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Complex Number - Square Roots

This document discusses techniques for finding square roots of complex numbers. It provides examples of finding the square roots of expressions like 40 - 42i, 2 + 4√2i, and the discriminant of a quadratic equation. The key steps are: (1) write the square root as a complex number x + yi, (2) take the square of both sides, (3) compare real and imaginary parts to get two equations, (4) solve the equations to find x and y. A general formula is derived for the square roots of a + bi using this method.

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157 views3 pages

Complex Number - Square Roots

This document discusses techniques for finding square roots of complex numbers. It provides examples of finding the square roots of expressions like 40 - 42i, 2 + 4√2i, and the discriminant of a quadratic equation. The key steps are: (1) write the square root as a complex number x + yi, (2) take the square of both sides, (3) compare real and imaginary parts to get two equations, (4) solve the equations to find x and y. A general formula is derived for the square roots of a + bi using this method.

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Square Roots of Complex numbers - We all know that √− 1 = i . How about √i or √1 + i ?

Before finding square roots of complex numbers, we need some tools first:
1. If x and y are real numbers, x2 − y 2 = 40 and xy =− 21 , find the value of x2 + y 2

2 2
Solution: (x2 − y 2 ) = 402 = 1600 , x2 y 2 = (− 21) = 441
x4 − 2x2 y 2 + y 4 = 1600

x4 + 2x2 y 2 + y 4 = 1600 + 4×441 = 3364

x2 + y 2 = 58 (since both x and y are real numbers).

2. Suppose x2 + y 2 = 58 and x2 − y 2 = 40 . Find the value of x and y .

Solution: (x2 + y 2 ) + (x2 − y 2 ) = 58 + 40 = 98


x2 = 98÷2 = 49

x = 7 or x =− 7 .
Similarly, y = 3 or y =− 3 .

3. Find the square roots of 40 − 42i .

Solution: Suppose √40 − 42i = x + y i , where x and y are real numbers. Take squares on both
sides,
40 − 42i = x2 + 2xyi − y 2

Comparing the real and imaginary part,


x2 − y 2 = 40 and 2xy =− 42
By (1), x2 + y 2 = 58 .
By (2), x = 7 or x =− 7 ; y = 3 or y =− 3 .
Since 2xy =− 42 < 0 , x and y has opposite signs. Therefore, √40 − 42i = 7 − 3i or − 7 + 3i

4. Find the square roots of 2 + 4√2i .

Solution: Let √2 + 4√2i = x + yi , where x and y are real numbers. Take squares on both sides,

Comparing the real and imaginary part,

√(x
2
x2 + y 2 = 2 − y 2 ) + 4x2 y 2

(x2 + y 2 ) + (x2 − y 2 ) =

Page 1
Since 2xy = 4√2 , x and y has same signs.
Therefore, the square roots of 2 + 4√2i are 2 + √2i or − 2 − √2i .

Using similar technique in Question 4, the following is a formula for square root:

The square roots of complex number a + bi is x + y i , where

x=±
√ √a2 +b2 +a and y = ±
2 √ √a2 +b2 −a
2

Proof: Let √a + bi = x + y i , then a + bi = (x2 − y 2 ) + 2xyi .


Comparing the real and imaginary part, a = x2 − y 2 and b = 2xy .

√(x
2
x2 + y 2 = 2 − y 2 ) + 4x2 y 2 = √a2 + b2 .
2x2 = √a2 + b2 + a and 2y 2 = √a2 + b2 − a and

x=±
√ √a2 +b2 +a and y = ±
2 √ √a2 +b2 −a
2

5. Solve z 2 − (3 + i) z + (4 + 3i) = 0 by finding the square roots of discriminant first.

Solution: The discriminant of the quadratic equation is


2
Δ = (3 + i) − 4 (4 + 3i) =− 8 − 6i

2
Let − 8 − 6i = (x + y i) =
Comparing the real and imaginary part,

x2 + y 2 =

(x2 + y 2 ) + (x2 − y 2 ) =

Since 2xy =− 6 , x and y has opposite signs.

Page 2
(3+i)+(1−3i) (3+i)−(1−3i)
Therefore, z = 2 or z = 2

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra​: Every polynomial equation has ​at least one​ complex root
(even the coefficient is complex). Complex Number is ​algebraically closed​.

Page 3

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