Low Carbon Asia Research Network 5th Annual Meeting,

25-26 October 2016, Bandung

Design of the district heating system

based on the heat density map

Takaaki Furubayashi (Tohoku University)

第1章　緒言

Outline

1.  Objective
2.  Methodology
3.  Results and discussion
4.  Conclusion

2
 Objective

•  To design the optimal district heating system

(DHS) based on the heat density map.

•  Feasibility study using inventory analysis in

Hirosaki city, Japan.

3
DHS pipeline increase and total
length（2007-2011）

4
 Outline

1.  Objective
2.  Methodology
3.  Results and discussion
4.  Conclusion

5
Methodology

6
Making heat density map

7
 Demand calculation
Residential heating demand
SpaceHeati ng Spaceheating Household
dmd m,i, Residence = annual _ SHdmd × month _ loadptrn m,Residence × N i

Residential hot water demand

annual _ HWdmd
dmd mHotwater
,i ,Residence = × N iHousehold
12
Commercial heating demand
dmd mSpaceHeati ng
,i ,commerce = ( Fcons m ,type + Econs m,type − min _ Fcons type − min _ Econs type ) × Ai

Commercial hot water demand

dmdiHotwater
,Commerce = min _ Fconstype × Ai

dmdtype Demand [MJ] A Floor space [m2]

annual_SHdmd Annual heating [MJ/year] min_Fconstype Minimum unit fuel consumption of [MJ/m2]
demand building type
annual_HWdmd Annual hot water [MJ/year] min_Econstype Minimum unit electricity [MJ/m2]
demand consumption of building type
annual_Edmd Annual electricity [MJ/year] Fconstype Unit fuel consumption of building [MJ/m2]
demand type
NHousehold Number of [-] Econstype Unit electricity consumption of [MJ/m2]
household building type 8
 Heat demand in an one day
Heating Hot water Heating and Hot water）

Office   Hospital   ResidenDal  

15%   15%   15%  

12%   12%   12%  

9%   9%   9%  

6%   6%   6%  

3%   3%   3%  
0%   0%   0%  
1   3   5   7   9   11   13   15   17   19   21   23   1   3   5   7   9   11   13   15   17   19   21   23   1   3   5   7   9   11   13   15   17   19   21   23  
Time Time Time

School   Cultural,  sports  facility   Hotel  

15%   15%   15%  

12%   12%   12%  

9%   9%   9%  

6%   6%   6%  

3%   3%   3%  

0%   0%   0%  
1   3   5   7   9   11   13   15   17   19   21   23   1   3   5   7   9   11   13   15   17   19   21   23   1   3   5   7   9   11   13   15   17   19   21   23  
Time TIme Time

Reference：地域冷暖房技術手引書（第4版）  (in  Japanese) 9

 Network layer

Lpipe 　
= min . Lmain + min . Lbranch

min . Lmain :Minimum mail pipeline length by Dijkstra's algorithm

min . Lbranch : Minimum  branch  pile  length  

10
System diagram

11
 Objective function
min . Cost total = C capital + C O& M + C network + C DHSO& M + C electricity − C SAL

Capital cost

Ccapital = ∑ (C
i ,t
var,t ⋅ capi ,t + Cfix,t ⋅ Nbi ⋅ BU i ,t ) ⋅ CRFt + ∑ (C
i
HS
var,i ⋅ capiHS + Cfix,
HS HS
i ⋅ Nbi ⋅ BU i ) ⋅ CRF
HS

int (1 + int )life

CRF =
(1 + int )life − 1

O&M cost

CO& M = Cfuel + Cmaintenanc e + Cinput_elec t

daym ⋅ cfuelt ⋅ Gm, h ,i ,t

Cfuel = ∑
m, h ,i ,t
efft
× Seasonm

Ccapital Capital cost [JPY] Cvar Unit capital cost [JPY/kW]

CO&M O&M cost [JPY] C-fix Fixed cost for a new facility [JPY]
Cnetwork Pipeline cost [JPY] Cap Facility capacity [kW]
CDHSO&M DHS O&M cost [JPY] Nb Number of buildings [-]
Celectricity Electricity cost [JPY] BU Binary parameter =｛0,1｝
CSAL Electricity sale revenue [JPY] CRF Capital recovery factor [-]
i Node number int Interest rate (=0.03) [-]
t Heat source life Life time [year] 12
 Pipeline cost
Pipeline capital cost
C network = C pipe + C pump

C pipe = ∑ cpipe ⋅ distance

r i, j ⋅ BPi , j , r ⋅ CRF PIPE
i, j ,r

pump
C pump = ∑ (C var ⋅ capipump + C fix
pump
⋅ BU ipump ) ⋅ CRF pump
i

DHS O&M cost

⎛ C pipe C pump ⎞
CDHSO&M = ⎜⎜ PIPE
+ ⎟⎟ × 0.02
⎝ CRF CRF PUMP ⎠

Cpipe Pipeline capital cost [JPY]

Cpump Pump cost [JPY]
cpipe Unit pipeline cost [JPY/m]
distance Distance between nodes [m]
BP Binary parameter =｛0,1｝
i Node number
13
r Pipe radius
 Parameters

Minimum Maximum Minimum

C var. C fix EB var,t EB fix,t life eff elect eff heat HER fuel cost
Capacity Capacity Load
[JPY/kW] [JPY] [kW/kW] [kW] [year] [-] [-] [-] [JPY/MJ]
[kW] [kW] [%]
gas engine 180 5,200 50 104,305 25,057,000 0.0252 6.5127 15 0.4 0.35 1.14 2.0/6.0
biomass boiler 100 5,000 30 78,447 37,290,000 0.013 2.217 15 0 0.8 0 1.03
air-source HP 2.5 - 0 68,779 342,620 0 0 13 0 ※ 0 5.8
oil Boiler 100 - 0 6,755 1,208,600 0.0063 -0.9417 15 0 0.8 0 1.7
※air-source heat pump's COP is calcurated by following equation. COP = - 0.07(T sink -T air )+5.83

[19] 坂東茂,幸田栄一,笹嶋賢一,柳井崇,木下守弘,沼田茂生,緒方隆雄,徳本勉,浅野浩志, “エネルギー価格と環境税がマイクログリッドのエネルギー設備設計に及ぼす影響,日本機械学會論文集.

B編, vol. 76, no. 763, pp. 409–411, Mar. 2010.
[20]坂東茂,松崎勝久,浅野浩志, "都心部における複数地域冷暖房地区のエネルギー面的利用に関する研究報告(第1報)複数地域冷暖房地区のマイクログリッド化における事業性検討スキーム
の開発", 日本エネルギ-学会誌, vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 658–664, Jul. 2010.
[21]日本工業出版, "天然ガスコージェネレーション機器データ 2014",2014.
[22]日本エネルギー経済研究所, "EDMC/エネルギー・経済統計要覧",2014.
[23]石油情報センター, "LPG偶数月調査". https://oil-info.ieej.or.jp/. [Last accessed: 03-Dec-2014].
[24]国税庁, "耐用年数表". https://www.keisan.nta.go.jp/survey/publish/30930/faq/30975/faq_31004.php. [Last accessed: 16-Jan-2013].
[25]株式会社森林環境リアライズ,富士通総研,環境エネルギー普及株式会社, "木質バイオマスボイラー導入・運用に関わる実務テキスト".
[26]山形県金山町, "金山町地域新エネルギービジョン", 2007.
[27]一般財団法人建築物価調査会, "建設工事標準歩掛",2012, pp. 1–1474.
[28]全国建築業協会, "平成26年度公共工事設計労務単価(基準額)". http://www.zenken-net.or.jp/labor_cost/price/. [Last accessed: 04-Nov-2014].
[29]石油情報センター, "一般小売価格 給油所ガソリン・軽油・灯油 月次調査", 2012.
[30]M. T. Rees,J. Wu,N. Jenkins,M. Abeysekera, "Carbon constrained design of energy infrastructure for new build schemes", Appl. Energy, vol. 113, pp. 1220–1234, Jan. 2014. 14
 Pipeline parameters
DN Diameter R Capacity Cost
[mm] [mm] [W/m] [MJ] [JPY/m]
50 51 1,663 2,929 19,625
100 96 1,139 10,414 32,325
150 137 942 21,386 52,625
200 182 703 37,743 60,625
250 225 597 57,684 78,525

15
Target area

Hirosaki

Tokyo

Osaka

16
 Temperature in Hirosaki city

] 30 30 Summer(July)
Summer(July)
Ambient Temprature [℃]
[ 25 25
er
u 20
20
ta
r 15
p 15
m 10 Mid. (May)
Mid.(May)
e 10
T Winter(Jan.)
Winter（Jan.）
t 55
n
ei 0
b 0
m-5
A -5
11 66 11
11 16 16 21
21
hour
hour
17
 Outline

1.  Objective
2.  Methodology
3.  Results and discussion
4.  Conclusion

18
 Heat density map (mesh type)

Target area

19
Heat density map (detail)
Average heat density: 2.01 TJ/ha

20
District heating network

Energy center

21
 Heat generation facilities
Hotel Hospital

Commercial

Hospital Commercial

Hotel

Household

22
 Operation details
Demand[GJ] Supply[GJ]

Summer Intermediate Winter

80
storage
Heating [GJ/

Hospital 60
Node 6 Gas engine Biomass
40
h]

(Source)
20
0
20
Commercial 15
[GJ/h]
Heating

Node 13 10
(Sink)
5
0 Heat pump
4
[GJ/h]
Heating

Hotel DHS
Node 28 2
(Sink)
0
1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21
time [hour] time [hour] time [hour] 23
 System performance

BAU DHS
Primary energy consumption 1,130 956 TJ/year
CO2 emission 73,400 48,800 t-CO2/year
Heat supply cost 2-3 1-2 JPY/MJ

24
 Error of the demand calculation

Actual data Calculation

Hotel 1 3,940 3,984
Hotel 2 14,070 14,561
Hotel 3 2,545 2,542
Commercial 1 20,434 25,875
Commercial 2 15,702 17,892
Commercial 3 6,863 10,627
Hospital 1 8,300 8,221

25
 Outline

1.  Objective
2.  Methodology
3.  Results and discussion
4.  Conclusion

26
 Conclusion
•  Optimal district heating system is designed in Hirosaki city．

•  Although the heat demand density in Hirosaki is smaller than

the city area target 4.2 TJ/ha, the small scale DHS can reduce
the CO2 emission using biomass boiler．

•  Gas CHP and high efficient heat pump can reduce the primary
energy consumption and CO2 emission.

•  Hospital is main target because of the stable and high heat

demand, and the location．

27