NAME: Ivy Jean P.

Martinez

Activity I. THE CELL AS THE SCHOOL

A cell is like our school. Each part parts of the cell (and school) has responsibilities that must be
done and certain organelles (people or places) to do them. Identify the function of the following
parts of the cell. Then, Identify which which person does the same job (or a place like it) in the
school. The first is done for you as an example to follow.

Organelle Functions Parts of our school that has

a similar function

Cell Membrane Controls what goes in and out Front office

of the cell
Cytoplasm a jelly-like substance, The Halls of the School
composed mainly of
water, occupying most of
the
space between the cell
membrane and the
nucleus.

Golgi Body Prepares proteins for use or Canteen in the school

export.
-a stack of membranes that
collects, modifies, and
packages chemical
compounds.

Lysosome Responsible for breaking Bathrooms

down and absorbing materials
taken in by the cell
-a small sac that contains
digestive chemicals.
Mitochondria Transforms one form of Boiler Room of the school
energy into another School electricity
control room
Nucleus a round body in the center
of the cell that contains Principal room
DNA and directs the cell’s
activities.

Nucleolus a small body in the

nucleus where ribosomes
are synthesized.
Ribosome Build the proteins They make protein like
teachers teach students

Rough ER transports proteins School bus.

Smooth ER they serves as storage Locker

Vacuole that stores water,
nutrients, and other
chemicals. The large
 vacuole found
in plant cells helps the
cells maintain their shape.

Cell Wall the rigid, porous outer school main gate

(Plant only) layer of a plant cell.
Chloroplast an organelle that converts
(Plant only) the radiant energy of the
Sun into chemical
energy through the process
of photosynthesis.

Central Vacuole
(Plant only)
ActivityII. WHAT I’VE LEARNED (My Answer: NEXT PAGE)
II. What I’ve learned

Let me tell you about some of the important things I’ve learned about plant and
animal cell. First, Cells are more than significant because they are the building blocks of
life. Without cells, no living thing would endure. Without plant cells, there would be no
plants. Also, without plants, every single living thing would pass on. Cells are some of the
smallest organisms around. Every single living thing comprise of cells. Cells are the basic
structural and functional units of life.

Next, I’ll tell you about comparison of animal and plant cells while plant and
animal cells appear to be different, they have some similar features. Both kinds of cells
contain a nucleus which can also be known as the brains of the cell. Both plant and animal
cells also have structures called chromosomes. They are located inside the nucleus.
Although plants and animal cells share many similarities, there are some additional
structures that plant cells have which animal cells don’t.

Something else I learned was all cells can be categorized into two basic cell types.
They are prokaryotic and eukaryotic. To distinguish where cells are placed in the two
categories, what is inside the cell must first be looked at. Every cell, either prokaryotic or
eukaryotic all contain basic cell parts.

Lastly, I now really know about and understand all organisms in life are composed
of at least one or more cells. Since the cell is the smallest unit of life in either a plant or an
animal and without it no living thing would survive. Learning about how cells work and
what happens when they don’t work properly teaches how significant the animal and plant
cells.
 Evaluation
Label the diagram of the cell below and state a
function of each part. Answer the follow up questions.

Mitochondria
Nucleus

Golgi Body

Cytoplasm

Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
 Cytoplasm Vacuole
Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Chloroplast

Golgi Body Nucleus

Mitochondria
Ribosome

ER or (Endoplasmic
Reticulum)
II. Critical Questions. Answer briefly the questions and
your score will be based on the rubric below.

Rubrics for Scoring

5 4 3 2 1

Notes are Notes are Notes are Notes are Notes is

complete written incomplete not
and but incomplete and not related to
student some and the
shows parts messy. It understandable. science
accurate are is The students concept(s).
learning unclear. unclear shows
of weather
Students
science the
shows misunderstanding
student
some the science
concept(s). learned
learning concept(s).
the
of science
the
science concept(s) concept(s).
1. In what ways are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
similar?In what ways are they different?

Similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Cell Membrane
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells bear a lipid bilayer, which is an arrangement of
phospholipids and proteins that acts as a selective barrier between the internal and external
environment of the cell.

Genetic Material
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells both use deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the basis for
their genetic information. This genetic material is needed to regulate and inform cell
function through the creation of RNA by transcription, followed by the generation of
proteins through translation.

Ribosomes
Ribosomes facilitate RNA translation and the creation of protein, which is essential to the
functioning of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the medium in which the biochemical reactions of the cell take place, of
which the primary component is cytosol.
In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm comprises everything between the plasma membrane
and the nuclear envelope, including the organelles; the material within the nucleus is
termed the nucleoplasm. In prokaryotes the cytoplasm encompasses everything within the
plasma membrane, including the cytoskeleton and genetic material.

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Cell size
Eukaryotic cells are ordinarily larger (10 – 100um) than prokaryotic cells (1 – 10um).

Cell arrangement
Eukaryotes are often multicellular whereas prokaryotes are unicellular. There are however
some exceptions –unicellular eukaryotes include amoebas, paramecium, yeast.

True membrane-bound nucleus

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus bound by a double membrane. It contains the DNA-
related functions of the large cell in a smaller enclosure to ensure close proximity of
materials and increased efficiency for cellular communication and functions.

In contrast, the smaller prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. The materials are already fairly
close to each other and there is only a "nucleoid" which is the central open region of the
cell where the DNA is located.

DNA structure
Eukaryotic DNA is linear and complexed with packaging proteins called "histones," before
organization into a number of chromosomes

Prokaryotic DNA is circular and is neither associated with histones nor organized into
chromosomes. A prokaryotic cell is simpler and requires far fewer genes to function
than the eukaryotic cell. Therefore, it contains only one circular DNA molecule and
various smaller DNA circlets (plasmids).

Ribosome size
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain many ribosomes; however the ribosomes of
the eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic ribosomes i.e. 80S compared to 70S.

Eukaryotic ribosomes also show more complexity than prokaryotic – they are constructed
of five kinds of ribosomal RNA and about eighty kinds of proteins. In contrast, prokaryotic
ribosomes are composed of only three kinds of rRNA and about fifty kinds of protein.
Membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells contain many membrane-enclosed, large, complex organelles in the
cytoplasm whereas prokaryotic cells do not contain these membrane-bound organelles.

This is a key difference because it allows a high level of intracellular division of labor and
contributes to the greater complexity characteristic of eukaryotic cells.

Due to the larger size of the eukaryotic cells, confining certain cellular process to a smaller
area also increases the efficiency of functions by improving communication and movement
within the cell.

Cell division
This occurs by mitosis for eukaryotic cells and binary fission for prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis then cytokinesis. This involves numerous stages - the
nuclear membrane disintegrates then the chromosomes are sorted and separated to ensure
that each daughter cell receives two sets (a diploid number) of chromosomes. Following
this, the cytoplasm divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells i.e. cytokinesis.

In contrast, prokaryotes undergo a simpler process of binary fission. This is faster than
mitosis and involves DNA (nucleoid) replication, chromosomal segregation, and
ultimately cell separation into two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell.
Unlike mitosis, this process does not involve the nuclear envelope and centromere and
spindle formation.

2. Explain the statement “A cell is a living unit

greater than the sum of its parts.” Give an example.

The individual parts of a cell are nothing compared to its entire functions. All parts
of the cell, such as the nucleolus, nucleus, ER, Golgi Appartus, ribosomes, and plasma
membrane help out in a variety of ways. Each organelle and unit in the cell is responsible
for one and other and many complex processes could not take place without the prescience
of a companion which aids in the process for another substance. A ribosome by itself is
okay and could maybe do some cool things, but when it is in a cell then its potential is
limitless.
"sum of its parts" refers to the anatomy of a cell...like nucleus and mitochondria,
etc. individually, each organelle has a function but the magic happens when they
all work together for example, the nucleus has all of our genetic information,
mitochondria is for cellular respiration (energy for our bodies), ribosomes make
proteins when all the organelles carry out the purposes, the cell con contribute to
an organism.