CA Form and Style for Technical Research |

Benguet State
University
College of Agriculture

POINTERS IN FORMAT PREPARATION FOR THESIS

OUTLINE/MANUSCRIPT
FOR THE TEXTUAL PRESENTATION:

1. Outline and manuscripts to be submitted when filling application for final exam
should be complete with Preliminary Pages:
a. Title Page
b. Declaration of Originality
c. Approval Sheet (CA Form 10))
d. Acknowledgement
e. Table of Contents
f. List of Tables
g. List of Figures
h. List of Appendices
i. Abstract

2. The Preliminary Pages should be included in the Table of Contents with

corresponding small Roman Numerals (i.e., i, ii, iii…) as page number.

3. Initial/First pages of the preliminary pages have imaginary page numbers.

4. In the Approval Page (CA Form 10), author, thesis titles, degree and major field
should be capitalized.

5. The main heading such as: INTRODUCTION; REVIEW OF LITERATURE;

MATERIALS and METHODS/METHODOLOGY; RESULTS and DISCUSSION;
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION; and LITERATURE
CITED, should all be capitalized and should have imaginary page numbers on
their first pages. These headings should be center aligned.

6. Page no 2. and the succeeding page numbers should be in its default margin
system (.5” in top margin and 1” in right margin) and should be written in small
Arabic numbers (i.e., 2, 3, 4…). Font style is Times New Roman and font size 12.

7. Maintain two (2) double spaces (same as 4 single spaces) between the main
heading (i.e., INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF LITERATURE…) and the major
subsection.

8. Major subsection is placed at the left side of the page and is in title case (i.e.,
Decentralizing Filipino Films), and in inverted pyramid form when composed of
five or more words.

9. Maintain one (1) double space (same as 2 single spaces) between the major
subsection and the paragraph heading.

10. Paragraph heading should be indented or tabbed (single tab) to the right and is in
sentence case (i.e., This is an example of sentence case). It is also italicized.
The paragraph immediately follows after a space.

11. If possible, maintain only 2 levels of subsections (major subsection and

paragraph headings).
 12. Always use double spaces in the text. Single space is allowed in tables and
figures.

13. Do not underscore when defining terms and for emphasizing ideas.

FOR THE TABULAR PRESENTATION:

1. Tables could be placed along with the text or could be in a separate page. If
placed with the text, the table is placed on the top part of the page. Maintain 2
double spaces between the bottom line of the table and the text.

2. Tables should be presented with double solid lines on its top and the bottom
parts.

3. Tables should not have side border lines.

4. First level heading should be all capitalized letters.

5. Second level heading should have first letter capitalized.

6. Third level heading should only have lowercase letters.

7. For tables continued on the next page, there is no need to indicate table title,
instead use “Table_continued…” However, indicate table heading with double
solid lines at the top and the bottom part of the table.

8. Cut too many lines inside the tables, if possible only vertical lines to separate
headings.

9. Table title should be placed on top of the table and it should be 1 single space
before the double lines.

10. Tables should be presented after mentioning in the text but not in between texts.

FOR FIGURES PRESENTATION:

1. Figures are placed on the lower part of the page and should be clear and do not
contain unnecessary marks.

2. Figures should apply 1 point outline with no shadows.

3. Figure caption should be placed 1 single space after the figure is presented.

4. Figures should be presented after mentioning in the text but not in between texts.

5. Figures can be presented after it is mentioned in the text or could be placed as

appendix figures.

FOR LITERATURE CITED:

1. Strictly follow the CSE format. File at the end of the CA Form and Style for Technical
Research.
 CAForm and Style for Technical Research |
3

Benguet State
University
College of
Agriculture
THESIS FORM AND STYLE (Technical Research)
Prepared by: Paul Joseph A. Nuval and Randolf A. Sabado (Updated April
2020)

Paper Size
Ø Letter (8.5” x 11”)

Margin
Top Bottom Right Left
1” 1” 1” 1.5”

Font and Size

Ø Times New Roman, size 12.
Ø Do not use bold face.

General Spacing and Alignment

Ø Double space (2.0).
NOTE: Remove the spaces before and after paragraphs.
Ø Justified

How to remove before and after paragraph spaces

1. Select or highlight all (Ctrl + A).
2. Under the Home Tab, click the “Line and Paragraph Spacing” from the
Paragraph group.

3. Click either “Remove Space Before Paragraph” or “Remove Space After

Paragraph” whichever is applied. You can observe changes in the spacing.
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
4

NOTE: Copying and pasting text from another source (i.e., internet, website, .pdf files)
will sometimes use source settings and this will “add” unnecessary spaces before and
after your copied texts. Therefore, it is advisable to “add” and then “remove” before and
after paragraph spaces after each time you edit your paper. Do the following steps to add
and then remove paragraph spaces.

3.1. Select all (Ctrl + A).

3.2. Click “Line and Paragraph Spacing”. You should see these
options since Microsoft Word will detect your initial setting.

3.3. Click “Add Space Before Paragraph”

3.4. Click again “Line and Paragraph Spacing”. You should
now see these options.

3.5. Click “Line and Paragraph Spacing” then click “Remove Space
Before Paragraph”.
3.6. Follow Steps 3.1 to 3.5 for Space After Paragraph.
Verb Tenses

Translate the Present/Future Tense used in the Outline into Past Tense for the Manuscript.

1. Introduction. This is the same as in the outline except for the change in verb tense
from future/present to past tense where necessary. Side headings are maintained.

Segment Outline Example Manuscript Outcome

(Future/ Present Tense) (Past Tense)
Objectives of the Generally, the study aims to… Generally, the study aimed to…
Study
Specifically, the study aims to… Specifically, the study was able to…

Scope and Limitation The study will focus on the changes The study focused on the changes
of the Study occurred in the… occurred in the practice…

The study will look into the growth… The study looked into the growth…

Soil fertility and management were

not included in the study.

Locale and Time of the The study will be conducted in the The study was conducted in the BSU
Study BSU Certified Organic Demo Certified Organic Demo Farm, Balili, La
Farm, Balili, La Trinidad, Trinidad, Benguet.
Benguet.
Profile of the locale is in present tense.

The study will be conducted in The study was conducted in December

November 2019 to February 2020. 2019 to January 2020.

2. Review of Literature. Same as the outline. Additional references may be added

as needed.

3. Materials and Methods. This is the same as in the outline except for the change in
verb tense from future/present to past tense where necessary. Side headings
are maintained. Changes will be incorporated in the manuscript based on the
actual implementation of the study.

Side Heading Outline Example Manuscript Outcome

(whichever is (Future/ Present Tense) (Past Tense)
applicable)
Sampling Method/ Soil samples will be collected from the Soil samples were collected from the
Land Preparation experimental area experimental area
2
An area will be thoroughly prepared An area of 180 m was
and will be divided into 45 treatment thoroughly prepared and was
plots. divided into 45 treatment plots.

Experimental The experiment will utilize The study used/employed/utilized

Design Randomized Complete Block Design Randomized Complete Block
(RCBD) in factorial arrangement Design (RCBD) in factorial
arrangement
Data Gathered Data to be Gathered Data Gathered

The data to be gathered are the cultural The data gathered were the cultural
dances.. dances…
 Side Heading Outline Example Manuscript Outcome
(whichever is (Future/ Present Tense) (Past Tense)
applicable)
Data Analysis The data will be analyzed using The data gathered was analyzed
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
RCBD for RCBD factorial
factorial.
The comparison for the Level of The comparison for the Level of
Significance of the treatment Significance of the treatment means
means will be done using the was done using the Duncan’s
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%
(DMRT) at 5% level. level.

4. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations.

a. Summary. This presents the salient points of the study from objectives
to findings answering each objective.

b. Conclusions. Statements derived from the findings which provide

answer’s to the objectives of the study.

*Opening Statement:
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived:

c. Recommendations. Based on the conclusions, recommendations are

formulated to suggest what may be dine about the situation. This may
include an action agenda to be followed and recommendations for further
study.

*Opening Statement:
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the
following recommendations were formulated:
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
7
TITLE PAGE
Ø FONT: Times New Roman
APPLICATION OF KINDS AND RATES OF ORGANIC SOIL AMENDMENTS ON
YOUNG COB CORN (Zea mays Linn) PRODUCTION Use capital letters. No bold face.
Ø FONT SIZE: 12
Ø STRUCTURE: Inverted Pyramid
Ø SPACING: 1.0 (single). Adjust spaces
between components to show symmetry.
Ø Page number IS NOT shown. The title page is
ACE AURELIUS ANGEL D. BUHLE
considered as page “ i ”.

Title should follow the inverted pyramid format. Indigenous

words are italicized. Avoid hanging prepositions.

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,

NAME: Given Name Middle Initial Last Name
BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE
For thesis outline, use:

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF

AGRICULTURE, BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
(SOIL SCIENCE) Take note of the proper places of the commas. This is divided
into
4 decks.

JUNE 2019

1”
Date should be aligned with the bottom margin.
 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
(Preliminary Page for Thesis

Manuscript) Two (2) double spaces

I declare that this thesis is my own work and that I have acknowledged all materials

and sources used in its preparation.

I also certify that this work has not previously been submitted as a course

requirement or a degree in any other unit at Benguet State University or any other

institution.

I understand that should plagiarism be subsequently detected and proven in this

work, I am liable for whatever sanction that may be imposed upon me by rules of aggrieved

party or as provided by the law.

Two (2) double spaces
ACE AURELIUS ANGEL D. BUHLE
June 2019

Page number is not shown. This is your page “ii”

 CA FORM 3: THESIS OUTLINE APPROVAL SHEET
(Preliminary Page for Thesis
Outline)

Ø Make sure that you are using the appropriate form.

Hence, CA-UR Form 10
Single space, center aligned

Ø Note: Comma is placed after the word “outline”

Double space

Ø Adjust spaces for signatures accordingly to show

symmetry.

Single
space

Ø SIGNATORIES: Left Side: Panel Member 1

Right Side: Adviser

Single space, centered

st
Ø SIGNATORIES: 1 Center: Panel Member 2/Dept.
Chairperson
nd
2 Center: Dean

1” Page number is not shown. This is your page “iii” in Thesis

Manuscript.
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
10
CA FORM 10: THESIS MANUSCRIPT APPROVAL SHEET
(Preliminary Page for Thesis
Manuscript)

Ø Follow format of CA-UR Form 3 (page 7)

Ø Make sure that you are using the appropriate form.
Hence, CA-UR Form 10
Ø Comma is placed after the word “thesis.”

1”
Page number is not shown
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
(Preliminary Page for
Manuscript)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Spelled as is (American English spelling)

The researcher would like to thank his dear parents for their support and their

sacrifices in working to provide his needs.

The researcher would like to express his utmost gratitude to the following people

who made this study possible.

Special thanks to Madam Emilia F. Dayap, his adviser, for her help, suggestions,

and patience in advising and checking the outline and manuscript.

Likewise to Madam Magdalena D. Pandosen, his co-adviser, Sir Alexander W.

Fagyan, and Madam Gennie B. Soyon for their comments, advises and suggestions during

the defense of the study;

Special thanks to BSU-ORS, for providing a land area for the study, to Sir Two (2) double spaces
Lochinvar Contada for aiding us in the laboratory analysis, and to the BSU men’s

dormitory manager Sir Nelson A. Politchay for permitting the use of computers and printer.

To his friends in the society: Charlotte Bandiwan, Kismie Atos, Janine Lacaden,

Rachelie Diaz, Ivy Baniwas, Jessapril Sacyong, Marlon Calaton, Androm Carbonel and

Merfury Daysa and to his friends in the dormitory: Christian Carino and Clinton Palangdao

for their time and efforts supporting him during the conduct of the study.

And above all to the Almighty God, who provides sufficient wisdom, courage and

strength to the researcher. To God be all Glory!

ACE AURELIUS ANGEL D. BUHLE

Page number is not shown in the initial page of
‘Acknowledgment’ but if it has multiple pages, the
corresponding page number should be placed at the
bottom of the succeeding pages. Use lower case
numeral numbers (i.e. v, vi, vii, and so on). Font: Times
New Roman, size 12.
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
12

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ø SPACING: 2.0 (double)
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Two (2) double spaces between “TABLE OF CONTENTS” and

1.5” “Page”.
Title Page…..………………...………………………………………………… i

Declaration of Originality...……………………………………………………. ii

Approval Sheet……….………………………………………………………… iii

“Page” is aligned right.
Acknowledgment….…………………………………………………………… iv

Table of Contents……………………………………….……………………… v
Page numbers of the Preliminary Pages are in Roman
numerals. All page numbers are aligned right.
List of Tables……………………………………….…………………………... vii

List of Figures………………………………………………………………….. x
Two (2) double spaces
List of Appendix Tables……………………………………….……………….. xi

Abstract………………………………………………………………………… xii

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….…………... 1 All dot leaders (the dotted lines) should be aligned right.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………….. 4
Note: ‘Table of Contents’, ‘List of Figure’, and ‘List of
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………. 10
Tables’
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………….. 18
should have the same dot leader alignment.
Physical Properties of the soil…..……………………………………… 18

Bulk density of the soil……………............................................ 18 Chapter titles (Introduction, Review of Literature,

Water holding capacity Methodology, etc.) are aligned left.
of the soil...…………………………………………………….. 20

Chemical Properties of Soil ……………................................................. 22

Soil pH…………………………………..................................... 22

Organic matter content of the soil……………………………… 24

First level titles under each chapter are tabbed by 0.5”
(default tab).

Page number is not shown in the initial page of ‘Table of

Contents’.
 Page
Include header “Page” in the succeeding pages of ‘Table of
Available phosphorus
content of the soil………………………………………………. 28
Contents’.
Exchangeable potassium
content of the soil………………………………………………. 30

Horticultural Parameters ………...…………………………………….. 32

Number of days from

planting to tasseling………..…………………………………... 32

Number of days from

planting to silking……………………………………………… 34
Second level titles are tabbed 1” (twice tabbed).
Number of ears per plot………………………………………... 34

Marketable yield of young

cob corn per plot……….............................................................. 36

Non-marketable yield of
young cob corn per plot………................................................... 37

Total yield of young cob

corn per plot……………………………………………………. 38

Computed total yield…………………………………………… 40

If the titles are too long, use the appropriate number of decks. It
Economic Importance………………………………………………….. 42
should follow the inverted pyramid format. Single spacing is
Return on cash expense………………………………………… 42
used.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION………..
……………………......................................... 45

Summary……………………………………………………….. 45

Conclusion……………………………...……………………… 47

Recommendation...………… ………………………………….. 47

LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………… 48

APPENDICES……………….……………………………………………......... 51

vi The page numbers are shown in the succeeding pages of

‘Table of Contents’. Font: Times New Roman, size 12.
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
14

L IS T O F F IG U R E / S
LIST OF FIGURES

Two (2) double spaces

Figure No. Page

1 Young cob corn field………………………….…………………… 11

“Page” and page number/s are aligned right.
2 Detasseling…………………………………….…………………… 12

3 Emerging tassel of corn ………………………….………………… 12

4 Young corn 3 days after silking……………………..……………… 12

“Figure No.” and “Page” are lined together.
5 Hand picking of young cob corn …………………………………… 12

6 Tasseling of corn …………………………..………………….…… 32

7 Silking of corn……………………………………………………… 32

8 Marketable and non-marketable The first word (Young...) of the figure title is about 10
young cob corn…………………………………………………….. 37
spaces away from the figure number (1).

The figure number is lined with the letter “r” or “e” in the word
Figure

If the figure title is too long and reaches the center of the
page, use the appropriate number of decks. It should follow
the inverted pyramid format. Single spacing is used.
Sentence case is used.

Page number is not shown in the initial page of ‘List of

Figure/s’. But if it has multiple pages, the corresponding
page number should be placed at the bottom of the
succeeding pages. Use lower case numeral numbers (i.e. v,
vi, vii, and so on). Font: Times New Roman, size 12.
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
15

LIST OF TABLE/S
LIST OF TABLES

Two (2) double spaces

Table No. Page

1 Bulk density of the soil as affected

by the of kinds and rates of
organic soil amendments………….…..……………………………. 19
“Table No.” and “Page” are lined together.
2 Water holding capacity of
the soil as affected by the
application of kinds and If the table title is too long and reaches the center of the page,
rates of organic soil
amendments…...………………………………………..………….. 21 use the appropriate number of decks. It should follow the
3 Soil pH as affected by the inverted pyramid format. Single spacing is used. Sentence
application of kinds and
rates of organic soil
case is applied
amendments …..………………………..………………………….. 23

4 Organic matter content of

soil as affected by the
application of kinds
The table titles start at about 10 spaces away from the
and rates of organic table numbers.
soil amendments……………………………………...…..………… 25

5 Total nitrogen content of the

soil as affected by the
application of kinds The table number/s are lined with the letter “e” in the word Table
and rates of organic
soil amendments…..………………………………………………... 27

6 Available phosphorus content

of the soil as affected by the
application of kinds and
rates of organic soil amendments……………………………….
…………………….….. 29 “Page” and page number/s are aligned right.
7 Exchangeable potassium content
of the soil as affected by the
application of kinds and
rates of organic soil
amendments………………………………………………………… 31

Page number is not shown in the initial page of ‘List of

vii
Figure/s’. But if it has multiple pages, the corresponding
page number should be placed at the bottom of the succeeding
pages. Use lower case numeral numbers (i.e. v, vi, vii, and so
on). Font: Times New Roman, size 12.
Table No. Page

8 Number of ears per plot as

affected by the application
of kinds and rates “Page” and page number/s are aligned right.
of organic soil
amendments………………………………………………………… 33

9 Number of days from planting

to tasselling as affected by the
application of kinds and rates
of organic soil amendments………………………………………... 35

10 Number of days from planting

to silking as affected by the
application of kinds and
rates of organic soil amendments……...
…………………………………………………. 36
“Table No.” and “Page” are lined together.
11 Marketable yield of young cob
corn per plot as affected by the
application of kinds and rates
of organic soil amendments.……………………………………….. 38

12 Non-marketable yield of young

cob corn per plot as affected by
the application of kinds and
rates of organic soil
amendments….………..……………………………………………. 39

13 Total yield of young cob corn

per plot as affected by the
application of kinds and
rates of organic soil
amendments………………………………………………………… 40

14 Computed total yield as

affected by the application
of kinds and rates of
organic soil amendments…………………………………………… 41

15 Return on cash expense of

young cob corn production
as affected by application
of different kinds and rates
of organic soil amendments………………………………………... 43

viii
The page numbers in Roman numerals (i.e., viii) are shown in
the succeeding pages of ‘Table of Contents’. Font: Times New
Roman, size 12.
 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLE/S
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Ø Follow the Format of List of Tables (Pages 13:14)
Table No. Page
-3
1 Bulk density of soil (g cm )……… ……………….…………… 52

2 Water holding capacity of

soil (%)……...…………………………………………………... 54

3 Soil pH…………………………………….……..……………… 56

4 Organic matter content of

soil (%)…………………..……………………………………… 58

5 Total nitrogen content of the

soil (%)…….……...………...…………………………………... 60

6 Available phosphorus content

of the soil (ppm)………..………………….……………………. 62

7 Exchangeable potassium
content of the soil (ppm).……………………………….……….. 64

8 Number of ears per plot…………...………..…………................ 66

9 Number of days from planting

to tasseling………..………………………….………………….. 68

10 Number of days from planting

to silking………………………….……………………….…….. 70

11 Marketable yield of young cob

2
corn per plot (kg/4m )……...……………………….…………... 72

12 Non-marketable yield of young

2
cob corn per plot (kg/4m )….…………………...…...………….. 74

13 Total yield of young cob corn

2
per plot (kg/4m )……………………………………………..….. 76

14 Computed total yield (tons/ha)……..…………..……………….. 78

 ABSTRACT
(Preliminary Page for Thesis
Manuscript)
ABSTRACT

Two (2) double spaces

BUHLE, ACE AURELIUS ANGEL D. June 2019. Application of Kinds and Rates

of Organic Soil Amendments on Young Cob Corn (Zea mays Linn) Production. Benguet

State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

Name starts with the last name. Name and month are in
capital letters. The title is underlined except for the period after
the title.
Adviser: Emilia F. Dayap, MSc

The application of kinds and rates of organic soil amendments on young cob corn

was conducted at the BSU Certified Organic Demo Farm, La Trinidad, Benguet from Two (2) double spaces
January to May 2019. The study was conducted to determine the effects of kinds of organic

soil amendments on some soil properties and the yield of young cob corn, the effects of

rates of organic soil amendments on some soil properties and the yield of young cob corn,

the interaction effects of kinds and rates of organic soil amendments on some soil

properties and the yield of young cob corn, and the profitability of application of kinds of

organic soil amendments on some soil properties and the yield of young cob corn

production.

Results show that application of different kinds of organic soil amendments did not

significantly affect the soil physical property parameters and the yield parameters of young

cob corn. Likewise, the soil chemical property parameters were not affected but not on the

total nitrogen content of the soil. The application of composted coco coir significantly

increased the total nitrogen content of the soil better than the BSU Growers compost and

vermi cast.

Page number is not shown in the initial page of

‘Abstract’. But if it has multiple pages, the
corresponding page number should be placed at the
bottom of the succeeding pages. Use lower case numeral
numbers (i.e. v, vi, vii, and so on). Font: Times New
Roman, size 12.
 The application of organic soil amendments at 66 and 88 kg N/ha significantly had

the highest decrease in the bulk density and increase in the water holding capacity of the

soil, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen content of the soil, and available phosphorus

content of the soil as compared to the control. No interaction effects were observed on the

application of the different kinds and rates of organic soil amendments on the soil physical

and chemical property parameters and on the yield of young cob corn. The highest return

on cash expense (ROCE) was observed with application of composted coco coir at 22 kg

N/ha.

xi The page numbers are shown in the succeeding pages of

‘Abstract’. Font: Times New Roman, size 12.
 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Page number is not shown in the initial page of
‘Introduction’. Page numbers are placed at the upper right
Young cob corn (Zea mays L.), the newly developed corn, has been used by Chinese hand corner starting at this point.
as vegetable for generations and this practice has spread to other Asian countries. It has

nutritive value similar to that of non-legume vegetable such as cauliflower, tomato,

Note: If the page number appears as it automatically
cucumber and cabbage. It has a short growth and requires practically no application of
include page 1 in the Page Number, you can draw a text
pesticides thus a farmer can grow four or more crops a year and thereby eliminating the
box, fill with white color, and place ‘In Front of the Text’ to
residue factor and minimize production cost. It has a wide range of adaptation and does not
cover the page number.
need intensive cultivation. Pollination is also not a problem because young cob corn is

harvested before kernels are developed. Additionally, this vegetable has a great potential

for cooking purposes and for processing as a canned product. Canned cob corn export to
Two (2) double spaces between “INTRODUCTION” and
Thailand, Japan and Europe is increasing and is likely to yield good results (Agricultural “Rationale”
Training Institute 2014).

Extensive cropping and long-term application of chemical fertilizer and other

inputs in vegetable plantation have resulted to soil degradation and nutrient depletion. With

this condition, land area devoted to vegetable production have poor soil quality with a

characteristics of low soil organic matter, acidic and low levels of macro and micro

nutrients. In response to these challenges, the Department of Agriculture under the Good

Agriculture Practice (GAP) promotes the use of organic fertilizer that is fully decomposed

at stable temperature with no foul smell (Dicksen 2014). Sustainable practices providing

organic amendments could be a useful tool to maintain or increase organic matter content

in agricultural soils, preserving and improving soil fertility (Scotti et al. 2015).

xiii
 3

The study was conducted at BSU Certified Organic Demo Farm, Balili, La
Page number is shown in the succeeding pages of
Trinidad, Benguet from January 2019 to May 2019 and the laboratory soil analysis was
‘Introduction’. Font is Times New Roman, size 12.
done at Benguet State University (BSU) Soils Laboratory.

Note: Unlike the old Form and Style of the CA, Objectives
of the Study is no longer written in separate subhead. It
is already merged with the background of the study.
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Page number is NOT shown in the initial pages of the

Young Cob Corn
main chapters. Page number is shown in the succeeding
pages of
Baby corn is in fact young corn or young cob corn. It is stunted because it's ‘’Review of Literature. Font is Times New Roman, size 12.
harvested right after silking. It is un-pollinated and prematurely harvested. Sweet corn

varieties are commonly used for the production of baby corn. The best soil for corn is a

well-drained with a texture of silt loam or loam type. It should be a type of a soil with a
Note: If the page number appears as it automatically
high moisture holding capacity, high amount of organic matter and slightly acidic (pH 5.3
include page 1 in the Page Number, you can draw a text
to 7.3). A rainfall of 200 to 1500 mm is required in its growing period. However, the
box, fill with white color, and place ‘In Front of the Text’ to
optimum requirement of corn is 400 to 600 mm per growing period. In time of moisture
cover the page number.
deficiency, irrigation is essential. Timeliness is the most important consideration in

harvesting baby corn. Ideally, young corn is harvested 2 to 3 days after silking or 50 to 55
Two (2) double space.
days after emergence. Harvesting duration may last for 15 to 18 days, which is carried on

by hand picking. Young cob corn of excellent quality for market is straight, has uniform
6
ovary alignment, 4 to 11 cm. long, 0.8 to 1.8 cm. in diameter, slightly yellow color, sweet
l a r ge p o re s ( 2 0 1 6 ), p ro p o rt ion o f s u b s tr a t e s f or B S U
a nd n o t f ib c u p o f re g u la r c n k e r n e ls , a n d 2 gr a m s
t o i n c re a s e: ae r a ti o n, d r ai n ag e, u s a b le w a t er h o ld i
r o u s . C o b s m u s t b e fr e e f ro m c o r n b o re r b it es , m g ro w er ’ s co m p o st ,
n g c ap a c i ty , n u t rie n t h o l d in g o f f ib r . A 1 /2 -c u p
u st b e c l e an a n d n o t b r o k e n
dried chicken manure (50%), mushroom compost or sawdust (20%), wild sunflower (20%),
c ap a c it y , a n d de c r e a s e g r o w in g m e d i u m weight as
(A g r ic u l tu r a l T ra i n i n g I n s t itu te 2 0 1 4 ) .
compared to soil (Beat et al. 2018). Alnus leaves (10%) plus Trichoderma or effective microorganisms and carbonized rice hull are

O rg an i c m a t e r ia ls w being used in the production of organic fertilizer. This is commercially produced at the Climate
Co rn i s c on s i d e re d a
i l l d e c om p o s e f i rs t (p h y sic a l b r ea k do w n ) t he n Smart Agriculture Center Project, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
s t ar c h y ve g e t ab l e b ec a u se o f it s c r b c on t en t b ut

( c h em i c a l b r e a k do w n ) b ef o r e t he y BSU Grower’s Compost based on analysis contains 1.79% nitrogen, 3.88% phosphorus,
m in e ra l iz e h a s a n u t ri ti o n a l m a k eu p c l o se r to
ba b y c o rn
4.11% potassium, 9.77% calcium, 0.56% magnesium, and 32.33% organic matter. A fresh
ca n b e u s e d b y p l a n t s . T h e nu t ri e nt s f ro m
a n on - sta r c h y v eg e t a b l e . B a by c o r n i a lo w-
sample has a pH of 7.6 and pH 4.1 at oven dried condition. Application of compost to crops is 5
o r g a n ic
ca l o r e m a te r ia l s a re co n v e rt e d fi rs t i n to i
ve g t a b l e w ith 2 5 c a l o rie s p e r 1 /2 - to 10 tons per hectare (Laurean and Nagpala 2015).
n o r g a n i c fo r m be f o re p l a n t s c a n ab s o rb it . P la n ts
c u p s e r v in g . By c o m pa r i s o n , a 1 /2 -c u p se r v in g o f Application of compost to highlands vegetables such as garden pea, cabbage,

i n d i re c tl y f r o m o r g a ni c
b e n ef it c o r n k e r ne l s , w h i c h s
r e g u lar
m a t e r ia l s (P HI L R IC E 2 0 0 9 ) .
co n s i d e r ed a s ta rc hy v e g e t a ble, has 80 calories. It has a
similar

calorie content to other non-starchy vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower and green

B S U G r o w e r s’ C om p o s t
be a ns . I t i s a g o od so u r c e of fiber. A 1/2-cup serving of baby corn

contains just 4 grams of A c c o rd i ng t o L a u re a n

carbs, v er s u s 1 5 a m s i n 1 /2 -
Page number is shown in the succeeding pages of
‘Review of Literature’. Font is Times New Roman,
size 12.

Two (2) double space.

 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
23
REVIEW OF Heading Styles
LITERATURE (applicable in Review of Literature, Materials and Methods, and
R es ult s a n d
Discussion)
Center Heading LEVEL FORMAT OUTCOME/EXAMPLE
INTRODUCTION
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed Centered, All
eget nullam non. Convallis posuere morbi leo urna REVIEW
molestieOF at.
(Main
Caps, Not LITERATURE
do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Etiam Heading)
Paragraph heading. Pharetra pharetra
Bold massa massa etc.
METHODOLOGY ultricies mi
quisCentered, Title Case
tempor orci eu lobortis elementum nibh tellus molestie nunc. Cursus hendrerit (Upper-Upper-case),
2 (Center dolor magna. Ac
Characteristics of
Heading, Not Bold,
vitae congue mauris rhoncus aenean. Eget nullam non nisi est sit amet Indigenous
odio
if tempor orci dapibus
Underlined, Single Two
Know (2) double
le d ge spaces
applicabl Space, Inverted Systems
facilisis magna etiam. Congue quisque egestas diam in arcu cursus ultrices
e) in iaculis nunc sed.
Pyramid
Left-aligned, Title General Note: Spaces
euismod quis. Senectus etCase netus
(Upper- et
3 (Side between Main, Center,
Upper- case), Not Types of Indigenous
Heading and Side Headings are
malesuada Bold, famesUnderlined,
ac turpis Knowledge
)
Single Space Systwo
tem(2)
s indouble
the Cospaces.
rdilleras
Side Heading egestas. Quis eleifend quam Apply to all.
Justify-aligned,
Libero enim sed faucibus turpis in eu mi bibendum. Suspendisse adipiscing Indented,
vitae proinSentence
sagittis
4
Case (Upper-lower- Indigenous m a ter i a l s .
(Paragrap
nisl rhoncus case), Not Bold,
mattis. Text begin on the same line.
h
Underlined.
Heading)
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Page number is not shown in the initial page of the chapter.

Soil Sampling and Land Preparation
Page numbers are placed at the upper right hand corner
starting at this point. Page number is shown in the
Soil samples were collected from the experimental area before land preparation for
succeeding pages of
2
initial soil analysis. An area of 180 m was thoroughly prepared and was divided into 45
‘Materials and Methods’. Font is Times New Roman, size
2
treatment plots. The plot size was 0.8 x 5 m . Plowing was done when the moisture was at 12.
field capacity (FC) followed by harrowing. It was done again to level the soil.

Note: If the page number appears as it automatically

Experimental Design include page 1 in the Page Number, you can draw a text
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University’s (BSU) Organic Demo box, fill with white color, and place ‘In Front of the Text’ to
Farm, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. The experiment was laid out following the Randomized cover the page number.
Complete Block Design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement. Each treatment was replicated

three times. The kinds of organic soil amendments (OSA) which were BSU Growers
Two (2) double
Compost, Vermi cast and Composted Coco Coir were applied at different rates providing
spaces
0, 22, 44, 66, 88 kg N/ha which was based on the recommended rate of nitrogen for young

cob corn production. The treatment was as follows:

Factor A (Kinds of Organic Soil Amendment) Factor B (Rates of OSA)

K1 – BSU Grower’s Compost R1 – Control

K2 – Vermi Cast R2 – 22 kg N/ha

K3 – Composted Coco Coir R3 – 44 kg N/ha Two (2) double

R4 – 66 kg N/ha spaces
R5 – 88 kg N/ha

Statistical design in double

space
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
25

11

Fertilizer Application

Organic amendments were applied before planting following the different

Page number is shown in the succeeding pages of
‘Materials and Methods’. Font is Times New Roman, size
treatments. It was applied in single row furrow and was covered by about 2 cm soil.

Planting and Rate of Seeding

Planting was in single rows with a seeding rate of three seeds per hill at a distance

of 25 cm between hills (Figure 1). The seeds were planted 2 cm deep with three seeds

planted per hill. Two (2) double spaces.

Care and Management

Weekly moderate irrigation or water in 3 to 5 days interval was done at time of seed

germination and continuously until nearly harvest.

Figure 1. Young cob corn field

 Map Formats (if applicable)

The map used to show the locale of the study should be a

political map that is clear. It should be enclosed by a border.
The border line is 1 pt. in size. No other effects (i.e., shadow,
reflection, etc.)

Note: Specifications of Figures

Ø Resolution: 300dpi or should be clear at
normal reading/viewing practice. No blurred
images.
Ø Picture Compression: Not stretched. Cropping should be at
the corners/edges of the figure.
Ø Border line: 1 pt. Black Color
Ø Effects: No artistic effects such as shadows,
reflections etc.

Social Research. The distance between the border line of the

map and the figure title is double spaced. Use the sentence
case format for the title and there is no period at the end of the
title. Technical Research. Single space between the borderline
line of the map and the figure title.

The left border line should line up with the letter “F” of the word
Figure
.
 Figure
12
12
Formats
Detasseling (Figure 2) was done by removing all the tassels of corn plants as soon as the

tassels emerged (Figure 3). Young cob corns were harvested 2 to 3 days after silking Figures are placed on the lower part of the page and should be
(Figure 4). Duration lasted for 18 days, which was carried on by hand picking (Figure 5). clear and do not contain unnecessary marks.

Note: Specifications of Figures

Ø Resolution: 300dpi or should be clear at
normal reading/viewing practice. No blurred
images.
Ø Picture Compression: Not stretched. Cropping should
be at
the corners/edges of the figure.
Ø Border line: 1 pt. Black Color
Figure 2. Detasseling Figure 3. Emerging tassel of corn
Ø Effects: No artistic effects such as shadows,
reflections etc.
Two (2) double spaces.

Figures are always placed at the bottom of the page right

after the figure number was mentioned.

Two (2) double spaces between two images.

Use single space between the bottom borderline of figure

and the figure title. Again, make sure that the letter “F” is
in line with the left border line.
Figure 4. Young corn 3 days after silking Figure 5. Hand picking young cob corn

Use the sentence case format for the title and there is
no period at the end of the title.

If the title of the figure reaches 2 decks, hanging indention

is applied.
 13

Data Gathered

A. Physical Properties of Soil

-3
1. Bulk density of the soil (g cm ). The core method was used to determine bulk

density of the soil. A cylindrical core with known weight and height was inserted into the Paragraph headings are underlined
soil at a desired depth in the field. The core sampler together with the fresh soil were except the number bullet and the period
o
at the end of the sentence.
weighed before placing in the oven at 100 C to obtain the oven-dried weight. The volume

of the soil was computed by measuring the volume of the core sampler. Bulk density was

computed using the formula (PCARR, 1980):

-3
Db (g cm ) = Oven Dried Weight of the Soil
Volume of the Core
2
Volume of core = π r h
where π = 3.1416
r = radius (cm)
r=D D = diameter of core (cm)
2
h = height of core Statistical formula is type written
2. Water holding capacity of the soil (%). The saturation method was used to in single space. Center aligned or
determine water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil. This was done by putting a
1.5 inches tab from the margin.
cheesecloth at one end of the core filling the core with soil. The core loaded with soil was
Legends is written in left alignment with
half submerged in water to allow saturation through capillarity. WHC of the soil was 2 inches tab from the margin.
calculated in percentage of oven dry soil from the expression (PCARR, 1980):

WHC (%) = Weight of saturated soil – ODW of the soil (100%)

ODW of Soil

B. Chemical Properties of Soil

1. Soil pH. The soil pH was determined using Potentiometric method in a 1:1 soil:

water suspension. A 20-gram soil and a 20 mL distilled water was mixed thoroughly in a

50 mL beaker. It was allowed to stand for one hour, stirring it 2 or 3 times within the hour.
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
29
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Main
Heading Two (2) double spaces
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Center Heading Physical Properties of Soil Heading Styles of the Results and Discussions
Note: Please refer to Page 21 for the Heading
Styles
NO. OF Sid WHAT TO USE
Bulk Density of the Soil
OUTCOME
e
HEADINGSHe E

2 adi 1. Mainf RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ng Heading
f
2. Side Bulk Density of the Soil
Heading
e
P
3 a1. Main
c
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
r Heading
t
a2. Side Bulk Density of the Soil
g Heading
r Effect of kinds of organic soil
o
a3. Paragraph
p f
amendments. Table 1 shows the effect
h Heading of
kinds of organic soil amendments on
H the bulk density of the soil.
e
a k
4 d
1. Main RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Note: If i Heading
i

you use n2. Center

n Physical Properties of Soil
this g Heading
d
heading
s
style, it will 3. Side Bulk Density of the Soil
be used all Heading
through Effect of kinds of organic soil
o
out the 4. Paragraph amendments. Table 1 shows the effect
Result Heading
f
kinds of organic soil amendments on
and the bulk density of the soil.
Discussio
n even if o
you just r
have 2
g
and 3
Numbers a

of n

i
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
c o E f e 30
O n e n
f
s
D
r o c d
o
i
t m
i
e
l
a
n
n o
t
d f
s w

. a

s
M r

o a
T
n t
h s
t e
e i
e s
g
m
n
u b
i
o
r u
f
f
r l
i
o k
c
o a
r n
( d
g t
2 e
a l
0 n
n y
1 s
i
0 i
c
) t
a
y
f
s f
s
o e
t o
i c
a f
l t
t
e
e
t d
d a
h
m
e
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
f the volume of water to 3 31
have been
p quarts (2.84 liters) per discussed on the
Double i T A
a cubic foot of soil. So preceding page.
dding
2
o 20
the amount of organic In the case
the
TREATMENTS
1
WATER matter in a soil directly of our
H organic
T K
influences the sample, the
i
a T matter
table is in
availability of water to a
b a BSU
to the
l b Grow crop over time (Gould, page 21 but
soil
l the
e e
ers
using
2015).

s h
comp discussion
ost organic
e of the table
a a 65.58 soil
(where the
r d a
amend
e table
e Vermi ments
r number was
s cast
would
a 63.56 also
increase
l s a mentioned)
w h
Comp
the
is in page
a o capacity
u osted 20.
y of the
l coco
s d coir soil to

62.83 hold Ø The table

p b
l e
a
water. number
a t R A and title
y
c Contr concrete is above
p ol
e e 60.40 example the table
d w
c

itself,
is by
r
i
22 kg
increasi single
a N/ha

t t 62.30
bc ng the spaced.
t The title
t e
organic
44 kg
h n N/ha matter is in
e i 63.13
b content sentence
n
from 1 case. No
t 66 kg
a N/ha period.
o 64.10
to 2
l Ø Hanging
p b
percent,
l
c it would
indention
8
o a increase
is
8
*
 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
32
e bl d t i with ns
b e e . s 12 voluminous
et s Ø points or many
If f . In variables and
w p t
ther o cases numbers, font
e a h e is n that size 11 points
e c e a t
leg the may be used.
n e. end conte
th Ø t or s nts of This can be type
e T a note, i the written in double
it is z table space or single
tit he b pla e contai space if the
le to l ced
belo d space permits.
a p e
w
n a the
d n a tabl
e There
th d r (2) do
and is
e bo e betwe
single
to tt Ø spaced border
p o s . Font and th
b i size 11 of the
m
or may be
b n
used.
d or g
er d l
li er e C
n o
li
e n
n l
te
o e i n
f s n t
th of e s
e th o
ta 1 f
Ø e
bl th
ta e
e p
bl t
is o
e a
d i b
u
o n l
se
u e
 Split Table Format
Exchangeable Potassium Content of the Soil

Effect of kinds of organic soil amendments. Table 7 shows that there were no Split tables may occur when data requires many rows or long
significant differences on the exchangeable potassium content of the soil as affected by tables that cannot be fitted in one page. Hence, splitting to the
application of different kinds of organic soil amendments. succeeding page continuing the table on the top portion.
During the harvest of young cob corn which is at silking stage, the potassium uptake
The top borderlines of the table uses double lines, 1 point.
of the crop is already complete (CHANNEL BIO).

Table 6. Available phosphorus content of the soil as affected by the application of kinds The horizontal lines inside the table are single line 1 point.
and rates of organic soil amendments

TREATMENTS AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS*

CONTENT (ppm)
Kinds of organic soil amendment The horizontal lines at the bottom of the split table is
Table BSU Growers compost 9.80
a
single line 1 point. Technically, the table did reach its
heading Vermi cast 10.13
a
end part. Hence, there is a continuation on the
should be
type written in Composted coco coir 10.53
a
succeeding
all capital Rates of organic soil amendment
letters, font
size 12.

It should be
repeated in the
split table.
The table title will no longer be specified on its complete
For multiple
description. responses,
Repeat only theuse the format
Table Numbershown
followed by
the word “continued” (Table 6. continued…)

Instead of double line, single line 1 point will be used to

open the table being continued.

Double line, 1 point will be used as the table closes.

 Quotation Formats (if applicable)

Direct Quotations: These are used when data gathered are quoted in
verbatim. Data are usually quoted directly if we do not want
to
lose the embedded meaning.

NUMBER OF WORDS QUOTED FORMAT OUTCOME

Less than 40 words

Cited in the She added: “ .”

sentences with or
More than 40 quotation marks “_ ,” said Lad-
words ey.

1” 1” Block She added:

quotations with
no quotation Kung titignan mo sa
marks Cabiten, haan nga isu da
didyay grabe nga
maibibusan ti kanen da…
For long quotes or block quotations, it is single spaced
and is compressed 1 inch from both right and left
margins.

Indirect Quotations: These are information from interviews that are

processed, synthesized, and rephrased.

Example: Lakay Anno stated that the effects of….

 CA Form and Style for Technical Research |
33

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Page number is not shown in the initial page of the chapter.
Summary Page numbers are placed at the upper right hand corner
starting at this
The study of kinds and rates of organic soil amendments on young cob corn was
point. Page number is shown in the succeeding pages of
conducted at the BSU Certified Organic Demo Farm, La Trinidad, Benguet from January ‘Summary…’. Font is Times New Roman, size 12.
to May 2019. The study was conducted to determine the effects of kinds of organic soil

amendments on some soil properties and the yield of young cob corn, determine the effects Note: If the page number appears as it automatically
of rates of organic soil amendments on some soil properties and the yield of young cob include page 1 in the Page Number, you can draw a text
corn, determine the interaction effects of kinds and rates of organic soil amendments on box, fill with white color, and place ‘In Front of the Text’ to
some soil properties and the yield of young cob corn, and determine the profitability of cover the page number.
application of kinds and rates of organic soil amendments on some soil properties and the

yield of young cob corn production.

The kinds of organic amendments which were BSU Growers Compost, Vermi cast Two (2) double spaces
and composted coco coir were applied at different rates providing 0, 22, 44, 66, 88 kg N/ha

which was based on the recommended rate of nitrogen for young cob corn production.

Effect of kinds of organic soil amendments. The total nitrogen content was

significantly affected by the application of different kinds of organic soil amendments. The

application of composted coco coir registered the highest in the total nitrogen content of

the soil with (0.0526 %) as compared to BSU Growers compost (0.0398 %) and vermi cast

(0.0445 %). However, insignificant decrease of the bulk density of the soil and increase in

the water holding capacity of the soil, soil pH, organic matter content of the soil, total

nitrogen content of the soil, and available phosphorus content of the soil as affected by the

application of organic soil amendments were observed.

 Conclusions and Recommendations

Note: If number bullets are used to enumerate conclusions and

recommendations, use this format.

The numbers should line with the default tab (0.5”).

Apply to conclusions and recommendations
numbering.

Two (2) double spaces

 47
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusion

Only the total nitrogen content of the soil was significantly affected by the
Note: If expository format is used to enumerate conclusions
application of different kinds of organic soil amendments. The application of composted
and recommendations, use this format.
coco coir had the highest increase in the total nitrogen content of the soil as compared to

the BSU Growers compost and vermi cast.

The application of organic soil amendments at 66 and 88 kg N/ha significantly had

the highest decrease in the bulk density and increase in the water holding capacity of the

soil, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen content of the soil, and available phosphorus

content of the soil as compared to the control.

There were no interaction effects observed on the application of the different kinds

and rates of organic soil amendments on some physical and chemical soil properties and

on the yield of young cob corn.

The highest return on cash expense (ROCE) was observed with application of

composted coco coir at 22 kg N/ha.

Two (2) double spaces

Recommendation

Organic soil amendments are recommended for agricultural production to improve

some properties of the soil. Composted coco coir is recommended for increasing the total

nitrogen content of the soil. Application of organic soil amendments at 66 to 88 kg N/ha is

recommended for improving the soil physical and chemical properties.

However, using organic soil amendments for young cob corn production is

preferable until the recommended rate which is 44 kg N/ha.

 LITERATURE CITED

Page numbers are placed at the upper right hand corner

AGRICULTURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE (ATI). 2014. Baby Corn Production Guide.
Inform ation Services Division, ATI Bldg., Elliptical Rd., Diliman,
starting at this point. Page number is shown in the
Que zon City. Pp. 3-7 succeeding pages of
AGRICUL ‘Literature Cited’. Font is Times New Roman, size 12.
Produc
w Di TURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE (ATI). 2014. Highland Vegetables
tion Kit. Information Services Division, ATI Bldg., Elliptical Rd.,
ALHROU
liman, Quezon City. Note: If the page number appears as it automatically
In T, H.H., N. BANI-HANI, M. A. HADDAD, J. A. S. AL-TABBAL, H. K. include page 1 in the Page Number, you can draw a text
ALDAL’IN, and M. M. ALKHARABSHEH. 2017. Morphological, Yield and
Alphabetic Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.) Grown in Cattle Manure Amended box, fill with white color, and place ‘In Front of the Text’ to
Soil in the Jordan Valley. Retrieved May 24, 2019 from
al order https://scialert.net/fulltextmobile/?doi=ja.2017.174.179 cover the page number.
ANGELOVA, V., V. I. AKOVA, N. S. ARTINOVA, and K. IVANOV. 2013. The effect
of organic amendments on soil chemical characteristics. Retrieved May 20, 2019
from https://www.agrojournal.org/19/05-10.pdf
Two (2) double spaces
ARAUJO, E. D., F. D. M. FEITOSA, F. C. D. S. SILVA, I. D. O. ANDRADE Jr.,
R. A. RODRIGUEZ, and F. D. M. WAGNER.2017. Growth and Yield of Baby
Corn as Influenced by Nitrogen Topdressing. Retrieved May 22, 2019 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315995200_Growth_and_yield_of_baby
_corn_as_influenced_by_nitrogen_topdressing
Literature citations are written in single space, font size
BADHA, J. H., J. M. CAPASSO, R. KHATIWADA, S. SWANSON, and C. LA BORDE
II. 2017. Raising Soil Organic Matter Content to Improve Water Holding
Capacity. Retrieved May 25, 2019 from
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/ss/ss66100.pdf 12. Double space or one single space
BEAT, S., C. NINA, and D. SPUHLER. 27 April 2018. Soil Amendment. Retrieved
December 17, 2018 from https://sswm.info/water-nutrient-cycle/water-
use/hardwares/conservation-soil-moisture/soil-amendment

BETAYAN, R. B., 2009. Rates of Vermicompost as Source of Nitrogen on Potato Seed

Tuber Production. Undergraduate Thesis. Benguet State University. Pp. 2, 4.

BHAWAN, J. 2002. Pyramid Vermicast. The Pyramid Farms. Rajasthan India

th
BRADY, N. C. and R. R. WEIL. 2008. The Nature and Properties of Soils (14 Ed).
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pp. 22, 618. Ø Use CSE 2016 citation style. You can use this link
for the guide:
https://www.augustana.edu/files/2019-
02/CSEcite2019.pdf
 APPENDICES
APPENDICES
Ø Do not use bold fonts anywhere in your appendices.
-3
Appendix Table 1. Bulk density of soil (g cm )
Page number is not shown in the initial page of ‘Introduction’.
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
Page numbers are placed at the upper right hand corner starting
I II III at this point. Page number is shown in the succeeding pages of
K1R1 1.17 1.20 1.18 3.55 1.18 each ‘Appendix’. Font is Times New Roman, size 12.
K1R2 1.18 1.14 1.17 3.49 1.16

K1R3 1.18 1.15 1.15 3.48 1.16

Two (2) double spaces
K1R4 1.13 1.16 1.16 3.45 1.15

K1R5 1.12 1.10 1.10 3.32 1.11

K2R1 1.17 1.16 1.19 3.52 1.17 Use ‘Appendix Table Number’ as header (Appendix Table 1)
K2R2 1.16 1.14 1.16 3.46 1.15
placed at the top of the page. Table title is in sentence case.
K2R3 1.13 1.15 1.17 3.45 1.15

K2R4 1.13 1.16 1.13 3.42 1.14 The top and bottom borderlines of the table uses double
K2R5 1.11 1.11 1.12 3.34 1.11 lines, 1 point.
K3R1 1.16 1.16 1.19 3.51 1.17

K3R2 1.17 1.14 1.15 3.46 1.15

Contents of the table is font sized with 12 points. In cases that
K3R3 1.11 1.15 1.17 3.43 1.14 the contents of the table contains voluminous or many variables
K3R4 1.11 1.16 1.15 3.42 1.14 and numbers, font size 11 points may be used.
K3R5 1.13 1.15 1.14 3.42 1.14
This can be type written in double space or single space if the
TOTAL 17.16 17.23 17.33
space permits.
GRAND TOTAL 51.72

GRAND MEAN 1.15

The horizontal lines inside the table are single line 1 point.
 Page number is shown in the succeeding pages of
‘Introduction’. Font is Times New Roman, size 12.
52

K X R TWO-WAY TABLE
Double space
TREATMENT RATES

KINDS R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 TOTAL MEAN

K1 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.11 5.76 1.15

K2 1.17 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.11 5.72 1.15

K3 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.14 5.74 1.15

TOTAL 4.70 4.62 4.60 4.57 4.48 22.97 Follow the format of Appendix Table on page 35.
MEAN 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.15

ANOVA TABLE

SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED F TABULAR F

VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES 5% 1%

Block 2 0.0010 0.0005

ns
Kinds (K) 2 0.0003 0.0002 0.54 3.34 5.45

Rates (R) 4 0.0148 0.0037 12.07** 2.71 4.07

ns
KR 8 0.0026 0.0003 1.08 2.29 3.23

Error 28 0.0086 0.0003

TOTAL 44 0.0273

**=highly significant CV= 1.52%

ns
=not significant
Council of Science Editors (CSE) Style format guide:

CSE name-year citation style is frequently used in the Biology department at Augustana College.
RefWorks, on the library page at http://www.augustana.edu/library, allows you to import, store and
create bibliographies in CSE style. Not all databases import citations correctly, so you are responsible for
modifying your bibliography. Use the official guide, Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for
Authors, Editors and Publishers found at REF T11.S386 2006 and at the reference desk to make these
corrections.

Follow the basic format tips explained here and then adapt to the particular type of resource you are
using. Each example will give the general formatting rules and then an example. The most important
factor is to be consistent in your approach.

Some tips for name-year system according to the new CSE style manual:

x Each group of bibliographic elements is separated by a period.

Elements within a group of equal weight are separated by commas.
x For ten or less authors, include all authors in the bibliographic citation. The in-text citation may
use all the names or enough names and et al. to indicate source.
x If the date includes month and day, list as year month day. Abbreviate month to three letters.
x Journal abbreviations are required for CSE style. Journal abbreviations can be found in Periodical
Title Abbreviations at REF PN 4832 .P4 2001 or a number of web based resources like ISI
Journal Abbreviations List at http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations.
x Single word titles are not abbreviated.
x In-text references consist of surname of author(s) and year of publication enclosed in
parentheses.
x Works without identifiable author and no editor should be started with title, then date.
x An editor assumes place of the author if no author can be determined.
x If authors are named, then editor name is optional.

If there are multiple authors to your source (regardless of source), you must list all authors in
your bibliographic citation. The in-text citation can be done in one of two ways:

Martini FM, Timmons M, Tallitsch RB. 2008. Human anatomy. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin
Cummings.

Option 1: Utilize the abbreviated format: (Martini et al. 2008)

Option 2: List all authors: (Martini FM, Timmons M, Tallitsch RB. 2008)

Book: Author(s) or editor(s). Year. Title. Edition if other than first. Place of publication:
publisher name; page(s) cited.

Voet D, Voet JG. 1990. Biochemistry. New York: J Wiley; p 619.

In text citation: ( Voet D and Voet JG 1990) First initials are used in this example only because the last
name is the same. Otherwise, use the last name only.

Last updated October 2016

Modified by Connie Ghinazzi, Research Librarian/ Liaison to Natural Sciences Division
(309) 794-7494, Office Library 226
 Book chapter, or section with its own author: Author(s) or editor(s) of chapter. Year. Title of
chapter. In: continue as you would with regular book citation.

Kuret JA, Murad F. 1990. Adenohypophyseal hormones and related substances. In: Gilman AG, Rall TW,
Nies AS, Taylor P, editors. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 8th ed. New York: Pergamon; p
1334-35.

In text citation: (Kuret and Murad 1990)

Journal article: Author(s). Year. Article Title. Journal title using abbreviations. Volume(issue
number): inclusive pages, do not use p.

Johnson DL, Lynch WE Jr. 1992. Panfish use of and angler success at evergreen tree, brush, and stake-
bed structures. N Am J Fish Manage 12(1):222-9.

In text citation: (Johnson and Lynch 1992)

Karban R and Strauss SY. 1993 Effects of herbivores on growth and reproduction of their perennial host,
erigeron glaucus. Ecology 74(1): 39-46.

In text citation: (Karban and Strauss 1993)

Organization as author: Organization. Year. Article Title. Journal title using abbreviations.
Volume(issue number): inclusive pages, do not use p.

Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Physiology, Committee on Enzymes. 1976.
Recommended method for the determination of y-glutamyltransferase in blood. Scand J Clin Lab Invest
36:119-25.

In text citation: (Scandinavian. . .1976)

Electronic journal articles: Author(s). Date of publication year month day if available. Title of
article. Abbreviated journal title [type of medium]. [date updated; date cited]; volume (issue
number): pages cited. Availability statement.

Slater PJB, Jones AE. 1990. Timing of songs and distance call learning in zebra finches. Anim Behav
[serial online]. [cited 2003 Nov 15]; 49(2):123-248. Available from: Ebsco Academic Search Premier.

In text citation: (Slater and Jones 1990)

Conference publication: Author(s). Date of publication. Title of paper. Connective phrase: Editors
of proceedings. Title of publication or name of conference, or both; inclusive dates of conference;
place of conference. Place of publication: publisher. pages cited.

Meyer B, Hermanns K. 1985. Formaldehyde release from pressed wood products. In: Turoski V. editor.
Formaldehyde: analytical chemistry and toxicology. Proceedings of the symposium at the 187th
meeting of the American Chemical Society; 1984 Apr 8-13; St. Louis, MO. Washington: American
Chemical Society. p 101-6.

In text citation: (Meyer and Hermanns 1985)

Last updated October 2016

Modified by Connie Ghinazzi, Research Librarian/ Liaison to Natural Sciences Division
(309) 794-7494, Office Library 226
 Electronic Book: Author(s). Date of publication. Title of book [medium designator]. Edition. Place
of publication: publisher; [date updated; date cited]. Notes.

Griffiths AJF, Miller jh, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. 2000. Introduction to genetic analysis.
th
[Internet]. 7 ed. New York (NY); W. H. Freeman & Co.; [cited 2005 May 30]. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books .

In text citation: (Griffiths et al. 2000)

Film or DVD: Single film, not part of a series.

Author(s). Date. Title of film. [medium designator]. Edition. Place of publication: publisher.

Spurlock M. 2004. Supersize Me. [videorecording]. New York: Hart Sharp Video.

In text citation: (Spurlock 2004)

Film or DVD: One title within a series.

Title of individual film. [medium designator]. Author(s) or editor(s) of this film. Year. In: continue as you would with
regular single film citation.

The State of the Planet's Oceans. [DVD]. Weiner M, Weiner H, Damon M, McNamee J, Boni D, Mills B, Ferrucci F.
2009. In: Journey to Planet Earth. 11. Washington DC: Screenscope.
In text citation: (Weiner et al. 2009)

For websites, use as much citation information as you have available.

Web Resource: Author. Title of Homepage. [Medium designator]. Date of publication. Edition.
Place of publication: publisher; [date cited]. Available from: url.

If no author is available, begin with page name.

Report of the brain tumor progress review group. [Internet]. 2001 Jul1. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and
Stroke ; [2003 Dec 8]. Available from: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/about_ninds/btprg/BTPRGReport.htm .

In text citation: (Report. . .2001)

If there is an author, follow this example.

Foster MR. Spina Bifida. [Internet]. 2007 Jan 26. EMedicine from WebMD; [2008 Sep 15]. Available
from: http://www.emedicine.com/orthoped/TOPIC557.htm.

In text citation: (Foster 2007)

Last updated October 2016

Modified by Connie Ghinazzi, Research Librarian/ Liaison to Natural Sciences Division
(309) 794-7494, Office Library 226