19/02/2013

Foundation Rehabilitation Methods

Foundation & Substructure
Failures
UNIT II: Foundation and
substructures defects
Dr Chitrarekha Kabre
Foundation Rehabilitation
Methods

Foundation Rehabilitation methods Shoring Raking shores

Shoring Raking Shores • Raking shores with the

angles of shores 60-75°
• Form of prop or support, usually temporary, where external support is
that is used during the repair or original Flying Shores necessary.
construction of foundation • In case, the feet of raking
Underpinning shores are to be kept free,
Dead Shores then flying shores can be
• Material used to support foundation provided where strut against
another structure or wall

Flying shores Dead shores

• Flying shores merely • Dead shores vertical
provide a restraint against struts bearing on the
building or tilting ground at the required
distance and
supporting the vertical
load of a wall wherever
required in conjunction
with flying shores or
horizontal ties.

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Underpinning
• Underpinning is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the
foundation of an existing building for a variety of reasons:
– The original foundation is simply not strong or stable enough.
– The usage of the structure has changed.
– The properties of the soil supporting the foundation may have
changed (possibly through subsidence) or were
mischaracterized during planning.
– The construction of nearby structures necessitates the
excavation of soil supporting existing foundations.
– It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work
on the present structure's foundation than to build a new one.
• Underpinning is accomplished by extending the foundation in
depth or in breadth so it either rests on more supportive soil
stratum or distributes its load across a greater area.

Underpinning Pit method of underpinning

Pit method of underpinning
• The most common and oldest method of underpinning
• The underpinned foundation should meet the • Accomplished by installing piers under a structure’s
requirements of correct allowable bearing Underpinning piles foundation, filling them with concrete and wedging up to
transfer the load to the new piers
pressures • Requires careful and skilled work as loss of ground will cause
building settlement
• Shallow underpinning may be satisfactory in Micro piles • A pit of 3’ wide, 4’ long and 5’ deep is excavated in front of the
footing to be underpinned
some cases, materials are metals • Pit is extended laterally to reach under the foundation to be
• Deep underpinning to incompressible stratum Proprietary jacked piles
underpinned
• The foundation is then deepened to the required depth
is essential in some cases, piles or piers are • Vertical formwork is built in the pit and then is concreted up to
the foundation
suitable in this case. Underpinning by injection of the • Dry packing operation is then carried out
ground with cement or chemicals

Pit method of underpinning Pit method of underpinning

• This method stabilises existing wall
foundations by digging under the • Traditional method of
present foundation in sequenced needling a wall to
bays to a depth where firm strata
exists and replacing the excavated
material with mass concrete.
reduce the weight on
• Traditional underpinning is usually the foundations during
applied when the existing
foundations are at shallow depth. underpinning work
• Bays are excavated generally 1.0m
– 1.2m in length, 0.6m wide, and
up to 2.5m from ground level.
• A mini piled solution would be
more economical over depths of
1.5m.

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Underpinning piles Underpinning Pile

• Normally provide in • The piles are driven along both the sides of
pairs, one on each the existing wall and then needles in the form
side of the load of pipe caps are provided through the existing
bearing walls or in wall. Thus existing wall is relieved of the loads
groups around the coming on it.
sides of columns. • This method is useful in clayey soils and for
water-logged areas and for walls carrying
heavy loads.

Micro piles Micropile Installation

• Micropiles are small diameter (generally less than 300 mm) drilled • Micropiles are installed using same drilling and grouting
and grouted piles that typically utilize steel drill casing and/or a equipment
steel reinforcing core to transfer structural loads to a suitable soil or
rock stratum. • Using this type of equipment allows micropiles to be
• They develop their axial capacity primarily through the bond installed in subsurface conditions where other conventional
between the grout body and soil or rock in the pile bonded zone, foundation systems may not be a reasonable alternative.
which allows them to provide both tension and compression • The type of drilling equipment used to install micropiles
resistance. allows for them to be easily socketed into hard rock and to
penetrate through subsurface obstructions such as
boulders or intermittent weak rock layers with negligible
surface vibration.
• Compact, low headroom drills are available that can be
used inside buildings or other limited space applications.

Micro pile Advantage

• Because of their installation methods and structural
characteristics, Micro piles offer numerous advantages that
make them perfect solutions for a variety of geotechnical
and construction challenges:
• High load capacity in both tension and compression
• Ability to install in difficult subsurface conditions or
through modest obstructions
• Ability to install where elevated groundwater or caving
soil conditions are present
• Ability to install in low headroom or limited access
situations
• Ability to install where excess vibration is not desirable
• Tested to verify load carrying capacity

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Mini piling and needle beams Cantilever Needle Beam Jack Pile Underpinning
• Mini-piling is where a machine drives steel • The needle beam is only supported on • Dig out sections of the existing
rods known as piles down into the ground one side – usually the outside. There foundations and backfill with concrete
to reach the load bearing strata. Small are usually two piles driven on the to reach solid footing. A hydraulic jack
sections are then taken out of the wall and outside – one for compression (closest is then inserted between the concrete
a steel beam known as a needle beam is to the wall) and one for tension pile and the existing foundations (or
passed through and connected to the piles (furthest from the wall). walls) and it expands to breach the
on either side of the wall using re-bars. • This method is particularly useful space between.
This means that the load of the wall is when the building is in use and don’t • The steel bars and concrete pile are
transferred from the foundations onto the want major disruption then installed in this space before the
piles. • When the external wall of the property hydraulic jack is removed.
• This method is great for tight spaces as the is not accessible. • The walls are strong enough to span
mini-piling machine can fit into 600mm • Slightly more space on the side of the over the heads of the concrete pile
gaps. Also this method is suitable for high wall is required caps which are cast onto the jack pile
capacity loads the closer together that the heads after the hydraulic jacks have
piles are placed. The main downside is • Two piles are driven down – these been removed.
that it causes a lot of disruption internally needle beams can be up to 2 meters
if you are already living in the cottage. long. • It is used for depths deeper than 1.5m.

Jack Pile Underpinning Permeation Grouting

• This is where bores are drilled
• Typically, tunneling is provided to expose a down into the foundation and
floors and a liquid or grout is
segment of the building. The jack pile pressure pumped into the
ground.
apparatus is erected under the exposed • The grout fills all voids and
spaces underground and
foundation. Once erected, the apparatus is makes the ground more solid
and closer to solid footing
jacked to securely rest on the bottom surface which means that the
foundations are more solid.
of the tunneling at its lower end and to • This is a cheaper way to
support the exposed portion of the underpin and has been
extremely successful, again it is
foundation at its upper end highly useful where the site is
difficult to access or has limited
space for manoeuvre.