Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

I. OVERVIEW

This module on basic concepts of electrical circuits encompasses a brief discussion of SI

unit and a presentation of the mathematical relationships of charge and current, voltage,
power, and energy. Accompanied on each are activities such listing of derived units from
the fundamental units in SI, recap of the mathematical relationships of the basic variables
in an electric circuit, review questions and problem-solving; all are designed to help you
attain the learning objectives of the module.

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

▪ Represent the current and voltage of an electric circuit element.

▪ Calculate the power and energy supplied or received by a circuit element using the
passive sign convention.

▪ Use scientific notation to represent electrical quantities with a wide range of

magnitudes.

III. CONTENT
A. PREPARATORY ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 1.1: Be international!

As engineers, we deal with measurable quantities in representing a system like an electric circuit
and its elements. These measurements must be communicated in Systéme International d’
Unites or commonly called SI units, a standard language that all professionals can understand
around the globe. The international measurement was modernized by the representatives of the
General Conference of Weights and Measures in 1960.

Table 1.1 below shows the SI system fundamental or base units from which of all other physical
quantities can be derived.

Table 1.1: SI Based Units

Quantity Name Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric Current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
Charge coulomb C

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

List ten (10) derived units for other physical quantities by combining the
fundamental units by completing Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: SI Based Units

Quantity Unit Name Formula Symbol

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Keep in mind that in writing the symbols for units that represent proper names are capitalized; the
others are not. Also, periods are not used after the symbols and the symbols do not take on plural
forms.

The great advantage of SI is that it uses prefixes based on the power of 10 to relate larger and
smaller units to the basic unit. For example, the following are expressions of the same distance
in meters (m): 600,000,000 mm; 600,000 m; 600 km. The powers of 10 are represented by
standard prefixes given in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3: The SI Prefixes

Multiplier Prefix Symbol

1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hector h
10 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a

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 Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

B. DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITY

ABSTRACTION

Read the following discussions of the basic components of an electrical circuit.

Keep in mind the mathematical relationship of each component which are
fundamentals in circuit analysis. Provided along each topic are examples with
comprehensive solutions.

Getting started with charge and current

Svoboda and Dorf define an electric circuit or electric network as “an interconnection of
electrical elements linked together in a closed path so that an electric current may flow
continuously”.

Figure 1.1. is a simple electric circuit consisting of the two basic electrical
elements- a battery and a resistor. Each element is represented by two-
terminal element such as terminal a and b for the battery as shown.

Charge may flow in an electric circuit. The most basic quantity in an electric
circuit is the electric charge. It is an intrinsic property of atomic particles
that is measured in coulombs, C. The quantity charge q can be expressed
in terms of one electron, which is 1.602x10-19 coulombs. Thus, a -1 C is the
charge on 6.24x1018 electrons.
Figure 1.1: A simple electric
circuit
A unique feature of electric charge is the fact that it is mobile; that is, it
can be transferred from one place to another, where it can be converted to
another form of energy. The motion of charges creates electric current. Electric current i is
defined as the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes, A.

Below is the relationship of current i, charge q, and time t:

𝒅𝒒
𝒊= 𝑬𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟏
𝒅𝒕 Figure 1.2: A general two-terminal
electrical element with terminals a
Where:
and b
1 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 1𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 /𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

Since current is a vector quantity, a complete description of it requires both a value (which can
be positive or negative) and a direction (indicated by an arrow). Figure 1.2 shows there are two
ways to assign the direction of the current through an element. The current i1 and i2 are the
same size but have different directions. Therefore,

𝑖1 = −𝑖2

There are several two types of current; that is, charge can vary with time in several ways. A
direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time. We will use the symbol I to
represent a direct current, as shown in figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3: A direct current with a b c

magnitude I
Figure 1.4: (a) A ramp with a slope M (b) A sinusoid (c) An exponential. I is a
constant. The current i is zero for t<0.

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

A time-varying current is represented by the symbol i or i(t). A common form of time-varying

current is the sinusoidal current or alternating current (ac). Other forms of the time-varying
current are ramp and exponential as shown in figure 1.4.

If the charge q is known, the current i is readily found using Eq. 1.1. While the charge transferred
between time to and t is obtained integrating both sides of Eq. 1.1. We obtain
𝒕 𝒕
𝒒 = ∫ 𝒊𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒊𝒅𝒕 + 𝒒(𝟎) 𝑬𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟐
𝒕𝟎 𝟎

Where q(0) is the charge at t=0.

Illustration 1.1: Current from a Charge

The total charge enetring a terminal is given by 𝑞 = 5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡 𝑚𝐶. Calculate the current at t=0.5s.

Solution:

Since charge q is defined, we can readily substitue it to Eq. 1.1:

𝑑𝑞
𝑖= To differentiate, recall product formula
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 (5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡) 𝐷 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝑖= 𝑢 = 5𝑡 𝑑𝑢 = 5
𝑑𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑣 = cos 4𝜋𝑡 (4 𝜋)

Differentiate
𝑑 (5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡)
𝑖= = [5𝑡 ∙ cos 4𝜋𝑡 (4 𝜋)] + [𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡 ∙ 5]
𝑑𝑡
𝑖 = 20𝜋𝑡 cos 4𝜋 𝑡 + 5 sin 4𝜋𝑡 𝑚𝐶/𝑠
At t=0.5s,

𝑖 = 20𝜋(0.5) cos 4𝜋(0.5) + 5 sin 4𝜋(0.5)

𝑖 = 10𝜋 cos 2𝜋 + 5 sin 2𝜋

Use conversion factor 𝜋 = 180°

Then,

cos 2𝜋 = cos 360° = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 2𝜋 = sin 360° = 0

𝑖 = 10𝜋(1) + 5(0) = 10𝜋

𝒊 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝑨

Answer: 𝒊 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝑨

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

Illustration 1.2: Charge from Current

Find the charge that has entered the terminal of an element from t=0s to t=3s when the current
entering the element is as shown in figure 1.5.

How to determine the equation of a line

using two points?

Given two points in a line (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), we

can use the two-point form equation of a line:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Where m is the slope of the line defined as
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Figure 1.5: Current waveform 𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Looking back at the line in figure 1.5, we can
find two points in the line from t=1s to t=3s by
inspection such as (1,1) and (3,3).
Solution: Substitute the given points in the two-point
form equation, we obtain
From figure 1.5, we can describe i(t) as 3−1
𝑦−1= (𝑥 − 1)
0 𝑡<0 3−1
Simplifying
𝑖(𝑡) = { 1 0<𝑡 ≤1
𝑡 𝑡>1 2
𝑦 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)
Using Eq. 1.2 2
𝑦 − 1 = 1(𝑥 − 1)
3 1 3 𝑦 = 𝑥−1+1
𝑞(3) − 𝑞(0) = ∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑦=𝑥
0 0 1 Since y-axis represents i(t) and the x-axis as
3
time t, we rewrite
𝑡2
𝑞(3) − 𝑞(0) = 𝑡|10 + | 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑡
2 1

1
𝑞(3) − 𝑞(0) = 1 + (9 − 1) = 5𝐶
2 To integrate, recall the following

∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑢; 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Answer: 𝒒 = 𝟓𝑪 𝑢𝑛+1
‫= 𝑢𝑑 𝑛𝑢 ׬‬ 𝑛+1

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

Recognizing potential differences with voltage

To move the electron in a conductor requires work or energy transfer which is performed by an
external electromotive force (emf) like a battery. This emf is also known as voltage or
potential difference, measured in volts (V). The equation for voltage across an element is

𝒅𝒘
𝒗= 𝑬𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟑
𝒅𝒒
Where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulombs (C).

1 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒⁄ 1 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟⁄

Also, 1 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏

A value and an assigned direction are needed also to describe a voltage. The
direction of a voltage is given by its polarities (+, -). Figure 1.6 sgows two ways
to label the voltage across an element. The voltage vba is proportional to the
work required to move a positive charge from terminal a to terminal b. On the
other hand, the voltage vab is proportional to the work required to move a Figure 1.6: Voltage
positive charge from terminal b to terminal a. The voltages vab and vba are across a circuit element
similar but different. They have the same magnitude but different polarities.
Therefore

𝑣𝑎𝑏 = −𝑣𝑏𝑎

The current-voltage relationships

The power and energy calculations are also important in circuit analysis. To relate power and
energy to voltage and current, recall that power is the time rate of expending or absorbing
energy which is measured in watts (W). Mathematically it is written as

𝒅𝒘
𝒑= 𝑬𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟒
𝒅𝒕

Where p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J) and t is the time in seconds (s).

From Eqs. 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4, it follows that

𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
𝑝= = ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
𝒑 = 𝒗𝒊 𝑬𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟓

The power in Eq. 1.5 is a time-varying quantity called instantaneous power. The equation
tells us that the power absorbed or supplied by an element is the product of the voltage across
the element and the current through it. But how do we know if power is absorbed (+ sign) or
being supplied (- sign) by an element?

Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in the sign of power. As shown in figure
1.7, the power is positive when the current enters through the positive polarity of the voltage,
p=+vi. While the power is negative if the current enters through a negative terminal, p=-vi.
This is known as the passive sign convention. The rules for the passive sign convention are
summarized in Table 1.4.

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

Table 1.4: Reference polarities for power using the passive sign convention

Power received by an element Power supplied by an element

Current enters through the positive polarity of Current enters through the negative polarity
the voltage, in this case p =+vi or vi>0. It of the voltage, in this case p =-vi or vi<0.
implies that the element is absorbing power. The element is releasing or supplying power.

When the element voltage and current adhere to the passive convention, the energy received
by an element can be determined from Eq. 1.3 by rewriting it as

𝑑𝑤 = 𝑝𝑑𝑡

Integrating both sides,

𝑡
𝑤 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑡
−∞

If the element only receives power for 𝑡 ≥ 𝑡0 and we let 𝑡0 = 0, we have

𝒕
𝒘 = ∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒕 𝑬𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟔
𝟎

Where w is energy, the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).

Illustration 1.3: Electrical Power and Energy

Let us consider the element shown in figure 1.7 when v=8V and i=25mA.
Find the power received by the element and the energy received during a
10-ms interval.

Figure 1.7: The element

Solution: in Illustration 1.3

The current i and voltage v adhere to the passive sign convention.

Thus, the power is
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 8(0.025) = 0.2 𝑊
𝒑 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝑾

Then, the energy received by the element is

𝑡 0.010
𝑤 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 0.2 𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑤 = 0.2𝑡|0.010
0

𝑤 = [0.2 (0.010)] − [0.2(0)] = 0.002 𝐽

𝒘 = 𝟐 𝒎𝑱

Answers: 𝒑 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝑾
𝒘 = 𝟐 𝒎𝑱

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

Illustration 1.4: Power, Energy, and the Passive Convention

Consider the circuit shown in figure 1.8 with 𝑣(𝑡) = 12𝑒 −8𝑡 𝑉 and 𝑖(𝑡) = 5𝑒 −8𝑡 𝐴 for 𝑡 ≥ 0. Both 𝑣(𝑡)and
𝑖(𝑡) are zero for 𝑡 < 0. Find the power supplied by this element and the energy supplied by the
element over the first 100ms of operation.

Figure 1.8: The element

in Illustration 1.4
Solution:

The power

𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡)𝑖(𝑡) = (12𝑒 −8𝑡 )(5𝑒 −8𝑡 ) = 𝟔𝟎𝒆−𝟏𝟔𝒕 𝑾

is supplied by the element because 𝑣(𝑡) and 𝑖(𝑡) do not adhere to the passive sign convention.
This element is supplying power to the charge flowing through it.

The energy supplied during the first 100ms= 0.1 seconds is

0.1 0.1 To integrate an exponential function, recall the

𝑤(0.1) = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 60𝑒 −16𝑡 𝑑𝑡 following
0 0

0.1 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑒 −16𝑡
𝑤(0.1) = 60 | Consider
−16 0
∫ 60𝑒 −16𝑡 𝑑𝑡
60 Check if it satisfies the integral of an exponential
𝑤(0.1) = − (𝑒 −16∙0.1 − 𝑒 −16∙0 )
16 formula such as the term u has its complete du:

Simplify 𝑢 = −16𝑡 𝑑𝑢 = −16𝑑𝑡

60 −1.6
𝑤(0.1) = − (𝑒 − 𝑒 0) Notice that in the given differential equation, du is off
16 by a constant multiplier; the original functions contains
60 −1.6 only dt, not -16dt. In this case, we may introduce -16
𝑤(0.1) = − (𝑒 − 𝑒 0) in the equation if we write down also its reciprocal
16 outside the integral sign.
𝑤(0.1) = −3.75(𝑒 −1.6 − 1)
1
𝒘(𝟎. 𝟏) = −𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟗 𝑱 − ∫ 60𝑒 −16𝑡 − 16 𝑑𝑡
16
Then integrate
60 −16𝑡
Answers: 𝒑(𝒕) = 𝟔𝟎𝒆−𝟏𝟔𝒕 𝑾 =− 𝑒 +𝐶
16
𝒘(𝟎. 𝟏) = −𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟗 𝑱

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

C. CLOSURE ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 1.2: Check it yourself!

Complete the table below to summarize the mathematical relationships of the

basic variables in an electric circuit.

Table 1.5: Summary of the basic electrical quantity in an electric circuit

Electrical
Mathematical Representation Unit
Quantity

Current

Charge

Charge e

Voltage

Power

Energy

Diagram Representation

Passive sign
convention

Notes:

You may create your own handy book of formula and quick tips that are worth
recalling after you close the modules in Electrical Circuits I. Also it will save you time
when analyzing circuits. You can start now by cutting Table 1.5.

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

IV. SYNTHESIS

A key to remember…

You are now quipped with the basic variables of an electrical circuit! The understanding of the
mathematical relationships of charges (q), current (i), voltage (v), power (p) and energy (w)
are empirical in the analysis of electric circuits. You have also learned the importance of
presenting these quantities in an international measurement language which is the International
System of Units (SI).

The analysis that will be dealt in this course involves methodical study of
a given circuit designed to obtain the magnitude and direction of the said
circuit variables. As you have observed the solutions of Illustrations
1.1,1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 follows a problem-solving procedure suggested by
Svoboda and Dorf (2014) as shown in figure 1.9. Generally, with the
problem statement given, the analysis process moves sequentially first in
the description of the situations and the assumptions. Second, state the
goals and record the required circuit variable to be determined. The third
step is to create a plan that will help obtain the solution of the problem
which includes recording of the principles that are relevant or useful to the
given problem. Also, as you have notice, the solutions presented in the
said illustrations incorporates mathematical techniques in evaluating the
working equations. Bear in mind the general Math principles including
those in Calculus. The fourth step is to act according on the plan. The final
step is to verify that the proposed solution is indeed correct. If the
verification step indicates that the proposed solution is incorrect or
inadequate, then reformulate an improved plan, and repeat steps 4 and
5. By doing these methodology in solving problems, your thoughts will be
Figure 1.9: organized and the presentation of your solution will follow accordingly.
The problem-solving
methodology

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

V. EVALUATION

ASSESSMENT 1.1

The tests in this section aims to assess if the objectives of the modules are attained;
if you are now able to represent the current and voltage of a circuit element, calculate
the power and energy of an element and represent these quantities in scientific
notation. The assessment starts with verifying your familiarity with the basic concepts
in electrical circuit. Afterwards, it will test your problem-solving ability in applying the
mathematical relationships of the variables in a circuit.

Submission of the electronic copy of answer sheets will be on day 4 of week 2 of the
class. Please note that the output must only be submitted through MS Teams class in
EEP 213 where you are designated. Also, due date was already assigned in this ‘class
assignment’ in MS Teams, therefore late submission will not be accepted in the said
application.

A. Review Questions

Write the letter of the best answer to the following questions.

_____1. One millivolt is one millionth of a volt.

(a) True (b) False

_____2. The prefix micro stands for:

(a) 106 (b) 103 (c) 10-3 (d) 10-6

_____3. The voltage 2,000,000 V can be expressed in powers of 10 as:

(a) 2 mV (b) 2 kV (c) 2 MV (d) 2 GV

_____4. A charge of 2C flowing past a given point each second is a current of 2A.

(a) True (b) False

_____5. The unit of current is:

(a) coulomb (b) ampere (c) volt (d) joule

_____6. Voltage is measured in:

(a) watts (b) amperes (c) volts (d) joules per second

_____7. A 4-A current charging a dielectric material will accumulate a charge of 24C after 6s.

(a) True (b) False

_____8. The voltage across a 1.1-kW toaster that produces a current of 10 A is:

(a) 11 kV (b) 1100 V (c) 110 V (d) 11 V

_____9. Which of these is not an electrical quantity?

(a) charge (b) time (c) voltage (d) current t (e) power

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

B. Problem Solving: Charge and Current

Solve the following problems neatly and completely.

10. The charge entering a certain element is shown in figure 1.10. Find the current at:
(a) t = 1ms (b) t = 6ms (c) t = 10ms

Figure 1.10. For problem 1.10

11. The charge flowing in a wire is plotted in figure 1.11. Sketch the corresponding current.

Figure 1.11. For problem 1.11

12. The current through an element is shown in figure 1.12. Determine the total charge that
passed through the element at:

(a) t = 1s (b) t = 3s (c) t = 5s

Figure 1.12. For problem 1.12

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

C. Problem Solving: Voltage, Power and Energy

Solve the following problems neatly and completely.

13. The current through and voltage across an element vary with time as shown in figure 1.13.
Sketch the power delivered to the element for t>0. What is the total energy delivered to the
element between t=0 and t=25s? The element voltage and current adhere to the passive
convention.

Figure 1.13. a) Voltage v(t) and b) current i(t) for problem 1.13

14. The charge entering the positive terminal of an element is 𝑞 = 10 sin 4𝜋𝑡 𝑚𝐶 while the voltage
across the element (plus to minus) is 𝑣 = 2 cos 4𝜋𝑡 𝑉.
(a) Find the power delivered to the element at t=0.3s.
(b) Calculate the energy delivered to the element between 0 and 0.6s.

15. An automobile battery is charged with a constant current of 2A for five hours. The terminal
voltage of the battery is 𝑣 = 11 + 0.5𝑡 𝑉 for 𝑡 > 0, where t is in hours.

(a) Find the energy delivered to the battery during the five hours.

(b) If electric energy costs 15 cents/kWh, find the cost of charging the battery for five
hours.

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Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

VI. ASSIGNMENT

Review the following as your preparation for the next topic in Electrical Circuits I:

• Circuit elements (passive and active elements) and their symbols; and
• Basic laws that govern electric circuits- Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws.

VII. REFERENCES

• Alexander, C. K., & Sadiku, M. N. . (2004). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits. McGraw-

Hill.
• Svoboda, J. A., & Dorf, R. C. (2014). Introduction to Electric Circuits. In European Journal
of Engineering Education (9th ed., Vol. 18, Issue 4). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03043799308928170
• Santiago Jr., J. M. (2013). Circuit Analysis for Dummies. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Course Code Course Title Date Effective Date Revised Prepared by Page No.
EEP213 Electrical Circuits 1 1st Sem. 2020-2021 Engr. Maan B. Florendo 14