KCSE​ ​BIOLOGY​ ​REVISION​ ​SERIES

BIOLOGY​ ​I
PART​ ​I

SECTION​ ​A.
1. Name​ ​the​ ​process​ ​by​ ​which​ ​the​ ​amoeba​ ​removes​ ​the​ ​indigestible​ ​material ​ ​2mks
2. Name​ ​two​​ ​reasons​ ​why​ ​viruses​ ​are​ ​sometimes​ ​termed​ ​as​ ​non-living​ ​things. 2mks
3. State​ ​two​​ ​functions​ ​of​ ​cell​ ​membranes. 2mks
4. Differentiate​ ​between​ ​natural​ ​and​ ​artificial​ ​immunity. 2mks
5. State​ ​two​​ ​reasons​ ​why​ ​plants​ ​do​ ​not​ ​require​ ​complex​ ​excretory​ ​organs​ ​like​ ​animals.​ ​ ​ ​ ​2mks
6. The​ ​diagram​ ​below​ ​is​ ​a​ ​cross-section​ ​of​ ​human​ ​alimentary​ ​canal

Lumen
Circular​ ​muscle
Longitudinal​ ​muscle

(i).​ ​ ​ ​Which​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​alimentary​ ​canal​ ​is​ ​represented​ ​by​ ​the​ ​portion​ ​above 2mks
(ii).​ ​ ​ ​Give​ ​one​​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​your​ ​answer​ ​in​ ​6​ ​(i)​ ​ ​above 1mk
7.​ ​ ​ ​Why​ ​is​ ​it​ ​dangerous​ ​to​ ​breath​ ​in​ ​motor​ ​car​ ​exhaust​ ​fumes 2mks
8.​ ​ ​ ​Give​ ​reasons​ ​why​ ​when​ ​a​ ​person​ ​lacks​ ​vitamin​ ​K​ ​experiences​ ​overbleeding​ ​even​ ​from​ ​a​ ​small
cut​ ​. ​ ​2mks
9.​ ​ ​ ​ ​Distinguish​ ​between​ ​the​ ​following:
a.​ ​ ​Continuos​ ​and​ ​discontinuous​ ​variations 2mks
b.​ ​ ​Give​ ​two​​ ​examples​ ​of​ ​discontinuous​ ​variation 2mks
10.​ ​ ​Explain​ ​the​ ​term​ ​homeostasis. 2mks

SECTION​ ​B
11.​ ​ ​ ​During​ ​an​ ​ecological​ ​trip​ ​students​ ​found​ ​a​ ​green​ ​plant​ ​whose​ ​height​ ​averaged​ ​20cm​ ​growing​ ​on
a​ ​damp​ ​rock.​ ​ ​The​ ​plant​ ​had​ ​a​ ​long​ ​stalk​ ​which​ ​bore​ ​a​ ​club-like​ ​capsule.​ ​ ​The​ ​ ​plant​ ​was​ ​attached
to​ ​the​ ​rock​ ​by​ ​means​ ​of​ ​root​ ​like​ ​structures.
With​ ​a​ ​reason;​ ​suggest​ ​the​ ​plant​ ​division​ ​to​ ​which​ ​the​ ​plant​ ​belonged. 2mks
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​long​ ​stalks​ ​on​ ​which​ ​the​ ​capsules​ ​were​ ​borne. 1mk
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​root​ ​–​ ​like​ ​structure. 1mk
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​State​ ​the​ ​significance​ ​of​ ​capsule​ ​to​ ​the​ ​life​ ​of​ ​the​ ​plant. 1mk
12.​ ​ ​The​ ​figure​ ​below​ ​shows​ ​a​ ​section​ ​through​ ​a​ ​mammalian​ ​kidney.

a.​ ​ ​Which​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​kidneys​ ​would​ ​you​ ​find​ ​the​ ​loop​ ​of​ ​henle
1mk
b.​ ​ ​State​ ​the​ ​components​ ​of​ ​substances​ ​that​ ​flows​ ​through
3mks
E…………………………………………………………………..

F……………………………………………………………………

H……………………………………………………………………

c.​ ​ ​Give​ ​a​ ​reason​ ​why​ ​there​ ​is​ ​a​ ​difference​ ​in​ ​diameters​ ​in​ ​E​ ​and​ ​F
2mks

1
 d.​ ​ ​What​ ​would​ ​happen​ ​if​ ​vessel​ ​F​ ​was​ ​blocked.
2mks

13.​ ​ ​The​ ​diagram​ ​below​ ​represents​ ​a​ ​simple​ ​endocrine​ ​feedback​ ​mechanism​ ​in​ ​human​ ​male.

a.​ ​ ​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​hormone​ ​labelled​ ​X​ ​and​ ​Y

2mks
X……………………………………………………………………….
Y……………………………………………………………………….
b​ ​ ​ ​State​ ​three​​ ​differences​ ​that​ ​may​ ​be​ ​observed​ ​between​ ​a​ ​normal​ ​male​ ​and​ ​one​ ​who​ ​is
incapable​ ​of
​ ​ ​producing​ ​hormone​ ​labelled​ ​Y 3mks
c.​ ​ ​ ​If​ ​the​ ​testes​ ​were​ ​ovaries,​ ​what​ ​would​ ​be​ ​hormone​ ​Y.
1mk
14.​ ​ ​The​ ​data​ ​below​ ​were​ ​obtained​ ​in​ ​a​ ​certain​ ​ecosystem.
Organism biomass
Green​ ​plants 95
Lizards 15
Praying​ ​mantis 7
Predatory​ ​bugs 14
Moths 20
Grasshoppers 30
Herbivorous​ ​bug 18
a.​ ​ ​ ​Using​ ​all​ ​the​ ​organisms​ ​shown,​ ​construct​ ​a​ ​labelled​ ​pyramid​ ​of​ ​Biomass 2mks
b.​ ​(i)​ ​ ​Construct​ ​any​ ​four​​ ​step​ ​food​ ​chain 2mks
​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​ ​State​ ​three​​ ​ways​ ​in​ ​which​ ​energy​ ​is​ ​lost​ ​along​ ​any​ ​food​ ​chain 3mks.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​(iii)​ ​ ​From​ ​the​ ​data​ ​given​ ​above​ ​give​ ​two​ ​groups​ ​of​ ​animals​ ​where​ ​competition​ ​for
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​food​ ​ ​exist. 2mks
15.​ ​ ​ ​A​ ​female​ ​fruit​ ​fly​ ​with​ ​red​ ​eyes​ ​was​ ​crossed​ ​with​ ​purpled​ ​eyed​ ​mutant​ ​male​ ​and​ ​all​ ​their
offspring​ ​were​ ​red-eyed.​ ​ ​The​ ​offspring​ ​were​ ​mated​ ​among​ ​themselves​ ​and​ ​the​ ​following
proportion​ ​of​ ​flies​ ​were​ ​produced​ ​224​ ​red​ ​eyed​ ​and​ ​76​ ​purpled​ ​–​ ​eyed.
a.​ ​ ​Using​ ​suitable​ ​symbols;​ ​ ​explain​ ​the​ ​two​ ​crosses 4mks
b​ ​(i)​ ​ ​State​ ​how​ ​you​ ​would​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​genotypes​ ​of​ ​red-eyed​ ​offsprings​ ​of​ ​F2 1mk
c.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Determine​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of
i.​ ​ ​Homozygous​ ​Red​ ​–​ ​eyed 1mk
ii.​ ​ ​Heterozygous​ ​Red-eyed 1mk
16.​ ​ ​a.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Define​ ​the​ ​term​ ​respiratory​ ​Quontient​ ​RQ? 1mk
b(i).​ ​ ​A​ ​food​ ​substance​ ​C​54​H​104​O​6​​ ​is​ ​oxidized​ ​completely.​ ​ ​What​ ​will​ ​be​ ​its
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​respiratory​ ​Quontient​ ​show​ ​your​ ​working 1mk
​ ​C​57​ H​ O​
​ 104​ ​ 6​ ​ ​
+ ​ ​
8 0​ 02​ ​ ​
+ ​ ​
5 7CO​ 2​ ​ ​ ​ +​ ​ ​
5 2H​
2​ O​ ​ +​ ​ 38.21g
ii.​ ​ ​ ​State​ ​the​ ​type​ ​of​ ​food​ ​being​ ​oxidized 1mk
Give​ ​a​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​your​ ​answer 1mk

SECTION​ ​C

17. In​ ​an​ ​experiment​ ​a​ ​group​ ​of​ ​female​ ​locust​ ​were​ ​provided​ ​with​ ​excess​ ​amounts​ ​of​ ​food​ ​from
the day they moulted to adult stage upto the 20​th day of adulthood. The average fresh weight
of each locust was also calculated every second day. It was also noted that they all laid eggs
between​ ​day​ ​12​ ​and​ ​day​ ​14​ ​and​ ​again​ ​between​ ​day​ ​18​ ​and​ ​20​ ​of​ ​adult​ ​life.

Data​ ​on​ ​ ​average​ ​dry​ ​weight​ ​of​ ​faeces​ ​and​ ​weight​ ​of​ ​each​ ​locust​ ​every​ ​two​ ​days​ ​is​ ​presented​ ​in
the​ ​table​ ​below.
2
 Days​ ​of​ ​adult​ ​life 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Average​ ​dry​ ​weight​ ​of 250 420 610 740 850 630 540 830 750 620
faeces​ ​(mg)

Average​ ​weight​ ​of​ ​locust 530 750 840 970 1020 1160 860 980 1120 820
(mg)

a.​ ​ ​On​ ​the​ ​graph​ ​paper,​ ​plot​ ​histograms​ ​to​ ​show​ ​the​ ​average​ ​dry​ ​weight​ ​of​ ​faeces​ ​produced​ ​by​ ​each
locust​ ​every​ ​2​ ​days 6mks
b.​ ​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​food​ ​consumption​ ​and​ ​body​ ​weight?​ ​ ​Explain​ ​your​ ​answer

4mks
c.​ ​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​egg​ ​production​ ​and​ ​food​ ​consumption?​ ​ ​Explain​ ​your​ ​answer

2mks
d.​ ​ ​Explain​ ​the​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​egg​ ​production​ ​and​ ​body​ ​weight ​ ​ ​ ​2mks
e.​ ​ ​State​ ​two​​ ​possible​ ​consequences​ ​that​ ​may​ ​happen​ ​if​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​food​ ​was​ ​reduced​ ​to​ ​one​ ​half
of​ ​that​ ​required​ ​by​ ​each​ ​locust​ ​throughout​ ​the​ ​study​ ​period
f.​ ​ ​From​ ​the​ ​data​ ​state​ ​two​​ ​nutrients​ ​that​ ​must​ ​be​ ​present​ ​in​ ​the​ ​locust​ ​diet.​ ​ ​Give​ ​a​ ​reason​ ​in​ ​each
case. 4mks
18.​ ​ ​ ​Describe​ ​how​ ​breathing​ ​takes​ ​place​ ​in​ ​mammalian​ ​lungs. 20mks
19a.​ ​ ​ ​Define​ ​the​ ​term​ ​transpiration 2mks
​ ​ ​ ​ ​b.​ ​ ​ ​Explain​ ​the​ ​factors​ ​that​ ​affect​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration​ ​in​ ​plants 18mks

BIOLOGY​ ​1
MARKING​ ​SCHEME

SECTION​ ​A

1.​ ​ ​Egestion;​ ​ ​Rej:​ ​diffusion

2.​ ​ ​They​ ​crystallised;​ ​Active​ ​only​ ​in​ ​living​ ​cells​ ​/​ ​lifeless​ ​on​ ​their​ ​own;​ ​their​ ​structure​ ​is​ ​not​ ​like​ ​that
of​ ​living​ ​cells;​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Any​ ​2​ ​pts​ ​2​ ​mks.
3.​ ​ ​Control​ ​exchange​ ​of​ ​materials​ ​between​ ​cell​ ​and​ ​the​ ​environment;​ ​ ​separate​ ​compartments
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​to​ ​be​ ​formed​ ​within​ ​the​ ​cells;
4​.​ ​ ​Natural​ ​Immunity​​ ​–​ ​body​ ​of​ ​individual​ ​produce​ ​antibodies​ ​when​ ​encountering​ ​pathogens;
Artificial​ ​Immunity​​ ​–​ ​body​ ​of​ ​individual​ ​induced​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​antibodies​ ​to​ ​fight​ ​pathogens;
2mks
5.​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Rate​ ​of​ ​metabolism​ ​is​ ​low​ ​/​ ​less​ ​waste​ ​accumulate;
Plants​ ​keep​ ​on​ ​growing​ ​thus​ ​use​ ​nitrogenous​ ​compounds​ ​to​ ​synthesis​ ​proteins
Plants​ ​use​ ​waste​ ​products​ ​in​ ​other​ ​metabolic​ ​process​ ​eg.​ ​CO​2​​ ​for​ ​photosynthesis.
Most​ ​waste​ ​products​ ​are​ ​found​ ​in​ ​leaves​ ​and​ ​they​ ​fall.
Any​ ​2​ ​for​ ​2​ ​mks.
6.​ ​ ​ ​(i).​ ​ ​ ​Ileum​ ​/​ ​small​ ​intestine
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Presence​ ​of​ ​Lumen;​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Accept:​ ​ ​presence​ ​of​ ​villi.
7.​ ​ ​ ​Contains​ ​CO​2​​ ​that​ ​combines​ ​with​ ​haemoglobin​ ​forming​ ​carboxyhaemoglobin​ ​which​ ​is​ ​stable
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​thus​ ​reduce​ ​oxygen​ ​transport​ ​in​ ​RBC. 2mks.
8.​ ​ ​ ​Vitamin​ ​K​ ​is​ ​used​ ​in​ ​the​ ​liver​ ​for​ ​synthesis​ ​of​ ​prothrombin;​ ​which​ ​is​ ​essential​ ​factor​ ​in
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​blood​ ​clotting; 2mks
9.​ ​ ​ ​a.​ ​ ​Continuos​ ​variation​​ ​–​ ​changes​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​environmental​ ​influence;

3
 Discontinuous​ ​Variation​ ​–​ ​Changes​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​genes​ ​and​ ​not​ ​affected​ ​by​ ​environment
b.​ ​ ​ ​Sex​ ​/​ ​Male​ ​or​ ​female​;​ ​blood​ ​groups;​ ​finger​ ​prints;​ ​rolling​ ​of​ ​the​ ​tongue;
Any​ ​two​ ​points​ ​for​ ​½​ ​x​ ​2​ ​=​ ​1mk.
10.​ ​ ​ ​Maintenance​ ​/​ ​balance​ ​of​ ​steady​ ​state​ ​of​ ​internal​ ​environment​ ​within​ ​certain​ ​narrow​ ​limit​ ​/
range. 2mks

SECTION​ ​B.

11.​ ​ ​a.​ ​ ​ ​Bryophyte;​ ​found​ ​in​ ​damp​ ​rocky​ ​area​ ​/​ ​leaf​ ​like​ ​structure/​ ​root​ ​like​ ​structure​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2mks.
b.​ ​ ​Seta​ ​/​ ​sporophyta
c.​ ​ ​Rhizolds
d.​ ​ ​Produce​ ​spores​ ​for​ ​reproduction​ ​/​ ​continnity.
12.​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​C/Medulla
(ii) E​ ​ ​–​ ​Oxygenated​ ​blood​ ​/​ ​oxygen​ ​/​ ​digested​ ​food​ ​/​ ​urea
F​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Deoxygenated​ ​blood​ ​/​ ​Co​2
H​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Urine​ ​/​ ​urea​ ​/​ ​excess​ ​water 3mks
​ ​13.​ ​ ​(iii).​ ​ ​E -​ ​ ​Wider​ ​while​ ​ ​F​ ​–​ ​narrower​ ​to​ ​increase​ ​ultra​ ​filtration/​ ​pressure. 2mks
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Circulation​ ​/​ ​Blood​ ​will​ ​not​ ​return​ ​to​ ​general​ ​circulation;​ ​but​ ​ultra​ ​filtration​ ​will​ ​continue.
2mks
(a)​ ​ ​X​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Luteinising​ ​hormone​ ​/​ ​Interstitial​ ​cell​ ​stimulating​ ​hormone​ ​(ICSH)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Y​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Androgens​ ​/​ ​Testosterone.
No​ ​beards​ ​/​ ​musculinity​ ​/​ ​deep​ ​voice​ ​/​ ​sterility​ ​will​ ​occur.
Any​ ​3pts​ ​for​ ​3​ ​mks.
Progesterone​ ​/​ ​Oestrogen; 1mk

14.​ ​ ​a
7

14

15

18

20

30

95
Correct​ ​drawing​ ​=​ ​1mk
Label​ ​=​ ​1mk 2mks.

b.​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​Green​ ​plants​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​herbivorous​ ​bugs​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​predatory​ ​bug​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​lizards

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Green​ ​plants​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Grasshopper​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​p.​ ​bugs​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Lizards ​ ​2mks

ii.​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Not​ ​all​ ​green​ ​plants​ ​material​ ​are​ ​digested

-​ ​ ​Heat​ ​lost​ ​in​ ​faeces
-​ ​ ​Indigestible​ ​materials
-​ ​ ​Transpiration​ ​/​ ​sweating.

15.​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​R​ ​R​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​r​ ​r

4
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​R​ ​R​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​r​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​r

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​F​1​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rr​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rr​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rr​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rr​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​all​ ​ ​F​1​​ ​are​ ​red​ ​-​ ​eyed

2mks
Rr Rr

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​R​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​r ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​R​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​r

F​2​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​RR​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rr​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rr​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​rr

3​ ​:​ ​1​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ie​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​3​ ​ ​red​ ​-​ ​ ​eyed​ ​ ​&​ ​ ​1​ ​ ​purple​ ​-​ ​eyed
Using​ ​test​ ​cross​ ​/​ ​cross​ ​with​ ​recessive​ ​gene.
i.​ ​ ​1/3​ ​x​ ​224​ ​=​ ​74
2/4​ ​x​ ​300​ ​/​ ​2/3​ ​x​ ​224​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​150.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​3​ ​:​ ​1
224​ ​:​ ​76.

16.​ ​ ​(a)​ ​RQ​ ​ ​-​ ​ratio​ ​of​ ​vol.​ ​of​ ​Co​2​​ ​produced​ ​per​ ​vol.​ ​of​ ​O​2​​ ​used.
ii.​ ​Fat;​ ​ ​RQ​ ​of​ ​fat​ ​is​ ​0.7​ ​/​ ​it​ ​requires​ ​more​ ​oxygen​ ​for​ ​oxidation.

SECTION​ ​C.

17.​ ​ ​b.​ ​ ​ ​As​ ​food​ ​consumption​ ​increases​ ​with​ ​age,​ ​body​ ​weight​ ​also​ ​increases
-​ ​ ​ ​When​ ​maximum​ ​weight​ ​is​ ​reached,​ ​the​ ​food​ ​consumption​ ​decreases​ ​At​ ​maximum​ ​weight
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​food​ ​consumption​ ​decreases​ ​because​ ​eggs​ ​have​ ​matured.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​abdomen​ ​cannot​ ​accommodate​ ​more​ ​food​ ​but​ ​after​ ​eggs​ ​are​ ​laid​ ​food​ ​consumption
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​increases. Max​ ​4mks.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​c.-​ ​ ​As​ ​eggs​ ​mature​ ​they​ ​occupy​ ​abdominal​ ​space​ ​while​ ​food​ ​consumption​ ​decreases​ ​when​ ​the
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​eggs​ ​are​ ​laid.
​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​abdomen​ ​is​ ​emptied​ ​and​ ​space​ ​for​ ​food​ ​become​ ​available​ ​and​ ​consumption​ ​increases.
d.​ ​ ​ ​ ​As​ ​eggs​ ​get​ ​matured,​ ​body​ ​weight​ ​increases​ ​to​ ​a​ ​maximum
After​ ​eggs​ ​are​ ​laid,​ ​body​ ​weight​ ​decreases
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​e.​ ​ ​ ​ ​Body​ ​weight​ ​will​ ​reduce
Slower​ ​egg​ ​maturation
Fewer​ ​eggs​ ​will​ ​be​ ​produced.
Any​ ​2​ ​pts​ ​for​ ​2mks

-​ ​ ​ ​Protein​ ​–​ ​must​ ​be​ ​present​ ​for​ ​body​ ​building

- Calcium;​ ​ ​for​ ​egg​ ​yolk​ ​formation
- Water;​ ​medium​ ​for​ ​chemical​ ​solvent
- Carbohydrate​ ​–​ ​supply​ ​energy​ ​for​ ​growth​ ​and​ ​egg​ ​formation.
Any​ ​2​ ​nutrients​ ​&​ ​function​ ​=​ ​4mks.

18.​ ​ ​ ​How​ ​breathing​ ​takes​ ​place​ ​/​ ​process​ ​of​ ​inspiration​ ​and​ ​expiration.
-​ ​ ​Breathing​ ​is​ ​a​ ​process​ ​of​ ​taking​ ​in​ ​air​ ​(inspiration​ ​/​ ​inhalation)​ ​ ​through​ ​the​ ​nasal
​ ​ ​ ​cavity​ ​into​ ​the​ ​lungs​ ​and​ ​giving​ ​out​ ​air​ ​(expiration​ ​/​ ​exhalation)​ ​from​ ​the​ ​lungs.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2mks

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Mechanism​ ​of​ ​inspiration​ ​/​ ​Inhalation.

-​ ​ ​ ​Air​ ​is​ ​breathed​ ​/​ ​taken​ ​into​ ​the​ ​lungs;​ ​the​ ​internal​ ​intercostal​ ​muscles​ ​relax;​ ​while
5
 outer​ ​intercostal​ ​muscles​ ​contract;​ ​thus​ ​the​ ​ribs​ ​/​ ​chest​ ​cavity;​ ​pulls​ ​upwards​ ​and
outwards;​ ​causing​ ​diaphragm​ ​muscles​ ​to​ ​contract;​ ​hence​ ​diaphragm​ ​flattens​ ​and​ ​the​ ​pressure
in​ ​chest​ ​cavity​ ​decreases​ ​as​ ​the​ ​air​ ​moves. 9mks.

Mechanism​ ​of​ ​expiration​ ​/Exhalation.

-​ ​ ​ ​ ​Air​ ​is​ ​breathed​ ​/​ ​given​ ​out​ ​from​ ​the​ ​lungs;​ ​the​ ​internal​ ​inter​ ​costal​ ​muscles
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​contract​ ​while​ ​outer​ ​intercostal​ ​muscles​ ​relax;​ ​thus​ ​the​ ​ribs​ ​/​ ​chest​ ​cavity;​ ​pulls
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​downwards​ ​and​ ​upwards;​ ​causing​ ​diaphragm​ ​muscles​ ​to​ ​relax’​ ​hence​ ​diaphragm
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​becomes​ ​doomed​ ​shape;​ ​and​ ​the​ ​pressure​ ​inside​ ​chest​ ​cavity​ ​increases​ ​forcing​ ​air
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​out​ ​of​ ​the​ ​lungs. 9mks. Total​ ​20mks

a.​ ​ ​Transpiration​​ ​–​ ​process​ ​of​ ​losing​ ​water​ ​in​ ​form​ ​of​ ​water​ ​vapour;​ ​from​ ​intercellular​ ​spaces
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​of​ ​the​ ​leaf​ ​to​ ​the​ ​atmosphere. 2mks

Temperature;​​ ​ ​Water​ ​is​ ​heated​ ​in​ ​intercellular​ ​spaces​ ​of​ ​leaf​ ​by​ ​high​ ​temperature;​ ​changing​ ​it​ ​to
water​ ​vapour​ ​that​ ​evaporates​ ​out​ ​through​ ​the​ ​stomata​ ​increasing​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​3mks

​ ​ ​ ​Light​ ​intensity​;​ ​ ​high​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​sunshine​ ​causes​ ​high​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​photosynthesis;​ ​sugar​ ​production
​ ​ ​ ​ ​making​ ​guard​ ​cells​ ​turgid;​ ​hence​ ​opening​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​water​ ​loss​ ​thus​ ​high​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​Max​ ​3mks

​ ​ ​ ​Air​ ​Current​ ​/​ ​wind;​ ​ ​ ​Wind​ ​blows​ ​away​ ​water​ ​on​ ​leaf​ ​surface;​ ​causing​ ​more​ ​water​ ​to​ ​come​ ​out​ ​of
​ ​ ​ ​ ​leaf​ ​thus​ ​high​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration; 3mks

​ ​ ​ ​Humidity​;​ ​ ​water​ ​settles​ ​on​ ​leaf​ ​surface​ ​when​ ​there​ ​is​ ​high​ ​humidity​ ​therefore​ ​less​ ​water​ ​moves
​ ​ ​ ​out​ ​of​ ​the​ ​leaf. 3mks

​ ​ ​ ​Atmospheric​ ​Pressure;​​ ​ ​High​ ​atmospheric​ ​pressure;​ ​causes​ ​more​ ​water​ ​to​ ​come​ ​out​ ​of​ ​the​ ​leaf
​ ​ ​ ​thus​ ​high​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration;

Water​ ​Availability;​​ ​ ​Large​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​water​ ​in​ ​the​ ​soil​ ​increases​ ​absorption​ ​into​ ​root​ ​hair​ ​cells;
thus​ ​more​ ​water​ ​will​ ​be​ ​loss​ ​out​ ​of​ ​the​ ​leaf​ ​as​ ​transpiration​ ​stream​ ​occurs.

Leaf​ ​Morphology;​​ ​ ​Large​ ​surface​ ​area​ ​increases​ ​lost​ ​of​ ​water;​ ​presence​ ​of​ ​stomata​ ​on​ ​upper
surface​ ​/​ ​broadleaves​ ​increases​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​water​ ​loss; 3mks
Total​ ​23​ ​points​ ​max​ ​.​ ​20mks.

BIOLOGY​ ​II

SECTION​ ​A

1.​ ​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​brain​ ​that​ ​triggers​ ​sweating.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(​1mk)
2. The equation below shows respiration for a certain food substrate. Study it and answer questions
that​ ​follow.
2C​51​​ ​H98​
​ ​​ ​ ​ ​0​ 6​​ ​+​ ​ ​1450​2​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​102​ ​CO​2​​ ​+​ ​98H​2​O
(a)​ ​Calculate​ ​the​ ​prespiratory​ ​Quotient,​ ​RQ (1mk)
​ ​(b)​ ​Suggest​ ​with​ ​reasons​ ​the​ ​possible​ ​food​ ​substrate ​ ​(1mk)
3.​ ​ ​State​ ​two​ ​functions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​tongue​ ​which​ ​is​ ​true​ ​to​ ​all​ ​mammals. ​ ​ ​(2mks)
4.​ ​ ​Seals​ ​have​ ​a​ ​very​ ​thick​ ​layer​ ​of​ ​fatty​ ​tissue​ ​under​ ​the​ ​skin.​ ​In​ ​what​ ​ways​ ​is​ ​this​ ​useful​ ​to​ ​them?

6
 (2mks)
5. A certain species of flower plants relies entirely on sexual reproduction for propagation. The
chromosome​ ​number​ ​of​ ​each​ ​cell​ ​in​ ​the​ ​ovarian​ ​wall​ ​is​ ​16.​ ​ ​State​ ​the​ ​chromosome​ ​ ​number​ ​of
(i) The​ ​pollen​ ​tube​ ​nucleus
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​A​ ​cell​ ​of​ ​the​ ​endosperm ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)
6. State​ ​two​ ​functions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​centriole​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cell ​ ​ ​(​ ​2mks)
7. A new born baby has generally a heart – beat of 120 to 140 per minute while that of adult is 70
per​ ​minute​ ​on​ ​average​ ​Account​ ​for​ ​the​ ​difference. ​ ​(3mks)

8.​ ​ ​ ​Below​ ​is​ ​a​ ​nucleotide​ ​strand

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​A​ ​–​ ​A​ ​–​ ​G​ ​–​ ​T​ ​–​ ​C
​ ​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​Is​ ​it​ ​a​ ​ ​DNA​ ​ ​or​ ​ ​RNA​ ​ ​strand?​ ​ ​Give​ ​a​ ​reason ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​Give​ ​the​ ​complementary​ ​strand. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1mk)
9.​ ​Tropism​ ​is​ ​a​ ​growth​ ​movement​ ​by​ ​a​ ​part​ ​of​ ​a​ ​plant​ ​towards​ ​or​ ​away​ ​from​ ​the​ ​stimulus.​ ​For​ ​each
of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​responses​ ​identify​ ​the​ ​type​ ​of​ ​described​ ​tropism​ ​hence​ ​identify​ ​the​ ​stimulus.
3mks)
(i)​ ​Pollen​ ​grain​ ​growth​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​ovules.
(ii)​ ​A​ ​seedling​ ​growing​ ​in​ ​a​ ​dark​ ​room​ ​grows​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​window
(iii) A shoot of a bean pinned on a cork sheet and put horizontally on a wet blotting paper bends
upwards​ ​while​ ​the​ ​root​ ​bends​ ​downwards.

SECTION​ ​B​ ​(40mks)

10(a)​ ​Why​ ​does​ ​anaerobic​ ​respiration​ ​of​ ​a​ ​given​ ​substrate​ ​yield​ ​smaller​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​energy​ ​than
aerobic​ ​respiration? ​ ​(2mks)
(a) Give​ ​the​ ​function​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​features​ ​found​ ​in​ ​the​ ​wall​ ​of​ ​trachea​ ​and​ ​bronchi​ ​in​ ​a
mammal.
(i)​ ​Ciliated​ ​muscles​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1mk)
​ ​(ii)​ ​Mucus​ ​secreting​ ​cells ​ ​(1mk)
​ ​ ​(c)​ ​Give​ ​two​ ​reasons​ ​why​ ​blood​ ​leaving​ ​the​ ​lungs​ ​may​ ​not​ ​be​ ​fully​ ​oxygenated. ​ ​(2mks)

11. The​ ​figure​ ​below​ ​illustrates​ ​features​ ​of​ ​human​ ​menstrual​ ​cycle​ ​based​ ​on​ ​28​ ​days.

(a) The period when live ova is absent from the oviduct is described as `safe period`. Sexual
intercourse​ ​is​ ​unlikely​ ​to​ ​result​ ​in​ ​pregnancy​ ​in​ ​this​ ​period.
(i)​ ​Excluding​ ​menses​ ​days,​ ​calculate​ ​the​ ​safe​ ​period​ ​days​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cycle (1mk)
​ ​(ii)​ ​State​ ​two​ ​the​ ​factors​ ​which​ ​would​ ​alter​ ​the​ ​period​ ​calculated​ ​in​ ​(a)(i) ​ ​(2mks)
(b) Identify the hormones A ,B, and C, hence state the functions of each hormone in regulation of
the​ ​menstrual​ ​cycle. (5mks)
​ ​(c)​ ​State​ ​the​ ​hygienic​ ​practices​ ​which​ ​should​ ​be​ ​observed​ ​during​ ​menses. ​ ​(2mks)
​ ​(d)​ ​The​ ​table​ ​below​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​estimated​ ​efficiency​ ​of​ ​different​ ​birth​ ​control​ ​methods.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Method​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Percentage​ ​ ​efficiency.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rhythm​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​60
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Pill​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​99
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Condom​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​86
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Spermicidal​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​65
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Sterilisation​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​100
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Withdrawal​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​70
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Intra​ ​–​ ​Uterine​ ​device​ ​I.U.D​ ​ ​ ​88
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​Account​ ​for​ ​high​ ​failure​ ​in​ ​withdrawal​ ​method​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​Why​ ​does​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​a​ ​condom​ ​fail​ ​to​ ​give​ ​100%​ ​efficiency?​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1mk)

7
 (iii) Explain how much each of the following methods work in birth control; spermicidal cream,
Sterilization​ ​in​ ​males. (3mks)
​ ​(e)​ ​(i)​ ​What​ ​is​ ​rhythm​ ​method?
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​Besides​ ​birth​ ​control,​ ​give​ ​one​ ​advantage​ ​of​ ​using​ ​condoms. (1mk)
​ ​ ​(f)​ ​State​ ​four​ ​social​ ​–​ ​economic​ ​implications​ ​of​ ​high​ ​population​ ​growth.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)

12.​ ​The​ ​diagram​ ​below​ ​shows​ ​a​ ​stem​ ​of​ ​passion​ ​fruit​ ​twinning​ ​around​ ​a​ ​post.

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(a)​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​biological​ ​importance​ ​ ​of​ ​this​ ​twinning​ ​growth?​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1mk)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(b)​ ​(i)​ ​Account​ ​for​ ​the​ ​twinning​ ​growth​ ​pattern (2mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​Identify​ ​the​ ​response​ ​that​ ​brings​ ​about​ ​the​ ​twinning​ ​growth​ ​in​ ​passion​ ​fruit​ ​.​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1mk)

13.​ ​(a)​ ​Define​ ​the​ ​term​ ​chromosomal​ ​mutation​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1mk)

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(b)​ ​The​ ​figure​ ​ ​below​ ​illustrates​ ​a​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​a​ ​ ​chromosome​ ​with​ ​genes​ ​named​ ​A,B,​ ​C,​ ​S,
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Q​ ​and​ ​R
A B C S Q R

​ ​Use​ ​the​ ​diagrams​ ​similar​ ​to​ ​the​ ​one​ ​above​ ​to​ ​illustrate​ ​the​ ​changes​ ​if​ ​the​ ​above​ ​chromosome
undergoes​ ​the​ ​following​ ​mutations​ ​affecting​ ​only​ ​genes​ ​C​ ​and​ ​S.

(i)​ ​ ​A​ ​ ​deletion​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1mk)

(ii)​ ​An​ ​inversion​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1mk)
(iii)​ ​A​ ​duplication​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1mk)
​ ​(c)​ ​State​ ​the​ ​characteristic​ ​and​ ​causes​ ​of​ ​each​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​genetic​ ​ratios. ​ ​(2mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​Haemophilia ​ ​ ​(2mks)
(ii)​ ​Red​ ​–​ ​green​ ​colour​ ​blindness ​ ​(2mks)
14(a)​ ​State​ ​four​ ​characteristics​ ​that​ ​favour​ ​deoxyribon​ ​nucleic​ ​acid​ ​(DNA)​ ​as​ ​a​ ​hereditary​ ​material.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​(b)​ ​ ​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​name​ ​given​ ​to​ ​the​ ​tissue​ ​that​ ​joins
(i) Bone​ ​ ​to​ ​bone
(ii) Muscle​ ​to​ ​muscle

SECTION​ ​C

15. The​ ​following​ ​data​ ​represent​ ​the​ ​development​ ​ ​in​ ​dry​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​germinating​ ​seedlings​ ​within​ ​18
weeks.
Time​ ​in 0 1 2 4 6 10 13 15 16 18
weeks

Dry​ ​mass 0.1 2 3.2 10 18 32 44 45 44 38

in
grammes.

(a)​ ​ ​ ​Using​ ​a​ ​suitable​ ​scale​ ​plot​ ​a​ ​graph​ ​of​ ​dry​ ​mass​ ​against​ ​time ​ ​(6mks)
​ ​(b)​ ​ ​ ​With​ ​reference​ ​to​ ​the​ ​graph,​ ​explain​ ​the​ ​changes​ ​in​ ​dry​ ​mass​ ​between. ​ ​ ​(1mk)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​Week​ ​0​ ​to​ ​2
​ ​(ii)​ ​Week​ ​5​ ​to​ ​13​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)
(iii)​ ​Week​ ​16​ ​to​ ​18​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)
(c)​ ​ ​(i)​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​significance​ ​ ​of​ ​time​ ​zero? ​ ​(1mk)
​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​What​ ​difference​ ​would​ ​be​ ​expected​ ​from​ ​the​ ​above​ ​results​ ​if​ ​the​ ​experiment​ ​started​ ​ ​with​ ​the
seeds. (2mks)
8
d (i)​ ​Describe​ ​how​ ​you​ ​would​ ​carry​ ​out​ ​the​ ​experiment​ ​to​ ​obtain​ ​dry​ ​mass​ ​in​ ​the​ ​ ​respective​ ​weeks
(4mks)
(ii)​ ​State​ ​one​ ​advantage​ ​and​ ​one​ ​disadvantage​ ​of​ ​using​ ​dry​ ​mass​ ​instead​ ​of​ ​fresh​ ​weight​ ​in
estimating​ ​growth​ ​of​ ​an​ ​organism. ​ ​ ​(2mks)
16(a)​ ​A​ ​bare​ ​footed​ ​man​ ​suddenly​ ​steps​ ​on​ ​a​ ​drawing​ ​pin​ ​and​ ​quickly​ ​jumps​ ​up.​ ​With​ ​aid​ ​of​ ​a
diagram​ ​describe​ ​the​ ​response.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​Distinguish​ ​between​ ​nervous​ ​and​ ​hormonal​ ​control ​ ​ ​(5mks)
(b) A​ ​student​ ​sees​ ​a​ ​near​ ​object​ ​clearly​ ​but​ ​cannot​ ​focus​ ​on​ ​a​ ​distant​ ​object.​ ​Suggest​ ​why​ ​he
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​cannot​ ​focus​ ​on​ ​distance​ ​objects​ ​hence​ ​state​ ​how​ ​the​ ​defect​ ​could​ ​be​ ​corrected.
17.​ ​Blood​ ​has​ ​two​ ​broad​ ​functions​ ​namely​ ​protective​ ​and​ ​transport​ ​ ​functions
(a) Explain​ ​how​ ​blood​ ​is​ ​involved​ ​in​ ​the​ ​transport​ ​stating​ ​the​ ​constituent​ ​ ​of​ ​blood​ ​involved.
(14mks)
(b) Describe​ ​how​ ​blood​ ​protects​ ​the​ ​body​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(4mks)
(c) Identify​ ​two​ ​sites​ ​in​ ​mammalian​ ​body​ ​where​ ​blood​ ​is​ ​manufactured.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)

BIOLOGY​ ​1
MARKING​ ​SCHEME

1.​ ​ ​ ​ ​Hypothalamus ​ ​ ​(1mk)

2.​ ​ ​ ​ ​RQ​ ​ ​=​ ​Vol​ ​of​ ​CO​2​​ ​given​ ​out​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​102​​ ​=​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​0.70​ ​or
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Vol.​ ​of​ ​O​ ​used​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​145​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​0.7 ​ ​ ​(1mk)

SUBSTRATE
Fats​ ​/​ ​oil/​ ​Lipid ​ ​ ​(1mk)

REASON:​​ ​-​ ​RQ​ ​for​ ​lipids​ ​/​ ​fats/​ ​oils​ ​ ​is​ ​always​ ​less​ ​than​ ​0.8
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​More​ ​oxygen​ ​is​ ​used​ ​than​ ​carbon​ ​–​ ​dioxide​ ​produced.​ ​(N/B​ ​Mark​ ​any​ ​one​ ​)​ ​(1mk)
1.​ ​ ​ ​Mixing​ ​of​ ​food​ ​with​ ​saliva
2.​ ​ ​Rolling​ ​the​ ​food​ ​into​ ​bolus
3.​ ​ ​Pushing​ ​food​ ​in​ ​the​ ​oesophagus/​ ​initiates​ ​swallowing​ ​ ​ ​ ​(NB​ ​Mark​ ​any​ ​2​ ​)​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)
4.​ ​ ​ ​ ​Serves​ ​as​ ​an​ ​insulator​ ​against​ ​heat​ ​loss​ ​from​ ​the​ ​body. ​ ​ ​(1mk)
5.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​8​ ​Chromosomes ​ ​ ​(1mk)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​24​ ​Chromosomes ​ ​ ​(1mk)
6. (1)​ ​ ​During​ ​cell​ ​division​ ​for​ ​formation​ ​of​ ​spindle​ ​fibres
(2)​ ​ ​For​ ​formation​ ​of​ ​cilia​ ​/​ ​fragella. (2mks)
7. New​ ​born​ ​babies​ ​lose​ ​more​ ​heat​ ​per​ ​unit​ ​weight​ ​due​ ​to​ ​larger​ ​surface​ ​area​ ​to​ ​volume​ ​ratio;
This​ ​ ​results​ ​to​ ​higher​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​oxygen​ ​consumption​ ​during​ ​respiration​ ​to​ ​maintain​ ​their​ ​body
temperature​ ​;​ ​higher​ ​heart​ ​beat​ ​count​ ​increases​ ​blood​ ​circulation​ ​to​ ​supply​ ​oxygen​ ​to​ ​tissues
and​ ​remove​ ​carbon-dioxide​ ​and​ ​other​ ​wastes
8.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​DNA
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​REASON​ ​ ​It​ ​has​ ​thyamine​ ​ ​(T) ​ ​(2mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​T​ ​–​ ​T​ ​–​ ​C​ ​-​ ​A​ ​–​ ​G ​ ​ ​(1mk)
9.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​ ​Chemotropism ​ ​(1mk)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​ ​Phototropism ​ ​(1mk)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(iii)​ ​ ​ ​Geotropism​ ​ ​-​ ​shoot​ ​is​ ​positively​ ​geotropic,​ ​root​ ​is​ ​negatively​ ​Geotropic
10. (a)​ ​ ​There​ ​is​ ​incomplete​ ​combustion​ ​in​ ​anaerobic​ ​respiration
The products of anaerobic respiration still hold some energy e.g lactic acid in animals and
alcohol​ ​on​ ​plants. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)
​ ​(b)​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​Cilia​ ​traps​ ​dust​ ​/​ ​bacteria​ ​in​ ​the​ ​inspired​ ​air
(ii)​ ​ ​Secretes​ ​mucus​ ​which​ ​sweep​ ​away​ ​trapped​ ​foreign​ ​bodies/​ ​bacteria​ ​ ​to​ ​larynx​ ​then​ ​to
pharyx​ ​for​ ​swallowing​ ​.
11. (a)​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​18​ ​days

9
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​Changes​ ​in​ ​diet​ ​/​ ​poor​ ​nutrition,​ ​stress​ ​/​ ​emotions​ ​disease​ ​infections
(b) A​ ​ ​-​ ​follicle​ ​/​ ​stimulating​ ​ ​hormone
FUNCTIONS​ ​–​ ​Causes​ ​development​ ​of​ ​graafian​ ​follicle
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Stimulates​ ​the​ ​ovary​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​oestrogen
​ ​ ​B​ ​–​ ​Oestrogen
FUNCTIONS​ ​ ​-​ ​Promotes​ ​healing​ ​and​ ​repair​ ​of​ ​wornout​ ​tissue​ ​/​ ​uterine​ ​wall​ ​after
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​menstruation​ ​.
-​ ​Stimulates​ ​the​ ​anterior​ ​pituitary​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​luteinising​ ​hormone​ ​.

C.​ ​ ​PROGESTERONE

​FUNCTIONS –Causes thickening of uterine wall/ vasculisation of the uterus stimulates

disintegration​ ​of​ ​corpus​ ​Luteum​ ​if​ ​fertilisation​ ​does​ ​not​ ​occur
- Inhibits production of follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone if fertilisation
occurs.
(c)​ ​ ​-​ ​Wear​ ​sanitary​ ​towels​ ​to​ ​absorb​ ​the​ ​discharged​ ​debris​ ​/​ ​blood.
- Changing the soiled sanitary material frequently to avoid infection of the
reproductive​ ​organs
- ​ ​ ​ ​Observe​ ​proper​ ​disposal​ ​of​ ​sanitary​ ​towels
- ​ ​ ​ ​Bathing​ ​regularly​ ​to​ ​avoid​ ​awful​ ​smell.
​ ​(d)​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​Poor​ ​timing​ ​during​ ​penis​ ​withdrawal
Psychological and emotional influence. Some sperms left in the urethra / on the penis find
their​ ​way​ ​into​ ​the​ ​female​ ​reproductive​ ​tract​ ​in​ ​the​ ​successive​ ​penis​ ​insertion.
​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​Fine​ ​pores​ ​on​ ​the​ ​condom​ ​walls​ ​may​ ​cause​ ​leakage​ ​/​ ​passage​ ​of​ ​sperms
- Bursting​ ​of​ ​the​ ​condom​ ​if​ ​poorly​ ​used.
​ ​ ​ ​(iii)​ ​Spermicidal​ ​cream​ ​kill​ ​spermatozoa​ ​ ​once​ ​ ​introduced​ ​ ​in​ ​female​ ​reproductive​ ​tract.
Vasectomy – vas deferens is cut to exclude sperms from the ejaculated
semen.
(e) (i) Birth control method based on the knowledge of time of ovulation in menstrual cycle so that
intercourse​ ​is​ ​avoided​ ​in​ ​the​ ​time​ ​of​ ​ovulation​ ​/​ ​fertile​ ​period
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​Prevent​ ​transmissions​ ​of​ ​sexually​ ​transmitted​ ​diseases​ ​like​ ​AIDS​ ​,Syphilis​ ​,​ ​Gonorrhoea.
​ ​(f)​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Unemployment​ ​and​ ​underemployment
- Poor​ ​nutrition​ ​due​ ​to​ ​inadequate​ ​food​ ​supply
- Pressure on social amenities like schools, medical facilities , housing /Pressure on lands due
to​ ​settlement​ ​needs.
- Low​ ​standard​ ​of​ ​living​ ​and​ ​high​ ​dependency
- Depletion​ ​of​ ​natural​ ​resources​ ​,​ ​wildlife​ ​,​ ​forests.
12. (a)​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Supports​ ​the​ ​plant
(b)(i) There is inhibition of auxin production on the side which comes in to contact with the post.
Higher concentration of auxins on the side away form the contact surface causes faster/
more​ ​growth​ ​so​ ​the​ ​stem​ ​twine​ ​around,​ ​the​ ​process​ ​in​ ​repeat​ ​as​ ​stem​ ​climbs.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​Thigmotropism
(a) Chromosome​ ​mutation​ ​is​ ​a​ ​change​ ​in​ ​number​ ​of​ ​structure​ ​of​ ​chromosomes.
(b)​ ​(i)

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(iii)

10
 ​ ​ ​ ​(c)​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​Haemophilia
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Characteristics
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Blood​ ​ ​takes​ ​ ​a​ ​long​ ​time​ ​to​ ​clot​ ​resulting​ ​in​ ​excessive​ ​bleeding.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​CAUSES
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​A​ ​defective​ ​recessive​ ​gene​ ​linked​ ​to​ ​the​ ​x​ ​chromosome​ ​which​ ​makes​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​unable​ ​to
synthesis​ ​one​ ​of​ ​the​ ​substances​ ​required​ ​for​ ​the​ ​formation​ ​of​ ​blood​ ​clot.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​Red​ ​–​ ​green​ ​colour​ ​blindness.
Characteristics
-​ ​Inability​ ​to​ ​distinguish​ ​between​ ​red​ ​and​ ​green​ ​colours.
CAUSES
A​ ​recessive​ ​gene​ ​found​ ​on​ ​the​ ​x​ ​chromosome.

14.​ ​(a)​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​ ​Replication​ ​during​ ​cell​ ​division​ ​/​ ​Mitosis​ ​ ​and​ ​meiosis.
- Relatively​ ​stable​ ​/​ ​can​ ​be​ ​passed​ ​on​ ​for​ ​generations​ ​unchanged.
- Carry​ ​vast​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​coded​ ​information.
- Can​ ​undergo​ ​a​ ​few​ ​changes​ ​facilitating​ ​genetic​ ​variation.
(1​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(b)​ ​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​Ligaments /​2​​ ​mk)
1​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​Tendon (​ /​2​ ​mk​)

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​SECTION​ ​C
15.(a)​ ​Plotting​ ​the​ ​graph
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​Lag​ ​phase​ ​.​ ​Dry​ ​mass​ ​increase​ ​slowly​ ​because​ ​the​ ​plant​ ​has​ ​not​ ​developed​ ​leaves​ ​for
photosynthesis​ ​hence​ ​is​ ​depending​ ​on​ ​stored​ ​food.​ ​Not​ ​adapted​ ​to​ ​the​ ​environment.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​Exponential​ ​phase​ ​.​ ​Rapid​ ​growth​ ​/​ ​increase​ ​in​ ​dry​ ​mass​ ​leaves​ ​have​ ​developed​ ​and
photosynthesis​ ​is​ ​taking​ ​place​ ​leading​ ​to​ ​accumulation​ ​of​ ​food​ ​and​ ​rapid​ ​cell​ ​division​ ​of
food​ ​and​ ​ ​is​ ​now​ ​adapted​ ​to​ ​the​ ​environment
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(iii)​ ​Death​ ​phase​ ​/​ ​scene​ ​,​ ​Negative​ ​growth​ ​/​ ​decrease​ ​in​ ​dry​ ​mass​ ​as​ ​some​ ​tissue​ ​die​ ​after
reaching​ ​maximum​ ​ ​maturity,​ ​fall​ ​in​ ​photosynthesis​ ​activity,​ ​Toxic​ ​wastes​ ​poison​ ​tissue.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(c)​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​When​ ​dry​ ​weight​ ​was​ ​first​ ​ ​recorded​ ​/​ ​at​ ​germination
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​Dry​ ​mass​ ​would​ ​decrease​ ​first​ ​because​ ​stored​ ​food​ ​is​ ​oxidised​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​energy​ ​water
and​ ​carbon​ ​–​ ​dioxide​ ​/​ ​utilised​ ​in​ ​respiration.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(d)​ ​ ​(i)​ ​Harvest​ ​every​ ​week​ ​about​ ​five​ ​seedlings​ ​,​ ​ ​dry​ ​in​ ​oven​ ​in​ ​ ​a​ ​constant​ ​dry​ ​mass​ ​,​ ​calculate
the​ ​average​ ​mass​ ​for​ ​one​ ​seedling​ ​and​ ​record​ ​the​ ​results.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​Advantage​ ​–​ ​Dry​ ​mass​ ​is​ ​not​ ​affected​ ​by​ ​environmental​ ​conditions​ ​while​ ​fresh​ ​weight​ ​is
dependent​ ​on​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​water​ ​in​ ​the​ ​plant​ ​which​ ​fluctuate​ ​with​ ​environmental​ ​factors
affecting​ ​transpiration​ ​rate.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Disadvantage​ ​ ​-​ ​To​ ​get​ ​dry​ ​mass​ ​the​ ​seedling​ ​has​ ​to​ ​be​ ​put​ ​in​ ​the​ ​oven​ ​at​ ​high​ ​temperature
for​ ​long​ ​and​ ​this​ ​kills​ ​the​ ​seedling.
16. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Pain​ ​receptors​ ​in​ ​the​ ​skin​ ​are​ ​stimulated​ ​and​ ​an​ ​impulse​ ​is​ ​generated.​ ​The​ ​impulse​ ​is
transmitted​ ​through​ ​the​ ​sensory​ ​neurone​ ​then​ ​in​ ​grey​ ​matter.​ ​It​ ​moves​ ​to​ ​motor​ ​in​ ​neurone
through​ ​another​ ​synapse​ ​finally​ ​to​ ​the​ ​flexor​ ​muscles​ ​(effector​ ​muscles)​ ​which​ ​contact​ ​to
bring​ ​the​ ​jumping. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(10mks)

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​NERVOUS​ ​CONTROL​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​HORMONAL​ ​CONTROL

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​1.​ ​ ​Response​ ​is​ ​rapid​ ​and​ ​short​ ​lived.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Response​ ​slow​ ​and​ ​last​ ​for​ ​long​ ​time
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2.​ ​ ​Response​ ​is​ ​ ​localised​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Response​ ​is​ ​wide​ ​spread
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​3.​ ​ ​Transmission​ ​specific​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Transmission​ ​random.
​ ​ ​ ​4.​ ​ ​Impulse​ ​electrical​ ​in​ ​nature.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Impulse​ ​in​ ​form​ ​of​ ​chemical​ ​substance​ ​ ​conveyed
​ ​ ​ ​ ​in​ ​blood

11
(b) Eye​ ​ball​ ​too​ ​short​ ​from​ ​the​ ​front​ ​to​ ​the​ ​back​ ​/​ ​eye​ ​lenses​ ​too​ ​thin​ ​hence​ ​lenses​ ​unable​ ​to​ ​focus
the​ ​image​ ​on​ ​the​ ​retina​ ​/​ ​fall​ ​behind​ ​the​ ​retina​ ​since​ ​eyes​ ​cannot​ ​change​ ​ ​the​ ​focal​ ​length​ ​i.e
student​ ​suffering​ ​from​ ​long​ ​sight​ ​/​ ​hypermetropia
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​ ​Wear​ ​convex​ ​lenses​ ​or​ ​converging​ ​lenses.

17.​ ​ ​(a)​ ​ ​TRANSPORT

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​red​ ​blood​ ​cells​ ​transport​ ​oxygen​ ​from​ ​the​ ​lungs​ ​to​ ​body​ ​tissues​ ​in​ ​form​ ​of​ ​oxyhaemoglobin
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Transport​ ​carbon​ ​–dioxide​ ​from​ ​body​ ​tissues​ ​ ​in​ ​form​ ​of​ ​ ​bicarbonate​ ​.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​BLOOD​ ​PLASMA​​ ​ ​-​ ​transports​ ​dissolved​ ​food​ ​nutrients​ ​like​ ​glucose​ ​,​ ​amino​ ​acids​ ​,​ ​fatty
​ ​ ​acids​ ​and​ ​glycerol​ ​from​ ​small​ ​intestines​ ​to​ ​liver​ ​and​ ​other​ ​body​ ​tissues​ ​.​ ​Transports​ ​hormones
from​ ​secretory​ ​(endocrine​ ​)glands​ ​to​ ​the​ ​target​ ​organs​ ​where​ ​required​ ​,​ ​transport​ ​carbondioxide
to​ ​the​ ​lungs​ ​,​ ​urea​ ​from​ ​tissues​ ​to​ ​the​ ​kidney​ ​.​ ​Distribute​ ​ ​heat.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(b​)​ ​ ​ ​WHITE​ ​BLOOD​ ​CELLS​​ ​–​ ​They​ ​engulf​ ​and​ ​destroy​ ​bacteria​ ​/​ ​pathogen​ ​by​ ​producing
antibodies​ ​which​ ​destroy​ ​them,​ ​produce​ ​antitoxins​ ​which​ ​neutralises​ ​bacteria​ ​ ​toxins.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(c)​ ​ ​ ​Bone​ ​marrow​ ​,​ ​Lymphnodes,​ ​spleen

BIOLOGY​ ​III
PART​ ​I

SECTION​ ​A:

1. Plant​ ​cells​ ​have​ ​plastids.​ ​Give​ ​two​ ​examples. (2​ ​mks)

2. From​ ​the​ ​functional​ ​point​ ​of​ ​view,​ ​what​ ​is​ ​the​ ​disadvantage​ ​of​ ​using​ ​an​ ​electron
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​microscope? (1​ ​mk)
3. A student smeared Vaseline jelly on the lower epidermis of a leaf of a potted green plant which
had been kept in the dark for 24 hours. She then transferred the plant to the light for 6 hours.
Starch​ ​test​ ​on​ ​the​ ​leaf​ ​was​ ​negative.​ ​Account​ ​for​ ​the​ ​observation. (2​ ​mks)
4. Explain​ ​why​ ​cardiac​ ​muscles​ ​are​ ​special. (2​ ​mks)
5. Explain​ ​why​ ​a​ ​sprinter​ ​has​ ​a​ ​high​ ​ventilation​ ​rate​ ​immediately​ ​after​ ​the​ ​sprint. (2​ ​mks)
6. It was observed that when an amoeba was transferred to a certain environment, its contractile
vacuole​ ​became​ ​very​ ​active.
(i)​ ​Suggest​ ​what​ ​this​ ​environment​ ​was​ ​likely​ ​to​ ​be. (1​ ​mk)
(ii)​ ​Give​ ​a​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​your​ ​answer. (2​ ​mks)
7. All glucose is filtered at the mammalian Bowman's capsule. Explain why it does not appear in
the​ ​urine​ ​of​ ​a​ ​healthy​ ​person. (2​ ​mks)
8. The​ ​diagram​ ​below​ ​represents​ ​a​ ​certain​ ​stage​ ​of​ ​cell​ ​division.

(a) Name​ ​the​ ​stage​ ​of​ ​cell​ ​division​ ​presented​ ​by​ ​the​ ​diagram. (1​ ​mk)
(b) Where​ ​in​ ​a​ ​prothalus​ ​fern​ ​plant​ ​does​ ​this​ ​cell​ ​division​ ​occur? (1​ ​mk)
9. Name​ ​organisms​ ​which​ ​cause​ ​the​ ​following​ ​diseases: (2​ ​mks)
(a)​ ​Bilharzia (1​ ​mk)
(b) Potato​ ​blight (1
mk)
10. Form three students carrying out a field work on classification encountered an animal with
wings,​ ​fur​ ​on​ ​the​ ​body,​ ​two​ ​legs​ ​and​ ​ears.​ ​Which​ ​class​ ​does​ ​it​ ​belong? (1​ ​mk)

12
SECTION​ ​B (40​ ​Marks)

​ ​11.​ ​The​ ​oxidation​ ​of​ ​a​ ​certain​ ​food​ ​substance​ ​is​ ​represented​ ​by​ ​the​ ​chemical​ ​equation​ ​shown
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​below:
C​57​H​104​O​6​​ ​ ​+​ ​ ​80O​2​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​57CO​2​ ​​ ​+​ ​ ​52​ ​H2​​ O​ ​ ​+​ ​Energy
(a) (i) What​ ​is​ ​respiratory​ ​quotient​ ​(R.Q.)? (1​ ​mk)
(ii)​ ​Calculate​ ​the​ ​respiratory​ ​quotient​ ​(R.Q.)​ ​of​ ​the​ ​food​ ​substance. (2​ ​mks)
(b)​ ​ ​ ​(i) Name​ ​the​ ​class​ ​of​ ​ ​food​ ​substance​ ​being​ ​oxidised​ ​above. (1​ ​mk)
​ ​(ii)​ ​State​ ​one​ ​advantage​ ​of​ ​using​ ​food​ ​substance​ ​named​ ​in​ ​(b)​ ​(i)​ ​as​ ​a​ ​respiratory
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​substrate. (1​ ​mk)
(c) ​ ​Explain​ ​why​ ​this​ ​food​ ​substance​ ​is​ ​not​ ​the​ ​principal​ ​respiratory​ ​substrate. (2​ ​mks)
12. (a) (i) Name​ ​the​ ​blood​ ​vessels​ ​which​ ​link​ ​pulmonary​ ​venules​ ​with​ ​pulmonary​ ​arterioles.
(1
mk)
(ii) Explain​ ​four​ ​ways​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the​ ​blood​ ​vessels​ ​named​ ​in​ ​(a)​ ​(i)​ ​above​ ​are​ ​adapted​ ​to
carry​ ​out​ ​their​ ​functions. (4​ ​mks)
(b) State two differences in the composition of blood in the pulmonary venule and pulmonary
arteriole. (2​ ​mks)
13. The​ ​diagrams​ ​below​ ​illustrate​ ​germination​ ​of​ ​seeds​ ​A​ ​and​ ​B.

(a) Name​ ​the​ ​type​ ​of​ ​germination​ ​in: (2​ ​mks)

(i) A
(ii) B
(c) Account​ ​for​ ​the​ ​types​ ​of​ ​germination​ ​named​ ​in​ ​(a)​ ​above.
A (2
mks)
B (3
mks)
14. In a certain maize species which is normally green, a recessive gene for colour (r) causes maize
to be white in homozygous state and such maize die at an early stage. In heterozygous state, they
are​ ​pale​ ​green​ ​in​ ​colour​ ​and​ ​grow​ ​to​ ​maturity.

(a) (i) Suggest a reason for the early death of the maize with homozygous recessive gene. (2
mks)
(ii)​ ​Name​ ​what​ ​term​ ​is​ ​used​ ​to​ ​refer​ ​to​ ​gene​ ​combination​ ​in​ ​(a)​ ​(i)​ ​above? (1​ ​mk)
(b) If a normal green maize was crossed with a pale green one, what would be the genotypes of the
F​1​​ ​generation?​ ​(show​ ​your​ ​working). (3​ ​mks)
(d) If the seeds from heterozygous maize were planted and the resulting ones allowed to
self-pollinate,​ ​work​ ​out​ ​the​ ​phenotypic​ ​ratio​ ​of​ ​the​ ​maize​ ​that​ ​would​ ​grow​ ​to​ ​maturity. (3
mks
(d)​ ​Give​ ​an​ ​explanation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​pale​ ​green​ ​colour​ ​in​ ​heterozygous​ ​maize. (1​ ​mk)
15. (a) State​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​mineral​ ​elements​ ​in​ ​plants. (3​ ​mks)
Phosphorus:
Nitrogen:
Magnesium:

13
(b) ​ ​Name​ ​three​ ​products​ ​of​ ​the​ ​light​ ​reactions​ ​in​ ​green​ ​plants​ ​and​ ​state​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​each​ ​in​ ​the​ ​plant.
(6​ ​mks)
Product Role

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

SECTION​ ​C:

16. The table below gives the percentage germination of the seeds of a certain tree after storage
under three different conditions. Seeds had been collected from the tree at the beginning of
February​ ​of​ ​the​ ​same​ ​year.
Month Normal Air​ ​conditioning Refrigrator
condition

April 61 62 53

May 44 53 57

June 27 60 68

July 1 33 47

August 0 59 72

September 0 48 59

October 0 40 56

December 0 21 42

(a) Using​ ​same​ ​axes​ ​plot​ ​the​ ​graph​ ​of​ ​percentage​ ​germination​ ​against​ ​time?
(10​ ​mks)
(b)​ ​(i)​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​duration​ ​of​ ​viability​ ​under​ ​normal​ ​conditions? (1​ ​mk)
(ii) What could have been the most probable cause of low percentage germination for
the​ ​seeds​ ​stored​ ​under​ ​air​ ​conditioning​ ​and​ ​refrigerator​ ​during​ ​the​ ​month​ ​of​ ​July?​ ​(1​ ​mk)
(c) (i)​ ​What​ ​are​ ​the​ ​effects​ ​of​ ​air​ ​conditioning​ ​and​ ​refrigeration​ ​on​ ​viability? 1
mk)
(ii)​ ​ ​Which​ ​of​ ​the​ ​two​ ​is​ ​more​ ​ ​effective​ ​method​ ​in​ ​storing​ ​the​ ​seeds? (1​ ​mk)
(d) Explain​ ​the​ ​biological​ ​principle​ ​behind​ ​seed​ ​storage​ ​by​ ​refrigeration. (4​ ​mks)
(e) State​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​air​ ​during​ ​germination (2
mks)
17. (a) (i) Name​ ​the​ ​tissue​ ​in​ ​which​ ​translocation​ ​occurs​ ​in​ ​plants. (1​ ​mk)

14
 (ii) With an aid of a large labelled diagram, explain how tissue named in (a) (i) above is
adapted​ ​for​ ​its​ ​function. (11​ ​mks)
(b) Explain​ ​the​ ​mechanism​ ​of​ ​translocation​ ​by:-
(i) Cytoplasmic​ ​streaming. (5​ ​mks)
(ii) Mass​ ​flow. (3
mks)
18. Suppose​ ​you​ ​are​ ​asked​ ​to​ ​study​ ​population​ ​of​ ​fish​ ​in​ ​a​ ​school​ ​pond.
(a) List​ ​down​ ​the​ ​apparatus​ ​you​ ​would​ ​need​ ​for​ ​this​ ​investigation. (3​ ​mks)
(b) (i) State​ ​the​ ​method​ ​of​ ​sampling​ ​you​ ​would​ ​use. (1​ ​mk)
(iii) What precautions should be taken when using method named in (b) (i) above? (4
mks)
(c) (i) Work out a mathematical formula you would use to calculate the total population in
the​ ​pond. (3​ ​mks)
(i) What​ ​assumptions​ ​are​ ​made​ ​when​ ​using​ ​formula​ ​in​ ​(c)​ ​(i)​ ​above? (3
mks)
(d) Explain​ ​how​ ​light​ ​intensity​ ​would​ ​affect​ ​the​ ​distribution​ ​of​ ​fish​ ​in​ ​this​ ​pond. (6​ ​mks)

BIOLOGY​ ​ ​III
MARKING​ ​SCHEME

1. (i) Chloroplasts; (ii)​ ​ ​Leucoplasts; (iii)​ ​ ​ ​Chromoplasts;

(Mark​ ​the​ ​first​ ​two.​ ​ ​Max..​ ​=​ ​2​ ​marks)
2. It​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​used​ ​to​ ​observe​ ​a​ ​live​ ​specimen​ ​since​ ​it​ ​is​ ​placed​ ​in​ ​a​ ​vacuum. (1​ ​mark)
3. The plant had stomata on the lower epidermis only; Vaseline jelly blocked entry of
carbondioxide​ ​hence​ ​no​ ​photosynthesis. (2​ ​marks)
4. - They​ ​contract​ ​and​ ​relax​ ​without​ ​fatigue.
- They​ ​are​ ​myogenic/impulses​ ​for​ ​contraction​ ​and​ ​relaxation​ ​are​ ​generated​ ​within​ ​themselves.
(2​ ​marks)
5. To supply oxygen which was insufficient; during the sprint to completely oxidise the lactic acid
formed. (2​ ​marks)
6. (i) Fresh​ ​water. (1
mark)
(ii) The cytoplasm is hypertonic to the environment; thus contractile vacuole get rid of water
which​ ​enter​ ​the​ ​cytoplasm​ ​from​ ​outside; (2​ ​marks)
7. It​ ​is​ ​actively​ ​reabsorbed;​ ​at​ ​the​ ​proximal​ ​convoluted​ ​tubule. (2​ ​marks)
8. (a) Antheridium​ ​/​ ​Archegonium. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(Any​ ​one​ ​-​ ​ ​1​ ​Marks)
(b)
9. (a) Schistosoma​ ​spp. (1​ ​mark)
(b) Phytophora​ ​infestan (1​ ​mark)

10. Mammalia (reject​ ​Mammal/Mammalian) (1​ ​mark)

11. (a) (i) This​ ​is​ ​the​ ​ratio​ ​of​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​produced​ ​to​ ​oxygen​ ​consumed.
Accept: R.Q.​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​CO​2​​ ​produced (1
mark)
​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​O​2​​ ​consumed
(ii) R.Q.​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​57 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​0.7 (2
marks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​80
(b) (i) Lipids/fats/oils. (Accept​ ​one) (1
mark)

15
 (ii) A lot of energy is released (38KJ/mol.) compared to an equal amount of any other
substrate. (1​ ​mark)
(c) - Thy are not easily soluble in water hence difficult to transport from storage sites to
respiratory​ ​sites.
- They require large amounts of oxygen which may not be readily available in the
tissues. (2
marks)
12. (a) (i) Capillaries. (1
mark)
(ii) - Have​ ​thin​ ​epithelium​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​quick​ ​diffusion​ ​of​ ​gases.
- Have​ ​pores​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​exchange​ ​of​ ​materials.
- Are​ ​numerous​ ​to​ ​provide​ ​large​ ​surface​ ​area​ ​for​ ​the​ ​exchange​ ​of​ ​materials.
- Have​ ​small​ ​lumen​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​filtration​ ​of​ ​substances.
- Have​ ​shunt​ ​vessels​ ​not​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​blood​ ​reach​ ​skin​ ​surface​ ​when​ ​it​ ​is​ ​cold​ ​to
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​condense​ ​heat. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(Any​ ​4​ ​=​ ​4​ ​marks)
(Reject when feature of the capillary is mentioned without stating the role of the
feature​).
(b)
Pulmonary​ ​venule Pulmonary​ ​arteriole

-​ ​Rich​ ​in​ ​oxygen -​ ​Rich​ ​in​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide.

-​ ​Deficient​ ​in​ ​nutrients. -​ ​Rich​ ​in​ ​nutrients

(The comparison must be correct and matching. Reject if table is not drawn and
comparative​ ​term​ ​not​ ​used)
13. (a) A Hypogeal​ ​germination. (1​ ​mark)
B Epigeal​ ​germination. (1​ ​mark)
(b) A - Seed A has a lot of stored food (starch) ; which is oxidised to release energy required
for​ ​growth​ ​until​ ​first​ ​foliage​ ​leaves​ ​are​ ​formed​ ​;​ ​to​ ​carry​ ​out​ ​photosynthesis. (2​ ​marks)
B - Seed B has very little stored food (starch) ; cotyledons emerge above the ground make
chlorophyll ; which it uses to make food to provide energy required for growth until first
foliage​ ​leaves​ ​are​ ​formed. (3​ ​marks)

14. (a) (i) The seedlings are unable to photosynthesise due to lack of chlorophyll ; after the
exhaustion​ ​of​ ​stored​ ​food. (2​ ​marks)
(ii) Lethal​ ​genes. (1​ ​mark)
(b) Parental​ ​phenotype:​ ​ ​Green​ ​maize​ ​(​ ​ ​​ ​ ​)​ ​x​ ​Pale​ ​green​ ​maize​ ​(​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​)
; gentotypes of
parents​ ​all
Parental​ ​genotype: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​RR Rr ​ ​ ​correct
Gametes:​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​All ;​ ​gametes​ ​circled

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​RR ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rr (3
marks)

Genotypes of F 1 generation RR and Rr; All

correct.
16
 (c) Parental​ ​phenotype:​ ​ ​Pale​ ​green​ ​(​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​)​ ​x​ ​ ​ ​Pale​ ​green​ ​(​ ​ ​ ​ ​)
Parental​ ​genotype: Rr ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rr ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​;​ ​Genotypes​ ​of​ ​parents

Gametes ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​½​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​½​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​½​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​½ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​;​ ​Gametes​ ​circled

F​1​​ ​generation: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​RR​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rr​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Rr​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​rr

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Green​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​pale​ ​green​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​white​ ​due (3
marks)
Grow​ ​to​ ​maturity.

Phenotype​ ​ratio: green​ ​ ​:​ ​ ​Pale​ ​green​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​reject​ ​ratio​ ​alone​ ​without​ ​writing
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​1​ ​ ​ ​ ​:​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2
(d) A​ ​sign​ ​of​ ​co-dominance/incomplete​ ​dominance. (1​ ​mark)

15. (a) Phosphorous​ ​-​ ​synthesis​ ​of​ ​ATP​ ​/​ ​Synthesis​ ​of​ ​nucleic​ ​acids.
Nitrogen​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​protein​ ​synthesis.
Magnesium​ ​ ​-​ ​synthesis​ ​of​ ​the​ ​chlorophyll. (3​ ​marks)
(b) ATP ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Provide​ ​energy​ ​for​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​fixation.
Oxygen​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Used​ ​in​ ​respiration.
Hydrogen​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Used​ ​in​ ​reduction​ ​process​ ​during​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​fixation/
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​molecule​ ​reduces​ ​ribulose​ ​diphosphate. (6​ ​marks)
SECTION​ ​C:

16. (a) Scale :​ ​vertical​ ​scale; ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Must​ ​be​ ​that​ ​which​ ​covers​ ​at​ ​least​ ​½​ ​of​ ​the​ ​graph
​ ​ ​ ​horizontal​ ​scale; paper​ ​-​ ​if​ ​not​ ​ ​reject.

Axes: vertical​ ​axis; Must​ ​be​ ​fully​ ​labelled​ ​%​ ​germination

horizontal​ ​axis; month

If the axes are interchanged, give a max. of 2 mks for the

scale​ ​ONLY.

Plotting: ;​ ​ ​; For​ ​ALL​​ ​eight​ ​points​ ​of​ ​each​ ​data​ ​plotted​ ​accurately.

Curves​ ​identified:​ ​ ​ ​;​ ​ ​;​ ​ ​; don't​ ​award​ ​a​ ​mark​ ​for​ ​any​ ​curve​ ​joined​ ​by​ ​a​ ​ruler​ ​or
dotted​ ​lines.

TOTAL​ ​MARKS: (10​ ​Marks)

(b) (i) 5​ ​months (1

mark)
(ii) Unfavourable​ ​environmental​ ​conditions/drought/very​ ​low​ ​temperatures.​ ​ ​(1​ ​mark)
(c) (i) Both​ ​prolong​ /​ ​ ​lengthen​ ​viability. (1
mark)
(ii) Refrigeration (1​ ​mark)

17
 (d) Low temperatures inactivate enzymes in the seeds; thus little amount of stored food is used
for​ ​metabolic​ ​processes​ ​for​ ​a​ ​long​ ​time;
Low temperatures inactivate organisms; which may destroy the embryo or feed on the stored
food; (4​ ​marks)
(e) Provide​ ​oxygen;​ ​for​ ​the​ ​oxidation​ ​of​ ​stored​ ​food​ ​to​ ​release​ ​energy.

17. (a) (i) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Phloem

(ii)

(6​ ​marks​ ​for​ ​any​ ​six​ ​correctly​ ​labelled​ ​structures)

- Has cytoplasmic filaments which help in the movement of molecules within the sieve
tube;
- Has​ ​sieve​ ​tube​ ​which​ ​is​ ​hollow​ ​for​ ​the​ ​passage​ ​of​ ​materials;
- Has​ ​companion​ ​cell​ ​to​ ​provide​ ​energy​ ​required​ ​for​ ​translocation;
- Has​ ​sieve​ ​pore​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​passage​ ​of​ ​materials​ ​from​ ​one​ ​sieve​ ​tube​ ​into​ ​the​ ​next;
- Has plasmodesmata which allow exchange of materials between companion cell and
sieve​ ​tube;
(5​ ​marks​ ​for​ ​the​ ​correct​ ​function​ ​of​ ​the​ ​part)`````````
(b) (i) Cytoplasmic​ ​streaming:
​ ​ ​ ​In​ ​the​ ​phloem​ ​are​ ​cytoplasmic​ ​strands​ ​(filaments)​ ​;​ ​which​ ​are​ ​contractile​ ​in​ ​nature;​ ​when
​ ​ ​ ​they​ ​contract​ ​and​ ​relax,​ ​they​ ​push​ ​organic​ ​food​ ​materials​ ​from​ ​one​ ​sieve​ ​tube​ ​to​ ​the​ ​next;
​ ​ ​ ​from​ ​photosynthetic​ ​sites​ ​to​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​ ​plants​ ​where​ ​they​ ​are​ ​required/stored. (5​ ​marks)
(ii) Mass​ ​flow:
Organic​ ​food​ ​substances​ ​are​ ​highly​ ​concentrated​ ​in​ ​the​ ​photosynthetic​ ​sites​ ​than​ ​in​ ​other
parts​ ​of​ ​the​ ​plant​ ​;​ ​they​ ​passively;​ ​move​ ​from​ ​these​ ​sites​ ​to​ ​other​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​the​ ​plant​ ​where
they​ ​are​ ​required/stored. (3​ ​marks)

18. (a) Fish​ ​net​ ​;​ ​paint​ ​;​ ​brush​ ​;​ ​bucket. (Any​ ​three​ ​-​ ​3​ ​marks)
(b) (i) Capture​ ​-​ ​recapture​ ​method. (1​ ​mark)
(ii) -​ ​Use​ ​water​ ​proof​ ​paint
-​ ​use​ ​paint​ ​which​ ​dry​ ​quickly.
-​ ​Use​ ​paint​ ​which​ ​does​ ​not​ ​make​ ​fish​ ​so​ ​conspicuous​ ​to​ ​predators​ ​;​ ​or​ ​to​ ​be
rejected​ ​by​ ​ ​other​ ​fish. (4​ ​marks)

(c) (i) Total​ ​fish​ ​population​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​Total​ ​fish​ ​first​ ​trapped​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​ ​ ​ ​Total​ ​fish​ ​trapped
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Marked​ ​and​ ​released​ ​back​ ​ ​in​ ​the​ ​second​ ​catch
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Fish​ ​trapped​ ​in​ ​the​ ​second​ ​catch​ ​with​ ​marks (3​ ​marks)
(ii) - There​ ​is​ ​even​ ​distribution​ ​of​ ​fish​ ​in​ ​the​ ​pond.
- Marked​ ​fish​ ​randomly​ ​distribute​ ​themselves​ ​in​ ​the​ ​pond.
- Marked​ ​fish​ ​do​ ​remain​ ​intact,​ ​not​ ​predated​ ​upon.
(c) Light of optimum intensity enhance photosynthesis in phytoplanktons; thereby encouraging
their multiplication; this leads to increase in fish population since they have abundant food;
low light intensity reduces photosynthesis in phytoplanktons; thereby lowering their
multiplication;​ ​thus​ ​reducing​ ​fish​ ​population​ ​;​ ​through​ ​death​ ​due​ ​to​ ​starvation.
(6​ ​marks​ ​maximum)

18
BIOLOGY​ ​IV

SECTION​ ​A

1. (a)​ ​Name​ ​a​ ​virus​ ​that​ ​causes​ ​Aids. (1mk)

​ ​(b)​ ​State​ ​the​ ​disease​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​Wuchereria​​ ​bancrofti (1mk)
2. A​ ​traffic​ ​police​ ​stretched​ ​his​ ​arm​ ​to​ ​the​ ​right.​ ​To​ ​cause​ ​this​ ​motion​ ​of​ ​the​ ​arm,​ ​explain​ ​the
behaviour​ ​of​ ​his​ ​biceps​ ​and​ ​triceps. (2mks)
3. (a)​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​deficiency​ ​disease​ ​in​ ​man​ ​associated​ ​with​ ​lack​ ​of​ ​calcium​ ​in​ ​the​ ​diet.(1mk)
​ ​(b)State​ ​the​ ​importance​ ​of​ ​magnesium​ ​in​ ​green​ ​plants (2mks)
4. Give​ ​a​ ​biological​ ​significance​ ​of​ ​smoking​ ​food​ ​during​ ​food​ ​preservation (2mks)
5. Name​ ​a​ ​structure​ ​found​ ​in​ ​fresh​ ​water​ ​protozoa​ ​which​ ​enables​ ​them​ ​to​ ​survive​ ​in​ ​their​ ​habitat.
(1mk)
6. State​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​phloem​ ​in​ ​plant (1mk)
7. The​ ​diagram​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​blood​ ​vessels​ ​in​ ​a​ ​mammal

(i)​ ​Identify​ ​the​ ​structures​ ​above (2mks)

A
B
(ii)​ ​State​ ​the​ ​structural​ ​difference​ ​between​ ​the​ ​two​ ​structures​ ​above. (1mk)
8. State​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​organelles (2mks)
(i)​ ​Lysosomes
(ii)​ ​Mitochondria
9. Distinguish​ ​between
(i)​ ​Continuous​ ​and​ ​discontinuous​ ​variation (2mks)
​ ​(ii)​ ​Complete​ ​and​ ​incomplete​ ​metamorphosis (2mks)

SECTION​ ​B​ ​(40​ ​MARKS)

10. (a)​ ​A​ ​plant​ ​has​ ​20​ ​chromosomes​ ​in​ ​each​ ​of​ ​its​ ​stem​ ​cells.​ ​What​ ​will​ ​be​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of
chromosomes​ ​in​ ​each (2mks)
​ ​(i)​ ​Pollen​ ​grain
​ ​(ii)​ ​Endosperm​ ​cell
​ ​(b)​ ​State​ ​the​ ​significance​ ​of​ ​Mitosis​ ​to​ ​the​ ​life​ ​of​ ​a​ ​species (3mks)

19
11. (a)​ ​Distinguish​ ​between
(i)​ ​Parasitism​ ​and​ ​Symbiosis (1mk)
​ ​(ii)​ ​Habitat​ ​and​ ​Ecosystem (1mk)
​ ​(b)​ ​The​ ​following​ ​organisms​ ​were​ ​found​ ​in​ ​a​ ​habitat​ ​Grass,​ ​Zebra,​ ​Snake,​ ​Algae,​ ​Lion,
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Chameleon​ ​and​ ​Grasshopper
(i)​ ​Classify​ ​the​ ​organism​ ​into; (3mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Producers
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Primary​ ​consumers
​ ​ ​ ​ ​Secondary​ ​consumer
(ii)​ ​Using​ ​the​ ​above​ ​information,​ ​draw​ ​two​ ​food​ ​chains​ ​each​ ​consisting​ ​of​ ​three​ ​ ​organisms​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)
12. (a)​ ​The​ ​diagram​ ​below​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​structure​ ​found​ ​in​ ​a​ ​mammalian​ ​small​ ​intestine.

(i)​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​structure​ ​above (1mk)

(ii)​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​parts​ ​labelled (2mks)
A
B
C
D
(iii)​ ​Which​ ​part​ ​is​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​absorption​ ​of​ ​fats? (1mk)
​ ​(iv)​ ​Explain​ ​two​​ ​ways​ ​in​ ​which​ ​such​ ​structures​ ​in​ ​(iii)above​ ​are​ ​adapted​ ​for​ ​their​ ​functions(4mks)

(b)​ ​A​ ​lichen​ ​is​ ​said​ ​to​ ​be​ ​dual​ ​organism​ ​because​ ​it​ ​consists​ ​of​ ​two​ ​different​ ​plants​ ​forming​ ​a
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​symbiotic​ ​association.​ ​Explain​ ​how​ ​the​ ​two​ ​plants​ ​benefit​ ​from​ ​each​ ​other. (3mks)

13. The​ ​diagram​ ​below​ ​shows​ ​a​ ​mammalian​ ​joint.

20
(a)​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​parts​ ​labelled (4mks)
A
B
C
D
(b)​ ​Give​ ​the​ ​function​ ​of (3mks)
(i)​ ​Part​ ​A
​ ​(ii)​ ​Part​ ​D
​ ​(iii)​ ​Part​ ​C
(c)​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​type​ ​of​ ​joint​ ​shown​ ​above (1mk)

14. ​ ​Proteins​ ​may​ ​be​ ​classified​ ​into​ ​two​ ​major​ ​categories,​ ​globular​ ​and​ ​fibrous.
(a)​ ​State​ ​one​ ​distinguishing​ ​feature​ ​between​ ​the​ ​above​ ​two​ ​types​ ​of​ ​proteins (1mk)
​ ​(b)​ ​State​ ​one​ ​function​ ​of​ ​each​ ​type​ ​of​ ​protein​ ​above​ ​and​ ​give​ ​an​ ​example
(i)​ ​Globular (2mks)
Function
Example​ ​(ii)​ ​Fibrous; (2mks)
Function
Example
(c)​ ​The​ ​figure​ ​below​ ​is​ ​a​ ​schematic​ ​representation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​breakdown​ ​of​ ​a​ ​protein​ ​molecule.

(i)​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​process (2mks)

X​1​​ ​and​ ​X​2​​ ​Y​1​​ ​and​ ​Y​2​​ ​(ii)​ ​Identify​ ​the​ ​products (2mks)
M
N

​ ​SECTION​ ​C​ ​(40​ ​MARKS)

15. In​ ​an​ ​experiment​ ​maize​ ​grains​ ​were​ ​soaked​ ​in​ ​different​ ​concentrations​ ​of​ ​solutions​ ​X​ ​and​ ​Y​ ​for
24​ ​hrs.​ ​In​ ​the​ ​control​ ​experiment​ ​the​ ​seeds​ ​were​ ​soaked​ ​in​ ​distilled​ ​water​ ​for​ ​the​ ​same​ ​period​ ​of
time.​ ​The​ ​seeds​ ​were​ ​placed​ ​on​ ​moist​ ​cotton​ ​wool​ ​in​ ​different​ ​petri​ ​dishes.​ ​They​ ​were​ ​left​ ​to
germinate​ ​and​ ​grow​ ​for​ ​ten​ ​days​ ​after​ ​which​ ​the​ ​percentage​ ​germination​ ​was​ ​determined.​ ​The
average​ ​lengths​ ​of​ ​the​ ​shoot​ ​and​ ​roots​ ​were​ ​also​ ​determined.​ ​The​ ​results​ ​were​ ​as​ ​shown​ ​below
Table​ ​A

21
 CONCENTRATION​ ​OF %​ ​GERMINATION GROWTH​ ​OF
SOLUTION​ ​X% SEEDLINGS​ ​AFTER
10​ ​DAYS​ ​(AVERAGE
LENGTH​ ​IN​ ​MM)

SHOOTS ROOTS

80 33 3 8

60 52 5 9

40 75 7 17

20 87 16 38

10 92 18 40

Distilled​ ​Water 95 28 64

Table​ ​B

CONCENTRATION​ ​OF %​ ​GERMINATION GROWTH​ ​OF

SOLUTION​ ​Y% SEEDLINGS​ ​AFTER
10​ ​DAYS​ ​(AVERAGE
LENGTH​ ​IN​ ​MM)

SHOOTS ROOTS

80 0 0 0

60 0 0 0

40 12 3 4

20 42 4 5

10 90 12 42

Distilled​ ​Water 95 29 63

(a)​ ​What​ ​was​ ​the​ ​effect​ ​of​ ​solution​ ​X​ ​on;

(i)​ ​Germination​ ​of​ ​the​ ​maize​ ​grains (2mks)
​ ​(ii)​ ​Growth​ ​of​ ​maize​ ​seedlings (4mks)
​ ​(b)​ ​Compare​ ​the​ ​growth​ ​of​ ​seedlings​ ​whose​ ​grains​ ​were​ ​previously​ ​soaked​ ​in​ ​80%​ ​and​ ​10%​ ​of
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​solution​ ​Y. (3mks)
(c)​ ​Explain​ ​how​ ​percentage​ ​germination​ ​was​ ​determined​ ​in​ ​this​ ​experiment. (3mks)
(d)​ ​From​ ​the​ ​results​ ​shown​ ​in​ ​the​ ​table​ ​A​ ​and​ ​B​ ​what​ ​conclusion​ ​can​ ​be​ ​drawn​ ​about​ ​solution
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​X​ ​and​ ​Y.​ ​ ​(2mks)
(d) Other​ ​than​ ​moisture​ ​and​ ​solutions​ ​X​ ​and​ ​Y;​ ​What​ ​other​ ​conditions​ ​were​ ​necessary​ ​for
​ ​germination​ ​of​ ​the​ ​maize​ ​grain. (2mks)
​ ​(f)​ ​State​ ​three​​ ​ways​ ​in​ ​which​ ​indoleacetic​ ​acid​ ​(IAA)​ ​influences​ ​growth​ ​in​ ​plants (3mks)
​ ​(g)​ ​Name​ ​one​​ ​other​ ​factor​ ​apart​ ​from​ ​X​ ​and​ ​Y​ ​that​ ​might​ ​have​ ​contributed​ ​to​ ​a​ ​decrease​ ​in

22
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​percentage​ ​germination (1mk)
16.​ ​ ​ ​Describe​ ​the​ ​process​ ​of​ ​gametes​ ​formation​ ​in​ ​flowering​ ​plants (20mks)
17.​ ​ ​Explain​ ​various​ ​types​ ​of:​ ​-
(i)​ ​ ​ ​ ​Chromosome​ ​mutations (11mks)
(ii)​ ​ ​Gene​ ​mutations (9mks)

BIOLOGY​ ​IV
MARKING​ ​SCHEME

SECTION​ ​A
1. (a)​ ​HIV​ ​(Human​ ​Immuno​ ​Deficiency​ ​Virus)
(b)​ ​Elephantiasis/Filariasis;
2. Biceps​ ​relax;​ ​while​ ​triceps​ ​contract​ ​to​ ​make​ ​stretch​ ​possible;
3. (a)​ ​Rickets
(b)​ ​–​ ​Activates​ ​enzyme​ ​reaction;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Form​ ​part​ ​of​ ​chlorophyll;
4. –​ ​Smoke​ ​contains​ ​formaldehyde​ ​chemicals​ ​that​ ​kill​ ​bacteria;
–​ ​Smoke​ ​causes​ ​dehydration​ ​thus​ ​stop​ ​bacteria​ ​multiplication;
5. Contractile​ ​vacuole;
6. Transports​ ​manufactured​ ​food​ ​from​ ​leaves​ ​and​ ​other​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​a​ ​plant;
7. (i)​ ​A​ ​–​ ​artery​ ​ ​B​ ​-​ ​vein;
(ii)​ ​A​ ​–​ ​Small​ ​lumen​ ​while​ ​B​ ​has​ ​large​ ​lumen
Accept​ ​A​ ​–​ ​more​ ​layers​ ​than​ ​B
8. (i)​ ​Destroy​ ​worn​ ​out​ ​tissues​ ​/contain​ ​lytic​ ​enzymes​ ​that​ ​destroy​ ​worn​ ​out​ ​cell/foreign​ ​bodies
(ii​)​ ​Provide​ ​energy​ ​for​ ​cell​ ​activities;
9. (a)​ ​Continuous​ ​–​ ​Extremes​ ​range​ ​of​ ​differences​ ​with​ ​intermediates​ ​where​ ​genes​ ​are​ ​influenced
by​ ​environment
Discontinuous​ ​–​ ​Extremes​ ​range​ ​of​ ​differences​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​genes​ ​without​ ​influence​ ​of
environment.
(b)​ ​Complete​ ​–​ ​process​ ​of​ ​development​ ​through​ ​all​ ​stages​ ​of​ ​life​ ​cycle;​ ​incomplete​ ​–​ ​process​ ​of
development​ ​that​ ​doesn’t​ ​pass​ ​through​ ​all​ ​stages​ ​of​ ​life​ ​cycle.

SECTION​ ​B
10. (a)​ ​(i)​ ​½​ ​x​ ​20​ ​=​ ​10​ ​chromosomes(Haploid)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​10​ ​x​ ​3​ ​=​ ​30​ ​chromosomes​ ​(Triploid)
(b)​ ​drawing​ ​=​ ​1mk
Chromosomes​ ​on​ ​equator​ ​=​ ​1mk

(c)​ ​–​ ​Growth​ ​of​ ​organism

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​Replacement​ ​of​ ​worn​ ​out​ ​tissues
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​For​ ​cell​ ​specialisation
11. (a)(i)​ ​Parasitism​​ ​–​ ​Association​ ​where​ ​one​ ​organism​ ​(parasites)​ ​live​ ​on​ ​or​ ​in​ ​the​ ​body​ ​of​ ​another
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​organism​ ​(host)​ ​depriving​ ​food​ ​.
​ ​ ​Symbiosis​​ ​–​ ​Association​ ​where​ ​organisms​ ​of​ ​different​ ​species​ ​derive​ ​mutual​ ​benefit​ ​from
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​each​ ​other;
(ii)​ ​Habitat​​ ​–​ ​Place​ ​where​ ​organism​ ​lives
​ ​ ​ ​ ​Ecosystem​​ ​–​ ​Natural​ ​unit​ ​composed​ ​of​ ​biotic​ ​and​ ​abiotic​ ​components​ ​whose​ ​interaction
23
 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​results​ ​in​ ​a​ ​stable​ ​self​ ​preparatory​ ​system.
(b)​ ​(i)​ ​Producers​ ​–​ ​Grass​ ​and​ ​algae
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Secondary​ ​–​ ​Grasshoppers​ ​and​ ​zebra
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​–​ ​Grass​ ​–​ ​Zebra​ ​–​ ​Lion
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​Grass​ ​–​ ​Grasshopper​ ​–​ ​snake
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​Algae​ ​–​ ​Grasshopper​ ​–​ ​Snake
12. (a)​ ​(i)​ ​Villus
(ii)​ ​A​ ​–​ ​Lacteal​ ​/​ ​Lymphatic​ ​vessel;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​B​ ​–​ ​Intestinal​ ​epithelium
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​C​ ​–​ ​portal​ ​venule
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​D​ ​–​ ​Arteriole/​ ​Capillary​ ​network

(iii)​ ​Lacteal​ ​/Lymphatic​ ​vessel(A);

(iv)​ ​–One​ ​cell​ ​thick​ ​epithelium​ ​to​ ​reduce​ ​diffusion​ ​distance​ ​of​ ​digested​ ​food;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​Numerous​ ​;​ ​to​ ​provide​ ​large​ ​Surface​ ​area​ ​for​ ​absorption​ ​of​ ​digested​ ​food;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​–​ ​Highly​ ​vascularised​ ​to​ ​absorb​ ​digested​ ​food​ ​very​ ​rapidly
​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​Has​ ​lacteal​ ​for​ ​absorbing​ ​fats
​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​Produce​ ​mucus​ ​that​ ​prevent​ ​the​ ​wall​ ​from​ ​being​ ​digested​ ​by​ ​enzymes
Any​ ​two​ ​with​ ​explanation​ ​ ​=​ ​4mks
(b)​ ​Algae​ ​manufacture​ ​food;​ ​while​ ​fungi​ ​provide​ ​raw​ ​material;​ ​water​ ​for​ ​photosynthesis;​ ​and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​protects​ ​the​ ​algae.
13. ​ ​(a)​ ​A​ ​–​ ​Ligament
B​ ​–​ ​Synomial​ ​fluid;
C-​ ​Tendon;
D​ ​–​ ​Cartilage;
(b)​ ​Part​ ​A​ ​–​ ​join​ ​two​ ​distinct​ ​bones​ ​together
Part​ ​D​ ​–​ ​reduces​ ​friction​ ​between​ ​two​ ​bones
Part​ ​C​ ​–​ ​Join​ ​muscles​ ​to​ ​bones;
(c)Hinge​ ​joint;
14. (a)​ ​Globular​ ​proteins​ ​are​ ​soluble​ ​in​ ​water​ ​whereas​ ​fibrous​ ​proteins​ ​are​ ​not;
(b)​​ ​Globular
​ ​Functions​ ​–​ ​Enzymes/Hormones/Respiratory​ ​pigments​ ​e.g.​ ​Renin,​ ​Pepsin,​ ​Typsin​ ​(any​ ​enzyme)
haemoglobin,​ ​haemocyanin,​ ​etc.
Fibrous
Functions​ ​–​ ​structural​ ​blood​ ​clotting​ ​e.g.​ ​Keratin​ ​(hair/horn)​ ​Fibrin
(c)​ ​(i)​ ​X1​ ​and​ ​X2​ ​–​ ​hydrolysis
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Y1​ ​and​ ​Y2​ ​–​ ​condensation
(ii)​ ​M​ ​–​ ​Dipeptides
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​N​ ​–​ ​Amino​ ​acids
15.a​ ​(i)​ ​Germination​ ​is​ ​low​ ​at​ ​high​ ​conc.​ ​of​ ​X;​ ​and​ ​increases​ ​with​ ​decreasing​ ​concentration.​ ​High
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​conc.​ ​inhibits​ ​germination​ ​while​ ​low​ ​conc.​ ​promotes
(ii)​ ​The​ ​growth​ ​in​ ​shoots​ ​and​ ​roots​ ​is​ ​low​ ​at​ ​high​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​X.​ ​The​ ​length​ ​especially
in​ ​the​ ​roots​ ​imports​ ​at​ ​low​ ​concentration​ ​hence​ ​substance​ ​X​ ​appears​ ​to​ ​inhibit​ ​growth​ ​in​ ​both
roots​ ​and​ ​shoots;​ ​but​ ​more​ ​so​ ​in​ ​the​ ​shoots;​ ​low​ ​concentration​ ​promotes​ ​root​ ​growth​ ​more
than​ ​shoots.
(c) The​ ​shoots​ ​and​ ​roots​ ​of​ ​seedling​ ​soaked​ ​in​ ​80%​ ​of​ ​solution​ ​Y​ ​does​ ​not​ ​grow​ ​at​ ​all;​ ​at​ ​10%
conc.​ ​there​ ​was​ ​an​ ​improvement​ ​in​ ​growth/growth​ ​ ​increased​ ​.​ ​Low​ ​conc.​ ​of​ ​Y​ ​stimulates
root​ ​growth​ ​more​ ​than​ ​shoots
(c)​ ​A​ ​large​ ​quantity​ ​of​ ​seeds​ ​are​ ​planted​ ​and​ ​the​ ​number​ ​germinating​ ​rooted,​ ​hence​ ​to

24
 calculate​ ​percentage​ ​germination.
Seeds​ ​sprouting​​ ​ ​x​ ​100​ ​=​ ​%​ ​germination
​ ​ ​Total​ ​planted
(d) Solution​ ​X​ ​when​ ​in​ ​high​ ​concentration​ ​reduces​ ​germination​ ​of​ ​growth​ ​while​ ​Y​ ​in​ ​high
​ ​conc.(60%)​ ​inhibits​ ​germination​ ​and​ ​growth​ ​all​ ​together.​ ​These​ ​solutions​ ​probably
contain​ ​hormones​ ​which​ ​promote​ ​growth​ ​when​ ​in​ ​low​ ​concentration.
(e)​ ​Adequate​ ​warmth,​ ​oxygen​ ​supply;
(f)​ ​Apical​ ​dominance/branding/sprouting​ ​of​ ​buds
-​ ​Cell​ ​division,​ ​cell​ ​elongation.,​ ​cell​ ​vasculation
-​ ​High​ ​conc.​ ​promotes​ ​growth​ ​in​ ​shoot​ ​while​ ​low​ ​conc.​ ​promotes​ ​growth​ ​in​ ​root
(g)​ ​Viability​ ​of​ ​the​ ​seeds
15. ​ ​Gametes​ ​formation
(i)​ ​Pollen​ ​grains​ ​formation
​ ​ ​–​ ​Pollen​ ​grains​ ​are​ ​formed​ ​in​ ​anthers;​ ​Anthers​ ​contain​ ​four​ ​pollen​ ​sacs;​ ​which​ ​are​ ​derived​ ​from
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​sporogenous​ ​tissue; (3mks)

Cross​ ​of​ ​anther

(2mks)
-​ ​Diploid​ ​micro​ ​pore​ ​cells;​ ​divide​ ​by​ ​mitosis;​ ​followed​ ​by​ ​meiosis​ ​division;​ ​to​ ​form​ ​tetra
​ ​ ​ ​haploid​ ​pollen​ ​grain​ ​cells;​ ​Each​ ​pollen​ ​grain​ ​divides​ ​to​ ​form​ ​a​ ​tube​ ​nucleus;​ ​and​ ​a​ ​male
​ ​ ​ ​/generative​ ​nucleus;

(6mks)
-​ ​The​ ​generative​ ​nucleus​ ​formed​ ​two​ ​male​ ​nuclei​ ​gamete;​ ​while​ ​pollen​ ​tube​ ​nucleus​ ​formed​ ​pollen
​ ​ ​ ​tube. (2mks)
Ovules​ ​formation
–​ ​They​ ​are​ ​formed​ ​in​ ​ovary;​ ​from​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​tissue​ ​called​ ​placenta;​ ​the​ ​megaspore​ ​ ​diploid​ ​cell​ ​divides
​ ​ ​ ​by​ ​meiosis​ ​to​ ​give​ ​haploid​ ​tetra​ ​cells;​ ​where​ ​each​ ​divide​ ​by​ ​ ​mitosis​ ​three​ ​times; ​ ​(4mks)

25
Chromosome​ ​mutations
–​ ​Changes​ ​that​ ​occur​ ​in​ ​the​ ​number​ ​or​ ​structure​ ​of​ ​chromosomes; (Imk)
Types
(i)​ ​Deletion​;​ ​involve​ ​the​ ​loss​ ​of​ ​a​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​a​ ​chromosome (3mks)

(ii) Duplication​;​ ​a​ ​section​ ​of​ ​chromosome​ ​replicates​ ​and​ ​add​ ​extra​ ​length​ ​with​ ​repeated
genes;
(3mks)

(iii)​ ​Inversion​;​ ​A​ ​portion​ ​may​ ​break​ ​from​ ​chromosome​ ​and​ ​then​ ​reform​ ​to​ ​it​ ​turning​ ​through
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​180​o​/inverted​ ​position; (3mks)

(iv)​ ​Translocation​;​ ​A​ ​portion​ ​is​ ​joined​ ​to​ ​another​ ​non​ ​homologous​ ​chromosome;​ ​ ​ ​ ​(3mks)

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(Max​ ​11mks)
Gene​ ​mutation
–​ ​Changes​ ​that​ ​occur​ ​in​ ​the​ ​chemical​ ​nature​ ​of​ ​the​ ​gene​ ​involving​ ​alteration​ ​in​ ​DNA

26
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​molecule; (1mk)
Types
(i)​ ​Insertion​;​ ​addition​ ​of​ ​genes​ ​or​ ​bases​ ​in​ ​the​ ​DNA​ ​strand; (2mks)
(ii)​ ​Deletion​;​ ​Removal​ ​of​ ​a​ ​gene​ ​portion; (2mks)
(iii)​ ​Substitution​;​ ​replacement​ ​of​ ​one​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​gene​ ​with​ ​a​ ​new​ ​portion; (2mks)
(iv)​ ​Inversion​;​ ​reversing​ ​of​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​gene; (2mks)

BIOLOGY​ ​V

SECTION​ ​ ​A.
​ ​1. A microscope used in an experiment had the specifications below: Low power magnification
x100, high power magnification x500, a low power field of view of 1,500 microns. Calculate the
high​ ​power​ ​field​ ​of​ ​view​ ​of​ ​this​ ​microscope. (2mks)
2. Below​ ​is​ ​a​ ​chemical​ ​process​ ​catalysed​ ​by​ ​enzymes​ ​at​ ​steps​ ​I,​ ​II​ ​and​ ​III.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​W​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​X​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​Y​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Z​ ​.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​step​ ​I​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​step​ ​II​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​step​ ​III
​ ​a) State​ ​what​ ​would​ ​happen​ ​to​ ​W,​ ​X,​ ​Y​ ​and​ ​Z​ ​if​ ​an​ ​inhibitor​ ​is​ ​introduced​ ​at​ ​step​ ​II. (2mks)
b) ​ ​How​ ​does​ ​an​ ​inhibitor​ ​work? (1mk)
3. a) In​ ​an​ ​attempt​ ​to​ ​clear​ ​water​ ​hyacinth​ ​from​ ​lake​ ​Victoria,​ ​beettles​ ​have​ ​been​ ​introduced
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​on​ ​them.​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​term​ ​given​ ​to​ ​this​ ​method​ ​of​ ​control? (1mk)
b) ​ ​State​ ​two​ ​advantages​ ​of​ ​the​ ​control​ ​method​ ​named​ ​in​ ​a)​ ​above​ ​as​ ​opposed​ ​to​ ​the​ ​use
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​of​ ​herbicides.​ ​ ​ ​(2mks)

4. An​ ​underground​ ​part​ ​of​ ​a​ ​plant​ ​was​ ​dug​ ​up​ ​and​ ​found​ ​to​ ​have​ ​the​ ​following​ ​features:
​ ​i)​ ​Scale​ ​leaves,​ ​ii)​ ​axillary​ ​buds​ ​iii)​ ​horizontal​ ​swollen​ ​stem.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​From​ ​these​ ​features,​ ​the​ ​plant​ ​part​ ​was​ ​likely​ ​to​ ​have​ ​been​ ​a​ ​_________ (1mk)
5. In matching the blood group of a patient, it was seen that it agglutinates with antisera A and B
but​ ​not​ ​with​ ​antiserum​ ​(anti-Rhesus​ ​antibodies).​ ​What​ ​was​ ​the​ ​blood​ ​group​ ​of​ ​the​ ​patient?
(1mk)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​a)​ ​A​ ​woman​ ​gave​ ​birth​ ​to​ ​triplets,​ ​two​ ​of​ ​which​ ​were​ ​identical​ ​twins.​ ​Explain​ ​how​ ​this
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​could​ ​have​ ​occurred. (2mks)
b)​ ​State​ ​two​​ ​roles​ ​of​ ​amniotic​ ​fluid​ ​in​ ​placental​ ​mammals. (1mk)
7. When​ ​Mimosa​ ​pudica​ ​is​ ​touched,​ ​the​ ​leaves​ ​fold​ ​up.​ ​Name​ ​this​ ​type​ ​of​ ​response. (1mk)
8. It was observed by a group of students visiting a national park that an adult elephant flaps its
ears​ ​more​ ​frequently​ ​than​ ​a​ ​young​ ​one.​ ​Account​ ​for​ ​this​ ​observation. (2mks)

9.​ ​ ​The​ ​table​ ​below​ ​shows​ ​a​ ​list​ ​of​ ​four​ ​human​ ​diseases.​ ​Complete​ ​the​ ​table​ ​by​ ​naming
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​the​ ​causative​ ​agent. ​ ​(2mks)

Disease Causative​ ​agent

Malaria
Bilharzia
Elephantiasis
Measles

10. Differentiate​ ​between:

a)​ ​Analogous​ ​and​ ​homologous​ ​structures.

27
 b)​ ​Diffusion​ ​and​ ​active​ ​transport. (1mk)

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​SECTION​ ​ ​ ​B.

11.​ ​Table​ ​below​ ​contains​ ​recommended​ ​daily​ ​intakes​ ​of​ ​nutrients​ ​from​ ​different​ ​persons.
Energy(KJ) Protein(g) Calcium(g) Iron(g)

Man​ ​sedentary ​ ​ ​9250 60 0.5 12

​ ​ ​ ​ ​Very​ ​active 12600 70 0.5 16
Boy​ ​(15-18)yrs 12600 80 0.8 17
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(13-14)yrs 10500 70 0.8 17
Pregnant​ ​woman ​ ​ ​9250 85 1.2 20
​ ​Girl 10500 70 0.7 19

a) Why​ ​does​ ​a​ ​boy​ ​age​ ​15-18​ ​years​ ​require​ ​the​ ​same​ ​number​ ​of​ ​Kilojoules​ ​as​ ​a​ ​very​ ​active
man? (1mk)
b) ​ ​Comment​ ​on​ ​the​ ​quality​ ​of​ ​protein​ ​required​ ​by​ ​a​ ​pregnant​ ​woman​ ​and​ ​a​ ​very​ ​active​ ​man.
(2mks)
c) Comment​ ​on​ ​the​ ​quality​ ​of​ ​calcium​ ​needed​ ​by​ ​a​ ​pregnant​ ​woman. ​ ​(2mks)
d) Why​ ​does​ ​the​ ​girl​ ​require​ ​more​ ​iron​ ​than​ ​the​ ​boy? ​ ​(1mk)
12. Diagram​ ​shown​ ​below​ ​is​ ​of​ ​two​ ​adjacent​ ​synaptic​ ​knobs.

a) Identify​ ​the​ ​parts​ ​labelled​ ​A​ ​and​ ​B. (1mk)

b) Explain​ t​ he​ ​functions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​in​ ​the​ ​synaptic​ ​knob. (2mks)
i)​ ​Synaptic​ ​vesicle
ii)​ ​Mitochondria
c)​ ​ ​i)​ ​Use​ ​an​ ​illustration​ ​to​ ​show​ ​the​ ​distribution​ ​of​ ​ions​ ​during​ ​resting​ ​and​ ​action​ ​potential
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​on​ ​a​ ​short​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​an​ ​axon. ​ ​(2mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ii)​ ​Explain​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​sodium​ ​pump​ ​during​ ​the​ ​process​ ​of​ ​repolarization. ​ ​(1mk)
13.​ ​ ​A​ ​potted​ ​plant​ ​with​ ​variegated​ ​leaves​ ​was​ ​left​ ​in​ ​total​ ​darkness​ ​for​ ​48​ ​hours,​ ​then​ ​one
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​leaf​ ​still​ ​attached​ ​to​ ​the​ ​plant​ ​had​ ​an​ ​aluminium​ ​foil​ ​with​ ​a​ ​circular​ ​hole​ ​put​ ​as​ ​shown
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​below.​ ​After​ ​six​ ​hours​ ​of​ ​exposure​ ​to​ ​sunlight,​ ​the​ ​leaf​ ​was​ ​removed​ ​from​ ​the​ ​plant
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​and​ ​tested​ ​for​ ​starch.

28
 a) In the table below state four steps in their correct sequence that you would follow to test the
detached​ ​leaf​ ​for​ ​starch.​ ​Give​ ​a​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​each​ ​step. (4mks)
STEP REASON

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

b)​ ​Why​ ​was​ ​the​ ​plant​ ​kept​ ​in​ ​darkness​ ​before​ ​the​ ​experiment​ ​started? (1mk)
c)​ ​In​ ​the​ ​space​ ​below​ ​sketch​ ​the​ ​appearance​ ​of​ ​the​ ​leaf​ ​above​ ​after​ ​starch​ ​test. (1mk)
d)​ ​What​ ​conclusion​ ​can​ ​be​ ​drawn​ ​from​ ​this​ ​experiment? (1mk)
e)​ ​Why​ ​was​ ​it​ ​unnecessary​ ​to​ ​also​ ​detach​ ​and​ ​test​ ​a​ ​control​ ​leaf​ ​after​ ​the​ ​period​ ​of​ ​exposure​ ​to
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​light? ​ ​(1mk)
14. The​ ​diagram​ ​shown​ ​below​ ​represents​ ​a​ ​joint​ ​in​ ​the​ ​mammalian​ ​skeleton.

a) Name​ ​the​ ​type​ ​of​ ​joint​ ​shown​ ​in​ ​the​ ​diagram. (1mk)
b) Name​ ​the​ ​parts​ ​labelled​ ​F,​ ​G,​ ​H,​ ​I,​ ​J​ ​and​ ​K. (3mks)
c) Name​ ​two​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​the​ ​body​ ​where​ ​this​ ​type​ ​of​ ​joint​ ​is​ ​found. (2mks)
d) State​ ​two​ ​functions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​structure​ ​labelled​ ​E. (2mks)
15. A breed of dogs has long hair dominant to short hair. A long haired bitch was first mated with a
short haired dog and produced three long haired and three short haired puppies. Her second
mating​ ​with​ ​a​ ​long​ ​haired​ ​dog​ ​produced​ ​a​ ​litter​ ​with​ ​all​ ​the​ ​puppies​ ​long​ ​haired.

a) i)​ ​Use​ ​suitable​ ​letters​ ​to​ ​represent​ ​the​ ​allele​ ​for​ ​long​ ​and​ ​short​ ​hair. (1mk)
ii)​ ​What​ ​was​ ​the​ ​genotype​ ​of​ ​the​ ​long​ ​haired​ ​bitch?​ ​Give​ ​a​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​your​ ​answer.​ ​ ​(2mks)
Genotype:
Reason:
b) In​ ​the​ ​space​ ​below​ ​show​ ​how​ ​you​ ​would​ ​determine​ ​which​ ​of​ ​the​ ​long​ ​haired​ ​puppies
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​in​ ​the​ ​second​ ​mating​ ​were​ ​hormozygous. (2mks)
16. ​ ​The​ ​table​ ​below​ ​represents​ ​percentage​ ​of​ ​oxygen​ ​and​ ​carbondioxide​ ​in​ ​different​ ​samples
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​of​ ​air.
Gas Atmospheric​ ​air Alveolar​ ​air Exhaled​ ​air

​ ​Oxygen ​ ​ ​ ​20.96% ​ ​ ​ ​13.8% ​ ​ ​16.4%

Carbon​ ​dioxide ​ ​ ​ ​0.03% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​5.5% ​ ​ ​ ​0.4%

29
a) i) What is the difference between the percentage of oxygen in the alveolar air and that in exhaled
air. (1mk)
ii)​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​this​ ​difference​ ​? (1mk)
​ ​b) Why​ ​does​ ​the​ ​alveolar​ ​air​ ​contain​ ​more​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​than​ ​atmospheric​ ​air. (1mk)
c) Why​ ​does​ ​a​ ​man​ ​breath​ ​faster​ ​after​ ​a​ ​race? (2mks)
d) A man who normally lives at sea-level moves to a place which is 2000m above sea level. He
finds​ ​that​ ​the​ ​breathing​ ​rate​ ​is​ ​increased.​ ​Explain​ ​why​ ​this​ ​happens. ​ ​(2mks)

SECTION​ ​ ​C.

17. The​ ​figure​ ​shown​ ​below​ ​is​ ​of​ ​an​ ​investigation​ ​into​ ​the​ ​growth​ ​pattern​ ​of​ ​Rabbits.

a) i)​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​phases​ ​marked​ ​a,​ ​b​ ​and​ ​c. ​ ​(3mks).
ii)​ ​Explain​ ​the​ ​shape​ ​of​ ​the​ ​graph. (3mks)
b) Account​ ​for​ ​your​ ​explanation​ ​in​ ​a.ii)​ ​above ​ ​(9mks)
c) i)​ ​Supposing​ ​the​ ​growth​ ​pattern​ ​was​ ​for​ ​an​ ​insect,​ ​sketch​ ​the​ ​graph​ ​that​ ​will​ ​be​ ​obtained.
​ ​ ​(3mks)
ii)​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​curve​ ​you​ ​have​ ​sketched​ ​in​ ​c.i)​ ​above. (1mk)
iii)​ ​Account​ ​for​ ​the​ ​shape​ ​of​ ​the​ ​curve​ ​you​ ​have​ ​sketched​ ​in​ ​c.i)​ ​above. (2mks)
18 a)​ ​Explain​ ​how​ ​a​ ​mammalian​ ​ear​ ​is​ ​adapted​ ​to​ ​its​ ​functions. (16mks)
b)​ ​State​ ​differences​ ​between​ ​Nervous​ ​communication​ ​and​ ​Endocrine​ ​communication.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(4mks)
19. Explain​ ​how:-
a)​ ​Fresh​ ​water​ ​fishes​ ​are​ ​adapted​ ​to​ ​overcome​ ​the​ ​problem​ ​of​ ​osmoregulation. ​ ​(4mks)
b)​ ​Predators​ ​are​ ​adapted​ ​to​ ​apprehend​ ​the​ ​prey. (4mks)
c)​ ​Xerophytes​ ​are​ ​adapted​ ​to​ ​their​ ​habitat. (12mks)

BIOLOGY​ ​V
MARKING​ ​SCHEME

1. High​ ​power​ ​field​ ​of​ ​view​ ​=​ ​100​​ ​x​ ​1500​ ​microns​ ​;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​500 =​ ​300​ ​microns​ ​;
2. a)​ ​Quantity​ ​of​ ​W​ ​will​ ​decrease​ ​/​ ​depleted​ ​;
X​ ​will​ ​accumulate​ ​;
Y​ ​will​ ​be​ ​depleted​ ​;
Z​ ​will​ ​accumulate​ ​; ;​ ​for​ ​½​ ​a​ ​mark.

b)​ ​By​ ​blocking​ ​the​ ​active​ ​site​ ​of​ ​an​ ​enzyme​ ​;

3. a)​ ​Biological​ ​control​ ​;
b)​ ​–​ ​Biological​ ​control​ ​does​ ​not​ ​pollute​ ​the​ ​environment​ ​;
Herbicides​ ​are​ ​harmful​ ​to​ ​the​ ​user​ ​;
Herbicides​ ​attack​ ​non-targeted​ ​organisms​ ​;
Mark​ ​the​ ​first​ ​two.
4. Rhizome​ ​;

30
5. O​ ​NEGATIVE​​ ​; (Reject​ ​O​ ​alone)
6. a)​ ​Two​ ​eggs​ ​(ova)​ ​were​ ​released​ ​and​ ​fertilized​ ​;​ ​one​ ​of​ ​the​ ​two​ ​eggs​ ​while​ ​undergoing
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​mitosis​ ​split​ ​separated​ ​and​ ​developed​ ​independently​ ​after​ ​implantation​ ​;
b)​ ​Protects​ ​the​ ​foetus​ ​from​ ​mechanical​ ​injury​ ​;​ ​Reject​ ​prevent​ ​injury.
​ ​ ​ ​Absorption​ ​of​ ​shock​ ​/​ ​cushions​ ​the​ ​foetus​ ​;​ ​Reject​ ​prevent​ ​shock.
​ ​ ​ ​Provides​ ​moist​ ​medium​ ​for​ ​the​ ​development​ ​of​ ​the​ ​foetus​ ​;​ ​ ​for​ ​½​ ​mark​ ​each,​ ​mark​ ​the
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​first​ ​two.
7. Nastic​ ​response​ ​;
8. Adult elephant has a small surface area to volume ratio ​than a young one ; hence flaps the ears
frequently​ ​to​ ​facilitate​ ​quick​ ​cooling​ ​of​ ​the​ ​body​ ​;
9. Plasmodium​ ​;
Schistosoma​ ​spp​ ​;
Wulchereria​ ​brancofti​ ​/​ ​Filarial​ ​worm​ ​;
Bordetella​ ​pertusis​ ​; ;​ ​½​ ​a​ ​mark​ ​each.
10. Analogous structures are those which have different origin but modified to perform same
function whereas homologous structure have common origin but modified to perform different
functions ; Diffusion is the movement of molecules along a concentration gradient whereas
active transport is the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient ; Accept Active
transport​ ​requires​ ​energy,​ ​oxygen,​ ​optimum​ ​temperature,​ ​carriers​ ​but​ ​not​ ​diffusion.
11 a) To​ ​provide​ ​adequate​ ​energy​ ​required​ ​for​ ​rapid​ ​growth​ ​;​ ​during​ ​this​ ​stage.
b) A pregnant woman requires more protein than a very active man ; to provide extra protein
for​ ​the​ ​growth​ ​of​ ​the​ ​foetus​ ​;
c) She requires a lot of calcium for proper development of strong bones and teeth for herself ;
and​ ​for​ ​the​ ​developing​ ​foetus​ ​;
d) She requires more than the boy to make new R.B.C to replace those lost during menstruation
which​ ​a​ ​boy​ ​doesn’t​ ​experience​ ​;
12 a)​ ​A​ ​–​ ​Post​ ​synaptic​ ​membrane​ ​;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​B​ ​–​ ​Synaptic​ ​cleft​ ​; ½​ ​a​ ​mark
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​b)​ ​i)​ ​Provide​ ​/​ ​store​ ​transmitter​ ​substance​ ​(acetylchilone​ ​/​ ​noradrenaline)​ ​for​ ​the​ ​transmission​ ​of
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​an​ ​impulse​ ​across​ ​the​ ​synaptic​ ​cleft​ ​;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ii)​ ​Provide​ ​energy​ ​in​ ​the​ ​form​ ​of​ ​ATP​ ​required​ ​for​ ​the​ ​resynthesis​ ​of​ ​the​ ​transmitter​ ​substance
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​after​ ​the​ ​passage​ ​of​ ​an​ ​impulse​ ​;
c)​ ​i)​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Award​ ​a​ ​mark​ ​for​ ​action​ ​potential​ ​when​ ​inner​ ​membrane​ ​of​ ​axen​ ​is​ ​+vely​ ​charged​ ​and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​outer​ ​membrane​ ​–vely​ ​charged.
​ ​-​ ​ ​Award​ ​a​ ​mark​ ​for​ ​resting​ ​potential​ ​when​ ​outer​ ​membrane​ ​is​ ​+vely​ ​charged​ ​and​ ​inner
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​membrane​ ​–vely​ ​charged.
ii)​ ​Active​ ​removal​ ​of​ ​sodium​ ​ions​ ​from​ ​the​ ​inner​ ​axon​ ​membrane​ ​to​ ​the​ ​outside​ ​;​ ​to​ ​regain
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​polarized​ ​nature​ ​of​ ​the​ ​axon​ ​;
½​ ​a​ ​mark​ ​ ​for​ ​;​ ​Total​ ​1​ ​mark
13. a) Step Reason
i)​ ​Dip​ ​the​ ​leaf​ ​into​ ​boiling​ ​water -​ ​ ​To​ ​kill​ ​the​ ​protoplasm​ ​/​ ​To​ ​stop​ ​photosynthesis
ii)​ ​Dip​ ​the​ ​leaf​ ​from​ ​(i.)​ ​above​ ​into​ ​boiling
ethanol​ ​/​ ​methylated​ ​spirit -​ ​ ​To​ ​remove​ ​chlorophyll
iii)​ ​Dip​ ​the​ ​leaf​ ​from​ ​(ii)​ ​above​ ​into -​ ​ ​To​ ​soften​ ​the​ ​leaf
warm​ ​water. -​ ​ ​ ​For​ ​starch​ ​grains​ ​to​ ​take​ ​up​ ​iodine​ ​solution
iv)​ ​Spread​ ​the​ ​leaf​ ​from​ ​(iii)​ ​above;
onto​ ​a​ ​white​ ​tile​ ​and​ ​irrigate​ ​with
iodine​ ​solution.
Note.​ ​;​ ​(Full​ ​mark)​ ​obtained​ ​when​ ​step​ ​and​ ​reason​ ​is​ ​correct.​ ​No​ ​½​ ​mark.
Stop​ ​marking​ ​where​ ​the​ ​sequence​ ​is​ ​missed.

b)​ ​To​ ​make​ ​the​ ​leaves​ ​starch​ ​free​ ​/​ ​To​ ​destarch​ ​the​ ​leaves​ ​;

31
Note​:​ ​Award​ ​a​ ​½​ ​mark​ ​when​ ​all​ ​the​ ​3​ ​parts​ ​are​ ​labelled​ ​Blue​ ​black​ ​i.e​ ​Before,
after​ ​the​ ​aluminium​ ​foil​ ​and​ ​the​ ​centre​ ​;
Award a ½ mark when the previous white strip and where aluminium foil is labelled Brown /
colour​ ​of​ ​iodine​ ​;
c)​ ​–​ ​Chlorophyll​ ​is​ ​necessary​ ​for​ ​photosynthesis​ ​;
​ ​ ​Light​ ​is​ ​necessary​ ​for​ ​photosynthesis​ ​;
½​ ​a​ ​mark​ ​each.​ ​Total​ ​1​ ​mark.
d)​ ​The​ ​leaf​ ​in​ ​itself​ ​was​ ​a​ ​control​ ​since​ ​it​ ​is​ ​variegated​ ​and​ ​some​ ​parts​ ​were​ ​receiving​ ​ ​light​ ​;
14.​ ​ ​ ​a)​ ​Hinge​ ​joint​ ​;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​b)​ ​F​ ​–​ ​cartilage​ ​; G​ ​–​ ​Patella​ ​; H​ ​–​ ​Tendon​ ​;
​ ​ ​I​ ​–​ ​Femur​ ​; J​ ​–​ ​Synovial​ ​membrane​ ​; K​ ​–​ ​capsule​ ​;
;​ ​for​ ​½​ ​a​ ​mark.
c) Elbow​ ​joint​ ​(Between​ ​Humerus​ ​and​ ​Ulna)​ ​;
Knee​ ​joint​ ​(Between​ ​Femur​ ​and​ ​Tibra)​ ​;
d)​ ​–​ ​Absorbs​ ​shock​ ​/​ ​Distributes​ ​pressure​ ​equally​ ​;​ ​Reject​ ​'Prevents​ ​shock'.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Lubricates​ ​the​ ​joints​ ​/​ ​Reduces​ ​friction​ ​;​ ​Reject​ ​stop​ ​/​ ​Prevent​ ​friction.
15.a) i)​ ​Let​ ​the​ ​allele​ ​for​ ​long​ ​hair​ ​be​ ​L
​ ​ ​,,​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​short​ ​,,​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​l​ ​;
ii)​ ​Genotype:​ ​Ll​ ​;
Reason​:​ ​Allele​ ​for​ ​short​ ​hair​ ​in​ ​the​ ​3​ ​short​ ​haired​ ​puppies​ ​came​ ​from​ ​the​ ​gametes​ ​of​ ​the​ ​bitch​ ​and
the​ ​dog​ ​thus​ ​although​ ​the​ ​bitch​ ​had​ ​long​ ​hair​ ​had​ ​allele​ ​for​ ​short​ ​hair​ ​;
Parental​ ​Phenotype:​ ​Homozygous​ ​long​ ​hair​ ​x​ ​Homozygous​ ​short​ ​hair

Parental​ ​Genotype:​ ​LL ll​ ​;​ ​​ ​a​ ​mark​ ​for​ ​the
genotype​ ​of​ ​the​ ​short​ ​haired​ ​parent
Gametes all​ ​ ​L all​ ​l

Offsprings ​ ​ ​All​ ​ ​Ll​ ​;

16. a) i)​ ​ ​(16.4​ ​–​ ​13.8)%,​ ​Exhaled​ ​air​ ​has​ ​2.6%​ ​more​ ​oxygen​ ​than​ ​the​ ​alveolar​ ​air​ ​;
ii) Oxygen in the alveolar air has been absorbed into the bloodstream while exhaled air
mixes​ ​with​ ​fresh​ ​air​ ​whose​ ​oxygen​ ​has​ ​not​ ​been​ ​absorbed​ ​;
b) Carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​in​ ​the​ ​alveolar​ ​has​ ​come​ ​via​ ​blood​ ​from​ ​the​ ​respiring​ ​cells​ ​of​ ​the​ ​body
and​ ​accumulated​ ​here​ ​;
c) For fast supply of oxygen ; to complete breakdown lactic acid into CO​2 and water which was
formed​ ​in​ ​the​ ​partial​ ​breakdown​ ​of​ ​glucose​ ​due​ ​to​ ​lack​ ​of​ ​oxygen​ ​;
d) At 200m oxygen partial pressure is very low ; hence he breathes fast to provide the bulk of
oxygen​ ​needed​ ​by​ ​the​ ​body​ ​;

17 a) i)​ ​a-​ ​Lag​ ​phase​ ​(phase​ ​of​ ​slow​ ​growth)​ ​;

b)​ ​–​ ​Exponential​ ​phase​ ​(Logarithmic​ ​phase)​ ​;
c)​ ​–​ ​Phase​ ​of​ ​slow​ ​growth​ ​;

32
 ii) At first there is slow increase in the number of rabbits ; this is followed by a rapid
increase in the number of rabbits ; thereafter the increase number shows down and ​levels
off​​ ​;
b) In​ ​phase​ ​a,
There​ ​are​ ​few​ ​rabbits​ ​which​ ​are​ ​reproducing​ ​;
They​ ​are​ ​still​ ​maturing​ ​;
They​ ​are​ ​still​ ​adjusting​ ​to​ ​the​ ​environmental​ ​conditions​ ​;
Mark​ ​any​ ​3.
In​ ​phase​ ​b;
Many​ ​rabbits​ ​are​ ​reproducing;
There​ ​is​ ​abundant​ ​food/favourable​ ​environmental​ ​conditions;
Absence​ ​of​ ​diseases/predators;
Error!​ ​Not​ ​a​ ​valid​ ​link. In​ ​phase​ ​c;
Shortage​ ​of​ ​food​ ​;
Lack​ ​of​ ​space​ ​;
Presence​ ​of​ ​predators
Disease​ ​outbreak​ ​/​ ​a​ ​natural​ ​calamity​ ​e.g​ ​floods​ ​leading​ ​to​ ​death​ ​/​ ​migration​ ​;
Mark​ ​any​ ​3.

c) i)

Marks: ​ ​½​ ​a​ ​mark​ ​for​ ​each​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following Each​ ​axes​ ​labelled.
Curve​ ​accurately​ ​drawn Three​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​the​ ​curve​ ​labelled.
ii)​ ​Intermittent​ ​growth​ ​curve​ ​;
iii) Insects have a tough exoskeleton which limits growth ; and only takes place over a very short
period​ ​after​ ​moulting​ ​(erdysis)​ ​; Total​ ​mark​ ​21​ ​max​ ​20.
18.a)-​ ​ ​Pinna​ ​collects​ ​sound​ ​waves​ ​;
- Auditory canal / Auditory meatus has hairs and secrete wax ; which trap pathogen and foreign
bodies​ ​preventing​ ​them​ ​from​ ​entering​ ​into​ ​the​ ​ear.​ ​;
- Ear drum / Tympanic membrane translate sound waves into sound vibrations and
transmitting
them​ ​to​ ​ossicles​ ​;
-​ ​ ​Ossicles​ ​(malleus,​ ​incus,​ ​stapes)​ ​amplify​ ​and​ ​transmit​ ​sound​ ​vibrations​ ​to​ ​the​ ​oval
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​window
- Eustachian​ ​tube​ ​equalizes​ ​the​ ​air​ ​pressure​ ​in​ ​the​ ​ear​ ​and​ ​atmospheric​ ​air​ ​to​ ​prevent​ ​bursting
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​of​ ​ ​the​ ​ear​ ​drum​ ​due​ ​to​ ​changes​ ​in​ ​pressure​ ​at​ ​varied​ ​altitudes​ ​;
- Oval window amplify the sound vibrations transmitting them into the perilymph and
endolymph​ ​of​ ​the​ ​cochlea​ ​;
- Cochlea highly coiled to occupy a small space and to increase the surface area for
accommodating​ ​many​ ​sensory​ ​cells​ ​for​ ​hearing​ ​;
- Has sensory cells is stimulated by sound vibrations to generate impulses to be transmitted to
the​ ​brain​ ​;
-​ ​ ​ ​Has​ ​many​ ​membranes​ ​e.g​ ​Basilar,​ ​Vestibular​ ​and​ ​tectorial​ ​which​ ​transmits​ ​sound​ ​vibrations​ ​;
-​ ​ ​Has​ ​semi​ ​circular​ ​canals​ ​which​ ​detect​ ​changes​ ​in​ ​the​ ​position​ ​of​ ​the​ ​body​ ​;
-​ ​ ​Has​ ​succulus​ ​and​ ​utriculus​ ​which​ ​detect​ ​position​ ​of​ ​the​ ​body​ ​in​ ​relations​ ​to​ ​gravity​ ​;
-​ ​ ​Round​ ​window​ ​stretches​ ​to​ ​stop​ ​the​ ​sound​ ​vibrations​ ​;
Auditory​ ​nerve​ ​transmit​ ​nerve​ ​impulses​ ​to​ ​the​ ​brain​ ​for​ ​interpretations​ ​; 16​ ​marks.

33
 b) Nervous​ ​communication Endocrine​ ​communication
-​ ​Responses​ ​are​ ​rapid Responses​ ​are​ ​slow
-​ ​Responses​ ​are​ ​specific​ ​&​ ​localized Responses​ ​are​ ​wide​ ​spread
-​ ​ ​Involve​ ​transmission​ ​of​ ​an​ ​impulse involve​ ​transport​ ​of​ ​hormones​ ​through​ ​blood
through​ ​a​ ​nerve. Stream.
​ ​-​ ​ ​ ​An​ ​impulse​ ​evoking​ ​a​ ​response A​ ​chemical​ ​evoking​ ​a​ ​response​ ​;
Total​ ​20​ ​marks.
19 a) FRESH​ ​WATER​ ​FISHES.
- Eliminate​ ​nitrogenous​ ​waste​ ​in​ ​the​ ​form​ ​of​ ​ammonia​ ​which​ ​require​ ​a​ ​lot​ ​of​ ​water​ ​for​ ​removal
- Has​ ​nephron​ ​with​ ​short​ ​loop​ ​of​ ​Henle​ ​for​ ​little​ ​reabsorption​ ​of​ ​water​ ​;
- Have chloride secretory cells in the gills for active uptake of salts to replace those lost through
urine​ ​;
- Have​ ​large​ ​kidney​ ​with​ ​many​ ​glomeruli​ ​to​ ​increase​ ​the​ ​filtration​ ​rate​ ​;
- Have​ ​scales​ ​to​ ​resist​ ​entry​ ​of​ ​water​ ​through​ ​the​ ​skin​ ​surface​ ​;
Mark​ ​any​ ​4.​ ​ ​Total​ ​5​ ​max​ ​4.

b)​ ​PREDATORS.
-Some​ ​have​ ​acute​ ​vision​ ​to​ ​detect​ ​their​ ​prey​ ​from​ ​far​ ​;​ ​e.g​ ​Eagle,​ ​kite
-Some​ ​have​ ​well​ ​developed​ ​jaws​ ​/​ ​teeth​ ​/​ ​beaks​ ​for​ ​killing​ ​their​ ​prey​ ​e.g​ ​Hawk​ ​/​ ​Leopard.
-Some​ ​move​ ​against​ ​the​ ​wind​ ​so​ ​as​ ​not​ ​to​ ​be​ ​detected​ ​by​ ​the​ ​prey​ ​e.g​ ​lion
-Some​ ​have​ ​well​ ​developed​ ​muscles​ ​hence​ ​move​ ​swiftly​ ​to​ ​catch​ ​the​ ​prey​ ​e.g​ ​Cheetah
-Some​ ​blend​ ​so​ ​well​ ​to​ ​background​ ​so​ ​as​ ​not​ ​to​ ​be​ ​detected​ ​by​ ​the​ ​prey​ ​e.g​ ​the​ ​leopard.
Mark​ ​any​ ​4​ ​ ​ ​ ​Total​ ​5​ ​marks.​ ​ ​Max​ ​4.

c)​ ​XEROPHYTES.
-Have​ ​succulent​ ​tissues​ ​;​ ​for​ ​the​ ​storage​ ​of​ ​water​ ​;
-Leaves​ ​are​ ​needlelike​ ​/​ ​reduced​ ​to​ ​spines​ ​;​ ​to​ ​reduce​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration
-Some​ ​roll​ ​/​ ​curl​ ​their​ ​leaves​ ​/​ ​shed​ ​their​ ​leaves​ ​;​ ​to​ ​reduce​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration.
-Some​ ​have​ ​sunken​ ​stomata​ ​on​ ​their​ ​leaves​ ​ ​;​ ​to​ ​reduce​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration
-Some​ ​have​ ​deep​ ​root​ ​system​ ​;​ ​to​ ​absorb​ ​water​ ​which​ ​is​ ​deep​ ​underground​ ​;
-Some have extensive superficial root system ; to provide large surface area for absorption of
surface​ ​water​ ​;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​- Some have reverse stomatal rhythm / stomata which open at night and close at daytime ; to
reduce​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration
-Some​ ​have​ ​chlorophyll​ ​;​ ​for​ ​photosynthesis
-Leaves​ ​have​ ​thick​ ​waxy​ ​cuticle​ ​;​ ​to​ ​reduce​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration
-Some​ ​have​ ​very​ ​short​ ​life​ ​cycle​ ​;​ ​and​ ​survive​ ​the​ ​draught​ ​in​ ​the​ ​form​ ​of​ ​seeds​ ​/​ ​spores
Mark​ ​any​ ​12 Total​ ​15​ ​ ​max​ ​12.
Award​ ​a​ ​mark​ ​for​ ​reducing​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​transpiration​ ​only​ ​once​​ ​where​ ​it​ ​appears​ ​correctly.

BIOLOGY​ ​VI

SECTION​ ​A​ ​(20​ ​MARKS)

1.​ ​ ​Name​ ​TWO​​ ​components​ ​of​ ​a​ ​cell​ ​membrane.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2​ ​Mks)
2.​ ​ ​State​ ​THREE​​ ​functions​ ​of​ ​haemoglobin.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(​ ​3​ ​Mks)
3.​ ​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​hormone​ ​that:

34
 a.​ ​ ​Controls​ ​uterine​ ​contraction​ ​at​ ​the​ ​time​ ​of​ ​birth.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1​ ​Mk)
b.​ ​ ​Maintains​ ​thickened​ ​lining​ ​of​ ​the​ ​uterus​ ​during​ ​pregnancy.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1​ ​Mk)
4.​ ​ ​What​ ​organelle​ ​in​ ​amoeba​ ​enables​ ​it​ ​to​ ​live​ ​in​ ​fresh​ ​water​ ​habitat?​ ​ ​(1​ ​Mk)
5.​ ​ ​ ​Explain​ ​why​ ​the​ ​left​ ​ventricle​ ​has​ ​thicker​ ​walls​ ​than​ ​the​ ​right​ ​ventricle.​ ​(2​ ​Mks)
6.​ ​ ​ ​Explain​ ​how​ ​the​ ​guard​ ​cells​ ​are​ ​structurally​ ​adapted​ ​to​ ​perform​ ​their​ ​functions.​ ​(2​ ​Mks)
7.​ ​ ​ ​State​ ​THREE​​ ​ways​ ​in​ ​which​ ​seed​ ​dormancy​ ​benefits​ ​a​ ​plant.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(3​ ​Mks)
8.​ ​ ​ ​State​ ​how​ ​the​ ​body​ ​brings​ ​back​ ​the​ ​blood​ ​sugar​ ​level​ ​back​ ​to​ ​normal​ ​after​ ​a​ ​heavy​ ​meal​ ​of
rice.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(3​ ​Mks)
9.​ ​ ​ ​In​ ​a​ ​study​ ​of​ ​a​ ​number​ ​of​ ​plants,​ ​the​ ​following​ ​data​ ​was​ ​collected.
Plant Height Size​ ​of​ ​leaves Number​ ​of Number​ ​of
(cm) (cm) stamens branches

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​A 150 10 5 16

B 260 20 5 19

C 151 12 5 15

D 259 21 10 15
(i)​ ​ ​ ​Which​ ​of​ ​the​ ​above​ ​plants​ ​belong​ ​to​ ​the​ ​same​ ​species? (1​ ​Mk)
(ii)​ ​ ​Give​ ​a​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​your​ ​answer​ ​in​ ​(i)​ ​above. (1​ ​Mk)

SECTION​ ​B​ ​(40​ ​MARKS)

10.​ ​ ​Study​ ​the​ ​diagram​ ​of​ ​a​ ​section​ ​of​ ​human​ ​digestive​ ​system.

(i)​ ​ ​ ​ ​Name​ ​the​ ​parts​ ​labelled.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(3​ ​Mks)

​ ​ ​A​ ​_________________________​ ​ ​B​ ​________________________​ ​ ​C​ ​ ​_________________

(ii)​ ​ ​ ​ ​Give​ ​TWO​​ ​functions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Part​ ​labelled​ ​A.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(2​ ​Mks)
(iii)​ ​ ​ ​How​ ​does​ ​Part​ ​C​ ​help​ ​in​ ​the​ ​digestion​ ​of​ ​starch?​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(3​ ​Mks)
(iv) ​ ​ ​ ​Name​ ​TWO​​ ​hormones​ ​produced​ ​in​ ​Part​ ​C. (2​ ​Mks)

11.​ ​ ​ ​Experiment​ ​was​ ​set​ ​up​ ​as​ ​shown​ ​below.

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Pyrogoric

35
 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Acid​ ​dissolved
in​ ​sodium​ ​Chloride
Seeds
Seeds

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Wet​ ​cotton​ ​wool

​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​What​ ​was​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​the​ ​experiment? (1​ ​Mk)
​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​ ​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​the​ ​mixture​ ​in​ ​A? ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1​ ​Mk)
​ ​(iii)​ ​ ​ ​What​ ​results​ ​would​ ​you​ ​expect​ ​in: (4​ ​Mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​A
​ ​ ​ ​ ​Reason:

​ ​ ​ ​B
​ ​ ​ ​Reason:

(iv)​ ​ ​ ​State​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​each​ ​set​ ​up. (2​ ​Mks)
​ ​ ​ ​A

​ ​ ​ ​B
12. (a)​ ​ ​A​ ​patient​ ​passed​ ​out​ ​plenty​ ​of​ ​dilute​ ​urine​ ​which​ ​did​ ​not​ ​have​ ​any​ ​sugar.​ ​The​ ​patient
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​also​ ​complains​ ​of​ ​thirst​ ​most​ ​of​ ​the​ ​time.

(i)​ ​ ​ ​ ​Which​ ​hormone​ ​was​ ​the​ ​body​ ​lacking?​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1​ ​Mk)

(ii)​ ​ ​ ​From​ ​which​ ​organ​ ​is​ ​it​ ​produced?​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(1​ ​Mk)

(b)​ ​ ​State​ ​how​ ​the​ ​following​ ​structures​ ​in​ ​the​ ​skin​ ​regulate​ ​body​ ​temperature.
(i)
Sweat​ ​glands. (2​ ​Mks)
(ii)
Arterioles ​ ​(2​ ​Mks)
(iii)
Involuntary​ ​muscles ​ ​(2​ ​Mks)
13.​ ​Study​ ​the​ ​following​ ​organisms
Rabbits,​ ​Green​ ​plants,​ ​wolf
(a)​ ​ ​Write​ ​down​ ​the​ ​food​ ​chain​ ​of​ ​the​ ​organisms. ​ ​(1​ ​Mk)
(b)​ ​For​ ​every​ ​1000​ ​Units​ ​of​ ​energy​ ​in​ ​plants,​ ​only​ ​100​ ​Units​ ​are​ ​transferred​ ​to​ ​the​ ​rabbit​ ​which
in​ ​turn​ ​transfers​ ​10​ ​Units​ ​to​ ​the​ ​wolf.
(i)​ ​ ​Give​ ​TWO​​ ​reasons​ ​why​ ​the​ ​rabbit​ ​does​ ​not​ ​get​ ​all​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​from​ ​the​ ​plants ​ ​ ​(2​ ​Mks)
(ii)​ ​ ​Name​ ​TWO​​ ​processes​ ​that​ ​contribute​ ​to​ ​loss​ ​of​ ​energy​ ​from​ ​rabbits. ​ ​(2​ ​Mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(c)​ ​ ​Draw​ ​a​ ​possible​ ​labelled​ ​pyramid​ ​of​ ​biomass​ ​to​ ​show​ ​the​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​plants,​ ​rabbits
and​ ​wolfs. ​ ​(3​ ​Mks)
14.​ ​ ​ ​(a)​ ​ ​State​ ​THREE​​ ​features​ ​you​ ​would​ ​use​ ​to​ ​recognise​ ​insects. (3​ ​Mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(b)​ ​ ​Give​ ​FOUR​​ ​economic​ ​importance​ ​of​ ​insects. ​ ​(4​ ​Mks)

36
SECTION​ ​C​ ​.

16. Two​ ​sets​ ​of​ ​ten​ ​pea​ ​seeds​ ​were​ ​germinated.​ ​Set​ ​A​ ​was​ ​placed​ ​in​ ​normal​ ​daylight​ ​conditions​ ​in
the​ ​laboratory​ ​whereas​ ​Set​ ​B​ ​was​ ​placed​ ​in​ ​a​ ​dark​ ​cupboard.​ ​Starting​ ​a​ ​few​ ​days​ ​later​ ​the​ ​shoot
lengths​ ​were​ ​measured​ ​twice​ ​daily​ ​and​ ​their​ ​mean​ ​lengths​ ​are​ ​shown​ ​in​ ​the​ ​following​ ​table.

Day​ ​1 Day​ ​2 Day​ ​3 Day​ ​4

TIME 9​ ​am 9​ ​pm 9​ ​am 9​ ​pm 9​ ​am 9​ ​pm 9​ ​am 9​ ​pm

Set​ ​A​ ​–​ ​Length​ ​(mm) 12 14 20 23 29 31 47 54

Set​ ​B​ ​–​ ​Length​ ​(mm) 17 23 28 34 48 62 80 96

a.​ ​ ​ ​Plot​ ​these​ ​figures​ ​on​ ​a​ ​graph​ ​paper​ ​to​ ​show​ ​the​ ​growth​ ​curve​ ​of​ ​the​ ​two​ ​sets​ ​of​ ​seedlings
against​ ​time​ ​in​ ​days. ​ ​(6​ ​Mks)
b.​ ​ ​ ​From​ ​the​ ​data,​ ​state​ ​the​ ​mean​ ​shoot​ ​length​ ​of​ ​each​ ​of​ ​the​ ​seedlings​ ​at​ ​9​ ​pm​ ​on​ ​day​ ​4.​ ​ ​2​ ​Mks)
c.​ ​ ​ ​Give​ ​reasons​ ​why​ ​Curve​ ​A​ ​is​ ​different​ ​from​ ​Curve​ ​B.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(4​ ​Mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​State​ ​what​ ​would​ ​have​ ​been​ ​the​ ​eventual​ ​fate​ ​of​ ​the​ ​seedling​ ​in​ ​Set​ ​B​ ​if​ ​they​ ​were​ ​allowed
to
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​continue​ ​growing​ ​under​ ​conditions​ ​of​ ​darkness. ​ ​ ​ ​(4​ ​Mks)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​State​ ​FOUR​​ ​external​ ​conditions,​ ​which​ ​should​ ​be​ ​constant​ ​for​ ​both​ ​sets. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(4​ ​Mks)
(d)​ ​ ​ ​State​ ​various​ ​methods​ ​of​ ​controlling​ ​human​ ​birth​ ​rate. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(7​ ​Mks)
(e)​ ​ ​ ​Explain​ ​their​ ​biological​ ​application. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(13Mks)

BIOLOGY​ ​VI
MARKING​ ​SCHEME

1.​ ​ ​Protein;​ ​lipids;

2.​ ​ ​Transport​ ​oxygen;​ ​CO​2;​​ ​removes​ ​H+​​ ​ ​from​ ​plasma;
3.​ ​(a)​ ​ ​Oxytocin​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(b)​ ​ ​ ​Progesterone
4.​ ​ ​ ​Contractile​ ​vacuole;
5.​ ​Left​ ​ventricle​ ​pumps​ ​blood​ ​to​ ​the​ ​rest​ ​of​ ​body/Longer​ ​distance​ ​while​ ​right​ ​ventricle​ ​pumps​ ​blood
​ ​ ​ ​ ​to​ ​lump/short​ ​distance
6. Has​ ​thicker​ ​inner​ ​walls​ ​and​ ​thin​ ​outer​ ​walls​ ​which​ ​are​ ​elastic;​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​opening​ ​and​ ​closing​ ​of
stomata;
7.​ ​ ​-​ ​Allows​ ​plants​ ​to​ ​pass​ ​harsh​ ​conditions;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Allows​ ​enough​ ​time​ ​for​ ​embryos​ ​to​ ​mature;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Allows​ ​enough​ ​time​ ​for​ ​enzyme​ ​formation;
8.​ ​ ​ ​Produces​ ​insulin;​ ​that​ ​converts​ ​excess​ ​sugar​ ​to​ ​glycogen​ ​in​ ​the​ ​liver;​ ​or/some​ ​oxidise​ ​to​ ​CO​2​,
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​H2​​ O​ ​and​ ​energy​ ​released
​ ​9.​ ​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​A​ ​and​ ​C;
(ii)​ ​ ​Reason:​​ ​Same​ ​number​ ​of​ ​stamens​ ​and​ ​almost​ ​same​ ​number​ ​of​ ​branches,​ ​size​ ​of​ ​leaves​ ​and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​height;

SECTION​ ​B

10.​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​A​ ​–​ ​Stomach;​ ​ ​B​ ​–​ ​Liver;​ ​ ​C​ ​–​ ​Pancrease
(ii)​ ​ ​Stores​ ​food;​ ​digest​ ​protein;​ ​churns​ ​up​ ​food​ ​(any​ ​2)
37
 (iii)​ ​Produces​ ​pancreatic​ ​anylase;​ ​that​ ​digest​ ​starch
(iv)​ ​Insulin​ ​glucagon
11.​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​ ​To​ ​show​ ​oxygen​ ​is​ ​necessary​ ​or​ ​germination
(ii)​ ​ ​ ​To​ ​absorb​ ​oxygen
(iii)​ ​ ​A​ ​–​ ​no​ ​seed​ ​germinates;​ ​Reason​ ​–​ ​O2​​ ​ ​absent;
​ ​ ​B​ ​–​ ​most​ ​seeds​ ​germinate;​ ​Reason​ ​–​ ​O​2​​ ​present;
(iv)​ ​ ​A​ ​–​ ​experiment;​ ​B​ ​–​ ​control;
12.​ ​ ​(a) ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​ ​Anti​ ​diuretic​ ​hormone​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​Pituitary​ ​gland
(b)​ ​ ​(i)​ ​Sweat​ ​gland​​ ​–​ ​Produces​ ​sweat​ ​which​ ​cools​ ​the​ ​body​ ​as​ ​it​ ​evaporates​ ​hence
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​lowering​ ​body​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​temperature
(ii)​ ​ ​Arterioles​​ ​–​ ​They​ ​dilate​ ​when​ ​temperature​ ​is​ ​high​ ​causing​ ​more​ ​heat​ ​loss;​ ​They
​ ​ ​ ​ ​constrict​ ​when​ ​temperature​ ​is​ ​low​ ​hence​ ​reducing​ ​heat​ ​loss.
(iii)​ ​ ​Involuntary​ ​muscles​​ ​–​ ​contract​ ​(shivering)​ ​when​ ​it​ ​is​ ​cold;​ ​help​ ​to​ ​generate​ ​heat.

13.​ ​ ​(a)​ ​ ​Green​ ​plants Rabbit ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Wolf;

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(b)​ ​ ​(i)​ ​ ​Rabbit​ ​does​ ​not​ ​eat​ ​all​ ​the​ ​plants.​ ​Rabbit​ ​does​ ​not​ ​absorb​ ​all​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​from​ ​the
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​food​ ​it​ ​eats.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​(ii)​ ​ ​Excretion;​ ​and​ ​movement;​ ​undigested​ ​food​ ​in​ ​feaces.
(c)

10​ ​Units​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Wolf Drawing;

Showing​ ​biomass;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​100​ ​Units Rabbit Labelling​ ​of​ ​plants,​ ​rabbit​ ​&​ ​wolf;

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​1000​ ​Units​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Plants

14.​ ​(a)​ ​ ​Three​ ​body​ ​parts;​ ​ ​three​ ​pairs​ ​of​ ​legs;​ ​ ​compound​ ​eyes;​ ​ ​three​ ​thoracic​ ​segments
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​For​ ​pollination
​ ​-​ ​ ​Transport​ ​diseased​ ​e.g.​ ​tsetsefly,​ ​mosquitoes
​ ​-​ ​ ​Some​ ​are​ ​pests​ ​e.g.​ ​ticks
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​ ​Make​ ​food​ ​e.g.​ ​bees
​ ​-​ ​ ​Biological​ ​control​ ​e.g.​ ​wasps​ ​in​ ​coffee

SECTION​ ​C

(a) ​ ​ ​ ​100
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​90
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​80
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​70
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​60
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​50
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​40
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​30
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​20
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​10

38
 ​ ​9am 9am​ ​ ​9am​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​9am

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​3​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​4
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​9​ ​pm​ ​ ​ ​9pm​ ​ ​ ​ ​9pm​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​9pm
TIME​ ​IN​ ​DAYS

(b)​ ​A​ ​-​ ​ ​229​ ​=​ ​28.62​ ​mm;​ ​(​12​ ​+​ ​14​ ​+​ ​--+54​)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​8 8
B​ ​-​ ​340​​ ​=​ ​42.5​ ​mm;​ ​ ​(​17​ ​+​ ​23​ ​+​ ​--+​ ​96​)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​8 8
​ ​ ​ ​ ​c.​ ​ ​A​ ​-​ ​Placed​ ​on​ ​normal​ ​growth​ ​conditions;​ ​but​ ​B​ ​–​ ​in​ ​dark;​ ​and​ ​more​ ​clutins​ ​produced​ ​in​ ​the​ ​dark
from​ ​shoots;​ ​which​ ​resulted​ ​to​ ​fast​ ​cell​ ​division;​ ​elongation​ ​and​ ​hence​ ​fast​ ​growth.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​d.​ ​ ​The​ ​seedlings​ ​will​ ​die;​ ​due​ ​to​ ​lack​ ​of​ ​food;​ ​as​ ​there​ ​is​ ​no​ ​light;​ ​for​ ​photosynthesis.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​e.​ ​ ​Water;​ ​CO​2​​ ​conc;​ ​mineral​ ​salts;​ ​temperature;
16.​ ​ ​(a)​ ​I.U.D;​ ​diaphragm,​ ​condom,​ ​oral,​ ​pills,​ ​sterilization,​ ​natural​ ​method,​ ​vaginal​ ​foam​ ​and​ ​jelly.
​ ​(​7
Mks​)
(b)​ ​Biological​ ​application
​ ​ ​ ​i.​ ​ ​ ​I.U.D​​ ​–​ ​prevents​ ​implantation (1​ ​Mk​)
​ ​ ​ ​ii.​ ​ ​Diaphragm​​ ​–​ ​prevents​ ​entry​ ​of​ ​sperms​ ​into​ ​uterus
​ ​ ​iii.​ ​ ​ ​Condom​​ ​–​ ​does​ ​not​ ​allow​ ​sperm​ ​to​ ​be​ ​deposited​ ​in​ ​the​ ​reproductive​ ​duct​ ​during​ ​co-pulation
​ ​(1​ ​Mk)
​ ​ ​iv.​ ​ ​Oral​ ​pills​ ​–​ ​inhibit​ ​production​ ​of​ ​FSH;​ ​which​ ​stimulates​ ​maturation​ ​of​ ​graffian​ ​follicle​ ​ ​hence
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​no​ ​ovulation ​ ​(​2​ ​Mks)
​ ​ ​ ​v.​ ​ ​ ​Sterilisation​ ​–​ ​Vasectomy​ ​(male)​ ​prevent​ ​ejaculation​ ​of​ ​sperms
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Tubal​ ​ligation​ ​(female)​ ​prevent​ ​release​ ​of​ ​ovum​ ​hence​ ​no​ ​fertilization​ ​ ​ ​(3​ ​Mks​)
​ ​ ​ ​vi.​ ​ ​Natural​ ​method​ ​–​ ​coitus​ ​interrupts​​ ​where​ ​there​ ​is​ ​withdrawal​ ​before​ ​ejaculation;​ ​hence​ ​no
sperms​ ​deported​ ​in​ ​uterus ​ ​(​4​ ​Mks)
Rhythm​ ​method​​ ​–​ ​dependant​ ​on​ ​menstrual​ ​cycle;​ ​and​ ​knowledge​ ​of​ ​ovulation (4​ ​Mks)
​ ​ ​ ​viii.​ ​ ​Vaginal​ ​foams​ ​and​ ​jelly​ ​–​ ​kills​ ​the​ ​sperms​ ​hence​ ​no​ ​fertilization (1​ ​Mk​)
(Total​ ​=​ ​28​ ​Mks)

39