Notes

CHAPTER 1 THE MEANING OF DETENTE

I. Arthur M. Schlesinger,J r., 'Detente: an American Perspective', in Detente in
Historical Perspective, edited by G. Schwab and H . Friedlander (NY: Ciro
Press, 1975) p. 125. From Hamlet, Act III, Scene 2.
2. Gustav Pollak Lecture at Harvard, 14 April 1976; reprinted in James
Schlesinger, 'The Evolution of American Policy Towards the Soviet Union',
International Security; Summer 1976, vol. I, no. I, pp . 46-7 .
3. Theodore Draper, 'Appeasement and Detente' , Commentary, Feb . 1976, vol.
61, no. 8, p. 32.
4. Coral Bell, in her book, The Diplomacy ofDitente (London: Martin Robertson,
1977), has written an extensive analysis of the triangular relationship but
points out that, as of yet, no third side to the triangle - the detente between
China and the USSR - exists, p. 5.
5. Seyom Brown, ' A Cooling-Off Period for U .S.-Soviet Relations', Foreign
Policy , Fall 1977, no. 28, p. 12. See also 1. Aleksandrov, 'Peking: a Course
Aimed at Disrupting International Detente Under Cover of Anti-
Sovietism', Pravda , 14 May 1977- translated in Current DigestofSoviet Press .
Hereafter, only the Soviet publication will be named.
6. Vladimir Petrov , U.S.-Soviet Detente: Past and Future (Wash ington D.C .:
American Enterprise Institute for Publi c Policy Research, 1975) p. 2.
7. N. Kapcheko, 'Socialist Foreign Policy and the Reconstruction of Inter-
national Relations', International Affairs (Moscow), no. 4, Apr . 1975, p. 8.
8. L. Brezhnev, Report of the Tioenty-Fiftn Congress of the Communist Parry of the
Soviet Union, 24 Feb. 1976.
9. Marshall Shulman, 'Toward a Western Philosophy of Coexistence' ,Foreign
Affairs, vol. 52, Oct. 1973, p. 36; and Walter Laqueur, ' Detente: Western
and Soviet Interpretations', Suroey; vol. 19, Summer 1973, p. 74.
10. See Marshal Sergei Biryuzov (Soviet Chief of Stafl) , Izoestia, II Dec. 1963.
Quoted from Raymond Garthoff, 'Mutual Deterrence, Parity and Strategic
Arms Limitation in Soviet Policy', in Derek Leebaert, Soviet MilitaryThinking
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1981) pp . 92-4.
II. Pravda, 16 Oct. 1974.
12. Fritz Emarth, 'Contrasts in American and Soviet Strategic Thought' , in
Leebaert, Soviet Military Thinking, p. 58.
13. This American inclination is described in George Kennan, American
Diplomacy /900-/950 (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1952) pp . 95-6.
14. Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace (London : Andre Deutsch, 1978) p. 9.
IS. Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1979)
p.915.
210
 Notes to pp. 4-19 211

16. Yergin, Shattered Peace , pp . 10-12 .

17. Douglas Scrivner, 'The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe:
Implications for Soviet-American Detente', DenverJournal ofInternational Law
andPolicy, Spring 1976, vol. 6, no. 1, pp . 140-50.
18. Robert McGeehan, 'American Policies and the U.S .-Soviet Relationship',
World Today, Sept. 1978, vol. 34, no. 9, p. 349.
19. James Schlesinger in Defending America (N.Y.: Basic Books Inc. Publishers,
1977)p. xii.
20. Paul Seabury, 'Beyond Detente', in Defending America, p. 233.
21. Draper, 'Appeasement and Detente', Commentary, p. 34.
22. John Herz, 'Detente and Appeasement from a Political Scientist's Vantage
Point', in Detente in Historical Perspective , p. 26.
23. Edward Kennedy, 'Beyond Detente', Foreign Policy, Fall 1974, no. 16, p. 3.
24. Schlesinger, 'The Evolution ofAmerican Policy Towards the Soviet Union',
International Security, pp. 46-7 .
25. Harold Nicolson , Diplomacy (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1939) p. 242.
26. Keith Eubank, 'Detente 1919-1939: a Study in Failure', in Detente in
Historical Perspective, p. 6.
27. Bell, The Diplomacy ofDitente; p. 5.
28. Josef Korbel, 'Detente and World Order', DenverJournal ofInternational Law
and Policy, Spring 1976, vol. 6, no. I, p. 13.
29. Schlesinger, ' Detente: an American Perspective', Detente in Historical Perspec-
tive, p. 125.
30. Walter C. Clemens Jr., 'T he Impact of Detente on Chinese and Soviet
Communism' ,Journal ofInternationalAffairs, 1974, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 134.
31. Kennedy, 'Beyond Detente', Foreign Policy , p. 6.
32. Detente Hearings, pp . 301-2.
33. Hans Morgenthau, 'Detente: Reality and Illusion', The WallStreetJournal, 18
July 1974.
34. Detente Hearings, p. 239.
35. Ibid ., p. 301.
36. American-Soviet Detente, Peace and National Security, edited by Fred Warner
Neal (Santa Barbara, California: Fund for the Republic, Inc., 1976) p. 26.
37. Anatoly A. Gromyko, 'The Future ofSoviet-American Diplomacy', Anllals,
July 1974, vol. 414, pp . 27-40.
38. Hedley Bull, 'The Scope for Super-Power Agreements' , Arms Control and
National Security , vol. I, 1969, p. 2.

CHAPTER 2 THE SETTING FOR DETENTE

I. Alexis de Tocqueville in Democracy in America , 1835, tr . Henry Reeve (N.Y.:
Colonial Press, 1899) vol. I, pp . 441-2.
2. E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution /9/7-/923, vol. III (London : Macmillan,
1953) pp. 109-13 .
3. Max Beloff, The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia /929-/94/ vol. 1 (London:
Oxford University Press, 1947) p. 117.
4. Beloff, The Foreign Policy ofSoviet Russia /929-194/ vol. I , p. 117.
212 Notes to pp. 19-32

5. S. Brookhart, New York Times , 17 Nov. 1933.

6. joseph Whelan, 'The United States and Diplomatic Recognition : The
Contrasting Cases of Russia and Communist China' , The China Quarterly,
jan.-Mar. 1961, no. 5, pp . 63-4.
7. Diane Shaver Clemens, Yalta (London: Oxford University Press, 1970)
pp .262-3.
8. For the Tripartite Agreement see Foreign Relations of the United States:
Diplomatic Papers: the Conferences at Malta and Yalta (Washington D.C .: US
Government Printing Office, 1955) pp . 968-84.
9. A. W. DePorte, Europe Between theSuperpowers (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1979) p. 92.
10. DePorte, Europe Between the Superpowers, pp. 108-12.
II. DePorte, Europe Between the Superpowers, p. 123.
12. Sir john Wheeler-Bennett and Anthony Nicholls, The Semblance of Peace
(N.Y.: St Martin's Press, 1972) p. 556.
13. Cominform statement regarding expulsion of Yugoslavia, 28 june 1948;
Stephen Clissold, ed., Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union (London: Oxford
University Press, 1975) pp. 202-7 .
14. DePorte, Europe Between theSuperpowers , p. 121 .
15. Yergin, Shattered Peace, p. 400.
16. Herbert Butterfield, International Conflict in the Twentieth Century (London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1960) p. 77.

CHAPTER 3 THE 'SPIRIT OF GENEVA'

I. j . Robert Oppenheimer, 'Atomic Weapons and American Policy', Foreign
Affairs,july 1953, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 529.
2. Quoted in Albert Weeks, The Troubled Detente (N.Y. : New York University
Press, 1976) p. 86.
3. Pravda, 25 Apr. 1953.
4. Pravda, IOjuly 1953.
5. For details see Walter Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, 2nd edn
. (N.Y.: john Wiley, 1972) pp. 174-5.
6. Lafeber , America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 5.
7. Norman Graebner, TheNew Isolationism (N.Y.: The Ronald Press Co. , 1956)
p.229.
8. Pravda, II Aug. 1953.
9. Pravda, 4 Dec. 1953.
10. Fontaine, History of the Cold War, pp . 64-5.
II. Fontaine, History of the Cold War, pp. 66-7.
12. Philippe Devillers and jean Lacouture, End of a War (London: Pall Mall
Press, 1969) pp. 104-5.
13. Ibid ., pp . 104-5.
14. For full details see Bernhard Bechhofer, Postwar NegotiationsforArms Control
(Washington D.C .: The Brookings Institution, 1961); see also Philip
Noel-Baker , The Arms Race (London: Atlantic Books, 1958).
15. Anthony Nutting, Disarmament (London: Oxford University Press, 1959)
p.IO.
 Notes to pp. 33-49 213

16. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, p. 505.

17. Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, pp. 14~50 .
18. Graebner, The New Isolationism, p. 236.
19. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, p. 508.
20. Richard Rovere, The Eisenhower Years (N.Y.: Farra, Straus & Cudahy, 1956)
p.27.
21. Rovere, The Eisenhower Years, pp. 26~ 70.
22. Quoted in Chris/ian Science Monitor, 16July 1955.
23. Alastair Buchan , 'The President's Optimism', Observer, 17July 1955.
24. Ellie Abel, 'Eisenhower Credits Soviets with Earnest Peace Aims', New York
Times, 21 July 1955.
25. Quoted in Manchester Guardia", 25 July 1955.
26. Walter Lippmann, 'Today and Tomorrow', New York Herald Tribune (Eur.
Ed.), 2 Aug. 1955.
27. Sunday Times, 24 July 1955.
28. Eisenhower, Public Papers, 1955, p. 725.
29. Rovere, The Eisenhower Years, Letter from Geneva, 27 July 1955, p. 283.
30. Pravda, 20 August 1955.
31. Pravda, 5 August 1955.
32. Quoted in New York Times, 26July 1955.
33. Eisenhower , Public Papers, 1955, no. 76, pp. 731-2 .
34. John C. Campbell, 'Negotiations with the Soviets', Foreign Affairs, January
1956, vol. 34, no. 2, p. 305.
35. Roscoe Drummond, 'Behind Soviet Smiles', New York Herald Tribune (Eur.
Ed.), 3 Aug. 1955.
36. Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune, 30 August 1955.
37. Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 186.
38. M. Mikhailov, Izuestia, 17 Nov. 1955.
39. Quoted in 'What Should U.S. Do About Russia?', Foreign Policy Bulletin, 15
July 1956, vol. 35, no. 21, p. 166.
40. Graebner, The New Isolationism, pp. 230-1.
41. Quoted in Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 186.
42. Graebner, The New Isolationism, pp. 230-1.
43. Eisenhower, Public Papers (1956), no. 23, p. 211.
44. Lafeber , America , Russia and the Cold War, pp. 186-7.
45. Bechhoefer, Postwar Negotiations for Arms Control, p. 272.
46. Pravda, 15 Feb. 1956.
47. Khrushchev, 0" Peaceful Coexistence, p. 10; from Lenin's Works, vol. 23, p. 58.
48. Joseph Korbel, Ditente in Europe (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univer-
sity Press, 1972) pp. 15-6.
49. Lafeber , America, Russia andthe Cold War, p. 195;from August Campbell, The
American Voter (N.Y., 1960) pp. 198-200,526-8.
50. A full discussion of the growth of superpower competition in the Middle East
can be found in Chapter 4.
51. Pravda, 6 Nov. 1956.
52. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace, 195~1961 (London : Heinemann,
(966) p. 90.
53. Khrushchev Speaks , ed. by Thomas Whitney, p. 204.
54. Pravda, 31 Oct. 1956.
214 Notes to pp. 49-70

55. For a more detailed account of events see Frene VaH, Rift and Revolt in
Hungary (London: Oxford University Press. 1961). pp. 364-9; and Tibor
Meray, Thirteen Days That Shook the Kremlin (London: Thames & Hudson.
1958) pp. 186-96.
56. Eisenhower. Waging Peace, p. 87.
57. Ibid .• p. 67.
58. Eisenhower. Wagin.s: Peace, p. 89.
59. Pravda . 14 Dec. 1956.
60. New York Times, 4 Nov. 1956.
61. Pravda . 15 Dec. 1956.
62. Detente: Cold War Strategies in Transition . ed. by Eleanor Lansing Dulles and
Robert Crane (N.Y.: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965) P: 105.
63. Butterfield. International Conflict in the Twentieth Century, p. 63.
64. Rovere, The Eisenhoioer Years . p. 275.
65. See Current Digest ofSoviet Press, 1953-56.
66. Rovere, The Eisenhower Years (Letter from Washington D.C., 7 July 1955)
p.270.
67. Khrushchev. On Peaceful Coexistence , p. 8.
68. Quoted in Graebner, The New Isolationism. p. 211.
69. Ibid., p. 238.
70. Ibid., p. 210.
71 . Eisenhower. Public Papers (1956). no. 210, p. 785.
72. Quoted in James P. Warburg. Turning Point Towards Peace (N.Y .: Current
Affairs Press. 1955), p. II.
73. Detente: Cold WarStrategies in Transition, ed. by Dulles and Crane. p. 103.
74. Eisenhower. Public Papers (1955). no. 95. p. 488.
75. Eisenhower. Mandate for Change, p. 530.
76. Radio Address. 18 Nov. 1955.

CHAPTER 4 THE 'SPIRIT OF CAMP DAVID'

I. Iruestia, 17 Sept. 1959.
2. Department of State Bulletin, II Feb. 1957, vol. 36, no. 920. p. 211.
3. Yair Evron, The Middle East (London : Paul Elek, 1973) pp. 130-9.
4. Section Two of Resolution reprinted in Seyom Brown, The Faces of Power
(N.Y.: Columbia University Press. 1968) p. 128.
5. Tito's speech to the LCY activists at Pula, II Nov. 1956. in Clissold,
Yugoslavia and theSoviet Union. p. 267.
6. Quoted in Dallin, Soviet Foreign Policy After Stalin, p. 451.
7. For an account of the power struggle see Adam Ularn, Expansion and
Coexistence (London: Seeker & Warburg. 1968) pp. 604-5.
8. Reprinted in Pravda and Iruestia .
9. Pravda. 4 Oct. 1957.
10. Pravda and hvestia, 19 Nov. 1957.
II. Pravda and Iruestia, 19 Nov. 1957.
12. Pravda, 22 Nov. 1957.quoted in Dallin,SovietForeign Policy AfterStalin, p. 457.
13. Ulam. Expansion and Coexistence. p. 599.
14. William Zimmerman. ' Russia and the International Order' , SurvO'. no. 58.
 Notes to pp. 70-83 215

January 1966, pp. 209-13, quoted in Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold
War, p. 202.
15. Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade - and After: America /915-/960 (N.Y.:
Random House - Vintage Edition , 1960) pp. 309-10.
16. Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, pp . 201-2 .
17. Alastair Cooke, 'Survival? - The Great U.S. Debate', Manchester Guardian, I
Jan. 1958.
18. Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, pp . 201-2 .
19. Daily Telegraph, 3Jan. 1958.
20. Ibid .
21. Department ofState Bulletin, 3 Feb. 1958, vol. 38, no. 971, p. 163.
22. Ibid ., 3 Feb. 1958, vol. 38, no. 971, p. 162.
23. Ibid ., 27 Jan . 1958, vol. 38, no. 970, p. 116.
24. Philip Deane, 'Russia Changing Summit Tactics', Observer Foreign News
Service, 17June 1958.
25. Quoted in Seyom Brown, The Faces of Power (N.Y.: Columbia University
Press, 1968) p. 138.
26. Ibid ., p. 128.
27. Message from Khrushchev to Eisenhower, Proudallzoestia, 20July 1958.
28. Donald Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Conflict /956-/96/ (Princeton, New Jersey:
Princeton University Press, 1962) p. 39.
29. Klaus Mehnert, Peking and Moscow (N.Y.: Mento Books, 1964) p. 349.
30. Quoted in Brown, The Faces of Power , P: 148.
31. Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Coriflict /956-/96/ , pp . 20 I, 206.
32. Kalicki , The Pattern ofSino-American Crises, p. 183.
33. Ibid ., p. 160.
34. Peking Review, 6 Sept . 1963, quoted in ibid., p. 185.
35. Quoted in Brown, The Faces qf Power, p. 148.
36. Ibid ., p. 148.
37. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 67.
38. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, pp. 453-4.
39. Quoted in Ulam , Expansion and Coexistence , p. 620.
40. Philip Windsor, Germany and the Management of Detente (London: Chatto &
Wind us, 1971) p. 12.
41. Ulam , Expansion and Coexistence, p. 619.
42. Press release 12 Dec. 1958; United States Department of State Bulletin, 29 Dec.
1958, vol. 39, no. 1018, p. 1041.
43. United States Department ofStateBulletin , 19Jan. 1959, vol. 40, no. 1021,p. 80.
44. Department of State Bulletin, 26 Jan . 1959, vol. 40, no. 1025, p. II.
45. Harold Macmillan , Riding the Storm /956-/959 (London: Macmillan, 1971)
p.610.
46. Ibid ., p. 631.
47. Quoted in Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, p. 621.
48. Harrison Salisbury, 'Khrushchev and Summit', New York Times, 2 Apr.
1959.
49. Izvestia, II Apr. 1959.
50. Richard Nixon, The Memoirs ofRichard Nixon (New York: Grosset & Dunlap,
1978) pp. 208-9 .
51. Pravda, 10 Apr. 1959.
216 Notes to pp. 83-98

52. Report to Twenty-First Party Congress, Pravda, 22Jan . 1959.

53. Khrushchev's Foreign Policy Report to the Supreme Soviet, 31 Oct . 1959,
Pravda , 1 Nov. 1959.
54. Department ofStateBulletin , 28 Sept. 1959, vol. 41, no. 1057, pp. 436-8.
55. Ibid., pp. 436-8 .
56. Ieuestia, 17 Sept. 1959.
57. Pravda, 18 Sept. 1959.
58. Pravda, 18 Sept. 1959.
59. A. Adzhubei, lzuestia, 22 Sept. 1959.
60. Pravda, 30 Sept. 1959.
61. Khrushchev Speaks, ed. by Thomas Whitney (Ann Arbor, Michigan: The
University of Michigan Press, 1963) p. 372.
62. New York Times, 29 Sept. 1959.
63. Press Conference, 28 Sept. 1959, reported in the New York Herald Tribune, 29
Sept. 1959.
64. New York Times, 17 Nov. 1959.
65. Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs ofHope (London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971)
p.202.
66. David Calleo, Europe's Future: the Grand Alternatives (N.Y.: Horizon Press,
1965) p. 120.
67. de Gaulle, Memoirs ofHope, p. 229.
68. Brian Crozier, De Gaulle: the Statesman (London: Eyre Methuen, 1973)
p.547.
69. DePorte, Europe Between the Superpowers, p. 234.
70. Mehnert, Peking and Moscow, pp. 422-3 .
71. Quoted in Ulam, Expansionand Coexistence, pp. 610-1.
72. Alastair Buchan, The End of the Postwar Era (London : Weidenfeld &
Nicolson, 1974) pp. 22-3 .
73. Quoted in New York Times, 18 Dec. 1959.
74. United States Department ofStateBulletin , I Feb. 1960,vol. 43, no. 1075,p. 146.
75. UnitedStatesDepartment ojStateBulletin, 29 Feb. 1960,vol. 42, '10. 1079,p. 320.
76. New York Herald Tribune, 10 Mar. 1960.
77. Quoted in Lafeber, America , Russia and the Cold War, pp. 213-4 .
78. Praodallzuestia, 26 Apr. 1960.
79. Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 214.
80. New York Times, 28 Apr. 1960.
81. Pravda, 6 May 1960.
82. New York Times, 12 May 1960.
83. Speech to Workers Conference , Pravda , 29 May 1960.
84. Iruestia, 22 May 1960.
85. See Khrushchev's speech, 20 May 1960 in Berlin. Paul Woh1, 'Coexistence
Line Braced by Khrushchev', Christian Science Monitor, 23 May 1960.
86. Eisenhower, Waging Peace, p. 560.
87. Warren Rogers, 'Age of DO-IT-YOURSELF Diplomacy', New York Herald
Tribune, 15 Nov. 1959.
88. See Elmer Plischke, 'Eisenhower's Correspondence Diplomacy with the
Kremlin - Case Study in Summit Diplomatics', TheJournal ofPolitics, Feb .
1968, vol. 30, no. I, pp. 137-59.
 Notes to pp. 99-110 217

89. Robert Stephens, ' Why Khrushchev Did It', Observer Foreign News Service, 29
May 1960.
90. James Reston , 'Conflict at the Summit', New York Times, 17 May 1960.
91. Eisenhower, Waging Peace , pp. 553-4.
92. David Floyd, ' Interna tional Politics Cause Khrushchev Switch ', Daily
Telegraph, 17 May 1960.
93. Khrushchev Speaks, ed. by Thomas Whitney, p. 37.

CHAPTER 5 THE POST-MISSILE CRISIS DETENTE

1. New York Times, II Aug. 1963.
2. Izuestia, 30July 1963.
3. New York Times, 21 Jan . 1961.
4. William Stringer, 'State of'the Nations' , Christian Science Monitor, 6Jan. 1961.
5. John Hightower, 'Cold War Tactics High on Kennedy Agenda', New York
Herald Tribune, 10Jan . 1961.
6. During the 1960 Presidential elections which were dominated by questions
or national security, a significant shirt had taken place in the American
intellectual climate regarding questions or disarmament and arms control.
There was a growing belief that the accelerating procurement or sophisti-
cated weaponry was contributing more to American insecurity than
security. In the Fall 1960 special issue or Daedalus, several or America's
leading strategic thinkers agreed that civilisation was raced with an
unprecedented crisis and that serious proposals for arms control with
attainable goals - essential unto itself - needed to be pursued. This is
significant because such influential thinkers were to playa significant role in
the Kennedy Administration and lay the foundation for progress in this
area.
7. Ammca and Russia: From Cold War to Confrontation to Coexistence, ed. by
Gary Hess (N.Y.: Thomas Crowell Co ., 1973) p. 103.
8. Quoted in New York Tribune , 5 Feb . 1961.
9. Seymour Topping, 'Soviets Wary About Kennedy', New York Tribune , 15
Mar. 1961.
10. Harry Schwartz, 'Russia and Summitry', New York Tribune, 16Jan. 1961.
II. Iruestia, quoted in James McSherry, Khrushchev andKennedy in Retrospect (Palo
Alto, CA: The Open Door Press, 1971) p. 65.
12. Izoestia, quoted in ibid ., p. 65.
13. Pravda, quoted in ibid., p. 66.
14. Theodore Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Harper & Row, 1965) p. 550.
15. Sorensen, Kennedy , p. 586.
16. U.S. News and World Report, 24,July 1961, pp . 31-5.
17. Anatoly Gromyko, Through' Russian Jo:yes (Washington D.C .: International
Library Inc ., 1973) p. 11.
18. Sorensen, Kennedy, p. 619.
19. George Gallup, The Gallup Polls, vol. 3 (N.Y.: Random House, 1972) p. 1726.
20. John McCloy, Kennedy's disarmament adviser, quoted in McSherry,
Khrushchev and Kennedy in Retrospect, p. 74.
218 Notes to pp. 111-22

21. Sorensen, Kennedy ; p. 726.

22. Harry Schwartz, New York Times, 25 Feb. 1962.
23. Richard Scott, Guardian, 21 Feb. 1962.
24. Quoted in McSherry, Khrushchev and KCllnedy ill Retrospect, p. 115.
25. Anatol Rapoport, The Big Two (N.Y.: Pegasus , 1971) pp. 182-3.
26. Charles Bohlen, Witlless to History (N.Y.: W. W. Norton, 1973) p. 495.
27. William Griffith , Cold War and Coexistence: Russia, China and the UnitedStates
(Englewood Cliffs, N.]. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971) p. 78.
28. McSherry, Khrushchev and Kennedy in Retrospect, p. 103; Parliamentary Debates,
Commons, vol. 664, col. 1054.
29. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, p. 494.
30. Roger Hilsman, To Move a Nation (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co.,
Inc. , 1967) p. 228.
31. Max Frankel, 'Washington Sees Balance Shifting', New York Tribune, I Nov.
1962.
32. The Times, 5 Nov. 1962.
33. Ibid .
34. Gordon Brook-Shepherd , 'Big Drive to Get Russian Accord', Sunday
Telegraph, 18 Nov. 1962.
35. John Hightower, 'Historic Decisions Believed in Making in World Capi-
tals', New York Herald Tribune (Eur. Ed.), 23 Nov. 1962.
36. Joseph Alsop, ' Yoo Hoos from Russia', New York Herald Tribune, 28 Nov.
1962.
37. Quoted in The Sunday Times , 25 Nov. 1962.
38. Quoted in New York Times (Int. Ed.), II Dec. 1962.
39. Khrushchev's New Year's Message to Kennedy, reprinted in The Times,
.1 Jan. 1963.
40. Kennedy's New Year's Message to Khrushchev, 3Jan. 1963, reprinted in
United States Information Service bullet in.
41. New York Times, II Feb. 1963.
42. New York Times, 16 Feb. 1963.
43. New York Times, 25 Feb. 1963.
44. Seymour Topping, New York Times, 13 Mar. 1963.
45. Reprinted in Peter G. Filene (ed.), American Views ofSoviet Russia /9/7-/965
(Homewood, Illinois : Dorsey Press, 1968) pp . 386-7 .
46. Ibid .
47. New York Times, II Aug. 1963.
48. Daily Telegraph, 12 Aug. 1963.
49. Ieuestia, 30July 1963.
50. George Ball, Diplomacy for a Crowded World (London: The Bodley Head,
1976) p. Ill.
51. McSherry, Khrushchev and Kennedy ill Retrospect, p. 182.
52. ]FK: Papers ofthe Presidents (Washington D.C.: United States Government
Printing Office, 1964) pp. 795-6.
53. Sunday Times, 20 Oct. 1963.
54. Max Frankel, 'Problems of the Thaw', New York Times, 25 Oct. 1963.
55. Sorensen, Kennedy, p. 745.
56. Cold War Strategies ill Transition, ed. by Eleanor Dulles and Robert Crane
(N.Y.: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965) p. 114.
 Notes to pp. /22-50 219

57. New York Times , 2Jan. 1964.

58. Walter Lippman, "T he Thaw' , New York Herald Tribune (Eur. Ed .), 3 Jan.
1964.
59. James Reston , 'The New Soft Mood Music in theCold .War' ,New York Times,
22 Apr. 1964.
60. Radoslav Selucky, Ceahosiouakia: the Plan That Failed (London: Thomas
Nelson , 1970) pp. 127-34 .
61. Edward Cranshaw, 'East and West Enter a New Phase', New York Times, 30
Aug. 1964.
62. Roy Medvedev, Khrushchev: The Years in Power (Oxford : Oxford University
Press, 1977) pp. 143-75.
63. Archie Brown and Michael Kaser (eds), The Soviet Union Since the Fall of
Khrushchev (London : Ma cmillan , 1975) p. 218.
64. Weeks, The Troubled Ditente, p. 186.
65. See Weeks, The Other Side of Coexistence, pp . 184-8,197-209,212-21.
66. Victor Zorza , 'LBJ Visit: a Soviet Warning', Guardian, 13 Feb . 1965.
67. New York Herald Tribune (Eur. Ed.), 18 Feb . 1965.
68. Quoted in Zbigniew Brzezinski, 'How the Cold War Was Played', Foreign
Affairs, Oct. 1972, vol. 51, no. I, p. 196.
69. It is interesting to note that throughout 1965 and 1966, this calm occurred
against the backdrop of United States military intervention in Dominica,
Indo-Pakistan fighting in Kashmir, the French withdrawal from the
integrated structure of NATO, and other events that might have caused a
great dcal of tension .
70. Michael Howard and Robert Hunter, 'Israel and the Arab World : the Crisis
of 1967', AdelphiPapers no. 41, Oct. 1967, pp . 15-16 .
71. Mohammed Heikal, Nasser (London : New English Library, 1971) p. 217.
72. Howard and Hunter, AdelphiPapers, p. 31.
73. Lyndon Johnson , The Vantage Point (N.Y .: Holt , Rinehard and Winston ,
1971) p. 481.

CHAPTER 6 THE MOSCOW DETENTE

I. President Richard Nixon, 'Inaugural Address' , 20Jan. 1969.
2. Kissinger, White House Years, pp . 159-62.
3. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 156.
4. Barn et, The Giants, p. 37.
5. Quoted in House Hearing, Ditente; p. 91.
6. Quotcd in Ian Clark, 'Sino-Soviet Relations in Soviet Perspective' , Orbis,
Summer 1973, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 480.
7. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 389.
8. Ibid ., p. 422.
9. Stanley Hoffmann, Primacy or World Order (N.Y.: McGraw-Hili Book
Company, 1978) p. 48.
10. Kissinger, White House Years , p. 410.
II. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 416.
12. Ibid ., p. 520.
13. Willy Brandt, People and Politics (London : Collins , 1978) p. 284.
220 Notes to pp. 150-85

14. Lawrence Whetten, Germany 's Ostpolitik (London: Oxford University Press,
1971) p. 176.
15. Windsor, Germany and the Management of Ditente, p. 202.
16. Pravda, 29 Aug. 1971.
17. Theodore Draper, ' Detente', Commentary, vol. 57, no. 6,June 1974, p. 37.
18. Gerald Steibe1, Detente: Promises andPitfalls (N. Y.: Crane, Russak & Co , Inc.,
1975) p. 14.
19. Kissinger, White House Years , pp. 819-20.
20. For details, see ibid., pp . 1216-22, 1229-46.
21. Pravda, 31 Mar. 1971.
22. Pravda, I Dec. 1971.
23. Kissinger, White House Years, pp, 859-916.
24. American Bar Association, Detente (Chicago: ABA Press, 1977) p. 8.
25. Vladimir Petrov, US-Soviet Detente: Past and Future (Washington D.C. :
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1975) p. 18.
26. Stephen Cohen, 'Soviet Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy', in Common
Sense in US-Soviet Relations (Washington D.C .: American Committee on
East-West Accord, 1978) p. 6.
27. Bruno Pitterman, 'The Moral Factor in the Conduct of Foreign Affairs' , in
G. R. Urban, Detente (London: Temple Smith, 1976) pp. 15-6.
28. Quoted in Kissinger and Detente , ed. Sobel, p. 139.
29. Quoted in Pitterman, 'T he Moral Factor in the Conduct of Foreign Affairs',
in Urban, Ditente, pp . 15-6.
30. Cor al Bell, 'The October Middle East War : a Case Study in C risis
Management during Detente' , International Affairs (London) , O ct. 1974, vol.
50, no. 4, pp. 531-43.
31. William Quandt, 'Soviet Policy in the October Middle East War',
International Affairs, Oct. 1977, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 602-3 . See also William
Quandt , Decade ofDecisions (Berkeley : University of California Press, 1977)
p.192.
32. Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (London : Weidenfeld, Nicolson &
Joseph, 1982) p. 878.
33. Mohammed Heikal, TheRoadtoRamadan (London: Collins , 1975) pp. 272-3 .
34. For a full account see Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, pp . 854-95.
35'. Quandt, 'Soviet Policy in the O ctober Middle East War', International
Affairs, pp. 593-4.
36. Quoted in Kissinger and Detente, ed. Sobel , p. 176.
37. New York Times, 6 Apr . 1976.
38. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 12.
39. Ibid., p. 516.
40. Ibid ., p. 840.
41. Hoffman, Primacy or World Order , p. 50.
42. Hoffman, Primacy or World Order, p. 71.
43. Draper, 'Appeasement and Detente' , Commentary, p. 28.
44. Seyom Brown, 'A Cooling-off Period for US-Soviet Relations' , Foreign Policy,
Fall 1977, p. 21.
 Notes to pp. 198-9 221

CHAPTER 7 THE NATURE OF DETENTE

I. Quoted in John Armstrong, 'The Soviet-American Confrontation: A New
Stage?', The Russian Review, Apr. 1964, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 9.
2. Weeks, The Troubled Detente, p. 103.
3. Press Conference, 25 Feb . 1973, Congressional Quarlerly Weekry Report, 32, no. 9,
p.556.
4. Draper,' Appeasement and Detente', Commentary ; p. 33.
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Index
Adenauer, Konrad, 28, 41, 8G-I , Bevin, Ernest, 23
87-8 Bilateral Exchange Agreement
Afghanistan, 43, 204, 207 (1959),72,96
Africa, 182 biological warfare treaty (1972), 156
Albania, III, 118 bipolarity, 16--17
Algeria, 87 Bohlen, Charles, 115
'Alliance for Progress ' (US-Latin Brandon, Henry, 121
American), 105 Brandt, Willy, 134, 148-50, 172
Alsop, Joseph, 117 Brezhnev, Leonid : on detente, 2-3,
Andropov, Yuri, 207, 209 197,208; rise to power, 126; and
Angola, 171, 17~6, 181 Eastern Europe, 127;
Anti-Comintern Pact (1936),20 administration, 130; and European
Apollo-Soyuz mission, 172 security, 130, 150-1; and Czech
Arabs : oil embargo (1973) ,10, invasion, 135; revises
16~7, 1,69, 184; USSR supports, Khrushchev's policies, 141 ; 1972
43 ! Moscow summit with Nixon, 145,
Aswan Dam, Egypt , 43, 46, 65 154, 156,200; on peaceful
Atlantic Alliance, 87, 160 coexistence, 153; at 24th Party
Austria, 50; state treaty (1955),36, Conference, 153-4; visit to USA,
55 160, 162, 164; and SALT II, 160,
174; and 1973 Middle East crisis,
B-1 bomber, 204 165; and Nixon's 1974 Moscow
Baghdad Pact (1955),65, 73 visit, 168; meets Ford in
Baruch plan (for atomic inspection), Vladivostok, 170; pledges detente
26 at 25th Party Congress, 175;
Bay of Pigs invasion (1961), 1O~7, achievements, 180, 192; and
114; se« also Cuba ideological struggle, 183, 197;
Belgrade talks (1977), 207 opposes arms race, 207
Bell, Coral, 6, 156, 165 Britain: and Truman doctrine, 22;
Beria, Lavrenty P., 28, 30 1955 disarmament proposals, 32;
Berlin: blockade and airlift, 23-4, 27, and 1955 Geneva summit, 40; and
56, 69; Khrushchev's ultimatum Suez crisis, 46, 65; in
and crises, 78-81, 86, 91, 94-7, Mediterranean, 64; joins EEC,
99-101,106,108,111-14,136--8, 149; welcomes Helsinki
190; Kennedy's commitment to, agreements, 172
108-9; wall built, 109-10; air Brussels Treaty (1948), 23
corridors, 111-12; tension eases, Buchan, Alastair, 37, 90
113; Four-Power agreements on, Bulganin, Nikolai A., 33, 38, 40;
149-50, 158; effect on detente, 192 tours, 43, 45; and deterioration of

230
 Index 231

Bulganin, Nikolai A. - continued Chou En-lai, 127, 148

relations with USA, 43; and Suez Churchill, (Sir) Winston, 21, 28, 53
crisis, 47; and US tactical nuclear COCOM,152
weapons, 72 cold war, 7-8,18-19,21-3,25,58
Bull, Hedley, 115, 198 Comecon, 35
Butterfield, Herbert, 26, 52 Cominform, 23, 31, 45
Butz, Earl, 158 Commodity Credit Corporation
rccci, 158
Cambodia, 32, 129, 160 Communist Party of the Soviet
Camp David: 1959 meeting, 63, Union : Party Congresses, 20th
85-6,89-90,95,97-8,101-2; (1956),3,31,43,47,53,57,75;
Carter's agreements, 204 21st Special (1959),81 ; 22nd
'Captive Nations Week', 83 (1961), III; 23rd (1966),132; 24th
Carter, Jimmy: debate with Ford on (1971),153,180; 25th (1976),2,
Eastern Europe, 173; elected 175
President, 174, 208; human rights Conferences of Foreign Ministers, see
campaign, 203-4, 207; Foreign Ministers' Conferences
commitment to co-operation, 204, Conference on Measures to Prevent
208; grain embargo, 206 Surprise Attack, 79-80
Castro, Fidel, 80, 105, 114; see also Conference on Security and
Cuba Co-operation in Europe, see
Castro, Raul, 114 European Security Conference
Central America, 205 Congress of Communist Parties
Central Intell igence Agency (CIA), (1957),69
105 Consular Convention (1964), 123
Chernenko, Konstantin U., 209 containment policy (USA), 22, 29
Chiang Kai-shek, 75, 77 Cooke, Alastair, 70
Chile, 147 Cuba: 1962 missile crisis, 53, 114-16,
China: rise as power, 13; communist 117,136-40,142,191-2;Castro
triumph in, 24, 27; and seizes power, 80; US-backed 1961
Indo-China, 32; and 1957 summits, invasion, 105-7, 114; Soviet
74-5 ; 'Great Leap Forward' and combat brigade in, 204; see also
repressions, 75-6, 90; and Bay of Pigs; ' Post-Missile Crisis
Quemoy, 76; and Soviet nuclear Detente'
agreement, 81; relations with Czechoslovakia: and Marshall Aid,
USSR,89-90, 116, 118-20, 126-7, 23; communists seize, 23; arms for
138-9, 147-8, 155-6, 167, 177-8, Egypt, 41, 65; USSR invades
184, 191 ; invades India, 90, 114; (1968),103-4, 124, 135-7, 146-7,
and Soviet attacks on Albania, 184; liberalisation, 135
III ; and Cuba crisis, 116, 118;
supports North Vietnam, 124-5; Daily Telegraph, 120
Rusk condemns, 125; nuclear Dallin , David, 67
arms, 125, 134, 138; Cultural 'Declaration on Liberated Europe',
Revolution, 133; re-emergence, 21
145; US co-operation with, 147-8, Demilitarization of Space Treaty
150, 155, 177; USSR threatens, (1967), 134
147-8; membership of UN, 148; detente: nature and meaning of,
1972 Nixon visit, 155; effect on xi-xii, 187-8; ambiguity of, 1-6,
detente, 192; Carter recognises , 204 181-2; definitions of, 6-7, II, 188;
232 Index

detente - continued cancels invitation, 100; on security

as a condition, 7-9; as a process, pacts, 190; achievements, 191;
~II, 188; factors affecting, 51-62, justifies detente policy, 200
18~90; discredited in USA, 177, Eisenhower, Milton, 62
185; code, 19!}-6; logic of, 196-202 Erhard, Ludwig, 148
Devillers, Philippe & Lacouture, Eubank, Keith, 6
jean: End of a War, 31 Eurocommunism, 174
Dillon, C. Douglas, 92 European Defence Community
disarmament, 32-3, 36 (EDC), 32, 34
Dobrynin, Anatoly F., 136 European Economic Community, 80,
Draper, Theodore, 1,5, 198 149
Drummond, Roscoe, 41 European Security Conference
Dubcek, Alexander, 135 (Conference on Security and
Dulles,john Foster, 29; and Co-operation in Europe) : Helsinki,
Indo-China settlement, 31; 1972,150-1,159,167; Geneva,
distrusts USSR, 33-4, 43, 53; and 1974,168
West European security, 35; and Exploration and Use of Outer Space
Geneva Conference, 38, 42, 62; agreement, 204
and Middle East, 65; opposes Export Control Act, USA (1949),
Soviet appeal for summit, 73; on 152
Berlin ultimatum, 80; resignation
and death, 82 'Flexible Response' doctrine (USA),
113
Eden, Anthony, 28 Fontaine, Andre, 30
Egypt: Czech arms for, 41, 65; and Ford, Gerald: and word detente, 5,
1956 Suez crisis, 46; declines US 177; refuses to greet Solzhenitsyn,
Middle East pact, 65; relations 13, 183; made President, 170;
with Israel, 132; 1973 attack on meets Brezhnev in Vladivostok,
Israel, 164; peace, 168 170; withdraws MFN status for
Einstein, Albert, 54 USSR, 171; and flelsinki
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 28-9, 31, 33, agreements, 173; and SALT II
3!}-6; and Geneva summit, 37-41, talks, 174; on USSR in Angola,
46,56,61-2; relations with USSR, 17!}-6; leadership, 185
43,53; and Suez crisis, 47; and Foreign Affairs (journal), 41
flungary, 50-I, 195; effect of Foreign Ministers' Conferences:
election, 51-2; on nuclear threat, December 1947,23; May 1949, 24j
53; foreign policy, 57; meets jan. 1954,31; April 1954
Khrushchev at Camp David, 63, (Geneva), 31j 1959 (Geneva), 82,
84-8,90,95,97-9, 101, 193; 84
attacks communism, 64; and Foreign Trade Bill (USA), 13, 161-2,
Middle East ('Eisenhower 164,171
Doctrine'), 6!}-6, 73, 96, 190,205; Formosa see Taiwan
and US strategic disadvantage, 72, France: tension with USA, 10; in
96; declines 1957 summit, 73; and Indo-China, 31-2; 1955
Berlin ultimatum, 80-1, 100; and disarmament proposals, 32; and
1960 Paris summit, 92-3, 100; 1955 Geneva summit, 40; and Suez
admits U-2 responsibility, 93; crisis, 46, 65; withdraws from
attacked by USSR, 93; and US NATO,87-8, 124; Soviet
economy, 98-9; Khrushchev friendship with, 127; nuclear arms,
 Index 233

France - continued Grenada, 205

134, 138; welcomes Helsinki Griffith, William , 115
agreements, 172 Gromyko, Anatoly A.: on detente as
Franco-German Friendship Treaty a process, 10; and US tactical
(1963),88 nuclear weapons, 72; at 1959
Frankel, Max, 117, 121 Geneva Foreign Ministers
French Revolution, 52 conference, 82; and Berlin
Fulton speech (Churchill, March conciliation, 112; warns on
1946),21 interference in Soviet internal
affairs, 163; at SALT II talks, 168;
Gaither Committee (1957; USA), 70 achievements, 180
Gaulle, Charles de, 78, 8{}-I, 87-8, Guardian (newspaper), 36-7, 113
93, 100
Hailsham, Quintin Hogg, 2nd
Gaza Strip, 132
Viscount (later Baron), 120
Geneva Conferences: july & October
Hamilton, Thomas, 42
1955,27-8,36-41, 56,6{}-2; 1959
Harriman, Averell, 120
Foreign Ministers, 82; 1961 on Harsch,joseph, 38, 50
Laos, 106-7, 113; 1965
Helsinki Accords, 172-3, 184; see also
disarmament, 134 European Security Conference
Genoa Conference (1922), 19
Herter, Christian, 82, 87, 9{}-1
Germany: post-war control of, 22, 25,
Herz, john, 5
27,34; settlement question, 55, Hightower,john, 104-
73-9, 82, 134
Hilsman, Roger: To Move a Nation,
Germany, East (German Democratic
115-16
Republic): formed, 24; free
Hitler, Adolf, 19-20
elections denied, 38; full powers in
Hoffman, Stanley, 176
foreign affairs, 41; membership of
Hotline agreements, 98, 103, 120,
Warsaw Pact, 43, 79; unrest in, 67;
152,189
Soviet Peace Treaty with, 91-2,
Ho Chi Minh, 126
108, 113-14; and Western
Hungary: and Marshall Aid, 23;
recognition, 150
1956 rising and Soviet invasion,
Germany, West (Federal German
46-51,55 ,57-61,67,184; effect on
Republic) : rise in power , 13;
detente, 192, 194-5
formed, 24; rearmament question,
Hussain, King of jordan, 65, 73
34; membership of NATO, 34-5,
hydrogen bomb, 33, 53-4, 60, 190
38,56, 79, 190; Soviet diplomatic
relations with, 41; contacts with Import-Export Bank (USA), 159
Eastern Europe, 123-4, 134, 148; 'Independent Roads to Socialism'
Soviet hostility to, 127; policy, 44, 47, 57-8
non-aggression treaty with USSR, India: Khrushchev and Bulganin
149, 158; Ostpolitik, 149-50, 172; tour, 43; and Khrushchev's
and Helsinki agreements, 172 proposed 1957 summit, 74-5;
Gilpatric, R. L., 121 Chinese invade, 90, 114; wars with
Glassboro, New jersey, 133, 143 Pakistan, 133, 147, 155; USSR
Glenn,john, 112 diverts US grain to, 164
Goldman, Eric, 70 Indo-China, 31-2; see also Cambodia;
Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 48 Laos; Vietnam
Graebner, Norman, 34 intercontinental ballistic missiles
Greece, 22, 64, 174 (ICBM), 68, 7{}-1, 131, 151, 157
234 Index

intermediate range nuclear forces 116, 137, 139-40, 192; and

(INF),205-6 post-missile detente, 118-121; 1963
International, Third, 20 American University speech, 119;
Iran, 204 and grain deal with USSR, 121-2;
Iraq, 65, 74 assassinated, 122; and nuclear
Israel: Soviet relations with, 30, 43, war, 137; and Sino-Soviet split,
132; and 1956 Suez crisis, 46; 1967 139
Six-Day War, 132, 142; and Arab Kennedy, Robert, 112
opposition, 147; and Soviet Jewish Kent State University, 146
emigration, 162; attacked by Syria Khrushchev, Nikita S:: and Soviet
and Egypt (1973), 164-6; peace, hard line, 3; competes for
168 leadership, 28-9; policy, 29; and
Ieuestia (newspaper), 40, 64, 85, 120 Yugoslavia, 31; and formation of
Warsaw Pact , 35; denies elections
Jackson, Henry M.: amendment to in E. Germany, 38; and Geneva
US-Soviet trade bill, 13, 161-2, summit, 38,40,56,61; 1955
164,183,194; SALT I Indian tour, 43; at 20th Party
amendment, 170; criticises Congress, 43-4, 47, 53, 57,75;
Helsinki agreements, 173 liberalisation and reforms, 45, 47,
Japan, 13, 144, 180 58,67, 194; visits Britain, 45; and
Jews: emigration from USSR , 161-2 1956 Polish uprising , 48; and failure
John Paul II, Pope, 205 of detente, 62; 1959 visit to USA,
Johnson, Lyndon B.: confirms peace 63,84-7,89-90,95, 193; at Camp
intentions, 122-3, 128; intervenes David, 63, 8!}-6, 97-100; Middle
in Vietnam, 124, 129-30, 141 ; East policy, 66; in power struggle,
'Great Society' programme, 130; 67; and Soviet strategic
meets Kosygin in Glassboro, 133, superiority, 68-9,71,73; on
143; and East European contacts, nuclear war, 69,72, 128, 137, 198;
134-6; and Sino-Soviet split, 139 calls for 1957 summit, 74-5,82;
Joint Space Mission Agreement and China, 75-7,89, 118-21, 126,
(1970),153 139; Berlin ultimatum, 78-80,82,
Jordan, 65, 73 86,91-2,94-7, 100, 106, 108-11,
113, 138, 190; snubs Macmillan,
Kadar, Janos, 49 80-1 ; 7-year economic plan, 8 I,
Kalicki, Jan, 77 98; at 21st Special Congress, 81,
Kashmir War, 133 83; and French delays, 88;
Kennedy, Edward, 5, 8 proposes Soviet troop reductions,
Kennedy, John F.: elected President, 91; and 1960 Paris summit, 91-3,
104; military proposals, 104-5, 97, 100; belligerence, 93-4, 100;
108, 110, 140; and Bay of Pigs, home position weakened, 100-1;
105-6; at 1961 Vienna meeting and Kennedy administration, 105;
with Khrushchev, 106-8, 143; and and Bay of Pigs, 106; at 1961
Berlin question, 108-9; and Vienna meeting with Kennedy,
test-ban negotiations, 110, 120; 106-8, 143; resumes nuclear
resumes nuclear tests, 110, 113, testing , 110; seeks peace initiative,
117; seeks peace initiative, III, III, 141; proposes disarmament
121; and Vietnam, III; proposes conference, 112; and 1962 Cuban
joint space venture, 112, 121; and Missile crisis, 114-16, 120, 137,
1962 Cuban Missile crisis, 114, 140, 191-2; and post-missile
 Index 235
Khrushchev, Nikita S. - continued MX missile, 205
detente, 118; and test-ban treaty, MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 54
120-1; visits Yugoslavia, 121; and McCarthy, Joseph: and
conciliation with Johnson, 122-3; McCarthyism, 24, 29, 34, 36-7,
inaction in Vietnam, 125; removed 52-3,57,59
from power, 125--8, 140-2, 192, McGeehan, Robert, 4
194-5; security pacts, 190; Macmillan, Harold, 80-1, 88, 92-3,
achievements, 191; 'peace 100,115
campaign' , 200 McNamara, Robert, 122, 131
Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 148 Maddox (US destroyer), 124
Kissinger, Henry: concept of detente, Malenkov , Georgy , 28, 30
3-4,6,9; foreign policy, 13, 175-6, Mandusur Guardian, see Guardian
178, 183; appointment, 145; on Mao Tse-tung, 69, 76, 125
Vietnam, 146; visits China, 148; Marshall Plan (1947),23,55
on Soviet 'selective detente', 149; Marxist-Leninism, 13, 16,44
and Ostpolitik, 14~50; on USSR Matsu,77
and Indo-Pakistan war, 155; and Mediterranean: USA in, 64-5; see also
SALT II talks , 168, 174; Ford Middle East
retains, 170; on arms limitation, Mehnert, Klaus, 75
170; distrust of State Department, Middle East: US-Soviet rivalry in,
176; achievements, 180; and 65, 73, 132, 137; oil, 145;
Angola, 182; and overselling of superpower involvement in, 146,
detente, 185-6; White House 182; 1973 crisis and war, 164-7,
Years , 4 184; effect on detente, 192; Reagan
Korbel, Josef, 6, 45 in, 208; see also individual countries
Korean War (1950-53): Soviet Mikoyan, Anastas 1.,62,81
influence in, 8; outbreak, 24, 27; Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 30, 42
and US-Soviet opposition, 25; Morgenthau, Hans, 9
peace settlement and truce, 30-1, ' Moscow Detente' (1972-5) , 14,
33, 55; unpopularity, 52; effects on 144-5, 177-88, 192, 194
detente, 192 Moscow: 1972 summit, 145, 151,
Kosygin , Aleksey N.: succeeds to 154, 156-8, 165,200; declaration
power , 126; administration and of principles, 157, 195; 1974
policy, 130, 141 ; at UN and summit, 168, 181
Glassboro, 133, 143; 1970 visit to Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 9
Peking, 147; welcomes SALT Mutual Balanced Forces Reduction
agreement, 157 (MBFR) , 153, 160, 167, 173, 180,
Kozlov , Nikolay T ., 84, 96-7 206
Kusmin, Mikhail R., 158

Lafeber , Walter, 33, 70 Nagy, Imre, 48-9

Laos, 32, 106-7, 113 Nasser, Gamal Abdel , 46, 65-6, 73,
Latin America, 43, 105, 147 132
League of Nations , 20 Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 20
Lebanon, 73, 75-6,205 neutron bomb, 204, 207
lend-lease, 26, 159 New York Herald Tribune, 117, 128
Lenin , V. 1.,44 New York Times, 19,42,50, 112-13,
Lippmann, Walter, 39,41,123 125
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 85 Nicolson, Sir Harold, 5
236 Index

Nixon, Richard M .: concept of Geneva (1959), 80; see also

detente, 3, 6; foreign policy, 13, Test-Ban Treaty
175-6, I 78, 183, 186; 1956 mission nuclear weapons and war : threat and
to Austria, 50; visits USSR and intention to avoid , 9, 54-5, 60-1 ,
Poland, 62; 1959 visit to USSR, 98, 186, 189, 196; Khrushchev on,
82-4, 97; on grain sales to USSR, 69, 198; 1961 tests resumed, 110,
121; elected President, 136; 'era of 117; proliferation, 134, 138; as
negotiations', 144, 146, 186; 1972 alternative to detente, 198
summit with Brezhnev, 145, 154, Nuri-es-Said, 74
156,200; and Vietnam War, 146;
contacts with Eastern Europe, 147; Oatis, William N., 30
and China, 147-8 ; on Berlin
Oder-Neisse Boundary, 149
agreement, 150; and European
oil embargo (1973), 10, 165-7, 169,
security, 151; 'A New Strategy for
184
Peace', 153; period of stability, Olympic Games (1980),204
154; and mining ofN . Vietnam 'open-skies' policy, 38
harbours, 155; 1972 visit to China,
Oppenheimer, Robert, 27
155; welcomes SALT agreement,
Organisation of Arab Petroleum
157; reports on 1972 Moscow
Exporting Countries, 166
summit, 158; 'Vietnamisation' 'Ostpolitik', 134, 149--50, 172
programme, 159; commitment to
detente, 160, 192; and SALT II,
160; calls for most-favoured nation Pakistan: USSR offers aid to, 43;
status for USSR, 162, 164; at wars with India, 133, 147, 155
Washington summit, 165; and Paris: 1960 meeting, 63, 91-3,
1973 Middle East crisis, 165-6; 99--100, 107, 143; 1972 Vietnam
1974 Moscow visit, 168; peace talks, 159, 171
resignation, 170, 185, 195; distrust Partial Test-Ban Treaty see Test-Ban
of State Department, 176; limits Treaty (1963)
US world commitments, 178; Peace Corps (USA) , 105
achievements, 180, 185; on living 'peaceful co-existence' : defined, 3, 4,
together, 198 7; Soviet views of, 13; and Korean
Non- Proliferation Treaty (1970), truce , 30; Khrushchev on, 43-4,
103-4, 133-4, 142, 189, 192,201 57-8,89,94; Brezhnev on, 153
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Peking, 75
(NATO) : created, 23; treaty Peru, 147
signed, 34; W. Germany's Plato, 15
membership of, 34-5, 38, 56, 79, Poland: post-war agreements on, 21,
190; and US influence in Europe, 23; 1956 unrest, 47-8, 67; W.
55; effect on detente, 60; and German agreement with, 149;
tactical nuclear weapons, 72; martial law (1981), 206-7
France withdrawn from, 87-8, 124; Polyanov, Nikolai, 117
Greece withdraws from, 174; Pompidou, Georges, 149
disunity, 184, 194; 'two-track' 'Popular Front', 20
decision, 205 'Post-Missile Crisis Detente'
Novotny, Antonin , 135 (1963-4),14,103 ,117-25,129,
nuclear free zone (Central Europe), 136-43,188-9,191-2,194
72 Potsdam Conference (1945), 21
Nuclear Test-Ban Conference, Powers, Gary, 104, 112
 Index 237

Pravda, 36,40,50-1,56,59,85; Stringer, William, 104

attacks Kennedy, 106; and China, Suez crisis (1956), 46, 65, 194-5
118; on SALT, 157 Sunday Telegraph, II 7
Sunday Times, 73, 121
Quandt, William, 165 Suslov, Mikhail Ao, 62
Quemoy crisis (1958), 76-8, 90, 97 Syria, 65-6, 132, 163, 168
Szulc, Tad, 120
Rakosi, Matyas, 47
Rapoport, Anatol, 115 Taiwan (Formosa), 76-7, 148
Reagan, Ronald, 2, 174, 205-6, 208 Taiwan Straits, 76, 78
Reston,james, 113, 123 Tashkent Agreements (1966), 133
Robespierre, Maximilien, 52 Tehran: US embassy seized, 204
Roosevelt, Franklin Do, 20-2 Tehran Conference (1943), 21
Rovere, Richard, 36-7, 52 tension: and detente as condition ,
Rumania, 123, 147, 178 7-8; measurement of, 15-16;
Rumsfeld, Donald Ho, 174 sources of, 16-17
Rusk, Dean, 9, 118, 125 Test-Ban Treaty (1963): signed, 103,
120,142,189,192; 1961-3 talks,
Saigon, 171, 182 105, 11 0, 112, 119-20;
Sakharov, Andrei , 162-3 superpowers support, 20 I
Salisbury, Harrison, 82 Thailand, 113, 129
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Third World, 182
Talks): and detente, 3, 186; Times, The (newspaper), 117
initiated , 14; preliminary talks, Tiran Straits, 132
134-5, 151, 154; treaty signed Tito,josip Brod, 36, 47, 67, 69
(1972),157-8;jackson Tocqueville, Alexis de, 18
amendment, 170-1; effects of, 20 I; Tonkin, Gulf of, 124
Carter supports, 204 Topping, Seymour, 119
SALT II, 159-60, 162, 174,204-6,208 Truman, Harry So, 22-3, 52
Saudi Arabia, 166 Turkey, 22,30,64,66
Schlesinger, Arthur, jr., 6 'Twenty-Nine Points'
Schlesinger,james, 1,5 (Khrushchev's), 126
Schultz, George Po, 163
Seabury, Paul, 5 U-2 (US plane), 92-3, 99-101,104,
Shapiro, Henry, 68 106,112
Sinai, 132 Ulam, Adam, 69, 89
Solidarity (Poland), 207 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 13, 163, (USSR): concepts of detente, 2-4;
169,183 natural gas pipeline, 2, 206, 208;
Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 173 as superpower, 11-12, 18;
Sorensen, Theodore, 107, 110, 122 ideology, 12-13, 18,26,59, 183;
South Korea: airliner shot down, 205 formed and recognised, 19-20; in
sputniks, 68, 70-1, 117, 140 post-war Europe, 22-3, 57, 134;
Stalin, josef, 21-2, 24, 30; death, 28, develops atomic weapons, 24; and
51,57; Khrushchev denounces, payment of lend-lease aid, 26, 159;
43-4, 75 security agreements, 35, 65-7, 59;
Stans, Maurice, 155 liberalisation, 45, 47, 58;
START negotiations, 205-6 technological and strategic
Stevenson, Adlai, 42 superiority, 68-71, 95-6, 98-9,
238 Index

USSR - continued Vance, Cyrus, 203

190; in S. E. Asia, 126-8; econom ic Vershinin, Air Marshal Konstantin
fortunes, 130-1, 179; and US A., 93
defence supremacy, 131, 140; trade Vienna: 1961 conferen ce
with USA, 152-3, 155, 157-9, (Kennedy-Khrushchev), 106-8 ;
161-4,168-71,180-1,184,194; 143; mutual force reduction talks,
agreements with USA, 153, 160,168
156-61,189; human rights in, 162, Vietnam: Soviet influence in, 8;
180,203; arms build-up, 169, partition of, 32; US involvement
174-5, 182; adventurism, 175, 182; in , 103-4, 11[, 124, 128-30, 141,
and strategic parity, 179, 182, 190; 14!}-6, 177, 191; USSR offers
and national liberation assistance to North, 126, 146-8;
movements, 182 US demonstrations against war in,
United Arab Republic, 66 146; Nixon blocks harbours in
United Nations: and US-Soviet North , 155; US forces reduced in,
rivalry, 2!}-6; and atomic 159--60; Peace Agreements, 160,
inspection, 26; and disarmament, 171 ; US setbacks and withdrawal,
32, 112; and Suez crisis, 47; and 172, 178, and US decision-making ,
Middle East, 133, 146; 1966 176; costs of war, 179
covenants, 163 Vladivostok: 1974 meeting
United Nations Security Council, 25 (Ford- Brezhnev), 170, 174
U.S. News and World Report, 109
United States of America: concepts Warsaw Pact (Treaty of Friendship ,
of detente, 2-4; as superpower, Co-operation and Mutual
11-12,18; ideology, 12-13, 18,26, Assistance): formed, 35, 56, 190;
183,204; isolationism, 19; and East Germany joins, 43; Soviet
recognition of USSR, 19--20; in domination of, 55; effect on
post-war Europe, 22-3, 55; detente, 60; and Berlin question,
security agreements , 35, 56-7 ; and 109; and nuclear testing, Ill;
Soviet technological and strategic disunity, 194-
superiority, 68-7 [, 9!}-6, 99; Washington: [973 summit, [60-1
defence budget cut, 122; Watergate scandal, 170, 185
involvement in Vietnam War, Whelan,Joseph,19
103-4, III, 124, 128-30, 14!}-8, Whetten, Lawrence, 150
159--60, 177, 191; achieves defence Windsor, Philip, 150
supremacy, 131 , 140; anti-Vietnam World War II, 20
war demonstrations in, 146; trade
with USSR, 152-3, 155, 157-9, Yalta Conference (1945) , 21
161-4,168-71 ,180-1,184,194; Yugoslavia: expelled by Cominform,
agreements with USSR, 153, 23; USSR attempts reconciliation
156-61, 189; 1973 military alert, with, 31, 47; differences with
165; and strategic parity, 179, 182, USSR, 67, 69; Khrushchev visits,
190; economy, 179-80 121; western contacts with, 147
United States Disarmament and
Arms Control Agency, III Zagoria, Donald: The Sino-Soviet
United States Senate Committee on Corflic: 1959-1961, 75
Foreign Relations, 9, 208 Zhukov, Marshal Georgy K ., 67