PRAMETERS OF GYROPLANE

Data:

Wcrew = 800 N is the medium weight of crew.

Wf = 140 N.

Wothers = 60 N.

Weight Estimation
Gross Weight
From statistical data, the ratio of useful weight to gross weight is 0.4

Wu
W ¿=
0.4

Wu = Wcrew +Wf +Woth

Wu =800+140+60

Wu = 1000 N

1000
W ¿= =2500 N
0.4

Engine Selection
The gross weight is 2500. We convert to Ibs to take the value from the table 1

2500
Wto =
4.448
= 562 Ibs

Table 1 Show the typical power loading for aircraft

Type of Aircraft Power Loading ,lbs/hp

Conventional/Canard Fixed Wing 8-18

Powered Glider and Ultralights 13-30

Helicopter and Gyroplane 7-10

 W¿
Pl=
Pav

Take Pl=10 Pav = 56.2 hp is minimum.

And take Pl=7 Pav = 80.3 hp is maximum.

We select engine type: Rotax 582.

Table 2 Characteristics of motor

Power 6500 rpm 64HP

Torque 75 Nm at 6000 rpm

Maximum speed 6,800 rpm

Diameter 76 mm

Career 64 mm

Displacement. 580 cm3

Gas Gasoline or unleaded.

Two stroke oil API-TC

Mixing ratio 1: 50 (2%)

ROTOR SYSTEM

Calculation of Rotor Blades

Data:
W ¿ = 2501.55 N.

 Radius of Blades

W¿
CD=
π∗R2

W¿
R=
√ π∗CD

Table 3 Different diameters rotors

Radius of blade (m) Area (m) Disc load (N / m2)

2.25 15.904 107.33
3 28.274 90.19
3.25 33.183 76.85
3.35 35.257 72.33
3.5 38.485 66.26
3.75 44.179 57.72

N
We select the radius of blade is 3.35 m for disc loading 72.33 is acceptable.
m2

 Chord of Rotor Blades

knowing that the radius of solides must be between 0 and 0.4 (4%).

πR∗σ
C=
NB

Table 4 Parameters Solidity

Chord (m) Solidity Solidity (%)

0.30 0.05693115 5.693115
0.29 0.055064344 5.5064344
0.28 0.053165574 5.3165574
0.27 0.051266803 5.1266803
0.26 0.049368033 4.9368033
0.25 0.047469262 4.7469262
0.24 0.045570492 4.5570492
0.23 0.043671721 4.3671721
0.22 0.041772951 4.1772951
 0.21 0.039874180 3.9874180
0.20 0.037975410 3.7975410
0.19 0.036076639 3.6076639
0.18 0.034177869 3.4177869
0.17 0.032279098 3.2279098

We select the optimum value for chord that equal 0.21 m.

Table 5 Sizing of Blade

Diameter (D) 6.7 m

Radius (R) 3.35 m
Disk loading (CD) 72.27 N /m2
Chord (C) 0.21 m
Number of Blades 2
Solidity 0.03987
Area (S) 35.257 m2

Determination of Rotational Speed

1. Lift coefficient.
2. solidity ratio CL /σ.

Data:

ρ=1.22kg /m 3 at a sea level

S=35.257 m2

 Coefficient of lift

1
L= ∗ρ∗V 2∗S∗Cl
2

And knowing that L = Wto, and that S = π * R2.

2∗W ¿
C L=
ρ∗V 2∗π∗R2
 2∗2500
C L=
1. 22∗24 2∗π∗3 .352

C L =0.201394569

Table 6 lift coefficients at different speeds

Speed (m/s) CL required

18 0.358034789
20 0.290008179
22 0.239676181
24 0.201394569
26 0.171602473
28 0.147963356
30 0.128892524
32 0.113284445
34 0.100348851
36 0.089508697

cl required vs velocity
0.4
0.35
0.3
cl required

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
15 20 25 30 35 40
velocity m/sec
 Figure 1. lift coefficients at different speeds

The speed increases, it is seen that the coefficient of lift required at maximum speed
that can reach the gyroplane, begins to decrease up to a value very close to zero.

Table 7. Coefficient of lift required forward vs. radius.

V(m/s) Cl Cl/σ
18 0.358035 8.980055
20 0.290008 7.273844
22 0.239676 6.011442
24 0.201395 5.051281
26 0.171602 4.30405
28 0.147963 3.711145
30 0.128893 3.23282
32 0.113284 2.841345
34 0.100349 2.516901
36 0.089509 2.245014

V
μ=
(Ω⋅ R)

At cruise speed 24 m/s

CL
=5.051281 and angle of attack for profile NACA 8-H-12 θ=4 °
σ
 Figure 2 Drag-Lift ratio to NACA profile 8H12 rotor

From a figure is μ=0.175

V
Ω=
μ∗R

24
Ω= =40.938rps
0.175∗3.35

40.938∗60
RPM =
2π

Ω=390.4293 RPM
Table 8. Velocities rotor pitch angle 4 ° (θ = 4)

V(m/s) Cl Cl/σ μ N(rpm)

18 0.358035 8.980055 0.136 376.793
20 0.290008 7.273844 0.148 384.7136
22 0.239676 6.011442 0.161 389.0147
24 0.201395 5.051281 0.175 390.4293
26 0.171602 4.30405 0.189 391.6343
28 0.147963 3.711145 0.2025 393.6427
30 0.128893 3.23282 0.216 395.4001
32 0.113284 2.841345 0.228 399.5622
34 0.100349 2.516901 0.242 399.9749
36 0.089509 2.245014 0.2505 409.1325

VELOCITY Vs ROTatIONAL SPEED

420

410
rpm

400
ROTATIONAL SPEED

390

380

370

360
15 20 25 30 35 40
VELOCITY m/sec

. Figure 3. Velocity against Rotational speed.

4.3.3 Velocity Forward and Backward at TIP Blade

V t =V air +V tan

For V tan =Ω∗R

V t =V air +(Ω∗R)

V t =24+ ( 40.90398∗3.35 )=161.1429 m/s

4.3.4 The Reynolds Number

ρV t x
ℜ=
μ

x /c=0.25

x=0.25∗0.21=0.0525m

1.22∗161.1429∗0.0525
ℜ= −5
=5.7∗10 5
1.81∗10

4.3.5 Rotor Forces

There are three types of force effect in the rotor system as shown in the figure:

1. Drag force.
2. Lift force.
3. Centrifugal force.

 Drag Force

D D
( D ) R= (( ) ( ) )
+
L O L i
∗W ¿

( DL ) =0.102 which is determined by figure 4

O

D C
( ) = l =0.050349
L i 4

D C
( D ) R= (( ) )
+ l ∗W ¿
L O 4

( D ) R=( 0.102+0.0503 )∗255∗9.81=380.8716 N

 SPEED vs DRAG OF ROTOR
600

500
N

400
DRAG ROTOR

300

200

100

0
15 20 25 30 35 40
SPEED m/sec

Figure 4. Drag the rotor speed against speed.

 Lift Force

Assume L=W ¿

1
Lr = ρV 2∗S∗C l
2

1 2
Lr = ρ [ ( Ω r∗R r ) +V air ] ( C r∗D r )( ac∗α r )
2

Where you do the clearance angle of attack of the rotor of this equation to obtain:

2W¿
a c= 2
( ρ∗ar ) [ ( Ωr∗R ) +V air ] ( Cr∗Dr )

To find the slope of the curve of the coefficient of lift to the rotor, is determined as
follows:

ao
a r=
( 57.3 ) ( ao )
1+ [ 4 ]
For a o=0.1028

a r=0.0416
 Table 9 Lift vs Cross section of blade for cruise speed (24m/s)

R(m) Lr(N)
0.5 190.0808
1 405.2271
1.5 700.8477
2 1076.943
2.5 1533.512
3 2070.555
3.35 2494.368

0.1028
a r= =0,04157
( 57.3 )( 0.1028 )
1+
[ (4 ) ]
1 2
Lr = ¿1.22 [ ( 40.90398∗3.35 ) +24 ] ( 0.21∗6.7 ) ( 0.04157∗2.69584 )
2

Lr =2494.368 N

Distributi on of lift force along blade

3000

2500

2000
lift force N

1500

1000

500

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
blade radius m

Figure 5. Provision of the lift force along the blade

Maximum velocity

At µ=0.35

μ
V max =573( )
μ+1

0.35
V max =573 ( 0.35+1 )=148.56 mile/hr
V max =66.4 m/ s

V
μ=
Ω× R

V max
μ=
Ωmax × R

V max
Ω max =
μ× R

66.4
Ω max = =56.64 rad /sec
0.35 ×3.35
  Centrifugal Force

Fc

Figure 64 centrifugal force

The maximum centrifugal force is calculated at the maximum rotational speed

Ωmax =56.64 rad /sec . The mass of the blade is (mb)= 7.14 kg

The balance weight at the tip of the blade, this weight is used to decrease the flapping
angle and protect the blade from failure due to the bending stress.

The balance weight(mbw) is 0.45 kg

The centrifugal force:

F C =( ( mb∗d1∗Ωmax2 ) +(mbw d2 Ωmax 2))cosβ

Where:

d1=2.004 m

d2=3.534 m

Ωmax =56.64 rad /sec

mb= 7.14 kg

mbw=0.45 kg
At β very small the cosβ =1

∴ F C =[ ( m b∗d 1∗Ωmax 2) +(mbw∗d 2∗Ωmax 2)]

¿ [ ( 7.5∗2.004∗69.152 ) + ( 0.45∗3.534∗69.152 ) ] =79473.66 N

4.3.6 Stress in the rotor system

2.Tensile stress in straps:
Data:

W=60 mm

t=10 mm

d=8 mm

σult=310 MPa

n d=1.5

A=( w−2 d ) × t= ( 0.06−2∗0.008 )∗0.01=4.4∗10−4 m 2

Tensile stress is

nl∗F c
σ t=
2A
3.5∗51005
¿ −4
2∗( 4.4∗10 )
¿ 202.86 MPa
Check for margin of safety:

σ ty
M . S= −1
1.15 σ t

275
¿
1.15∗202.8

¿+0.179 yeild

σ ult
M . S= −1
n d∗σ t
 310
¿ −1
1.5∗202.8
¿+0.019 ultimate

3.Bearing in aluminum plate:

Data:

A=( t∗d )=0.01 × 0.008=8 ×10−5 m2

Bearing stress is
nl∗F c
σ br =
nbolts∗2 A
3.5∗51005
¿
4∗2∗(8∗10−5 )
¿ 278.93 MPa
σ ty
M . S= −1
1.15 σ br
275
¿ −1
1.15∗278.9
¿−0.142 yeild
σ ult
M . S= −1
n d∗σ bolt
310
¿ −1
1.5∗278.93
¿−0.259 ultimate

Blade and straps joining bolts

Shear stress in bolt

 Fc
2
F bolt =
n bolts
51005
2
¿ (0)
4
¿ 6.375 kN

Check for margin of safety:

Pf
M . S= −1
1.5∗F bolt
16.368
¿ −1 (0)
1.5∗6.375
¿+0.712 single shear

Teeter bolt
Shear stress
Pf =36.83 kN

3.5∗W ¿
F bolt =
2
8750 (0)
¿
2
¿ 4.375 kN

Check for margin of safety:

Pf (0)
M . S= −1
1.5 F bolt
36.83
¿
1.5∗4.375
 ¿+ 4.6 single shear

Main bearing bolt

Tensile stress
The tensile stress calculated as:
Pf =44.92 kN

F bolt =nl∗W ¿

¿ 3.5∗2500 (0)
¿ 8.75 kN
Check for margin of safety:

Pf
M . S= −1
1.5 F bolt
44.92
¿ −1 (0)
1.5∗8.75
¿+2.42 ultimate

Life of the bearing

Specification of the bearing:
D i=30 mm D o =62mm R=90 % L10=106 rev
C dy 10=29.1 KN

C st 10 =20.1 KN

The design requirement load and revolutions are:

F D =3.5 W ¿ =8.750 KN N D=N cruises=390.4293 rpm
 1
F D∗( L D ) a =constant (0)

At reliability 90%
The basic dynamic load:
1
L
C dy10 =F D∗ D
L10 ( ) a
(0)

3 ball bearng .
Where a= 10
3
{
rollbearing .

The life of the bearing in revelations is:

a
C dy 10
L D=L10∗ ( )
FD

29.1 3 (0)
¿ 106∗ ( )
8.75
¿ 36783648.84 rev
The life of the bearing in hours is:
LD
Lh =
60∗N D
36783648.84 (0)
¿
60∗390.4293
¿ 1570.2 hr
Flapping system
Lateral Fork
Bearing stress:
A=2(t∗d )
¿ 2∗22.5∗10

¿ 450 mm 2
nl∗W ¿ (0)
σ br =
A
 3.5∗2500
¿
450
¿ 19.44 MPa
Check for margin of safety:
σ ty
M . S= −1
1.15 σ t
275 (0)
¿ −1
1.15∗19.44
¿+12.3 large
σ ult
M . S= −1
1.15∗σ br
310 (0)
¿ −1
1.5∗19.44
¿+10.33 large

Shear stress in bolt:

Pf =36.83 KN

n l∗W ¿
F bolt =
2 (0)
¿ 4.375 KN

Check for margin of safety:

Pf
M . S= −1
1.5 F bolt
36.83 (0)
¿ −1
1.5∗4.375
¿+ 4.61ultimate
Longitudinal Fork
Tensile stress

A=2 ( w−d )∗t

¿ 2 ( 60−10 )∗10

¿ 1000 mm2

nl∗W ¿
σ t=
A
3.5∗2500
¿ (0)
1000
¿ 8.75 MPa

Check for margin of safety:

σ ty
M . S= −1
1.15 σ t
275 (0)
¿ −1
1.15∗8.75
¿+large
 σ ult
M . S= −1
1.15∗σ br
310 (0)
¿ −1
1.5∗8.75
¿+large
Bearing stress:
A=2 ( t∗d )
¿ 2 ( 10∗10 )

¿ 200 mm2
nl∗W ¿
σ br =
A
3.5∗2500 (0)
¿
200
¿ 43.75 MPa
Check for margin of safety:
σ ty
M . S= −1
1.15 σ br
275 (0)
¿ −1
1.15∗43.75
¿+ 4.46 yeild

σ ult
M . S= −1
1.5∗σ br
310 (0)
¿ −1
1.5∗43.75
¿+3.72 ultimate

Shear stress in bolt:

Pf =36.83 KN
 n l∗W ¿
F bolt =
2
3.5∗2500 (0)
¿
2
¿ 4.375 KN

Check for margin of safety:

Pf
M . S= −1
1.5 F bolt
36.83 (0)
¿ −1
1.5∗4.375
¿+ 4.61ultimate