Amjad 1

Introduction:-

Daud Kamal (1935–1987) was a Pakistani poet and academic, from Peshawar city. Daud
Kamal was born on January 4, 1935 in Abbottabad. His earliest inspiration came from Burn Hall,
Cambridge School in Srinagar, Kashmir where he studied for seven years. He was a Professor of
English Literature at University of Peshawar. He wrote some poems in English. His poems were
recorded for the Library of Congress in the United States. He also did translations of the classic
Urdu poet Ghalib in English. He received three gold medals for his poetry from the Triton
College and his poems were recorded for the Library of Congress, Washington DC.
USA.‘Remote Beginnings’ and ‘A Selection of Verse’ are his anthologies. He also did
translations of the classic Urdu Poet Ghalib in English. Kamal’s poetry is interwoven with local
and religious imagery; of kingfishers and monasteries, of Hindu temples Silhouetted by the
glamour and mystique of the Arabian Nights. Yet his poetry over-arches into the present where
the Arabian Nights have twisted endings that reflect the violent contemporary.His writing style is
deeply influenced by the Imagists. “Poetry for him was Yeats and Pound” recalls his daughter
Fatima. However, he was a voracious reader of poetry, “I have never seen one enjoy reading
others’ poems as much as he did,” shared his daughter.

In his later life, he was deeply moved by Latin American authors. A man of heightened
sensitivities, he was not unaware of what was happening around him. His poetry has a unique
sense of history and the need of an artist. The need to connect to the culture of the past – images
of monasteries, miniature paintings, bullock carts and antiques are recurrent themes. As Carlo
Coppola, in his writings, pointed out, Daud’s poetry is like a “primordial scripture of a people
betrayed not only by kings and priests but by weather, geography, history, foreigners, and

most treacherously by each other”

A mere biographical sketch would clearly be unjust to a man of his brilliance and the pride he
brought to the country. Daud Kamal won three gold medals and two certificates of recognition in
the international poetry competition in the US, the Faiz award in 1987, and a posthumous

Pride of Performance award in 1990.

 Amjad 2

Daud Kamal passed away on December 5, 1987. He is buried in the cemetery of the same
university where he taught. At the time of his death, he remained unrecognized locally, as
archived documents from his colleagues show “the crowning irony was a week later, a list of
luminaries who had passed away that year was published and Daud was not amongst them.” As
he wrote in An Ode to Death

“But let bygones be bygones

Who was the deceiver and who the deceived?

Was I on the floating Island

And were you on the shore?

Which one of us moved away?”

 Amjad 3

“An Ode To Death”

Your ode to death is in the lifting of a single eyebrow. Lift it and see. (Conrad Aiken)

Death is more than certain, says e.e Cummings,

But the clocks go on ticking as before

And in every particle of carbon dust

There lives a diamond dream

How many galaxies yet to be explored-

How many seeds in the pomegranate of time?

The pine tree blasted by last year’s Thunderbolt

And the burn out match stick in my ashtray

Look so terribly alike

I have sat by your bedside and felt

Your sinking pulse. Are the hair and bones

Really indestructible and how long

Does it take for the eyes

To dissolve in the grave?

Two streams mingle in a forgotten river.

Between the eye and the tear

There is the archipelago of naked rocks

Only sleep and silence there-

No anchorage for grief.

 Amjad 4

I, too, have wandered in a forest of symbols

And clutched at the harlots of memory.

I have seen the “stars plummet to their dark addresses”

I have felt your absence around my neck

But let bygones be bygones

Who was the deceiver and who the deceived

Was I on a floating island

And were you on the shore?

Which one of us moved away?

(Daud Kamal)
 Amjad 5

Theme of the Poem “An Ode to Death”

Conrad Aiken says that “Your ode to death is in the lifting of a single eyebrow. Lift it and see”.

An ode to death is a short poem about the universal approach of death. Death is the central focus
of the poet. It means that death is not a mystery but something that can be understood through
observation of life.

Theme of decay and decline

In this poem “An Ode to Death” theme of decay and decline is given. Not only human beings are
subject to death but each and every thing in this world e.g materialistic things are subject to
decay. By using reference of ‘clock’ Daud Kamal is giving the uncertainty of time and behind
this he has the view that with time everything will be finished. Similarly the time of time of born
and time to die is defined by our creator. For example if we buy something from bazar, salesman
make sure the customer that we are giving you the guarantee of this thing for three or four years.
It means that after this defined guarantee time thing will be expire. Similar case is with human
beings’ life and death. Stephen Crane says:

“Death is a secret of life”

Fragility of life and temporality:

In this poem it is written that life is temporary and death is marked as permanent. Nothing in this
world is permanent but death is permanent. After meeting with death there is no chance of life
anymore. Life is fragile and humans are weak as well. Weak things cannot survive for long
period of time.

Theme of materialism:

Death is something through which materialistic aspects of life are destroyed by spiritual
consciousness. Death is not only used as a theme but also as a recurring motif. By reading this
poem one can analyze that Death is not concerned with particular human beings or ethnic group
or a religion. Everyone has to taste the flavor of death.
 Amjad 6

Critical Summary

Ode to death is one of the best poems of Daud Kamal. This poem is about the ultimate reality
of death and it is written in a very beautiful way. He has used symbols and imagery very
brilliantly he has also given comparison in it. Its language is really simple but the manner in
which he has conveyed a deeper thought of universal interests is admirable. There are three
major themes in it first is the ultimate reality of death, second is uncertainty of life and third is
eternal life after death. One thing which is very interesting about this poem is that he has added
two quotations of two different American but contemporary poets, in the beginning one after
another. In the opening lines of the poem he has quoted Conrad Aiken:

Your ode to death is in lifting

of a single eyebrow.lif it and see.

This very first quotation shows that there is very little distance between man’s life and death.
The story of man’s life end exactly at a time when, death grasp him in its arms. It happens
within seconds and it takes even much little time than lifting of an eyebrow. How minuscule is
distance between a man and death.

Death is more than a certain, says E.E Cummings,

But the clocks go on ticking as before

Then he takes the quotation of E.E Cummings that: Death is more than a certain

Death is an ultimate reality, it's certain and undeniable fact. No one can escape from its grip.

There is a saying of Owen Meredith that:

There is nothing certain in a man’s life that he must lose it.

No doubt that everyone experiences to perish one day, but it's likewise a fact that time bears
no effect with the demise of a soul. No one can die with the grief of his loved ones death, at last
he have to come towards his routine life. As the needles of clock never stop ticking for anyone
same is the case with human beings they never stop taking breath with the death of their
beloveds.

And in every particle of carbon-dust

 Amjad 7

There lives a diamond dreams.

If we understand the chemical composition of a diamond it’s made up of carbon. But it is not
necessary that every molecule of carbon dust becomes a constituent of the diamond or diamond
itself. Like is the case with men that it is not necessarily in the fortune of every human being that
he accomplish all his desires in this really short animation. Because:

Death is certain but the time of death is uncertain

There are two lines from Hairat Allahabadi's poetry which shows the uncertainty of life:

Aagaah apnii mout se koi basher nahiin

Saamaan sau baras ka hai pal ki khabar nahiin

How many galaxies yet to be explored-----

How many seeds in the pomegranate of time?

Human beings has great ambitions and wishes in their life, but it is impossible for a man to
fulfill them all because time is like a pomegranate and the deeds and wishes of man are its seeds
and he cannot fulfill them all. He cannot make all his whishes in really limited life.

According to Bahadur Shaw Zafar:

Umr-e-daraz mang-ke laye tthe char-din

Do arzu-me kat gaye, do intezar-me

The pine tree blasted by last year’s thunderbolt

and the burnt-out match-stick in my ashtray

looks so terribly alike.

These are really beautiful lines because the poet has made a comparison between big and
small creature very intelligently. He points out that what is a difference between a huge pine tree
which was ruined by a crash of thunder last year and a small match stick which he has burnt out
in his ashtray. The end of both is same. Both have to taste the flavor of death.

If there die a great baron of a country and a poor beggar of the same nation, what
difference is in between both. The last destination of both is grave.
 Amjad 8

There is an Italian proverb that: When the game is over, the king and pawn go into the same
box.

I have sat by your bedside and felt

your sinking pulse. Are the hair and bones

really indestructible and how long

does it take for the eyes

to dissolve in the grave?

It’s a conversation between poet and a person who is going to die. To express the uncertainty
of life poet address to a person, that is on a deathbed and says I am holding your sinking pulse
and feeling you taking last breath. Normally it is considered that hair and bones of body stayed
long while all body parts dissolved soon. So he demands a question here that how much time
your hair and bone will take to dissolve in the grave and do I too live alive till that time. Do I
have the assurity of my own life that how long I live. It’s a very nice quotation of Euripides
about the uncertainty of life: No one can confidently say that he will be living tomorrow.

Two streams mingle in a forgotten river,

Between the eye and tear,

In this verse the poet wants to say that, the Existence of human beings is the combination of
soul and body, and these two elements mingle into the luxuries and colors of life. The word ‘two
streams “used in these lines which means that, the human soul and human body and which
“mingle into the forgotten river” of world. The relationship between life and death is like the
relationship between an eye and tear. In the busy life people forget death will come as rapidly as
tears flow out from eye. No one knows that when tears will begin to move outside the eye
similarly, no one knows that when death will come but it will surely happen.

There is an archipelago of naked rocks

Only sleep and silence there,

No anchorage for grief.

Now the Daud Kamal presenting the condition of grave after death, there is a silence, and
endless sleep in the group of islands. The silence in the island in literature is the symbol of
 Amjad 9

danger and also shows the silence of death because there are no more hardships of life. Actually
Daud Kamal here presents the Islamic point of view about the eternal life after death. He says
that this is a place of barrel naked rocks, and there is no space of grief, it is free from all trails.
Troubles, sorrows of life.

I, too have wandered in a forest of symbols

And clutched at the hanots of memory,

In this verse the readers also seems Daud kamal’s, personal feelings about his own past life.
He says that he had indulged in ethically bad habits. He says that, when I imagine his own death
time, and thinks about his past life, there is nothing except the darkness of prostitutes.

I have seen the stars praament to their dark addresses

I have felt your absence around my neck

Now here Again Daud Kamal presenting the concept of death that death is a ultimate reality.
Everyone have to die. We can take an example from the history, that the brave leaders like
Muhammad bin Qasim and even cruel leaders like Hitler was came, but the end of all was death.
Death is blind it never see who is in front of it, either it is a huge or small creature.

But let bygones be gones

Who was the deceiver and who the deceived

Was I on a floating island?

And were you on the shore,

Which one of move away.

These lines are about the feeling which a man feels when death occurs and poet has express
all these feeling very beautifully. He says that I am feeling that my life is moving away from me.
Death as a cruel monster is engulfing my life. I can feel but can’t do any do anything because I
am hopeless. The poet is expressing pessimists feeling of man. The poet says that no one knows;
either life is deceiver or death or which one of them is going to deceive or both are giving
deceive to each other.
 Amjad 10

Daud kamal is asking a question to life that either on floating Island or you was on a shore
actually no one knows who moves away he is conversing with life that either you moved away
from me or I came near to death.

Technical Analysis

Ode (Lyrical poem):-

A poem that expresses deep personal feelings in a way that is like a song. This poem of Kamal
has personal thoughts and feelings. Ode is a lyric poem typically of elaborate or irregular
metrical form in which a person expresses a strong feeling of love or respect for someone or
something. This poem is written as an ode form.

Poem:-
An ode to death is a poem about the ultimate reality of death that death must happen in every
one’s life. So, when a man comes in this world a dream is also born with him. In the poem “An
Ode to Death” the diction employed by Daud Kamal is finest. His writing style is deeply
influenced by the imagists. “Poetry for him was of Yeats and Pounds”. He was the true son of
soil.

Tone:-
The tone of the whole poem is pessimistic, gloomy and dark. It is full of suspense and sensation.
It does not vary from stanza to stanza, it remains consistent, spiritual. The theme of death is so
gloomy and serious and that seriousness reaches to its height by his using diction like
thunderbolt, grave, forest of symbols etc.

Metaphor:-
It is a word or phrase for one thing that is used to refer to another thing in order to show or
suggest that they are similar. So, he has used metaphorical expressions in the first stanza such as:

“And in every particle of carbon-dust

There lives a diamond dreams”

 Amjad 11

Every man nourishes a dream which dies with his death. So, here ‘diamond dream’ and ‘carbon
dust’ represent death of man’s dream with his death.

“ how many galaxies yet to be explored” here the word ‘galaxies represent man’s wihes or
dreams that are not yet fulfilled but death finished it.

“ The pine tree blasted by last year’s thunderbolt

And the burnt-out match-strike in my ashtry look so terribly alike”

Here poet compares the man’s death with the death of ‘pine tree’ and “match strike”. He tells
about the uncertainty of death and says that thing can be big like pine tree and can be small like
match-strike but everything has to taste the death.

Imagery:-
Imagery means to use figurative language to represent objects, actions and ideas in such a
way that it appeals to our physical senses. So, poet has used imagery in the second stanza like:

“I have sat by your bedside and felt

Your sinking pulse. Are the hair and bones

Really indestructible and how long

Does it take for the eyes?

To dissolve in the grave”

In this whole stanza the poet has depicted the whole scenery and he appears to be a witness of a
person’s breathing his last.

Islamic Approach:-
“Two streams mingle in a forgotten river.

Between the eye and the tear

There is the archipelago of naked rocks

Only sleep and silence there-

No anchorage for grief.”

 Amjad 12

In this stanza the poet describes Islamic approach using the word ‘forgotten river’ that our soul
and physical body mingle in forgotten river, and we have forgotten our real aim and so busy in
the luxuries of the life that we have ignored eternity. Forgotten river is the ignored eternity.
‘Sleep and silence’ symbolize the eternal peace.

Style:-
The style of this poem is dramatic monologue and dramatic monologue is a poem in the form of
a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects
of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events. Daud Kamal
representing this poem in the form of dramatic monologue he represents in these verses such as:

“I have felt your absence around my neck

But let bygones be bygones

Who was the deceiver and who the deceived

Was I on a floating island?

And were you on the shore?

Which one of us moved away?”

So, the poem ends on the confusing note that this is an address to a man by his soul or soul is
addressing to the man. Hence suspense remains till the end.
 Amjad 13

Conclusion
It is concluded that “An Ode to Death” by Daud Kamal is a poem about the certainty of death. It
is not written for the special area. It is a universal phenomenon. By using different examples like
‘clock’, ‘thunderbolt’, ‘galaxies’ etc. he creates the effect of naturality. Images create concrete
pictures in our mind. That images have symbolic interpretations for e.g. clock is the symbol of
uncertainty of life as time is uncertain. It does not wait for anyone. Language used by Daud
Kamal is very simple and easy. Construction and arrangement (syntax) of words is easy to
understand. Equally important are inter-woven stanzas that create the boundage of thought
throughout the poem. In the whole poem reader finds himself engaged with the idea of
happening of death. Whole poem revolves around the opening verse of poem that is “Death is
more than a certain”. In the last he has personal feelings as he was involved in ethically corrupt
habits.
 Amjad 14

Bibliography
 http://fajardo-acosta.com/worldlit/flaubert/bovary.htm.
 www.wikipedia.com
 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Summary_of_an_ode_to_death_by_daud_kamal#ixzz33jHlLu
7b
 http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/topics/topic_death.html#DZSzrSl1sHA7mYgM.99