblock rotates about the spindle as an axle.
tion . There is a small split ring around the spindle to
prevent the escape of obturator pad composition
(2 ) In weapons using separate- loading am and gas. A disk forms a bearing between the obtu
munition , an obturating device, such as the rator pad and breechblock .

BREECHBLOCK

CARRIER

- OBTURATOR SPINDLE
ARR 80-1399
Figure 4-34. Obturator spindle , breechblock, and carrier.

FRONT OBTURATOR PAD

DISK
SPLIT
RING

SPINDLE

REAR
INNER SPLIT
RING RING ARR 80-1400

Figure 4 - 35 . Obturator spindle components.

4 -21
TM 9-3305

(2) Operation. When the weapon is fired , the

gas pressure acts against the head of the spindle,
moving the spindle back and compressing the pad
between the rear of the mushroom head and the
front of the breechblock itself (view A , fig 4- 36 ).
This causes the pad to expand radially against the
split rings, which expand to make a gas-tight seal
against the bore wall. After firing, when the gas
pressure is reduced, the pad returns to its normal
shape (view B ), moving the spindle forward. The
split rings contract to their original size, and the
breechblock can then be opened.
SPLIT
SEAL RINGS
(OPEN )

GAS
PRESSURE

OBTURATOR
SEAL PAD

A .UNDER GAS PRESSURE (FIRING).

SPLIT RINGS
BREECHBLOCK (CLOSED )

SPINDLE

OBTURATOR PAD

B . NORMAL. ARR 80- 1401

Figure 4 -36 . Obturator operation .

4 - 22
 TM 9 -3305

CHAPTER 5
LOADING AND RAMMING MECHANISM

Section 1. HAND LOADING AND RAMMING DEVICES

5 -1. Hand Loading and Ramming.
a . Weapons firing semifixed ammunition , such M198 howitzer, are loaded manually . For speed
as the M101/M101Ai howitzer and the M102 how and convenience, the projectile is placed on a load
itzer are loaded manually ( fig 5 - 1 ). The fuzed pro ing tray and loaded into the tube, using a loading
jectile is seated in the chamber by the action of the rammer (fig 5 - 2 ). This method is also used when
breechblock when the breech is closed . power rammers fail to function . The ram must seal
the rotating bands on the projectile with the forc
b . Some weapons firing separate-loading am ing cone of the tube to prevent fall-back when the
munition , such as the M114A1 howitzer and the tube is elevated .

ARR 80-1402
Figure 5 - 1 . Hand loading and ramming for weapons firing semifixed ammunition .
US

D
I
V
A
D

A . LOADING B . RAMMING ARR 80 -1403

Figure 5 -2. Hand loading and ramming for weapons firing separate-loading ammunition.

5-1
TM 9 -3305

Section II. POWER LOADING

AND RAMMING MECHANISM
5-2. General. There are two types of hydraulical b . The rammer mechanism (fig 5 -4) is designed
ly powered loading and ramming mechanisms. to ram the projectile into the tube. The projectile
must bemanually placed on the rammer tray. The
a. The loader and rammer mechanism (fig 5-3) rammer mechanism is used on theM109/M109A1
is designed to lift the projectile onto the rammer howitzer.
assembly and ram the projectile into the tube. The
M110 /M110A1 howitzer and the M107 gun use
this loader and rammer mechanism .
BHAI

- ARR 80-1404
Figure 5- 3. Loader and rammer mechanism .

e ARR 80-1405

Figure 5 -4. Rammer mechanism .

5- 2
 TM 9 -3305

5 - 3. Loader and Rammer Mechanism .

a . General. The hydraulic loader and rammer (2) The vehicle hydraulic system provides
mechanism lifts a projectile from the rear or left the power for operation . If a hydraulic power fail
side of the vehicle, positions it, and rams it into the ure occurs, auxiliary power is provided by a hand
chamber. pump and handcranks.
(1) The loader and rammer mechanism is b. Components. The loader and rammer mecha
bolted to a support arm and traversing cylinder as nism (fig 5 -6 ) consists of a trough rammer, lifting
sembly mounted on the top carriage (fig 5 -5 ). This tray , loader arm , lifting cylinders, rammer chain ,
mounting allows the loader and rammer mecha rammer chain housing, rammer gearcase housing ,
nism to be traversed during the loading operation . rammer cylinder, and traverse cylinder.

// ARR 80-1406

Figure 5 -5 . Loader and rammer mechanism (stowed position).

ROU RAMMER
| TTROUGH

LOADER ARM

LIFTING TRAY

LIFTING CYLINDERS

TRAVERSE CYLINDER RAMMER CYLINDER RAMMER CHAIN , RAMMER

(hidden ) CHAIN HOUSING , RAMMER
GEARCASE HOUSING ARR 80 -1407

Figure 5 -6 . Loader and rammer mechanism components.

5 -3
TM 9 - 3305

C. Controls . Most of the controls are located to trough forward so the slide trough control release
the rear and right of the gunner 's seat. handle on the left side of the trough can latch pro
perly .
(1) Lifting tray handles (fig 5 - 7). There are
four lifting tray handles on the lifting tray. (3) Trough control release handle ( fig 5 -7).
The trough control release handle on the left side of
(2) Loader handle (fig 5 -7). The loader handle the trough engages the catch to permit rammer op
on the right side of the trough is used to slide the eration .

LOADER LIFTING TRAY

HANDLE HANDLES

Tier
TROUGH CONTROL
RELEASE HANDLE
1Y WATT

R 80-1408

Figure 5-7. Loader and rammer mechanism controls.

(4) Hand pump (fig 5-8 ). The hand pump on (5 ) Handcranks. The handcranks are in
the right side of the turret is used to swing the serted in the ends of therammerhead shaft formanu
loader and rammer mechanism into position and to alramming during hydraulic power failure (view A ,
lift the projectile during a hydraulic power failure. fig 5 -9 ). The handcranks are stowed in the bracket
to the right of the rammer housing (view B ).

5 -4
 TM 9 -3305

HAND PUMP

ARR 80 -1409

Figure 5-8. Hand pump.

na e
HANDCRANKS

HANDCRANK

A . OPERATING POSITION B . STOWED POSITION

ARR 80-1410

Figure 5-9. Handcranks.

5 -5
TM 9-3305

(6) Hydraulic pressure gage (fig 5 -10 ). Locat (8 ) Loader control valve (fig 5 -10). The load
ed on the forward end of the rammer controlmani er control valve, located on the rammer control
fold , the hydraulic pressure gage is used to moni manifold , operates the loader arm which raises a
tor the hydraulic system . The gage registers the projectile to the trough.
pressure of the main hydraulic system and the
pressure supplied to the control valves. (9) Swing control valve (fig 5- 10 ). The swing
control valve, located on the rammer controlmani
(7) Rammer control valve (fig 5 -10). The fold , allows the loader and rammer mechanism to
rammer control valve is located on the rammer be swung in either the load position behind the can
control manifold mounted on a bracket on the left non or the stowed position behind the gunner's
trunnion. It operates a hydraulic cylinder -operated seat (fig 5 -5 ).
rammer chain which rams the projectile into the
chamber.

LOADER CONTROL SWING CONTROL

- VALVE - VALVE
HYDRAULIC RAMMER CONTROL
PRESSURE VALVE
GAGE

O coe

ARR 80-1411

Figure 5-10. Rammer control manifold.

5 -6
 TM 9 -3305

5 -4 . Rammer Mechanism . hydraulic system . When the solenoid is energized ,

a. General. The rammer mechanism only rams hyder, drivoilinunder
hydraulic time-delenters
g theApressure ay ns ththee erammer
lec cyl
inder, driving the rammer, which rams the projec
the projectile. The vehicle hydraulic system pro tile into the tube. A time-delay relay in the rammer
vides the power for operation . control box automatically opens the electrical cir
b . Operation. The projectile must be manually cuit , and the rammer is retracted .
placed and positioned on the ramming tray . When
the rammer is placed in the ram position , the acti C. Components. The rammer mechanism
( fig 5 - 11) consists of the rammer support, rammer
vating of a series of switches on the rammer mech
anism allows electrical power to pass through the support shaft , rammer tray , rammer tray support,
rammer control box and energize a solenoid in the rammer cylinder, and rammer swivel head.

ITI0

RAMMER
SWIVEL
HEAD

RAMMER
1111 SUPPORT
SHAFT

RAMMER
CYLINDER
ol

RAMMER
TRAY
RAMMER RAMMER
TRAY SUPPORT
SUPPORT ARR 80-1412

Figure 5-11. Rammermechanism components.

5 -7
TM 9-3305

d . Controls . (2 ) Main release handle (fig 5 -12). The main

release handle is used to unlatch the rammer from
( 1) Cylinder-release handle (fig 5 -12 ). The cyl the stowed position , to pull the rammer to the rear
inder-release handle is used to rotate the rammer on the rammer support shaft, and to assist in lift
cylinder from the load position to the ram position . ing the rammer into the ram position .
When in the ram position , the cylinder latch se
cures the cylinder during ramming. Lifting the cyl (3) Rollover switch (fig 5 -12). The rollover
inder-release handle releases the latch and cylinder switch is activated when the rammer cylinder is ro
so they can be rotated to the load position . tated to the load position .

CYLINDER
RELEASE
HANDLE

MAIN RELEASE
HANDLE
ROLLOVER SWITCH ARR 80- 1413

Figure 5-12. Rammer mechanism controls

( 4 ) Latch switch ( fig 5 - 13 ). The latch switch ,

activated when the rammer cylinder is latched in
the ram position, causes the rammer to ram the
projectile.

LATCH SWITCH ARR 80-1414

Figure 5 -13. Latch switch .

5 -8
 TM 9 -3305
(5) Limiting switch ( fig 5- 14 ). The limiting lay keeps the rammer extended until the time-de
switch is a safety switch that is closed when the lay relay opens the circuit and the rammer is re
rammer is in the ram position. tracted .
(6 ) Rammer control box (fig 5 - 15 ). The ram (7) Solenoid (fig 5- 16 ). The solenoid operates
mer electrical circuit is controlled by the rammer the hydraulic spool valve.When the solenoid is ac
control box which contains the holding relay and tivated, a plunger in the solenoid extends through
the time-delay relay. Current from the vehicle elec the bottom of the solenoid . This plunger pushes
tricalsystem enters the rammer controlbox,where and holds the hydraulic spool valve in the open po
it is fed to the rammer control switches. When all sition . When the circuit is opened, the spool valve
the switches are activated, current is fed to the so is returned to the closed position by a coil spring
lenoid which activates the rammer. The holding re under the spool.

LIMITING SWITCH

ARR 80-1415

Figure 5-14 . Limiting switch .

SOLENOID
00
20

RAMMER
CONTROL
BOX
ARR 80-1416 ARR 80 -1417

Figure 5- 15 . Rammer control box. Figure 5 - 16 . Solenoid .

5 -9 (5 - 10 blank )
 TM 9 -3305

CHAPTER 6
RECOIL MECHANISM

Section I. GENERAL
6 - 1. Definitions.
a . Recoil. Recoil is the rearward movement of weremounted rigidly , without a recoil system , the
the cannon and connecting parts after the weapon carriage would not be able to withstand the loads
is fired . It is caused by a reaction to the forward imposed on it without rupturing, overturning, or
motion of the projectile and hot gases. The momen displacing. With the carriages used until 100 years
tum of the cannon and other recoiling parts is ago, firing a shot caused the entire gun and mount
equal to the momentum of the projectile and the to jump violently (view A , fig 6 -1 ). The gun crew
propelling gases. The energy required to destroy would then have to return the weapon to its origi
this momentum and bring the cannon to rest may nal aim before firing the next shot.
reach 100 ,000 pound-feet or more in moderate size
cannons. b . To bring carriage stresses down and to en
sure stability , a recoil mechanism is put between
b . Counterrecoil. Counterrecoil is the forward the cannon and carriage. The recoilmechanism ab
movement of the cannon and connecting parts re sorbs the energy of the recoiling parts (view B ,
turning to the in battery or firing position after re fig 6 - 1) and reduces cannon jump, enabling the
coil. It is caused by the energy transferred during cannon to remain in position throughout the firing
recoil. In some weapons, counterrecoil helps to cycle. Only minor changes in aim are required to
open the breech . lay the weapon on target for thenext shot, speed
ing up the rate of fire. The recoil mechanism also
6 -2 . Purpose of the Recoil Mechanism . makes lighter carriages and mounts possible so
a . The forces produced in a cannon tube when that mobility of the weapon is greatly improved.
the weapon is fired are very great. If the cannon
‫ܫدܢܝعܐا‬
‫لیزر‬

RECOIL
geria

.‫ا‬

RECOIL
JUMP CYLINDER

A . WITHOUT RECOIL MECHANISM B . WITH RECOIL MECHANISM

ARR 80-1418
Figure 6 -1. Effects of recoil force.

6-1
TM 9 - 3305

Section II. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

6 -3 . General (1) The piston is fixed to the carriage; the
cylinder is attached to the tube and moves with it
a . The recoil mechanism absorbs the energy of during recoil and counterrecoil.
the recoiling parts in the distance of a few inches to
a few feet. It dissipates some of the energy through (2) The piston is attached to the tube and
the throttling of the recoil oil, by the friction of moves with it during recoil and counterrecoil; the
moving parts, and by transferring the remainder of cylinder is fixed to the carriage.
the energy to a spring or compressed gas. When
the sum of the energy dissipated and the energy NOTE
transferred equals the original energy , the recoil The following discussion of the opera
motion stops and counterrecoil motion begins. The
cannon is returned to the in battery position for tion of the recoil brake is based on the
further firing. piston being attached to the tube.

b . A recoil mechanism consists of a recoil b . Operation. The piston is pulled with the can
non as it recoils. As the piston moves to the rear, it
brake, a counterrecoil mechanism , and a counterre applies pressure to the oil which is forced through
coil buffer . A replenisher is used on recoil mecha
nisms found in medium or heavy artillery weapons. grooves in the recoil cylinder or ports in the piston.
The size of the openings is such that the oil cannot
( 1) Recoil brake. The recoil brake controls re pass through fast enough to relieve entirely the
pressure behind the piston . The oil, therefore, ex
coil and limits its length . erts force on the piston , which retards its motion.
(2) Counterrecoilmechanism . The counterre For a uniform recoil and gradual stopping of the
cannon , the rate of oil flow must be controlled or
coilmechanism returns the recoiling parts to the in throttled by varying the size of the openings
battery position . through which the oil flows. Devices for throttling
(3) Counterrecoil buffer. The counterrecoil the oil are as follows:
buffer slows the end of counterrecoil motion and (1) Throttling grooves. Throttling grooves
prevents shock to the recoiling parts. ( fig 6 - 2 ) are tapered slots or grooves cut into the re
(4 ) Replenisher. The replenisher, used on in
coil cylinder walls . The piston has no ports; the oil
dependent recoilmechanisms, allows the oil in the flows through the throttling grooves. The grooves
recoil system to expand or contract. It also com are cut so that the depth is greatest at the be
ginning of recoil and tapers to zero at the end of
pensates for the loss of small amounts of recoil oil recoil. Thus, the oil flows freely at first, allowing
due to leakage from the oil seals . the cannon to recoil (view A ). As the piston moves
6 -4 . Recoil Brake. in the cylinder, the depth of the grooves decreases
(view B ), resulting in a corresponding decrease of
a . General. The recoil brake controls the recoil oil flow and retardation of recoil. At the end of re
of a weapon. It consists of a piston which moves in coil (view C), the piston completely seals the cylin
a cylinder filled with oil. When the tube recoils, der, stopping the oil flow and bringing the tube to
there is a relative motion between the piston and rest. Throttling grooves are used on the M110 /
the cylinder. The recoil brake is attached to the M110A1howitzer and the M107 gun.
weapon in one of the following ways:

6-2
 TM 9 -3305

CHAPTER 6
RECOIL MECHANISM

Section I. GENERAL
6 -1. Definitions.
a . Recoil. Recoil is the rearward movement of were mounted rigidly, without a recoil system , the
the cannon and connecting parts after the weapon carriage would not be able to withstand the loads
is fired . It is caused by a reaction to the forward imposed on it without rupturing, overturning, or
motion of the projectile and hot gases. The momen displacing. With the carriages used until 100 years
tum of the cannon and other recoiling parts is ago , firing a shot caused the entire gun and mount
equal to the momentum of the projectile and the to jump violently (view A , fig 6 - 1). The gun crew
propelling gases . The energy required to destroy would then have to return theweapon to its origi
this momentum and bring the cannon to rest may nal aim before firing the next shot.
reach 100,000 pound -feet or more in moderate size
cannons. b . To bring carriage stresses down and to en
sure stability, a recoil mechanism is put between
b . Counterrecoil. Counterrecoil is the forward the cannon and carriage. The recoil mechanism ab
movement of the cannon and connecting parts re sorbs the energy of the recoiling parts (view B ,
turning to the in battery or firing position after re fig 6 - 1) and reduces cannon jump, enabling the
coil. It is caused by the energy transferred during cannon to remain in position throughout the firing
recoil. In some weapons, counterrecoil helps to cycle . Only minor changes in aim are required to
open the breech . lay the weapon on target for the next shot, speed
ing up the rate of fire. The recoil mechanism also
6 -2. Purpose of the Recoil Mechanism . makes lighter carriages and mounts possible so
a . The forces produced in a cannon tube when that mobility of the weapon is greatly improved .
the weapon is fired are very great. If the cannon

RECOIL
Liz
‫ینے‬Los
‫ل‬
.

RECOIL
JUMP CYLINDER

A . WITHOUT RECOIL MECHANISM B . WITH RECOIL MECHANISM

ARR 80- 1418
Figure 6 - 1. Effects of recoil force.
 TM 9 -3305

Section II. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

6 -3 . General. (1) The piston is fixed to the carriage; the
cylinder is attached to the tube and moves with it
a . The recoil mechanism absorbs the energy of during recoil and counterrecoil.
the recoiling parts in the distance of a few inches to
a few feet. It dissipates some of the energy through
the throttling of the recoil oil, by the friction of
(2) The piston is attached to the tube and
moving parts, and by transferring the remainder of moves with it during recoil and counterrecoil; the
the energy to a spring or compressed gas. When cylinder is fixed to the carriage.
the sum of the energy dissipated and the energy NOTE
transferred equals the original energy , the recoil The following discussion ofthe opera
motion stops and counterrecoil motion begins. The tion of the recoil brake is based on the
cannon is returned to the in battery position for piston being attached to the tube.
further firing.
b . A recoil mechanism consists of a recoil b . Operation. The piston is pulled with the can.
brake, a counterrecoil mechanism , and a counterre non as it recoils. As the piston moves to the rear, it
coil buffer . A replenisher is used on recoil mecha applies pressure to the oil which is forced through
nisms found in medium or heavy artillery weapons. grooves in the recoil cylinder or ports in the piston .
The size of the openings is such that the oil cannot
(1) Recoil brake. The recoil brake controls re pass through fast enough to relieve entirely the
coil and limits its length. pressure behind the piston . The oil, therefore, ex
erts force on the piston , which retards its motion .
(2 ) Counterrecoil mechanism . The counterre For a uniform recoil and gradual stopping of the
coilmechanism returns the recoiling parts to the in cannon , the rate of oil flow must be controlled or
throttled by varying the size of the openings
battery position. through which the oil flows. Devices for throttling
(3) Counterrecoil buffer . The counterrecoil the oil are as follows:
buffer slows the end of counterrecoil motion and
prevents shock to the recoiling parts. (1) Throttling grooves. Throttling grooves
(fig 6- 2) are tapered slots or grooves cut into there
(4) Replenisher. The replenisher, used on in coil cylinder walls. The piston has no ports ; the oil
dependent recoil mechanisms, allows the oil in the flows through the throttling grooves. The grooves
are cut so that the depth is greatest at the be
recoil system to expand or contract. It also com ginning of recoil and tapers to zero at the end of
pensates for the loss of small amounts of recoil oil recoil. Thus, the oil flows freely at first, allowing
due to leakage from the oil seals .
the cannon to recoil ( view A ). As the piston moves
6 -4 . Recoil Brake. in the cylinder, the depth of the grooves decreases
(view B ), resulting in a corresponding decrease of
a. General. The recoil brake controls the recoil oil flow and retardation of recoil. At the end of re
of a weapon . It consists of a piston which moves in coil (view C ), the piston completely seals the cylin
a cylinder filled with oil. When the tube recoils , der, stopping the oil flow and bringing the tube to
there is a relative motion between the piston and rest. Throttling grooves are used on the M110 /
the cylinder. The recoil brake is attached to the M110A1 howitzer and the M107 gun .
weapon in one of the following ways:

6-2
 TM 9 -3305

CHAPTER 6
RECOIL MECHANISM
Section 1. GENERAL
6 -1 . Definitions.
a . Recoil. Recoil is the rearward movement of were mounted rigidly , without a recoil system , the
the cannon and connecting parts after theweapon carriage would not be able to withstand the loads
is fired . It is caused by a reaction to the forward imposed on it without rupturing, overturning , or
motion of the projectile and hot gases. The momen displacing . With the carriages used until 100 years
tum of the cannon and other recoiling parts is ago, firing a shot caused the entire gun and mount
equal to the momentum of the projectile and the to jump violently (view A , fig 6 - 1). The gun crew
propelling gases. The energy required to destroy would then have to return the weapon to its origi
this momentum and bring the cannon to rest may nal aim before firing the next shot.
reach 100,000 pound-feet or more in moderate size
cannons. b . To bring carriage stresses down and to en
sure stability, a recoil mechanism is put between
b . Counterrecoil. Counterrecoil is the forward the cannon and carriage. The recoilmechanism ab
movement of the cannon and connecting parts re sorbs the energy of the recoiling parts (view B ,
turning to the in battery or firing position after re fig 6- 1) and reduces cannon jump, enabling the
coil. It is caused by the energy transferred during cannon to remain in position throughout the firing
recoil. In some weapons, counterrecoil helps to cycle . Only minor changes in aim are required to
open the breech . lay the weapon on target for the next shot, speed
ing up the rate of fire. The recoil mechanism also
6- 2 . Purpose of the Recoil Mechanism . makes lighter carriages and mounts possible so
a . The forces produced in a cannon tube when that mobility of the weapon is greatly improved .
the weapon is fired are very great. If the cannon
‫لینے‬
‫ترینر‬

RECOIL
น่ะ.
.

RECOIL
JUMP CYLINDER

A . WITHOUT RECOIL MECHANISM B . WITH RECOIL MECHANISM

ARR 80-1418
Figure 6 - 1 . Effects of recoil force.

6-1
TM 9- 3305

Section II. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

6 -3. General. ( 1) The piston is fixed to the carriage; the
cylinder is attached to the tube and moves with it
a. The recoil mechanism absorbs the energy of during recoil and counterrecoil.
the recoiling parts in the distance of a few inches to
a few feet. It dissipates some of the energy through (2) The piston is attached to the tube and
the throttling of the recoil oil, by the friction of moves with it during recoil and counterrecoil; the
moving parts, and by transferring the remainder of cylinder is fixed to the carriage.
the energy to a spring or compressed gas. When
the sum of the energy dissipated and the energy NOTE
transferred equals the original energy, the recoil The following discussion ofthe opera
motion stops and counterrecoilmotion begins. The tion of the recoil brake is based on the
cannon is returned to the in battery position for piston being attached to the tube.
further firing.
b . A recoil mechanism consists of a recoil b . Operation . The piston is pulled with the can
non as it recoils . As the piston moves to the rear, it
brake, a counterrecoil mechanism , and a counterre applies pressure to the oil which is forced through
coil buffer. A replenisher is used on recoil mecha grooves in the recoil cylinder or ports in the piston .
nismsfound in medium or heavy artillery weapons. The size of the openings is such that the oil cannot
(1) Recoilbrake. The recoil brake controls re pass through fast enough to relieve entirely the
pressure behind the piston . The oil, therefore, ex
coil and limits its length . erts force on the piston , which retards its motion.
(2) Counterrecoil mechanism . The counterre For a uniform recoil and gradual stopping of the
coil mechanism returns the recoiling parts to the in cannon , the rate of oil flow must be controlled or
throttled by varying the size of the openings
battery position . through which the oil flows. Devices for throttling
the oil are as follows:
(3) Counterrecoil buffer. The counterrecoil
buffer slows the end of counterrecoil motion and (1) Throttling grooves. Throttling grooves
prevents shock to the recoiling parts. (fig 6 - 2) are tapered slots or grooves cut into the re
coil cylinder walls. The piston has no ports; the oil
(4 ) Replenisher. The replenisher , used on in flows through the throttling grooves. The grooves
dependent recoil mechanisms, allowsthe oil in the are cut so that the depth is greatest at the be
recoil system to expand or contract. It also com ginning of recoil and tapers to zero at the end of
pensates for the loss of small amounts of recoil oil recoil. Thus, the oil flows freely at first, allowing
due to leakage from the oil seals . the cannon to recoil (view A ). As the piston moves
6 -4 . Recoil Brake. in the cylinder, the depth of the grooves decreases
(view B ), resulting in a corresponding decrease of
a . General. The recoil brake controls the recoil oil flow and retardation of recoil. At the end of re
of a weapon . It consists of a piston which moves in coil (view C), the piston completely seals the cylin
a cylinder filled with oil. When the tube recoils, der, stopping the oil flow and bringing the tube to
there is a relative motion between the piston and rest. Throttling grooves are used on the M110/
the cylinder . The recoil brake is attached to the M110A1 howitzer and the M107 gun .
weapon in one of the following ways:
 TM 9-3305

RECOIL THROTTLING GROOVE

CYLINDER

THROTTLING THROTTLING
PISTON GROOVE PISTON GROOVE

THROTTLING GROOVE

PISTON
ARR 80 -1419

Figure 6 -2 . Throttling grooves.

(2) Throttling rod . A tapered throttling rod cannon continues to recoil, the opening in the pis
is attached to the recoil cylinder (fig 6 - 3). The pis ton through which the oil flows is decreased until
ton rod is hollow to receive the throttling rod dur the throttling rod nearly seals the throttling orifice
ing recoil. Ports in the piston allow oil to flow . At at the end of recoil (view B ), making the flow of oil
the start of recoil (view A ) the smallest section of difficult. As the oil can be compressed only slight
the throttling rod is in the throttling orifice; the oil ly , the cannon is brought to rest. The throttling
flows freely , allowing the cannon to recoil. As the rod is used on the M114A1 howitzer.
RECOIL RECOIL
THROTTLING ROD PISTON CYLINDER PISTON ROD PISTON CYLINDER

PISTON ROD PORTS PORTS THROTTLING ROD

A . AT START OF RECOIL B . AT END OF RECOIL

ARR 80-1420

Figure 6 - 3 . Throttling rod .

6 -3
TM 9 -3305

(3) Variable recoil throttling rod and throt

tling grooves. Most current field artillery weapons of the control rod is controlled through gears and
have a variable recoil mechanism . This permits camsby the angle ofelevation .Maximum recoilre
long recoil at low angles of elevation for stability sults when the throttling grooves aline with ports
and short recoil at high elevation to prevent the in the piston , allowing the maximum flow of oil. To
cannon from hitting the ground or some part of the reduce the length of recoil, the control rod is rotat
weapon (fig 6 - 4). The recoil brake consists of a ed and moves the throttling grooves out of line
throttling rod and throttling grooves (fig 6 -5 ). A with the ports. This reduces the size of the open
hollow piston rod (throttling rod) slides on a con ings through which the oil can flow , resulting in a
trol rod with throttling grooves in it . The rotation shorter recoil.

LONG RECOIL (LOW ELEVATION)

SHORT RECOIL
(HIGH ELEVATION )

ARR 80-1421

Figure 6-4. Variable recoil.

DEVICE FOR ROTATING CONTROL ROD PORT PISTON ROD

CONTROL ROD

PISTON PORT THROTTLING GROOVE ARR 80-1422

Figure 6 -5. Variable recoil throttling rod and throttling grooves.

6-4
 TM 9-3305
6 -5 . CounterrecoilMechanism . The counterrecoil ( 1) As the cannon recoils, carrying the recoil
mechanism returns the cannon from the recoil posi piston with it , the oil is forced through the port in
tion to the firing position and holds it there until the recuperator cylinder ( view B ). This forces the
the weapon is fired again . There are three kinds of floating piston forward , further compressing the
hydropneumatic counterrecoil mechanisms in use gas, which helps to check recoil.
on current field artillery weapons.
(2) At the end of recoil, the increased gas
a . The dependent counterrecoil mechanism , in pressure forces the floating piston back to the rear,
which the recoil and counterrecoil systems are con driving the oil back through the port and against
nected by an oil passage, is found on all light field the recoil piston . This pushes the piston and can
artillery weapons. The floating piston counterre non back into battery . The initial gas pressure is
coil mechanism uses the force of compressed gas made great enough to hold the cannon in battery
(usually nitrogen ) to return the cannon to the in until the weapon is fired again .
battery position (view A , fig 6 -6 ). The floating pis
ton forms a tight seal between the oil at one end of
the recuperator (counterrecoil) cylinder and the gas
at the other end.

RECOIL CYLINDER CANNON

PISTON – PORT
- OIL
RECUPERATOR FLOATING
CYLINDER OR GAS
GAS PISTON

A . FIRING POSITION (IN BATTERY)

CANNON
RECOIL CYLINDER
RECUPERATOR PISTON
CYLINDER

PORT
COMPRESSED
GAS - OIL
FLOATING
PISTON

AR T 80-1423
B .AT END OF RECOIL ARR

5 -6 . Dependent counterrecoil mechanism .

6 -5
TM 9-3305

(3) Variable recoil throttling rod and throt

tling grooves .Most current field artillery weapons of the control rod is controlled through gears and
have a variable recoil mechanism . This permits camsby the angle of elevation .Maximum recoil re
long recoil at low angles of elevation for stability sults when the throttling grooves aline with ports
and short recoil at high elevation to prevent the in the piston , allowing the maximum flow of oil. To
cannon from hitting the ground or some part of the reduce the length of recoil, the control rod is rotat
weapon (fig 6-4 ). The recoil brake consists of a ed and moves the throttling grooves out of line
throttling rod and throttling grooves (fig 6 -5 ). A with the ports. This reduces the size of the open
hollow piston rod (throttling rod) slides on a con - ings through which the oil can flow , resulting in a
trol rod with throttling grooves in it. The rotation shorter recoil.

LONG RECOIL (LOW ELEVATION )

SHORT RECOIL
| (HIGH ELEVATION )

ARR 80- 1421

Figure 6 -4. Variable recoil.

DEVICE FOR ROTATING CONTROL ROD PORT PISTON ROD

CONTROL ROD

PISTON PORT THROTTLING GROOVE ARR 80-1422

Figure 6 -5 . Variable recoil throttling rod and throttling grooves.

6-4
 TM 9 -3305

6 -5 . Counterrecoil Mechanism . The counterrecoil (1) As the cannon recoils, carrying the recoil
mechanism returns the cannon from the recoil posi piston with it , the oil is forced through the port in
tion to the firing position and holds it there until the recuperator cylinder (view B ). This forces the
the weapon is fired again . There are three kinds of floating piston forward, further compressing the
hydropneumatic counterrecoil mechanisms in use gas, which helps to check recoil.
on current field artillery weapons.
(2) At the end of recoil, the increased gas
a . The dependent counterrecoil mechanism , in pressure forcesthe floating piston back to the rear,
which the recoil and counterrecoil systems are con driving the oil back through the port and against
nected by an oil passage, is found on all light field the recoil piston. This pushes the piston and can
artillery weapons. The floating piston counterre non back into battery. The initial gas pressure is
coil mechanism uses the force of compressed gas made great enough to hold the cannon in battery
(usually nitrogen) to return the cannon to the in until the weapon is fired again .
battery position (view A , fig 6-6 ). The floating pis
ton forms a tight sealbetween the oil at one end of
the recuperator (counterrecoil) cylinder and the gas
at the other end.

RECOIL CYLINDER CANNON

PISTON – PORT

- OIL
RECUPERATOR FLOATING
CYLINDER GAS PISTON

A . FIRING POSITION (IN BATTERY )

CANNON
RECOIL CYLINDER
RECUPERATOR PISTON OD d
CYLINDER -P O R
- PORT
COMPRESSED
GAS - OIL
FLOATING
PISTON

B . AT END OF RECOIL ARR 80- 1423

Figure 6 -6 . Dependent counterrecoil mechanism .

6 -5
TM 9- 3305

b. The independent counterrecoil mechanism the piston is pulled rearward, it forces the recoil oil
( fig 6 -7 ), in which the recoil and counterrecoil sys toward the rear of the counterrecoil cylinder,
tems are not connected by an oil passage, is used through the oil passage, and into the recuperator.
on all medium and heavy field artillery weapons, During counterrecoil, the oil is returned to the
except theM109 /M109A1 howitzer. This counter counterrecoil cylinder under great pressure. This
recoil mechanism consists of a recoil cylinder, a forces the piston forward , returning the cannon to
counterrecoil cylinder, and a recuperator. the in battery position .
(1) Recoil cylinder . The recoil cylinder (3) Recuperator. The recuperator contains a
houses the piston which has two openings to per floating piston , recoil oil, and nitrogen gas. The
mit the free flow ofrecoil oil. The piston is mounted floating piston provides a movable, oiltight and
to the piston rod which extends through the recoil gastight seal. During recoil, oil is forced from the
cylinder and is attached to the breech ring. When counterrecoil cylinder into the recuperator. The
the weapon is fired , the piston and piston rod move flow of oil under pressuremoves the floating piston
rearward with the tube during recoil. forward and compresses the nitrogen gas. The flow
of oil stops when the cannon has fully recoiled . The
(2) Counterrecoil cylinder. The counterrecoil energy , stored in the highly compressed nitrogen
cylinder contains a piston rod and a piston . The gas, forces the floating piston back to its in battery
piston rod is connected to the breech ring and position . The oil in the recuperator is then forced
moves rearward with the tube during recoil.When back into the counterrecoil cylinder.

PORT PISTON ROD

OIL
RECOIL OIL
CYLINDER

PISTON
OIL
COUNTERRECOIL AIR PISTON
CYLINDER ROD
OIL

PISTON

RECUPERATOR NITROGEN OIL

• . •• . . .

FLOATING
PISTON ARR 80-1424

Figure 6 -7. Independent counterrecoilmechanism .

6 -6
 TM 9 -3305

c . Another counterrecoil mechanism (fig 6 -8 ),

used on the M109 /M109A1 howitzer, has a recu
piston toen agpiston
perator with a piston attached as.As trod. he
id. TThe
recuperator is filled with nitrogen gas. As the can
non recoils, carrying the piston rod with it, the re
cuperator piston compresses the nitrogen gas. At
the end of recoil, this increased gas pressure forces
the piston forward , moving the cannon to the in
battery position.

PORT

PISTON ROD
RECOIL OIL
CYLINDER OIL
OIL

PISTON

NITROGEN PISTON
RECUPERATOR AIR ROD

PISTON
PORT

OIL PISTON ROD

RECOIL
CYLINDER OIL
OIL

PISTON ARR 80- 1425

Figure 6 -8 . Piston-type hydropneumatic recuperator.

6 -7
 TM 9-3305

6 -6 Counterrecoil Buffer. The counterrecoil buf (1) As the cannon recoils (view A , fig 6 - 9 ),
fer is that part of the counterrecoil system which the buffer rod is withdrawn from the dash pot
controls the final movement of the cannon as it which then fills with oil.
completes counterrecoil. The buffer prevents shock
as the cannon returns to the in battery position . (2 ) During the latter part of counterrecoil
The three types of counterrecoil buffers are the (view B ), the oil- filled dash pot rides over the buffer
dash pot, the hydraulic spring , and the respirator rod. The oil from inside the dash pot can only flow
or Schindler. through the narrow clearance between the buffer
rod and dash pot. As the dash pot moves further
a . Dash Pot Counterrecoil Buffer . The dash down the buffer rod , the opening for the oil flow be
pot counterrecoil buffer, used on the M114/ comes smaller. The motion of the piston rod and
M114A1 howitzer, consists of a tapered buffer rod dash pot meets with greater resistance in the last
which slides in and out of a cylindrical cavity or few inches of counterrecoil. The cannon is then
dash pot. The recoil cylinder is attached to and re eased in the in battery position without jarring the
coils with the cannon ; the piston rod is attached to carriage.
the carriage and does not move.

RECOIL CYLINDER RECOIL CYLINDER

BUFFER ROD
PISTON ROD BUFFER ROD PISTON ROD
XIIIIIIIIIIIII 7ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

WINT

OIL DASH POT DASH POT

A . AT START OF COUNTERRECOIL B . AT END OF COUNTERRECOIL

ARR 80 -1426

Figure 6 -9. Dash pot counterrecoilbuffer.

b . Hydraulic Spring Counterrecoil Buffer .Used (2) Near the end of counterrecoil, the cannon
on theM109/M109A1howitzer, thehydraulic spring contacts the piston rod . As the piston is forced in
counterrecoil buffer is an oil-filled cylinder contain the direction of counterrecoil, against the action of
ing a spring and piston. When the cannon is in the the buffer spring (view C ), a disk-shaped valve
in battery position (view A , fig 6 - 10), the buffer closes the ports in the piston. As the piston contin
spring is held compressed by the cannon . ues moving forward, the oil is forced through the
varying depth grooves. The oil flow is restricted by
(1) During recoil (view B ), the cannon moves the grooves and slows the cannon to bring it to a
th cy n thethe
e
away l i
from es ,tand
s in forcrod
portpiston hed ithe
n thbuffer
moves the piston and piston rod in the direction of
pring
e direc sspring gradual stop.
recoil. This action forces the oil to flow freely
through the ports in the piston and the grooves in

6 -8
 TM 9 -3305

COMPRESSED SPRING PISTON PORTS (OPEN ) PISTON ROD

MWINNITTITZZZMATNI
BUFFER
CYLINDER
- CANNON
OIL GROOVES

A . IN BATTERY

BUFFER EXTENDED SPRING PISTON PORTS (OPEN) PISTON ROD CANNON

CYLINDER

/
BU = 6 = 6 = 6 = 6GMEN
BATISZTITIVITETTIVITATIT GROOVES

B. DURING RECOIL

SPRING BEING COMPRESSED PISTON PORTS (CLOSED) PISTON ROD

BUFFER
CYLINDER

-GROOVES - CANNON

C . COUNTERRECOIL BUFFER ACTION ARR 80-1427

Figure 6 -10. Hydraulic spring counterrecoil buffer.

6-9
TM 9- 3305

c. Respirator or Schindler Counterrecoil Buf drawn into the respirator through a hole. The valve
fer. Although the respirator is not a true counterre opens due to the inward flow of air, allowing the air
coil buffer, it assists buffer action . The respirator to enter the recoil cylinder through a relatively
is used with the hydropneumatic recoil system on large opening .
the M101/M101A1 howitzer. The respirator is
screwed into the closed end of the recoil cylinder (2) During counterrecoil (view B ), the inter
and contains a one-way air valve which only opens nal air pressure and the spring close the valve. The
to pressure from the outside. air compressed by the returning piston can escape
only through a small hole. This resistance to the es
(1) During recoil (view A , fig 6 -11), the rear cape of air produces a buffer action .
ward movement of the piston causes air to be

RECOIL CYLINDER PISTON

VALVE SPRING PISTON VALVE SPRING RECOIL CYLINDER
VIVANT

TV2
AR
un AIR
AVA

OIL

AIR FLOW AIR VALVE (OPEN ) AIR FLOW AIR VALVE (CLOSED)
A . DURING RECOIL B . DURING COUNTERRECOIL
ARR 80-1428

Figure 6-11. Respirator or Schindler counterrecoil buffer.

6 -7. Replenisher. A replenisher is used with inde (1) The recoil oil can expand due to an in
pendent recoil mechanisms to allow the oil in the crease in temperature. As the oil expands, the re
recoil system to expand and contract. It also com plenisher piston is forced rearward, increasing the
pensates for the loss of small amounts of oil due to load on the spring. This increases the oil pressure
leakage from oil seals . The replenisher consists of a in the replenisher and relieves the pressure in the
recoil oil reservoir which is connected to the recoil recoil cylinder.
cylinder. There are two kinds of replenishers. The
spring -type replenisher is used on all medium and (2) The recoil oil can contract due to the end
heavy field artillery weapons, except the M109/ of firing , a drop in temperature, or a failure of the
M109A1 howitzer. The nitrogen gas-type replen recoil mechanism seals. The force of the spring
isher is used on the M109/M109A1 howitzer. causes the replenisher piston to move slowly for
ward , forcing oil into the recoil cylinder to compen
a . Spring- Type Replenisher. The spring-type sate for the loss .
replenisher (fig 6 -12) contains a spring-loaded pis
ton which exerts pressure against the oil in the re
plenisher in order to maintain the volume of oil in
the recoil cylinder.

6-10
 TM 9 -3305

SPRING PISTON

REPLENISHER
REPLENISHER — ZA PISTON ROD

711 /07 / 11
PISTON RECOIL CYLINDER ARR 80-1429

Figure 6- 12 . Spring-type replenisher.

b . Nitrogen Gas-Type Replenisher . The nitro and counterrecoil buffer expands, it is forced into
gen gas-type replenisher (fig 6 - 13) contains a nitro the replenisher , where it compresses the nitrogen
gen gas- filled bladder which exerts pressure gas- filled bladder .
against the oil in the replenisher to maintain the
volume of oil in the recoil cylinders and the coun (2) When the recoil oil contracts, the nitro
terrecoil buffer. gen gas-filled bladder continues to exert pressure
on the oil throughout the system .
(1) When the recoil oil in the recoil cylinders

NITROGEN GAS REPLENISHER

FILLED BLADDER
RECOIL CYLINDER

ECOIL CYLINDER

/ Zon / /
14

OUNTERRECOELHO 77777 FOIL

COUNTERRECOIL
BUFFER
ARR 80 -1430

Figure 6 -13. Nitrogen gas-type replenisher.

6 -11 (6-12 blank )

 TM 9 -3305

CHAPTER 7
CARRIAGE AND MOUNT

Section I. GENERAL
7 - 1. Definition . A carriage or mount is a combi (8 ) Firing support and retractable suspen
nation of assemblies that support a weapon in the sion system .
firing and traveling positions.
(9) Trail.
a. Carriages. Carriages are used on all current
towed artillery weapons. The carriage consists of a (10 ) Shields.
combination of several or all of the following major
components: (11) Brakes.

(1) Recoilmechanism (p 6 -1). b . Mounts .Mounts are used on all current self
propelled artillery weapons. Mounts are designed
(2 ) Cannon support components. with the recoil mechanism as an integral part of
the mount. Besides the recoil mechanism , the
(a ) Bottom carriage. mountmay consist of a combination of several or
all of the following major components:
(b ) Top carriage.
(1) Cannon support components.
( c) Cradle .
(a ) Cradle.
(d ) Sleigh .
(b ) Sleigh .
(3) Equilibrator.
(2) Equilibrator
(4) Elevating mechanism .
(3) Elevating mechanism .
(5 ) Traversing mechanism .
(4) Traversing mechanism .
(6 ) Axle.
(7) Equalizer.

7-1
 TM 9-3305

Section II. CANNON SUPPORT COMPONENTS

7 - 2 . General. The main cannon support compo 7-4 . Top Carriage. The top carriage (fig 7- 1 ) sup
nents are the bottom carriage (fig 7- 1), top car ports the cradle in the trunnion bearings and usual
riage, cradle, and sleigh . Depending on design , ly carries the elevating mechanism . It moves with
someof these components may ormay not be pre the cradle in traverse (horizontal rotation) but not
sent. in elevation . When the weapon is traversed , the top
carriage rotates horizontally on the axle or bottom
7- 3. Bottom Carriage. The bottom carriage carriage. A top carriage is required for pintle trav
( fig 7- 1) supports the top carriage and has portions erse. When a top carriage is not used, its function

Rocket hoe faste about

of the traversing mechanism attached to it . The is performed by the upper front part of the trail .
pintle, a vertical pin about which the top carriage
rotates,may be fastened to the top carriage to fit
into a socket in the bottom carriage, or it may be
fastened to the bottom carriage to fit into a socket
in the top carriage.

CRADLE TRUNNION BEARING

SLEIGH - PINTLE

TOP CARRIAGE
BOTTOM CARRIAGE
ARR 80-1431
Figure 7- 1 . Top and bottom carriages

7 -5. Cradle. The cradle (fig 7-2 ) supports the can 7-6 . Sleigh. The sleigh (fig 7 - 2) formsthe immedi
non and sleigh . The cradle can be a U -shaped ate support of the cannon . In many weapons, the
trough with slides or rails on paths or guideways, sleigh houses the recoil mechanism and recoils
along which the cannon recoils and counterrecoils . with the cannon on the cradle. The recoil cylinders
The cradle may also fit entirely around the tube, may be bored directly into the sleigh or, if the cyl
permitting the cannon to recoil directly into it. inders are separate tubes, they are rigidly attached
With such a design , the tube may have an outside to the sleigh. The cannon is firmly secured to the
machined bearing surface. When a sleigh is used , sleigh which , in turn , slides on the cradle in recoil
the cradle provides a means of securing the recoil and counterrecoil.
piston rod (s ). When a sleigh is not used, the recoil
mechanism can be housed in the cradle, or the re
coil cylinders can be mounted to the cradle. The
cradle has trunnions which furnish an axis about
which the cradle and cannon rotate in elevation.
The trunnions rest in trunnion bearings on the top
carriage.

7 -2
 TM 9- 3305

CANNON

RECOIL PISTON ROD

LOCKED TO CRADLE

SLEIGH TRUNNION
CRADLE ARR 80-1432

Figure 7 -2. Cradle and sleigh.

Section III. EQUILIBRATOR

7 -7. General. To permit higher elevation in artil a . Pulling.
lery weapons, the horizontal axis, about which the
cannon rotates for elevation , is located well to the (1) The pull-type equilibrator pulls down on
rear of the center of gravity of the cannon . The can the breech end of the cradle.
non is therefore unbalanced and tends to tip for
ward. The forces that tip the cannon are such that (2) The carriage-mounted pull-type equili
a greater force is required to balance the cannon at brator pulls up on the forward end of the cradle.
low elevations than at high elevations. Using
springs or compressed gas, the equilibrator keeps b . Pushing . The pusher-type equilibrator
the cannon in balance at all angles of elevation so pushes up on the forward end of the cradle,
that the cannon can be elevated and depressed by or down on the breech end of the cradle .
hand. The three types of equilibrators are spring,
pneumatic, and hydropneumatic . An equilibrator
balances the cannon in one of the following ways:

7-3
TM 9 -3305

7-8. Spring Equilibrators.

a. Pull- Type Spring Equilibrator (Fig 7-3).
When the cannon is in a horizontal or low angle of
elevation, the equilibrator spring is compressed by
the piston attached to the cradle , thereby exerting
a force opposite to that of the muzzle end of the
cannon . As the cannon is elevated , the spring is ex
tended and exerts less force, since less force is re
quired to hold the cannon in balance at higher ele
vations. The pull-type equilibrator is used on the
M101A1 howitzer .

CANNON

EQUILIBRATOR
SPRING

CRADLE

CANNON vel V . OY
7 Franco

CRADLE
Ojl

nnn

EQUILIBRATOR
SPRING

ARR 80- 1433

Figure 7-3. Pull-type spring equilibrator.

7 -4
 TM 9 -3305

b . Carriage-Mounted Pull-Type Spring Equili

brator (Fig 7- 4 ). This equilibrator is mounted on
the top of the carriage. When the cannon is at a low
elevation , the springs are compressed and exert a
pulling force on the forward end of the cradle . This
equilibrator is used on the M114A1 howitzer .

SPRING
EQUILIBRATOR
EQUILIBRATOR SPRIN
AAVAA

Saw
CANNON

ARR 80-1434
ARR 80- 1434

Figure 7 -4. Carriage-mounted pull-type spring equilibrator.

c . Pusher-Type Spring Equilibrator (Fig 7-5 ). up against the forward end of the cradle or down
This equilibrator has two telescoping sleeves that on the breech end of the cradle and balances the
form a housing for the spring. When the cannon is cannon . As the cannon is elevated, the spring ex
in the horizontal position , the telescoping sleeves pands, reducing the balancing force. This force is
are pushed together by the weight of the cannon , enough to balance the cannon . This equilibrator is
compressing the spring . The spring force pushes used on the M102 howitzer and theM198 howitzer.

CANNON

CRADLE

TELESCOPING
SLEEVES

SPRING
SPRING

ARR 80-1435

Figure 7-5 . Pusher-type spring equilibrator (1 of 2).

7 -5
 TM 9 - 3305

CANNON

CRADLE

EQUILIBRATOR
WHHHHH

HT
Wom

ARR 80-1436

Figure 7-5. Pusher-type spring equilibrator (2 of 2).

7-9. Pneumatic Equilibrator. (3) The equilibrator must be charged with

a . Description. The pneumatic equilibrator compressed gas.
( fig 7-6 ), used on the M110/M110A1 howitzer and
theM107 gun , operates similarly to a spring equili
hobb.avlOperation
inders mov. eWhen prehe caisnnodepressed
gas cannon
s the the n. A ,
brator, with the following differences: the cylinders move apart, decreasing the volumeof
gas. This increases the gas pressure, which pro
duces a greater lifting force on the cannon . As the
(1) Compressed gas is used instead of a cannon is elevated , the cylinders are telescoped , in
spring. creasing the gas volume. This decreases the gas
(2) Packing glands must be added to pre pressure, producing a smaller lifting force on the
cannon .
vent the escape of gas.

7 -6
 TM 9-3305

CANNON
STATIONARY PISTON
TELESCOPING SLEEVES
- MOVABLE PISTON

GAS
EQUILIBRATOR

EQUILIBRATOR CANNON
IIIII
Immu Wint
WA

ITIN ll I
I
WMeiniIn RIN
MuIM
NIN
IunuIIII
nen
UM

Oo
m/ u r

ARR 80-1437
Figure 7-6 . Pneumatic equilibrator.

7-7
TM 9 -3305

7- 10 . Hydropneumatic Equilibrator. (4 ) Hand pump (view C ). The hand pump is

a. Components. The hydropneumatic equili used to pump oil from the reservoir into the accu
brator (fig 7 -7), used on the M109/M109A1 howit mulator.
zer, uses compressed gas (nitrogen) and hydraulic b . Operation . When the hand pump is oper
oil to balance the cannon at all angles of elevation .
It consists of an equilibrated elevating cylinder, a ated, hydraulic oil in the reservoir is pumped into
reservoir , an accumulator, and a hand pump. the accumulator, exerting pressure against the
floating piston and forcing it to move. As the float
( 1) Equilibrated elevating cylinder. The ing piston moves, it further compresses the nitro
hamber.cdiom
gen gas, which then exerts a greater pressure on
vided at the center into two ough cylinder
umbeisrseparate
equilibrated elevating cylinder
. arlong cchambers the oil through the floating piston . A hydraulic
(view A ). A piston rod passes through the front line, connecting the accumulator with the equili
chamber into the rear chamber. A piston is at brator cylinder, carries the pressurized oil to the
tached to the piston rod in each chamber. The rear equilibrated elevating cylinder , where pressure is
of the cylinder is attached to the cab roof (view B ). a
nnon, oil is pintil theprrespiston
exerted against the equilibrato nbala. To balance
nced
The piston rod at the front of the cylinder is at the cannon , oil is pumped into the equilibrated ele
tached to the cannon . vating cylinder until the pressure against the
equilibrator piston equals the unbalanced weight
(2) Reservoir (view C ). The reservoir con of the cannon . As the cannon is elevated, the unbal
tains hydraulic oil for the equilibrator system . It is anced weight decreases and the equilibrator piston
connected to the hand pump and the accumulator moves to the rear, reducing the oil pressure. This
by hydraulic lines. keeps the cannon balanced at all elevations.

(3) Accumulator (view C ). Nitrogen gas and

hydraulic oil are separated in the accumulator by a
floating piston . The accumulator is connected to
the equilibrated elevating cylinder by a hydraulic
line .

EQUILIBRATED ELEVATING CYLINDER

CAB ROOF
HYDRAULIC LINE

-
PISTON ROD PISTON -

-
-
-
-
-
AIR - BRACKET
CANNON
OIL OIL I . OIL

PISTON

ARR 80-1438

Figure 7 -7 . Hydropneumatic equilibrator (1 of 2).

7 -8
 TM 9-3305

FRONT SUPPORT
BRACKET

REAR SUPPORT
BRACKET

EQUILIBRATED
ELEVATING CYLINDER

RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR ke
11

HAND PUMP EQUILIBRATED

ELEVATING CYLINDER
.

ACCUMULATOR

ARR 80- 1439

Figure 7-7. Hydropneumatic equilibrator (2 of 2).

7 -9
TM 9- 3305

Section IV . ELEVATING MECHANISM

7 - 11. General. The elevating mechanism elevates 7- 12 . Manually Operated Elevating Mechanisms.
or depresses a cannon to a desired angle and firmly There are two types of manually operated elevat
holds the cannon at this angle for firing. The ele ing mechanisms used on current field artillery
vating mechanism may have manual or power op weapons. The elevating rack and pinion type is
eration . used on the M101A1 howitzer and the M114A1
howitzer. The elevating screw type is used on the
a . Manual Operation . All towed field artillery M198 howitzer and the M102 howitzer.
weapons are elevated and depressed through a
gear train operated by a handwheel. A manual sys a. Elevating Rack and Pinion-Type Elevating
tem is also included in self-propelled field artillery Mechanism (Fig 7 -8 ). This elevating mechanism
weapons in case of a power failure. consists of a rack (arc or segment) rotated by a
small gear or pinion . The rack is attached to the
b. Power Operation . All self-propelled field ar cradle , and the pinion is attached to a fixed part of
tillery weapons are elevated and depressed by hy. the top carriage. A worm and worm wheel, placed
draulic power. Power operation increases the speed in the gear train , makes it possible for the mecha
of elevating and depressing the cannon and re nism to hold its position at any angle of elevation
duces the manual effort required . Speed in elevat when the handwheel is released and the weapon
ing and depressing is essential for a faster rate of fired .
fire, especially if theweapon must be positioned for
loading and then reset back into the original eleva
tion for firing.

ELEVATING |
RACK

PINION
ELEVATING
HANDWHEEL
SHAFT

WORM
WORM WHEEL ARR 80- 1440

Figure 7-8 . Elevating rack and pinion-type elevating mechanism .

b . Elevating Screw -Type Elevating Mecha the equilibrator springs are part of the assembly
nism . This mechanism consists of elevating screw (view B ). The lower end of each elevating screw as
assemblies (ball screw assemblies) and a gear train sembly is attached to the carriage, and the upper
used to transmit power from the handwheel assem end is attached to the cradle. When the cannon is
bly to elevate or depress the cannon (view A, elevated or depressed , the elevating screw assem
fig 7 -9). Since the elevating screw assemblies on blies are extended or retracted .
the M102 howitzer also function as equilibrators,

7 -10
 TM 9-3305

ELEVATING SCREW
ASSEMBLIES

MAT
UDIO
A . ELEVATING SCREW ASSEMBLIES

BALL SCREW
ASSEMBLIES AND
EQUILIBRATOR
ASSEMBLY
b
) ))) ))
GA N
))))))))
W )

B.BALL SCREW ASSEMBLIES ARR 80- 1441

Figure 7-9. Elevating screw -type elevating mechanism .

7 - 11
TM 9 -3305

7- 13. Power Operated Elevating Mechanisms. (2 ) Operation . When the elevation control
There are two types of power operated elevating handle is pulled rearward, the hydraulic control
mechanismson current field artillery weapons. The valve is opened , allowing pressurized oil to enter
hydraulic cylinder type is used on the M109 / the hydraulic cylinder in front of the piston. The
M109A1 howitzer. The hydraulic motor rack and pressure forces the piston rearward , elevating the
pinion type is used on theM110/M110A1howitzer cannon . When the elevation control handle is
and the M107 gun. pushed forward, the hydraulic control valve is
opened , allowing pressurized oil to enter the hy
a. Hydraulic Cylinder -Type Elevating Mecha draulic cylinder in the rear of the piston . The pres
nism (Fig 7-10). sure forces the piston forward , depressing the can
non .When the elevation controlhandle is in the up
o then (1)
tanism on tacofheaadulhydraulic
odDescription.
rconsists the rotype
tioc This er which mech
d . Thofendelevating mech right (neutral) position, all valves are closed, and
ppliedr pfthe common cabe end of
cylinder which con the cannon is held firmly in place during firing .
s u
tains a piston and piston rod . The rear end of the
cylinder is attached to the weapon cab roof. The
piston rod on the front of the cylinder is attached
to themount. Hydraulic power to operate the mech
anism is supplied by the vehicle main hydraulic
system .

FRONT SUPPORT
BRACKET

REAR SUPPORT
BRACKET

EQUILIBRATED
ELEVATING CYLINDER ARR 80-1442

Figure 7 -10. Hydraulic cylinder-type elevating mechanism .

b . Hydraulic Motor Rack and Pinion -Type Ele hydraulic motor in one direction . This turns the
vating Mechanism (Fig 7 -11). gears in the gear train , which elevates the cannon .
When the elevation control handle is pushed for
( 1) Description. This type of elevatingmech ward, the hydraulic control valve is opened, allow
anism consists of a hydraulic motor and gear train , ing pressurized oil to turn the hydraulic motor in
including a rack and pinion gears. The rack is the opposite direction . This turns the gears in the
mounted on the underside of the mount. The pinion gear train , which depresses the cannon. When the
gears, which engage the rack , are mounted on a elevation control handle is in the upright (neutral)
shaft , which is driven by a hydraulic motor position , all valves are closed , and the cannon is
through the elevation gear housing. Hydraulic held firmly in position during firing .
power to operate themechanism is supplied by the
vehicle main hydraulic system .
(2) Operation . When the elevation control
handle is pulled rearward , the hydraulic control
valve is opened ,allowing pressurized oil to turn the

7 -12
 TM 9 -3305

BRAKE WHEEL OF UN
C G
RACK
HYDRAULIC
MOTOR

HANDWHEEL
SHAFT BO PINION

ARR 80-1443
Figure 7-11. Hydraulic motor rack and pinion-type elevating mechanism .

Section V . TRAVERSING MECHANISM

7 -14 . General. The traversing mechanism turns a . Pintle- Type Traversing Mechanism . With
the weapon right or left in a horizontal plane. The this type of traversing mechanism , the weapon is
traversing mechanism may have manual or power rotated about a vertical pivot fixed on the under
operation. part of the top carriage. The bottom carriage con
tains the bearing or receptacle for the pintle and
a . Manual Operation. All towed field artillery the base on which the top carriage rotates in trav
weapons are traversed manually through a gear erse. Although a 1600 -mil traverse may be possible
train operated by a handwheel. A manual system is with the pintle-type traversing mechanism , cur
also included in self-propelled field artillery weap rent mechanisms have a 853-mil maximum trav
ons in case of a power failure. erse. The screw and the rack and pinion are the two
types of pintle-type traversing mechanisms.
b . Power Operation . All current self-propelled
field artillery weapons are traversed by hydraulic (1 ) Screw type ( fig 7 -12). This type consists
power. Power operation increases the speed of of a handwheel attached to the screw shaft on
traversing and reduces the manual effort required . which the swivel nut is threaded . The handwheel
bracket is attached to the bottom carriage. Turn
usere are twOperated
7- s15m.s Manually o rated TTraversing
re Mecha ing the handwheel causes the screw shaft to tele
nisms. There are two pintle-type traversing mecha scope in or out of the swivel nut, causing the weap
nisms used on split -trail artillery weapons. The on to traverse.
screw type is used on theM101/M101A1 howitzer,
and the rack and pinion type is used on the
M114A1 howitzer and theM198 howitzer . The car
riage traversing-type traversing mechanism is
used on the M102 howitzer.

SWIVEL NUT
HANDWHEEL

SCREW SHAFT
st ARR 80-1444

Figure 7-12. Screw -type traversing mechanism .

7 - 13
TM 9 -3305

(2 ) Rack and pinion type (fig 7 -13). This type

consists of a handwheel and a shaft which operates
through a train of gears and a rack and pinion . The
handwheel, shaft, and gear train are attached to
the top carriage. The rack is attached to the bot
tom carriage. Turning the handwheel causes the
pinion gear to rotate and move across the rack .
This causes the top carriage to revolve, traversing
the weapon .

HANDWHEEL SHAFT

HANDWHEEL
KA MAYO HANDWHEEL

WORM
WORM WHEEL
O W
H

PINION RACK ARR 80 -1445

Figure 7 -13. Rack and pinion-type traversing mechanism .

b . Carriage Traversing-Type Traversing Mech

anism (Fig 7-14). During firing, the wheels are re
tracted and the weapon is supported by a firing
platform or baseplate. The firing platform contains
a socket in the center around which the weapon
may be traversed 6400 mils. A traversing rubber
treaded roller is attached to the end of the box
trail. A series of gear boxes and shafts transmit
power from the handwheel to the roller to traverse
the weapon .

7 - 14
 TM 9-3305

FIRING PLATFORM

TRAVERSING
HANDWHEEL

IL ROLLER

ARR 80-1446
Figure 7-14 . Carriage traversing-type traversing mechanism .

7 -16 . Power Operated Traversing Mechanism . All

self-propelled field artillery weapons use the ring
gear-type traversing mechanism (fig 7- 15 ) operated
by hydraulic power. The hydraulic power is sup
plied by the vehicle main hydraulic system . This
traversing mechanism consists of large bearings
operating between the race ring and the race. The
race ring is attached to the vehicle hull. The race is
attached to and supports the turret, which rotates
during traverse. A hydraulic motor drives the trav
ersing gear train . A spur pinion gear, meshing with
the ring gear, drives the ring gear, which traverses
the turret and gun. Some self-propelled weapons
have a 6400 -mil traverse. CANNON

TRAVERSING
HANDWHEEL
RACE
II

ROLLERS

SPUR NEURS · RACE RING

PINNION

CIRCULAR TRAVERSING RACK ARR 80-1447

Figure 7 -15. Ring gear-type traversing mechanism .

7 - 15
 TM 9-3305

Section VI. AXLE AND EQUALIZER

7-17. Axle (Fig 7- 16 ). An axle supports the weap
on during travel and firing. On the ends of the axle
are spindles on which the wheels are mounted . In
someweapons, the bottom carriage is designed to
mount the components of an axle ( fig 7-17),but it is
not specifically identified as an axle. The only cur
rent field artillery weapons with a true axle are the
M101A1 howitzer and the M114A1 howitzer.

12)

AXLE ARR 80-1448

Figure 7-16 . Axle .

ARR 80 1449

Figure 7-17. Bottom carriage (axle).

7 -16
 TM 9 - 3305

7- 18 . Equalizer (Fig 7-18). The support rotates about a horizontal pivot pin
that secures the support to themidpoint of the ax
a . Description . The equalizer is a mechanical le. On each side of the support are gib bearings ,
device that keeps the two wheels and two trail ends which guide the support parallel to the axle when
of an emplaced weapon in contact with uneven ter the support rotates. This allows the support and
rain . It transmits theweight of theweapon and the trails to rotate about the pivot pin and to be in a
shock of firing through the four ground contact position other than that of the axle , thereby keep
points . TheM101A1 howitzer is the only field artil ing the wheels and trail ends in contact with un
lery weapon that has an equalizer. even terrain . When the weapon is placed in the
traveling position , the front ends of the trail over
b. Operation. The equalizer consists of a hori lap ramps on the axle, locking the support and axle
zontal support, a pivot pin , and gib bearings. The together in parallel positions and relieving some of
horizontal support is located behind the axle. Each the pressure on the pivot pin .
end of the support is pinned to one end of the trails .

GIB BEARING
PINTLE

SUPPORT

TRAVELING LOCK

PIVOT PIN
AXLE ARR 80- 1450

Figure 7- 18 . Equalizer.

Section VII. FIRING SUPPORT AND

RETRACTABLE SUSPENSION SYSTEM
7 -19. General. The shock of firing can raise an ar firing supports are the firing jack used on the
tillery weapon from the ground and may even M114A1 howitzer, and the firing platform (firing
cause the weapon to bounce on its tires and move base or baseplate), used on the M102 howitzer and
out of position . To prevent the weapon from bounc the M198 howitzer. If a firing platform is used, the
ing on its tires, the wheels must be raised clear of weapon must also be equipped with a retractable
the ground and the carriagemust be supported on suspension system .
a more stable firing support. The two main types of

7-17
TM 9-3305

7 -20. Firing Support. and two trails, results in stability during firing. A
a . Firing Jack (Fig 7-19). The firing jack is at firing jack float is attached to the lower end of the
tached to the front of the bottom carriage and sup plunger to give the firing jack sufficient bearing
ports the weight of the front part of the weapon surface on the ground. When in the traveling posi
when the wheels are off the ground . The three tion, the float is mounted between stowage brack .
point suspension system , formed by the firing jack ets on top of the trails .

12 . ANMU

01 RATCHET
YRHANDLE
A

PLUNGER
FIRING
1 FJACK FLOAT

ARR 80-1451

Figure 7-19. Firing jack .

b . Firing Platform . The firing platform is simi (1) The eight-sided aluminum firing plat
lar to the firing jack in that it provides a single form (fig 7-20) on the M102 howitzer has holes in
support for the weight of the weapon normally car the outer edge so that stakes can be driven into the
ried by the two wheels. It also contains a socket in ground for greater stability during firing. This fir
the center around which the weapon can be tra- ing platform is suspended beneath the weapon dur.
versed 6400 mils. There are two types of firing ing travel.
platforms on current field artillery weapons.

FIRING PLATFORM ARR 80-1452

Figure 7 -20. Firing platform on the M102 howitzer .

7 - 18
 TM 9-3305

(2) The M198 howitzer has a circular alumi

num firing platform (fig 7 -21) which is removed and
stored on the trails for travel.

FIRING PLATFORM

ARR 80-1453

Figure 7 -21. Firing platform on theM198 howitzer .

7 - 21. Retractable Suspension System . The re pension system in the travel position . The mecha
tractable suspension system provides a way to nism for operating the system is one of two types.
lower theweapon onto the firing platform for firing
and to raise the weapon for travel. The retractable a . Manual Operation. A handcrank and gear
suspension system has twopivot arms, one on each train are used to rotate the pivot armsto lower and
side of the carriage . The lower end of each pivot raise theweapon (fig 7-22). TheM102 howitzer has a
arm contains a spindle on which a wheel is mount manually operated retractable suspension system .
ed . Locks or locking pins lock the retractable sus

PIVOT ARM
M
U
DO

HANDCRANK A D S
FIRING PLATFORM -
LOCK ARR 80- 1454

Figure 7 -22. Manual retractable suspension system .

7 -19
TM 9 -3305

b . Hydraulic Operation . Two hydraulic hand

pumps and a hydraulic manifold assembly are used
to rotate the pivot arms to lower and raise the
weapon (fig 7-23). They operate similarly to a hy
draulic jack . The hydraulically operated retract
able suspension system is used on the M198 howit
zer.

LOCKING LOCKING
PIN PIN

HYDRAULIC
MANIFOLD
ASSEMBLY
HYDRAULIC HYDRAULIC
PUMP PUMP ARR 80-1455

Figure 7-23.Hydraulic retractable suspension system .

Section VIII. TRAIL AND SHIELDS

7 -22. Trail. ( 1) Split trail ( fig 7 -24 ). A split trail is com
a . General. The forces of recoil not taken up by posed of two sections attached to the axle or bot
the recoil mechanism and firing support are trans tom carriage near the wheels . Usually a split is
mitted to the ground through the trail. The trail made of box sections with trail spades on the end .
stabilizes the weapon and keeps it from moving For firing, the trails are spread as far as permitted
out of the original firing position . The trail also by the wheels or trail stops. The trail spread (in de
connects the weapon to the primemover by a lu grees) is equal to or greater than the maximum trav
nette and pintle for transport. The forward end of
the trail is fastened to the axle or the lower portion
erse
e a(in mils) travweapon.
lorof the e i A lunette on one trail
nd andndaa lockinong the lother
end ing tztrail
er, tend
he hold the trails
of the carriage. A spade may be attached to the together during traveling. The split trail is used on
rear of the trail. There are two types of trails used the M101/M101A1 howitzer, the M114 /M114A1
on current field artillery weapons. howitzer, and the M198 howitzer.

7 -20
 TM 9-3305

MAMBODI
Hoooo MA
TRAIL TRAIL

ARR 80-1456

Figure 7-24 . Split trail.

(2) Box trail (fig 7- 25 ). A box trail is made as

a single, rigid, built-up piece. Side plates or brack
ets, which extend upward , have bearings to receive
the trunnions. There is an opening in the trail so
that, when the cannon recoils, it will not hit the
trail. The M102 howitzer has a box trail.

- BOX TRAIL

ARR 80- 1457

Figure 7 -25 . Box trail.

7. 21
TM 9 -3305

b . Lunette and Pintle . A lunette and pintle pro ( 1) Lunette (fig 7 -26). The lunette, attached
vide a way of quickly and securely coupling or un to the trail, is designed so it does not interfere with
coupling the weapon to or from the primemover. emplacing of the weapon . Some lunettes must be
The lunette is on the forward end of the trail in the removed or moved up out of the way when the
traveling position , and the pintle is on the rear end spade is dug in for firing.
of the primemover. All towed weapons and prime
movers have a standard size of lunette and pintle
for complete interchangeability of prime movers
with towed weapons.

LUNETTE (FIRING POSITION )

TRAIL
LUNETTE
(TRAVELING
POSITION )

LE
- PINTLE V SSPADE
PADE ARR 1458
ARR 8080.1458
Figure 7- 26 . Lunette.

(2) Pintle. The pintle is a quick -opening and

closing latch and hook , attached to the rear of the
primemover, to which the lunette of the weapon is
attached for traveling (fig 7-27). The pintle is at a
convenient height so that the lunette of the towed
weapon can be easily placed in it .

CA
LUNETTE N
PINTLE
ARR 80-1459

Figure 7 -27. Lunette coupled to pintle.

7 -22
 TM 9 -3305

c. Spade. A spade is a bearing surface, usually

located on the end of the trails, which is forced or
dug into the ground to restrict movement of the
weapon during recoil. There are two types of
spades.
(1) Fixed spade (fig 7-28). A fixed spade is
rigidly fastened to the end of a trail. It may be
forged, cast, or built up.

TRAIL

SPADE

ARR 80-1980
ARR 80- 1460

Figure 7-28. Fixed spade.

(2) Detachable spade (fig 7 -29). A detachable

spade is installed on the end of the trail for firing
and is removed for traveling .

SPADE TRAIL

I DO
a
DIE ODOU
go
- 0 - TAT

SPADE TRAIL

A . SPADES STOWED ARR 80- 1461

Figure 7 -29. Detachable spade ( 1 of 2).

7 -23
TM 9 -3305

SPADE TRAIL

B . SPADES INSTALLED ARR 80-1462

Figure 7-29. Detachable spade (2 of 2 ).

7 -23. Shields. Shields (fig 7 -30 ) protect the weap

on and the crew from enemy fire coming from di
rectly in front of the weapon . Armor-plated shields
have attached side shields, top shields, and an
apron The M101/M101A1 howitzer and theM114 /
M114A1 howitzer are equipped with shields.

SHIELDS

ARR 80-1463
Figure 7-30. Shields.

7 -24
 TM 9 -3305

Section IX . BRAKES
7 -24 . General. All towed artillery weapons have having only parking brakes, the brake mechanism
parking brakes. The larger weapons have service is operated by a handbrake lever. For towed vehi
brakes and parking brakes. Parking brakes are op cles having parking and service brakes, the brake
erated by handbrake levers on the carriage and are mechanism is operated by the handbrake lever or
used only to park the weapon when it is coupled to by the primemover brake pedal.
or uncoupled from the primemover . Service brakes
are operated from the primemover to slow down or b . Operation (Fig 7-31). Applying the hand
stop the weapon as the primemover slows down or brake lever operates the camshaft , to which it is at
stops. tached, and the opposite camshaft through the
yoke rod and lever assembly. The handbrake cams
7-25 . Parking Brakes (Fig 7 -31). force the ends of the wide main brakeshoes out
a. Description. The convertional brake drum ward against the brakedrum , applying the braking
and expanding brake band mechanism used on au effort. A ratchet, pawl, and releasing handle assem
tomotive vehicles is the braking mechanism used bly prevent the return of the handbrake lever until
on towed artillery weapons. For towed vehicles the pawlis released manually from the ratchet .

RELEASING HANDLE - HANDBRAKE LEVER

ASSEMBLY

PAWL BRAKEDRUM

= son
RATCHET BRAKESHOE
-
r

-
Wi

-
=
=
5

-
-

-
=
!T

-
TT
V

]
-
W

- - --

BRAKESHOE
-
-
-
-
E -

CAMSHAFTS ARR 80 -1464

Figure 7-31. Parking brake.

7 -25
TM 9 -3305

7 -26 . Service Brakes. The service brakes provide a b . Operation .

way to operate the weapon brakes in conjunction
with the prime mover. Service brakes used on (1) When the driver of the primemover ap
towed artillery weapons are operated by air pres plies the brakes, air pressure, controlled by the
sure. The air-pressure brake system is commonly primemover brake valve, flows through the serv
referred to as airbrakes. ice line to the relay emergency valve on the weap
on . This causes the relay emergency valve to react
a . Description . Normally the weapon airbrake and permits the sameair pressure to flow from the
system is kept charged to the same pressure as the weapon reservoir to the airbrake diaphragm , which
primemover airbrake system , because the air pres applies the brakes. Moving the primemover brake
sure can flow from the reservoir on the primemov valve further to the fully applied position results in
er, through the emergency line and relay emergen correspondingly higher air pressure entering the
cy valve, to the reservoir on theweapon . Thepower airbrake diaphragm and a more severe brake appli
brakes on each wheel of the weapon are the two cation .
Ck ad type.
shoe commercial 18 7.30The s a canes,aare spring
presbrakeshoes
released and are set by a cam on a camshaft which (2) If the weapon breaks away from the
rotates when air, under pressure , enters the air primemover, the relay, emergency valve reacts to
brake diaphragm ( fig 7 -32), acting through a piston prevent air pressure in the weapon reservoir from
rod and slack adjuster lever. The airbrake dia flowing out of the broken hose line. The relay emer
phragm converts the energy of the compressed air gency valve also allows air pressure to flow from
into the mechanical force necessary to rotate the the reservoir to the airbrake diaphragm , applying
brake camshafts. Turning the takeup screw on the the brakes automatically.
slack adjuster lever compensates for wear on the
brakeshoes.

W rond TAKEUP
| SCREW
TAKEUP

V ALJUSTER
ADJUSTER
LEVER

- SLACK ADJUSTER
F
e

/ PISTON ROD

AIRBRAKE
DIAPHRAGM ARR 80 1465

Figure 7 -32. Airbrake diaphragm .

7 - 26
 TM 9 -3305

PART THREE
GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 8
THE LANCE AND PERSHING
GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEMS

Section I. GENERAL
8- 1. Scope. This chapter contains information
about the Lance and Pershing guided missile sys
tems. A description of each system and an explana
tion of the function of the major components are
included .

Section II. THE LANCE GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEM

8 -2. Descriptionr.e The Lance
tem (fig 8 - 1) is aareliable, maguided
liabletlowcli-cost missile sys
typ aucan
ile, two that
ticsystem xil Lance guided missile system are as follows:
be operated under most climatic conditions. The a. Lance missile .
system consists of the Lance missile, two types of
launchers, a loader- transporter vehicle, and auxil b . Self-propelled launcher (SPL ).
iary equipment. The single- stage, prepackaged , liq.
uid -propellant rocket and an advanced guidance c. Zero-length launcher (LZL ).
system invulnerable to electric countermeasures
make the Lance guided missile system a valuable d . Basic launch fixture.
corps general support weapon .
e . Mobility kit.
8-3 . Components. The major components of the
VOC

ARR 80-1466

Figure 8- 1 . Lance guided missile system on M752 self-propelled launcher.

8 -1
TM 9-3305
8 -4 . Lance Missile . the maximum boost phase velocity must be sus
a. Trajectory. The Lance missile is described tained throughout the remaining powered portion
as a ballistic missile because it uses a directional of flight. The velocity is sustained by the variable
control, automatic meteorological compensation thrust sustainer engine which produces equal
guidance system so that the missile can travel a thrust to overcome drag. This enables the missile
pure ballistic trajectory after boost termination . to follow a trajectory affected only by gravity .
The trajectory ( fig 8 -2) consists of the boost phase,
the sustain phase, and the free- flight stage. (3) Free-flight phase. Free flight, resulting
from sustainer engine cutoff (SECO ), must occur
(1) Boost phase. During the boost phase, the on maximum range flights to avoid possible ran
missile accelerates under full thrust until, after 1 dom propellant burnout. Propellant burnout could
to 7 seconds, it attains the velocity needed to carry cause a target miss due to possibly erratic missile
it to the target . behavior. The SECO time is preset into the war
head during prefire operations.
(2) Sustain phase. During the sustain phase,

BECO SECO

ACTUAL
TRAJECTORYN
POINT OF BALLISTIC
TRAJECTORY INTERCEPT
PREDESCRIBED
BALLISTIC WARHEAD
TRAJECTORY EVENT

A . TRAJECTORY

B . BOOST PHASE C. SUSTAIN PHASE D . FREE-FLIGHT PHASE

ARR 80-1467

Figure 8-2. Trajectory of Lance missile.

8-2
 TM 9-3305

b . Components. The Lance missile ( fig 8 - 3) is

divided into the warhead section , themissile main
assemblage, and four control surfaces. Containers
for each of these components are provided for stor
age and transporting.

WARHEAD SECTION

MISSILE MAIN
ASSEMBLAGE

CONTROL SURFACES

ARR 80 -1468

Figure 8 -3 . Lance missile .

(1) M251 warhead section (fig 8 -4). The

M251 high -explosive, nonnuclear warhead houses
the M811 fuze and 825 BLU -63B fragmentation
bombs. The warhead section is divided into the
structure, the fuze system , the cargo, and the
cargo-release system .

CARGO
FUZE SYSTEM

STRUCTURE
CARGO -RELEASE
SYSTEM ARR 80-1469

Figure 8 -4 . M251 warhead section.

8-3
TM 9-3305

(2) M5 or M6 missile main assemblage. The system , and a rocket engine system . These items
M5 and M6 missile main assemblages (MMA) are are integrated into a welded structure with exter
similar, except the M6 is used for training. It con nal receptacles, access covers, indicators, and con
tains no pyrotechnic devices or propellants. The trols for safe operation . An ext :rnal electrical cable
propellant feed system is filled with liquids with a harness protects the cabling that transmits electri
specific gravity near that of the propellant used in cal commands from the guidance set to the rocket
a tactical round. The M5missile main assemblage engine system .
( fig 8-5 ) consists of a guidance set, a propellant feed
SHIPPING
AND STORAGE
THERMAL COATING COVER ASSEMBLY

HARNESS ASSEMBLY

ROCKET ENGINE
SYSTEM AND
BOATTAIL ASSEMBLY
GUIDANCE SET
PROPELLANT
TAIL
BOATTAILL - e FEED SYSTEM
BOATCOVER ARR 80-1470
Figure 8 -5 . Missile main assemblage.

(a) Guidance set. The guidance set 2e.m Velocity

ttained ti.stDuring
asubsystem rmincontrol
detethe es haelectronics
se of flight(VCE he)
(fig 8 -6 ) consists of directional control electronics, boost pphase of flight,. Tthe
velocity control electronics, and power supply elec VCE subsystem determines when the missile has
tronics subsystems. attained the appropriate velocity and then causes
boost termination . During the sustain phase of
1. Directional control electronics flight, it regulates the missile velocity. The pri
(DCE) subsystem . The DCE subsystem ensures mary sensing device is an accelerometer.
that themissile enters the ballistic curve at the de
sired entry point. The primary sensing device is a
gyroscope.

GUIDANCE AND
CONTROL COMPONENT
SIGHTING SUPPORT ASSEMBLY
AND LAYING
HOUSING PULSE BATTERY
DIRECTIONAL
CONTROL ose BATTERY STRAP
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ACCELEROMETER
POWER
SUPPLY
ELECTRONICS
so O BATTERY STRAP
BATTERY STRAP

VELOCITY
CONTROL POWER BATTERY
ELECTRONICS ARR 80 1471

Figure 8-6. Guidance set.

8 -4
 TM 9 -3305

(b ) Propellant feed system . The propel head of the propellant feed system and is housed
lant feed system is located between the guidance within the boattail assembly. The rocket engine
set and the rocket engine system . The propellant system provides the thrust necessary to propel the
feed system stores the propellants in separate missile to the target. Operating on signals from the
tanks since the propellants are hypergolic, i.e., guidance set, the rocket engine system corrects
they will spontaneously ignite if they come into missile altitude errors during the boost phase and
contact with each other. The system also delivers controls the sustainer thrust during the sustain
the propellants to the rocket engine on command . phase of flight. This causes the missile to travel in
the appropriate ballistic trajectory .
(c) Rocket engine system . The rocket en
gine system (fig 8 -7) is mounted to the rear bulk

BOOST
ENGINE
-

SUSTAINER
ENGINE
FUEL INLET

A . REAR VIEW B . FRONT VIEW

ARR 80- 1472
Figure 8-7. Rocket engine system .

(3) M29 and M30 control surfaces. The four faces provide stability during flight by maintain
detachable control surfaces (fig 8 -8 ) are of alumi ing the initial spin generated by the propulsion
num honeycomb (M29, large) and forged construc- system . The M29 control surfaces are used with
tion (M30 , small) with an external aluminum sur the light warhead ; the M30 control surfaces are
face. They can be quickly mounted on or removed used with the heavy warhead .
from themissile main assemblage. The control sur
WHITE
STRIPES

19 IN . 15 IN .

-62 IN . - 49 IN .

A . M29 CONTROL SURFACE B . M30 CONTROL SURFACE

ARR 80-1473

Figure 8-8 . Control surfaces.

8 -5
TM 9-3305

8-5. Launchers and Launcher Equipment. porting a completely assembled missile , as well as
a. Launchers. The M752 self-propelled launch all required equipment.
er or the zero -length launcher (LZL ) is used to (2) Zero-length launcher (LZL ). The zero
launch the Lance missile. length launcher (fig 8- 9) consists of the basic
(1) M752 self-propelled launcher. The M752 launch fixture and adaption kit that includes stabi
self-propelled launcher ( fig 8-1) consists of the lizing jacks, wheel and tire assemblies, trailing
M667 basic vehicle, a basic launch fixture, and a arms, and a tow bar. The LZL can be towed by any
warhead section support assembly . The basic standard M35 2-1/2-ton vehicle or 5 -ton cargo
launch fixture is mounted in the cargo compart truck at highway and cross-country speeds. Over
ment of the basic vehicle and is capable of trans short distances, the LZL can be moved manually .

WA

Tarongen
WIADO

ARR 80-1474
Figure 8-9 . Zero-length launcher.

b . Launcher Equipment. elevating and traversing mechanism and the

launch truss assembly .
(1) Basic launch fixture. The basic launch
fixture (fig 8 - 10 ) consists of the base frame, the tra (c) Elevating and traversingmechanism .
verse frame, the elevating and traversing mecha The elevating and traversing mechanism consists
nism , and the launch truss assembly . of the handwheels, shafts, and gears used to posi
tion the Lance missile at the desired elevation and
(a) Base frame. The base frame is the azimuth .
main support of the launcher . Most of the other
major components are attached to it. (d) Launch truss assembly . The launch
truss assembly supports themissile on the launch
(b ) Traverse frame. The traverse frame, er and pivots from the rear of the traverse frame
which pivots on top of the base frame, supports the for elevation .

8-6
 TM 9-3305

LAUNCH TRUSS ASSEMBLY ELEVATING AND

TRAVERSING MECHANISM

TRAVERSE FRAME
DO

BASE FRAME
ARR 80- 1475

Figure 8-10 . Basic launch fixture.

(2 ) M234 mobility kit. The M234 mobility bilizing jacks, pins and springs, and the missile
kit (fig 8-11) carries all the equipment necessary to cover .
convert the basic launch fixture from the self-pro
pelled configuration to the zero-length launcher (b) Trailering hardware. The trailering
configuration. The mobility kit contains the adap hardware consists of items needed to support and
tion kit and the missile cover used to convert the secure the adaption kit itemsin a towable configu
SPL to the LZL. ration. These items include a rear frameassembly ,
a front beam assembly , jack bolt assemblies, a tool
(a) Adaption kit. The adaption kit in box protective cover, two strap assemblies, and a
cludes the tow bar, wheel and tire assemblies, sta spare wheel and tire assembly.

MISSILE COVER
STABILIZING |
JACKI
REAR FRAME
ASSEMBLY

STRAP ASSEMBLY —
STRAP ASSEMBLY O D S
UN

WHEEL AND
U

TIRE ASSEMBLY
UU
UU

OD
QU

TOW BAR
TACK BOLT ASSEMBLY .

FRONT BEAM ASSEMBLY

TOOL BOX
PROTECTIVE COVER ARR 80 -1476

Figure 8-11. Mobility kit.

8 -7
TM 9 -3305

Section III. THE PERSHING GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEM

8 -6 . Description. The Pershing guided missile 8-7 . Components. The major components of the
system ( fig 8 -12) consists of a two- stage, solid pro Pershing guided missile system are the Pershing
pellant, surface-to-surface missile and associated missile and the ground support equipment. The in
ground support equipment. The system is reliable, formation in this section will deal with the missile
flexible , and capable of fast reaction in engaging a components only .
variety of targets. All units of the system are
transported by vehicles that allow rapid movement
over improved roads. These vehicles can also move
the system over unimproved terrain .

TOO N
ARR 80 1477

Figure 8- 12. Pershing guided missile system .

8 -8
 TM 9 - 3305

88. XMGM -31A Pershing Missile . during missile trajectory. The four sections of the
a. Description . The four- section Pershing mis Pershing missile ( fig 8 -13) are as follows:
sile is approximately 35 feet long and 40 inches in
diameter , and weighs 10 ,275 pounds. Each section (1) M101 guided missile propulsion section
of the missile is interchangeable with a like section (first stage).
from another Pershing missile. The sections are
s d
argesegmented
joinedchby seconbands.
and warhsplice lts.splice
stor boThe and
Plice bband (2) M102 guided missile propulsion section
segments are held in place by fourbolts. Two bolts (second stage).
between the first and second stages and between
the guidance and (3) AN /DJW -49 guidance section .
sitcharges
sive d warhead
ice r sections
en ascontain explo
ui sdetonate
to the gthat pl ba wwhen
h sstage
t separation
is required . The splice band securing the second (4 ) XM28 , XM28A1, M141, M141A1,
stage to the guidance section does not contain ex XM142, or XM142A1 atomic warhead section .
plosive bolts since the sections do not separate

WARHEAD SECTION

GUIDANCE SECTION

SECOND STAGE
FIRST STAGE
ARR 80 -1478

Figure 8 - 13. Pershing missile sections.

8- 9
TM 9-3305
b . Missile Sections. end of each propulsion section to facilitate the con
nection of the stages. The forward adapter for the
(1) First and second stages (fig 8 -14). second stage also contains three impulse control
ports.
(a ) Propellant. The first and second
stages contain solid propellant grain . A circular (c ) Ports. The ports open at warhead sec
hole running lengthwise through the grain allows tion separation so that the second stage thrust is
the propellant to burn evenly . The propellant neutralized . The ports are opened by electrical det
weighs 4451 pounds in the first stage and 2875 onation of an explosive sector in the retaining ring
pounds in the second stage. The igniter, located in that attaches the cover on each port.
the foward end of the motor, is ignited by electrical
signals to two explosive initiators in the forward (d ) Shaped charges. Two shaped charges,
end of the igniter. The propellant, in turn, is ignit on opposite sides of the second stage, detonate
ed by the igniter. shortly after warhead section separation . When
the shaped charges detonate, they rupture the case
(b ) Actuators. Three hydraulic actuators , wall of the second stage, releasing the internal
near the rear of the first and second stages, are pressure, which reduces the size of the plume from
equally spaced around the motor nozzles. Air the thrust reversal ports. This reduces the turbu
vanes extend into the blast area of thenozzles, and lance and enables stable flight of the warhead sec
an air vane extends outward from each hydraulic tion after separation .
activator. An adapter is attached to the forward
FORWARD ADAPTER
HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR

JET VANE - AIR VANE

A . FIRST STAGE

FORWARD ADAPTER
AIR VANE

SHAPED CHARGE

HYDRAULIC
ACTUATOR “ JET VANE

B . SECOND STAGE ARR 80-1479

Figure 8 - 14. First and second stages.

8- 10
 TM 9 -3305

(2) AN /DJW -49 guidance section . The guid G & CC computes deviations from the programmed
ance section (fig 8 -15 ) contains the electrical and trajectory .
electronic assemblies that control the trajectory of
the missile . 2. Servoamplifier . The servoamplifi
er works with the ST-120 stabilized platform to
(a ) Components. The major components create a stable reference from which the trajectory
of the guidance section are the ST-120 stabilized deviations are obtained .
olathe guidancersection
platform for the
, the servoamplifier, the guidance and con
trol computer (G & CC), the main distributor, the 3. Guidance and control computer
power distribution system , and power supplies. (G & CC ). The G & CC combines the guidance data
Other components are an air bottle, a high-pres with the missile attitude reference data from the
sure air distribution system , and safety relays for ST-120 stabilized platform to create the combined
discontinuing a countdown, if necessary, after control signals that operate the hydraulic adapt
ground power has been removed . ers .

and vel1.ociST-120 tabilized

d platio sstabilized platform . The 4 . Power supplies. The primary pow
ST-120 stabilized platform provides missile atti er supplies consist of the missile battery and a
tude and velocity information from which the static inverter.

MAIN ELECTRICAL GUIDANCE AND

DISTRIBUTOR CONNECTOR CONTROL COMPUTER
BRACKET

LAND
UNUN

ST- 120 STATIC

STABILIZED MISSILE INVERTER
SERVOAMPLIFIER PLATFORM BATTERY

ARR 80-1480

Figure 8 - 15 . Guidance section .

8 -11
TM 9 -3305

(b ) Operation (fig 8- 16 ). The guidance the actual data with the preset information, and
system detects errors in themissile trajectory, as calculates the exact instant for second- stage cutoff
compared to the predetermined flight path , and and warhead section separation . After warhead
converts these errors into guidance signals. The section separation, no further control, other than
G & CC combines the guidance signals with the atti spin stabilization , is necessary to deliver the war
tude signals to generate a corrective signal for head section within the normal dispersion limits
transmission to the hydraulic actuators. The guid associated with the required circular error proba
ance system continuously monitors the actual ve bility (CPE ).
locity and displacement of the missile, compares

ST-120 STABILIZED
SERVOAMPLIFIER PLATFORM
PROGRAM
SELECTION

PITCH
PROGRAMMED COMMANDS
PITCH TO
ATTITUDE HYDRAULIC
INPUTS FROM ACTUAL ERROR
GROUND SUPPORT VELOCITY SIGNALS
ACTUATORS
EQUIPMENT INFORMATION

A
e
CUTOFF AND
e
SEPARATION
VELOCITY AND SIGNALS
DISPLACEMENT
PRESET INFORMATION GUIDANCE AND MAIN
CONTROL COMPUTER DISTRIBUTOR
ARR 80 1481
Figure 8-16. Operation of guidance section .

8 - 12
 TM 9 -3305

(3) Warhead section . The warhead section head . The main components of the adapter kit are
( fig 8 - 17) contains the nuclear warhead , the war the arming and detonating fuzes and the thermal
head spin system , and an adapter kit. The spin sys batteries. The warhead structure is covered with a
tem consists of a gas generator connected to noz coating that maintains the temperature of the war
zles that release gases to impart spin to the war head within operating limits during reentry.

GASGENERATOR
ELECTRICALL
CONNECTORS

NOZZLE O
O
O

SEPARATION
THRUST PAD

ARR 80- 1486

Figure 8 -17. Warhead section .

8-13 (8-14 blank )

 TM 9 -3305

APPENDIX
REFERENCES
The following publications pertain to the material TM 9-1425-380- 10-2....... Operator's Manual: De
covered in this manual. scription of the Pershing
IA Field Artillery Missile
DA PAM 310-4 ............. Index of TechnicalManu System (classified supple
als, Technical Bulletins, ment)
Supply Manuals ( Types 7 ,
8, and 9), Supply Bulle TM 9 - 1425 -485 - 10 - 1 ...... System Description for
tins, and Lubrication Or Lance Guided Missile
ders System
TM 43-0001-28 . Army Ammunition Data TM 9 - 1425-485- 10 - 2 ...... Operator' s Manual:
Sheets for Artillery Am Lance Guided Missile
munition: Guns, Howit System
zers, Mortars, Recoilless
Rifles, and Grenade TM 9-2300 -216 -10 ......... Operator's Manual for
Launchers Gun, Self-Propelled: 175
MM , M107 (2350 -00 -436
TM 9-1015-203-12 ........ Operator/Crew and Orga 6635 ) and Howitzer,
nizational Maintenance Heavy , Self-Propelled : 8
Manual for Howitzer, Inch, M110 (2350-00-439
Light, Towed : 105 -MM , 6243) and M110A1
M101 (1015 -00-322-9728 )
and 105 -MM , M101A1 TM 9 -2350-217-10N ...... Operation and Mainte
(1015-00-322-9752) nance Manual: (Crew )
Howitzer, Medium , Self
TM 9 - 1015-234-12 ......... Operator and Organiza Propelled: 155-MM ,
tional Maintenance Man M109 (2350-00 -440-8811)
ual: Howitzer, Light, and 155-MM , M109A1
Towed: 105-MM , M102 ( 2350-00-485 - 9662)
( 1015 -00 -086 -8164) and 109A3
TM 9 -2350-303 -10 ....... Operator's Manual for
TM 9 - 1025 -200 - 12 ........ Operator and Organiza Howitzer, Medium , Self
tional Maintenance Man Propelled : 155-MM ,
ual for Howitzer, Medi M109A2 (2350 -01-031
um , Towed : 155-MM , 0568)
M114 and M114A1/
M114A2 TM 9 -2350- 304 - 10 ......... Operator's Manual for
Howitzer, Heavy , Self
TM 9-1025-211-10 .. Operator's Manual: How Propelled , 8 -inch ,
itzer , Medium , Towed : M110A2 (2350 -01-041.
155 -MM ,M198 4590)

TM 9 -1425-380- 10 - 1 .... Operator' s Manual:

Description of the Per
shing 1A Field Artillery
Missile System

A -1 (A -2 blank)
 TM 9- 3305

ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Subject Page Subject Page
Breech operating mechanism :
Carrier .......... 4- 10
AN /DJW -49 guidance section ........ ....... 8 -11
Sliding-wedge..... 4-13
Artillery, development of US cannon: Breechblock:
During World
During W orld War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
II .......
War II
Early ........ Interrupted -screw ......... . . . . . . 400

.
000000000

Since the Korean conflict ........ . . . . . . . . . . 2 -17 Sliding-wedge ....... ....... 4 - 9

Breech -loading cannons.... 2-4
Artillery using gunpowder , primitive............. 2-1
Assemblage,M5 or M6 missile main ............
Buffer, counterrecoil (See
Counterrecoil buffer )
Auxiliary items of barrel assembly :
Bore evacuator ......... ........... 4-6
Muzzle brake...... 4.7 Caliber. 4-2
Ale
Axle ... .... ............... 7-16 Cannon :
Components of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4 - 1
B Definition of... . . . . . . . ..

Barrel assembly : Cannon artillery, development of US:

Auxiliary items.... 4-6 During World War II ... 2 -7
Definitions ......... 4-1 Early .... 2-5
Monobloc tube construction ................ . . . . . . . .. 4-2 Since the Korean conflict...... .. .. 2 -17
Mountings .. 4-3
Rifling ... 4-2 Cannon support components:
Bottom carriage .......... 7 -2
Barrel assembly mountings : Cradle...... 7-22
1
Central bore ......... 4-3 Sleigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cradle and sleigh .......... ......... 4 -5 Top carriage.. 7 -2

Recoil slide rail . ........ ....... .. . 4 -4
Cannons:
Basic launch fixture. Breech- loading... 2-4
Rifled ........... 2-3
Bore evacuator ........... Smoothbore .... ........ 2 - 1
Bottom carriage........... ...... 7 - 2 Cannon - type weapons:
Current. 3-1
Box trail . 7 -21
.
.

Definition of.......... 3-1

Brake: Carriage:
Muzzle .. 4-7 Bottom ......
Recoil (See Recoil brake) Top ............ 7 -2

Brakes: Carriage andmount, definition of.......... 7- 1

Parking ......... 7-25
Service ... 7- 26 Carriage traversing-type traversing
mechanism ......... 7 -14
Breech mechanism :
Breech operatingmechanism 4-10 Carriage-mounted pull-type spring
Breechblock ........... 4-8 equilibrator... 7 -5
Firingmechanism ...... 4-15
General........................ 4-8 Carriages and mounts, early
Obturator................. 4 -21 development of........ P
... . ... . 2 - 2

INDEX 1
TM 9-3305
Subject Page Subject Page
Carrier breech operating mechanism ............ 4-10 Early development of US cannon
artillery .. .......... 2-5
Centralbore mounting .................... ......... 4 - 3
Elevating mechanism :
Continuous-pull firingmechanism ...... ...... 4 - 15 General....... 7- 10
Manually operated ......................... 7 -10
Control surfaces, M29 andM30 ..... Power operated ... 7 -12
Counterrecoil buffer: Elevating rack and pinion-type
Dash pot......... 6 -8
.. .. .. .. elevatingmechanism .. 7 - 10
Hydraulic spring ............ .......... 6 -8
Respirator or Schindler ....... . ... .. .. 6 - 10 Equalizer ... 7 - 17

Counterrecoil mechanism : Equilibrator:

Dependent .............. 6 -5 General....... 7- 3
Independent ............ ...... 6 -6 Hydropneumatic 7 -8
Piston-type hydropneumatic Pneumatic .. 7-6
recuperator . ...... .... .... .... .... ... 6 - 7 Spring 7 -4
Cradle .... ................... .... ... .... ........................ ......... 7- 2 Evacuator,bore ................ ....... 4 -6
Cradle and sleigh mounting .......... 4 -5
Cylinder-type elevating mechanism ,
hydraulic ... 7 - 12
Firing jack .. 7 -18

Firing mechanism :
Dash pot counterrecoil buffer . 6 -8 Continuous-pull. 4 -15
Inertia .......... 4 - 18
DeBange obturator.. ............................. Percussion -hammer .......... 4 -20
Dependent counterrecoil mechanism ............. Firing platform ..... . 7-18
Development during World War II of US Firing support:
cannon artillery ............. . . . . .. . . . . . 2 -7 Firing jack ... 7-18
Firing platform . 7 -18
Development of rockets and guided General.......... 7- 17
missiles:
Early .... . . ... . .. . . .. .. ...... .. . .. . .. 2-21 First and second stages.... 8 - 10
Since World War II .......... 2- 22
Development of US cannon artillery :
During World War II.. ..... .. ... . 2-7
...... 7-15
Early
11 . .. .. . . ........... ......... ........... .. 2 -5 Gear-type traversingmechanism , ring............
Since the Korean conflict ... 2 - 17
........... .. 6 - 2
Grooves, throttling................
Development since the Korean conflict ...... 6 - 4
of US cannon artillery ...... Grooves,throttling, variable recoil.
Guidance section , AN /DJW -49 ...... 8 - 11
Development since World War II of
rockets and guided missiles ... 2 - 22
Guided missile system :
Devices, hand loading and ramming........... 5-1 Lance...
Pershing . 8 -8
E
Guided missiles:
Current.......... 3 -6
Early development of rockets and Definition of..... .. ... . .. ..
guided missiles .. .................. 2-21

INDEX 2
 TM 9 -3305

Subject Page Subject Page

Guided missiles: - continued Lance missile :
Development of: M251warhead section ... 8 -3
Early .......... 2-21
Since World War II. 2 - 22 Lance missile: - continued
Lance . ....................... ...................
... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 8-2 M29 and M30 control surfaces . . . . . . . . . . 8 -5
Pershing ................ ....... .... .. .. .. .. 8 -9 M5 or M6 missile main assemblage............. 8 - 4
Gunpowder, invention of.... 2-1 Launch fixture, basic .... 8 -6

Gunpowder, primitive artillery using............. 2-1 Launcher:

M752 self-propelled launcher................. 8-6
H Zero- length launcher ........... 8-6
Launcher equipment:
Hand loading and ramming devices................ Basic launch fixture ..... 8-6
Hydraulic cylinder-type elevating M234 mobility kit...... . ... ... .. 8-7
mechanism ..... ................ 7 - 12
Loader and rammermechanism ...................... 5 -3
Hydraulic motor rack and pinion -type Loading and ramming devices,hand ............... 5-1
elevatingmechanism ........ 7-12
Hydraulic spring counterrecoil buffer ......... Lunette..... . . . . . . . . . . .
.................. 7-22
LZL ... 8 -6
Hydropneumatic recuperator,
piston -type.. . . . . . . .

M
Hydropneumatic spring equilibrator..............
Main assemblage, M5 or M6 missile............... 8 -4
Manually operated elevating mechanism :
Independent counterrecoilmechanism ............ 6 -6 Elevating rack and pinion -type.................. 7 -10
Elevating screw -type ................................... 7 - 10
Inertia firingmechanism ............................... 4. 18 Manually operated traversing mechanisms:
Interrupted-screw breechblock .......... Carriage traversing -type.......... . . . . . . . .
7 - 14
Pintle-type..... 7- 13
Invention of gunpowder ...... 2-1 Missile:
Lance. 8 -2
Pershing ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -9
Jack , firing . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-18 Missile main assemblage, M5 or M6 ................ 8-4
к Missile sections (Pershing):
AN /DJW -49 guidance section . . .. ........ .. . ... .. ... 8-11
Kit,M234 mobility ... 8-7 First and second stages.... 8- 10 . . . . . . . . .

Warhead section ........ ..... ..... 8-13

Missiles (See Guided missiles)

Lance guided missile system : Mobility kit,M234... .................. 8 -7 . . .

Components..
Description .... . Monobloc tube construction ......... .......... A -2
Lance missile:
Components ........... .............................. ...........
Trajectory ................... ..................... .. .... ......... 8 -2 Motor rack and pinion -type elevating
mechanism , hydraulic ....... ... ... 7 -12
Launchers and launcher equipment ........... 8 -6

INDEX 3
TM 9 -3305

Subject Page Subject Page

Mount,definition of.. ...... 7-1 Pneumatic spring equilibrator.... 7 -6

Mountings, barrel assembly (See Power loading and ramming mechanism :
Barrel assembly mountings) General. ...... ............ ... .... 5 -2
Loader and rammer mechanism ........... 5 -3
Mounts,early developmentof... .. . 2-2 Rammer mechanism ...................................... 5 -7

Muzzle brake. .................................. Power operated elevating mechanism :

Hydraulic cylinder-type...... 7 -12
M234 mobility kit....... Hydraulic motor rack and pinion -type......... 7- 12

M251warhead section...... Power operated traversing mechanism

(ring gear-type) ........... .......... 7- 15 . . . . . . . . . .

M29 and M30 control surfaces.......... OOOOOOOOOO

Pregunpowder era.....
M5 or M6 missile main assemblage ..........
Primitive artillery using gunpowder .............
M752 self-propelled launcher .......
Pull-type spring equilibrator...........
N Pull-type spring equilibrator,
Nitrogen gas-type replenisher. ... 6 - 11 carriage-mounted ...........
Pusher-type spring equilibrator........
0
Obturator ..... 4 -21 R
Rack and pinion-type elevating
P mechanism :
Elevating.......... . ...... .. ......... . 7 - 10
Parking brakes......... 7-25 Hydraulic motor.... ......... 7 - 12

Percussion -hammer firing mechanism ........... 4-20 Rack and pinion -type pintle-type
traversing mechanism . 7 - 14
Pershing guided missile system :
Components ...... 8 -8 Rammer and loader mechanism ......... 5 -3
Description ...................... 8 -8
XMG -31A Pershingmissile ... Rammermechanism ........ 000000OOOOOOOOOO . . .
5-7
Pershing missile sections (See Ramming devices........ . ..... 5-1
Missile sections (Pershing))
Recoil brake:
Pershing missile , XMGM -31A : Throttling grooves ........... 6 -2
Description ............ 8-9 Throttling rod............ 6 -3
Missile sections .......... 8 - 10 Variable recoil throttling rod and
throttling grooves.... 6 -4
Pintle ......... 7-22
Recoil mechanism :
Pintle-type traversing mechanism : Counterrecoil buffer .... 6 -8
Rack and pinion-type .......... 7 -14 Counterrecoilmechanism . 6 -5
Screw -type ............ 7 - 13 Definitions ................ 6 -1
Purpose.................. . . . . 6 -1
Piston -type hydropneumatic recuperator....... 6 -7 Recoil brake 6 -2
Replenisher ............... 6 - 10
Platform , firing ... ........... 7-18

INDEX 4
 TM 9- 3305

Subject Page Subject Page

Recoil slide rail mounting........ . .. .... Spade.. . . . . . . . . . 7 -23
Recuperator, piston -type hydro A7
Split trail... ........ 7 - 20
pneumatic ...
Spring counterrecoil buffer ,
Replenisher: hydraulic .. 6 -8
Nitrogen gas-type.... 6 -11
Spring-type... ......... 6 - 10 Spring equilibrator:
Carriage-mounted pull-type. 7 -5
Respirator ............ 6 -10
Spring equilibrator: - continued
Retractable suspension system ... ... 7-19 Hydropneumatic .......... 7 -8
Pneumatic .................... .......... 7-6
Rifled cannons ...... 2-3 Pull-type ............. .......... 7 - 4
Pusher-type ..... .......... 7-5
Rifling ............ 4-2
Spring-type replenisher ....... ........ 6 - 10
Ring gear-type traversingmechanism ............ 7- 15
Stages, first and second ......... ........ 8 - 10
Rockets and guided missiles,
definition of... 3 .1 Support, firing (See Firing support)
Rockets, development of: Surfaces,M29 and M30 control....... . ... ... 8 - 5
. . . . . . . . . . .

Early .. ..... 2 -21

Since World War II ...... .........**** .... 2- 22 Suspension system ,retractable...... ......
Rod, throttling . T
Rod, throttling, variable recoil.. Throttling grooves......... 6 -2
Throttling rod .......... 6 -3

Schindler counterrecoil buffer... 6- 10 Throttling rod and throttling

grooves, variable recoil ... 6 -4
...............
Scope ................................................ .. 1-1
Top carriage.......... 7- 2
Screw -type elevating mechanism , Trail:
elevating ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Box ................................................................... ... 7 -21 . . . . . . .

Screw -type pintle-type traversing Split ... ....... ....... ........... ........... ... .... .... ............... 7 - 20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

mechanism .... ........ 7 - 13

..... 8 -2
Trajectory (Lance) ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Self-propelled launcher,M752......... .......... 8- 6

Traversing mechanism :
Service brakes....... ...... 7-26 General........ 7-13
Manually operated auau . . . . . . . . . . ......... 7 - 13
Shields.. ...... 7- 24 Power operated (ring gear-type) ............... 7-15
Sleigh.... 7 -2 Tube construction ,monobloc .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 4 -2
. .

Sliding-wedge breech operating U

mechanism .. 4-13
US cannon artillery , development of:
Sliding-wedge breechblock .... 4.9 During World War II .... 2-7
Early ................. ... ....... 2-5
Smoothbore cannons .... 000OOOOO
. 2- 1 Since theKorean conflict . 2- 17

INDEX 5
 TM 9 -3305

Subject Page

Variable recoil throttling rod and

throttling grooves ............. ... 6 - 4

Warhead section:
M251(Lance) ......... 8 -3
(Pershing). ... .... 8 - 13

XMGM -31A Pershing missile (See Pershing

missile , XMGM -31A )

Zero-length launcher.... 8 -6

INDEX 6
 TM 9 -3305

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

E . C . MEYER
General, United States Army
Official: Chief of Staff

J. C . PENNINGTON
Major General, United States Army
The Adjutant General

Distribution :

To be distributed in accordance with Special Mailing List.

U .S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1989 - 242-451/06121

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 THE METRIC SYSTEM AND EQUIVALENTS
LINEAR MEASURE SQUARE MEASURE
I Centimeter = 10 Millimeters = 0.01 Meters = 0.3937 Inches i Sa Centimeter = 100 Sq Millimeters = 0.155 Sa Inches
1 Meter 100 Centimeters = 1000 Millimeters = 39.37 Inches 1 Sq Meter = 10,000 Sq Centimeters = 10.76 Sq Feel
I Kilometer = 1000 Meters = 0.621 Miles 1 Sq Kilometer= 1, 000,000 Sq Meters = 0.386 Sa Miles
WEIGHTS CUBIC MEASURE
I Grom =0.001 Kilograms = 1000 Milligrams = 0.035 Ounces i Cu Centimeter = 1000 Cu Mllimeters = 0.06 Cu Inches
= 2.2 Lb= 1 Megogrom = 1.1 Short Tons i Cu Meter = 1,000, 000 Cu Centimeters = 35.31 Cu Feet
I1 Metric = 1000Grams
KilogromTon= 1000 Kilograms
LIQUID MEASURE
TEMPERATURE
5 /9 (°F - 32) -°C
1 Milliliter = 0.001 Liters = 0.0338 Fluid Ounces 212° Fahrenheit is equivalent to 100° Celsius
1 Liter = 1000 Milliliters = 33.82 Fluid Ounces 900 Fahrenheit is equivalent to 32 .2° Celsius
32° Fahrenheit is equivalent to OC Celsius

орайындалад
9/5 CO + 32 = FO

олариан
15
APPROXIMATE CONVERSION FACTORS
TO CHANGE TO MULTIPLY BY

14
Inches . . . . . . . . . . Centimeters . . . . . . . 2 . 540
Feet . . . . . . . . . . . Meters . . . . . . . . . 0 . 305
Yards . . . . . . . . . . Meters . . . . . . .. .. ..
0 .914

13
Miles . . . . . . . . . . Kilometers . . 1 .609

болатын
Square Inches . . . . . . Square Centimeters . . . 6 . 451
Square Feet . . . . . . . Square Meters . . . . . . 0 .093

12
Square Yards . . . . . . Square Meters . . . . . . 0 .836

орындалыл
Square Miles . . . . · Square kilometers . . . . 2 .590.

арылат
Acres . . . . . . . . . •. Square Hectometers . . . 0 .405
Cubic Feet . . . . .

11
. . Cubic Meters . . . . . . 0 .028
Cubic Yards . . .. . Cubic Meters . . . . . . 0 . 765

дарында
Fluid Ounces . . . . Milliliters . . . . . .
29 . 573
Pints . . . . . . . Liters . . . . . 0 .473
. .

10

ардан
Quarts . . . . . . Liters . . . . . . . . 0 . 946

адам
ons . . . .
Gallces Liters . . . . . . . . .3 . 785

ын
. .
Oun . . . . . . . . Grams. . . . . .. . .
28 . 349
Pounds . · · · · · · . Kilograms . . . . . . . 0 . 454

9
Short Tons . . . . . . . . Metric Tons
Tons.. . . . . 0 . 907
Pound -Feet . . . . . . . . Newton -Meters . . . . . . 1. 356
Pounds per Square Inch . . Kilopascals . . . . . . . 6 .895

8
Miles per Gallon . . . . . Kilometers per liter . . 0 .425

3
Miles per hour . . . . . . Kilometers per Hour. . . 1 .609
TO CHANGE TO MULTIPLY BY
Centimeters . . . . . . . Inches . . . . . . . . . 0 . 394 mamummmm
Met . . . . . . . . . . Feet . . 3 . 280
Meters . . • Yards . 1 . 094
Kilometers . . . . . . . . Mites . : : . . 0 .621
Square Centimeters. . · Square Inches . . . 0 . 155
Square Meters . . . . . Square Feet . . .. 10 . 764
Square Meters . . . . . . Square Yards . .. . . 1 . 196
Square kilometers . . . . Square Miles . .. 0 . 386
Square Hectometers. . . . Acres . . . ... . . . . . 2 . 471
Cubic Meters . . . . . . . Cubic Feet . . . . . . . 35 . 315
Cubic Meters . . . . . . . Cubic Yards . . . . . . . 1. 308
Milliliters . . . . . . Fluid Ounces . 0 .034
3

Liters . . . . . . Pints . . . . .. 2 . 113

INCHES

Liters . · · · · · · . Quarts . . . . .. 1 .057

1

Liters . . . . . . . . . . Gallons . . . 0 . 264

Grams . . . . . . . . . . Ounces . . . . . . . . 0 .035
Kilograms . . . . . . . . Pounds . . . . . . 2 . 205
.21CM

ons . . Short Tons . . 1 . 102

Newton -Meters . . . . . . Pound -Feet . . . 0 . 738
Kilopascals . . . . . . . Pounds per Square Inch . 0 . 145
Kilometers per Liter . . . Miles per Gallon . . . . 2 . 354
Kilometers per Hour . . . Miles per Hour . . . . . 0.621
TA089991

RX 002 742 505

 PIN : 048891 - 000
3305
TM9- PRINCIPL
ARTILLE ES—
OF
WEAPONS
RY
1981