Introduction:

This is an accumulation of my notes, study guide information and italicized sections/graphics are directly
from the ASAP US History review book. Not meant to be read, just ctrl+f certain key words to direct you
to skeletal/supplemental information needed on specific topic.
Period 1: 1491-1607 Discovery & Settlement of the New World
Central & South America
o Highly developed
o Extensive trade and food supply
o Mayan, Aztec, Incan
o Maize (corn)
o One central prominent city/capital
North America
o Not as developed as central and south America
o Different dialects and spread out (not much communication)
o Lifestyles differ by regions
o Southwest (Navajo, Pueblo, Apache)
- Deserts
- Mud/adobe homes (clay and straw)
- Caves
- Pueblos
▪ Known for their impressive towns and elaborate multistory houses
- Irrigation (farming)
- Most resistant to invaders
o Southeast (Cherokee)
- Typically lived in permanent single-family dwellings
- Survived through farming a variety of crops
- Hunting, gathering
o Great Plains (Lakota Sioux)
- Nomadic tribes
- Followed their food source (bison)
- Teepees (shelter made from the hide/skin of bison)
- Obtained horses from Europeans that resulted in better adaptation
- The Native Americans of the Great Plains would later embrace the Spanish introduction
of the horse to North America, which greatly facilitated their nomadic lifestyle. They
would often travel on horseback and sleep in teepee tents that were easily constructed
and disassembled. They fiercely resisted European occupation of their lands and were
viewed as warlike, sometimes wearing war paint and the brightly colored “feathered war
bonnet.”
o Pacific Northwest (Kwakultl, Chinook)
- Woodwork
▪ lived in permanent shelters made of wood and tree bark
- Fishing in lakes and oceans (salmon)
- Taught Lewis and Clark about their way of life, agricultural techniques, hunting
- Advocated for warrior traditions
 - Gatherers
o Northeast (Iroquois Confederation)
Political organization of 5 tribes (Algonquin, Iroquois, etc)
- Colonists were associated with them (were among the first Natives that Europeans
interacted with; fur trade intermediaries)
- Most powerful Native group in the Ohio River Valley who managed to trade with
England and France, pitting them against each other
- Their confederacy became almost a foundation/example for colonists who wanted
independence from Britain
- Lived in the woods
▪ Hunting
▪ Gathering
▪ Fishing
- Typically lived in permanent single-family shelters (wigwams) or long multi-family
wooden dwellings (longhouses)
o Inuit (Eskimos)
- Typically lived a nomadic lifestyle
- Extremely cold northern regions
- Survived through hunting, gathering, whaling and fishing
- Lived in igloos (houses built out of snow) in the winter, makeshift (often wooden)
shelters during summer
Reasons for European Exploration
o Technological improvements- new tech makes it easier to travel
- Renaissance
▪ Europe was getting technology and arts from other empires that revolutionized
everything
▪ Included many valuable inventions that allowed European colonization in the
New World possible
▪ Revolutionized Europe and allowed for the interaction of the Eastern and
Western hemispheres
• Caravel (ships)
o Slaves
o Travel
• Astrolabe (compass)
o Compass type invention that was more widespread after the
Renaissance
o First created by the Muslims, improved by the Chinese and
spread to Europeans
o Made maritime navigation easier, allowing for longer distance
overseas travel
• Sextant
o Instrument measuring the angle between a celestial object and
the horizon
o Helps with being able to locate what direction you are going
 o Became essential to maritime navigation that helped the voyage
from Spain to the New World
- Johann Gutenberg (1450s)
▪ Created the printing press
▪ Paved the way for mass communications
• Newspapers, books, etc.
o Religious Conflict
- Catholics from Spain and Portugal (Reconquista)
- Protestant Reformation (England and the Netherlands)
o Desire for wealth and power
- New trade routes (slave trade)
▪ Atlantic Slave Trade
• Triangular trade among colonies, West Indies and Africa importing
slaves and exchanging some resources
• The trade involved molasses from the Indies, to the colonies, where it
was distilled into rum, that were traded for slaves in Africa
• Resulted in a surge of people of African descent who reside in North
America and its surrounding islands
- Extraction (gold/ Native labor)
- Establishment (missions, colonies)
▪ Mission system
• Chain of missions established by the Spanish to convert Natives to
Christianity
• Resulted in modern-day popularity of Christianity in North America
Columbus and the Spanish
o Approaches Spanish monarchs for funding to explore new trade routes (wanted to find a shorter
route to India to participate in Indian trade without having to go through the middle east as their
middlemen so that they could get a better deal)
o Led to exchanges in goods, ideas, religion, diseases, economy, nationalism (Columbian
Exchange)
- Global diffusion of crops, people and animals between the Americas and Europe
- Introduced goods, diseases and ideas from Europe to the Americas and vice versa
- Brought about the death of many natives but also allowed for new innovations (pizza)
- Wide variety of crops/produce exchanged, profoundly impacted both cultures (corn and
potatoes introduced to old world)
- Domesticated and wild animals exchanged
▪ Horse- Native Americans (hunting and travel)
▪ Cows- New world (source of food and hides)
- New World ecology disrupted by foreign species of plants and animals
- Tobacco is introduced to Europe and becomes extremely popular
- Various diseases are spread both to and from the New World
- The indigenous population, having no immunity to fatal Old World communicable
disease (ie: smallpox) declines dramatically
- The introduction of the gun to the New World greatly advances Native American hunting
practices and revolutionizes warfare.
 - European agricultural technologies, such as the plow, improve New World farming and
facilitate the growth of towns. (Plow- patriarchy)
o Lands in Bahamas, thinking it is India
o More than ¼ of all the world’s population died because Europeans brought diseases (smallpox) to
the New World (“The Great Dying”)
- Smallpox
▪ Contagious viral disease
▪ Eradicated by vaccine by 1979
▪ Killed approximately 90% of all Native populations
▪ Weakened the Natives allowing the Europeans to conquer them easily
▪ Allowed Europeans to become more prominent in the New World as Natives are
significantly weakened
Establishment of the Spanish
o Conquistadores/ Conquistadors
- Cortes (Aztecs)
▪ Conquistador who was sent to explore North America by the Spanish crown
▪ Conquered the Aztecs in his expedition (1519)
▪ Established most of modern-day Mexico under Spanish rule (when he conquered
the Aztecs)
- Pizarro (Incans)
- Juan de Onate
▪ Claimed New Mexico for Spain and served as the governor for 9 years
▪ Was among the cruelest of the conquistadors who wiped out many Native tribes
▪ Ultimately destroyed many Native tribes when they attempted to resist his
domination
▪ Aztec Empire
• An empire that was in modern-day Mexico that had advanced trade,
mathematics and were known for their use of religious human sacrifices
• Were conquered by Hernan Cortes and taken over by the Spanish
• Signaled the initiation of an influx of Europeans coming to conquer the
New World
o Montezuma/Moctezuma
▪ Brough social and economic reform to the Aztec empire
▪ Emperor of the Aztecs when Hernan Cortes conqueured
them
▪ Showed conquistadors that Native civilizations can be
easily conquered
o Tenochtitlan
▪ Was the cultural center of the Aztecs and had the human
sacrifices performed here
▪ Capital of the Aztec Empire
▪ Still a cultural hub even in modern-day Mexico
▪ Inca Empire
• Another highly advanced civilization in modern day Peru
• Conquered by Pizarro in 1532
 • Developed agricultural techniques (terrace farming) that allowed for
crops to be grown without the presence of flat lands
- Conquerors from the Iberian peninsula in the 16th and 17th century to obtain the 3Gs
- Claimed lands for their respective European countries through violence
- Brought about many diseases that ultimately made conquering Natives easy
o Riches for the motherland
- Gold and silver
o 3Gs
- God (justification, spread)
- Glory (power and influence)
- Gold
o Las Castas/ Caste System- established foundations of racial prejudice in later years to
come against people of color
- Social hierarchy
▪ Europeans (Peninsulares- European born, then the New World born ones)
▪ Mestizo (mixed race- Spaniard and American Indian)
• Made up a significant portion of Spanish presence in the New World that
essentially unified the colonies
• Refused to work the encomienda system, resulting in African slavery
becoming prominent
▪ Zambo (mixed race- African and Native American)
• Were viewed as among the lower race combinations that emphasized
racial prejudice and injustices that the laborers in the New World faced
• Resulted in certain religions that came to the Americas (vodun/voodoo)
▪ Africans
o St. Augustine, FL
- Oldest existing Spanish settlement in the New World (most successful)
o California missions
- Pushed up from the Central and South Americas (kind of where they stopped)
European Treatment of Natives
o Encomienda system
- Repartimiento (wages) & asiento
- Land grants in Spanish America given out by the Spanish Crown that essentially enslaved
Natives
- Enterprises included sugar harvesting and silver mining. While the encomienda system
was not explicitly slavery, the pretty much free labor that was provided by the Natives
allowed for these industries to become extremely profitable.
- Disguised form of slavery that was the Spanish crown’s insurance of control in the New
World
- Spanish Crown’s power reflected by Spain remaining in control of their colonies for a
relatively longer time than other European spheres of influence
o Valladolid Debate (1550-1551)
- Topic: role/treatment of Natives in Spanish colonies
- Brought awareness to Spain in regards to how Natives were being treated in the New
World
- Sides: Juan de Sepulveda v. Bartolome de Las Casas
 ▪ Juan de Sepulveda
• Argued FOR the encomienda system in the Valladolid Debate
• Claimed that the Natives were barbaric and did not deserve to be treated
like humans, as commonly believed by the rest of the Spaniards
• Essentially promoted ideas that were later reflected by Rudyard
Kipling’s “”White Man’s Burden” that imperialist nations used to justify
their actions
▪ Bartolome de Las Casas
• Bishop who argued in the Valladolid Debate AGAINST the encomienda
system
• Argued against popular belief that Natives should not be treated like
animals, but he was just laughed at and not taken seriously
• Although he did not have great support because of his unpopular belief,
he is still known for his compassion and courage to address problems,
even if he was the only one willing to speak up
- Spanish view of Natives was most consistent with Sepulveda
- Native response: adapt but preserve the culture
- Encomienda system stayed, later becoming slavery
Settlement of North America
o English (1500s)
- Henry VIII’s problems with the Church
- Walter Raleigh
▪ Became the first Englishman who sponsored/led a British colony
▪ Leader of a group of settlers who landed on Roanoke Island (1585)
• Governed by John White who was a friend of Raleigh
• First British settlement in the New World
• Ultimately disappeared and there is still nothing left of the colony (aka
Lost Island)
▪ Brought back a cash crop to England (corn?)
- Main Motives:
▪ Acquire wealth
▪ Flee religious persecution
▪ Convert native peoples to Christianity
▪ Achieve power and glory for Britain
o French (1500s-early 1600s) French Friendly Fur
- Catholics vs Hugenots (Quebec v Canada)
- Quebec City and others along the St. Lawrence River
- Motives:
▪ Trade alliances (fur)
▪ Search for natural resources (gold)
▪ Quest for religious converts
- Interaction with Natives
▪ Did not take a large amount of native land
▪ Economic cooperation
▪ Intermarriage was common
 ▪ Few violent conflicts
▪ Many natives killed by disease
o Dutch (early 1600s)
- Hudson and New Amsterdam (New York), Albany
- Motives:
▪ Trade alliances (fur)
▪ Slave trade
▪ Creation of profit/merchant centers
▪ Quest for geopolitical power and a passage west
- Interaction with Natives
▪ Took a large amount of native land
▪ Intermarriage was rare
▪ Some were tolerant of native culture
▪ Many natives killed by disesase
o Pueblo Revolt (1680)
- Santa Fe, NM
- Spanish settlers/missions established
- Forced Catholicism on Pueblos via destruction of native customs
- Pueblo uprising to restore traditional autonomy
- a sentimental leader named Pope coordinated attacks, leading 8,000 men
- Initially successful as they were independent for 12 years
▪ Catholicism was nearly eradicated
▪ Use of the Spanish language was penalized
- But later were reconquered when Pope died
- Spanish were not as violent when they reconquered the Pueblo Indians in regards to their
religion
Extras
o Maroons
- Runaway slaves from the West Indies, Central/South America who formed independent
settlements together
- Maroons formed their own communities that threatened the slave owners’ ability to keep
their slaves
- Allowed oppressed slaves to be free, but not with peace of mind for they feared getting
caught and sent back to their masters
o Spanish Armada
- Fleet of ships sent by King Phillip II (Spain) to invade England, but was defeated by the
English “Sea Dogs”
- The Spanish Armada had established themselves as the world’s most powerful navy.
- As a result, no other European countries were actually claiming lands in the New World.
- However, their defeat initiated English naval dominance, making the English, French,
and Dutch more prominent in North America in terms of colonization.
o The Black Legend
- Legend that was being told throughout European countries that described how badly the
Spanish treated the Natives
 - Encouraged other European countries to go to the New World to help “save” the Natives
from the evil clutches of the Spaniards even though some of them really weren’t any
better
o Juan Ponce de Leon
- Served as governor of Puerto Rico after founding it
- Had been sailing north in search of the Fountain of Youth
- Ultimately discovered Florida and claimed it for Spain
o Coureurs de Bois
- French Fur traders (usually with mixed Amerindian heritage)
- Often intermarried with Amerindian people in North America
- As a result of intermarriages, French and Amerindian traditions were somewhat
combined and shared
o Feudalism
- European social system during the Middle Ages by which peasants worked for nobles
who protected them
- Social hierarchy that distributed wealth based on birth
- Transferred to the Americas (social hierarchy) during colonization
o Capitalism
- Economic system by which people could privately manage and obtain their profit
- Allowed for social mobility by which the social classes were not AS defined
- Paved the way for concepts like the “American Dream,” allowing for “equal
opportunities”
Period 2 (1607-1754) Chesapeake&New England Colonies, Resoration Colonies (Middle&Southern)
Three types of companies
o Corporate (joint-stock companies)
- Short term investments among multiple investors to fund certain startups
- Used to fund early British colonial business ventures
- The Virginia company established Jamestown wanted minimal risk with pretty fast
returns
o Royal (directly under the king/monarch rule)
o Proprietary (charters granted to individuals)
Chesapeake Colonies (Maryland and Virginia)
o Among the earliest English settlements on the East Coast of North America
 Virginia
-very rural,
- most of the original agrarian Maryland
inhabitants of Jamestown, the (tobacco)
first major settlement, died of
starvation or disease -rapid
-This colony was founded in
economic
1634 by Lord Baltimore, who
- the surrounding area became settled the town of St. Mary's
home to many settlements and growth
and wielded enormous power
Virginia eventually becomae (indentured in the region.
one of the largest and most servitude, later
powerful of the colonies slavery)

Chesapeake Colony: Virginia

Jamestown: “Bros Trip”
o Virginia Company (joint-stock company)
o Early years
- Disease
▪ Smallpox
▪ Chickenpox
- Objective
- Starving (Starving Time)
▪ People of Jamestown had been worrying too much about searching for gold that
everyone starved through that winter
▪ Many ended up going home because they lost motivation
▪ Cannibalism
▪ Flaws were exposed by which they lacked leadership, cooperation and
preparation
▪ John Smith came along afterwards and started to require colonists to work if they
wanted to eat
o John Smith
- Don’t work, don’t eat
o John Rolfe
- Husband of Pocahontas
- Discovered tobacco
▪ Encroached on Native land and caused conflict
▪ Essentially stimulated the Atlantic Slave Trade (especially in the Cheaspeake
region) because tobacco growing required a LARGE work force and white
indentured servitude was no longer meeting the labor demand (London Fire
 created jobs at home, allowing for young males to find jobs without having to
sail across the world and have so many risks)
o Virginia House of Burgesses (1619)
- First concept of democracy in the New World
- Established to make laws and levy taxes but directors of the Virginia Company and the
governor could veto its legislation acts
- Set a precedence for later forms of Parliament and representative forms of government to
be established
- Proto-democratic assembly that fostered debate and allowed any property-holding white
male to vote
o Went from a corporate holding to a royal one
Conflict in Virginia
o William Berkeley (governor) was only listening to the wealthy
- High taxes
- Low tobacco prices
- Appeasing the Indians after they attacked colonial settlements
o Bacon’s Rebellion 1676
- Most of the Virginia Colony was already claimed by the mid-1600s, leaving newcomers
to move further inland to encroach on Natives lands.
- Nathaniel Bacon wanted to go and kill these Natives to take their land because William
Berkeley refused to support the populist militias attacking the Native Americans.
- Back country farmers burned down tribes and attacked/burned Jamestown to express that
they, too, deserved a voice in politics
o The Result
- Increased equality across races and social classes
- Taxes were cut
- Freedmen regained their rights
- Need for the Indian reservation system by which settlers and Natives were unable to
coexist peacefully
- Indentured servants were too difficult to control, so they brought in slaves
Chesapeake Colony: Maryland
o Proprietary: Lord Baltimore (Calverts)
o Safe-haven for Catholics
o Catholics v Protestants
o Act of Toleration
- 1st colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians
- Contributed to ideals of religious tolerance that were reflected when writing the
Constitution
o Protestants take over government and get rid of it
 1632 1634
1608 1649
1631 A charter was Maryland was 1664
Captain John Maryland
English granted to founded as a Slavery was
Smith explores Toleration Act
establish a Cecilius Calvert Catholic sanctioned by
the grants freedom
trading post on (Lord colony, law in
Chesapeake of worship to
Kent Island. Baltimore) by settlement of Maryland.
Bay. all Christians.
King Charles I. St. Mary's City.

Chesapeake Labor Shortage

o Economy (many agricultural)
o Both Maryland and Virginia
- Indentured servants
▪ Migrants from England who signed a contract, binding them to 4-7 years of
servitude, in exchange for the passage over to the New World
▪ Unlike imported slaves, could obtain freedom after they finished their contract
▪ Began to drop drastically in number, resulted in mass importation of slaves to meet
labor demands
- Slaves
▪ Chattel Bondage
• Slaves were treated like property (ownership of other humans), along with
their posterity/offspring
• A slave has the legal status of property (can be bought and sold like property)
• Resulted in slaves being enslaved for generations making it virtually
impossible for any African or African-American to obtain freedom
- Headright system
▪ Established by Virginia company and later the Plymouth Company as an incentive to
have landowners sponsor indentured servants to come to the New World
▪ if you spend money to bring individuals to the new world you get 50 acres/ person
▪ attracted people to Virginia and helped with labor shortages for a while until slaves
were imported to supplement
▪ Separated wealthy owners from poorer
Plymouth Colony
o RELIGION
o Plymouth 1620 (nearby included: Dover, Portsmouth and Salem)
o Went to Holland first and journeyed to New World, wanted Virginia but ended elsewhere (north)
o Pilgrims (separatists)
- Fled religious persecution
o Natives help after harsh winter
- Squanto & Thanksgiving
- Proof that not all British had negative relations with Natives
o Mayflower Compact
- Agreement that established a basic legal system in which power derived from the consent of
the people and not from God.
- Signed by the 41 adult men on the Mayflower
- Became the first written laws for the New World (free from English laws)
- Will of the majority
- Colonial self-government
 - Foundation for when the Constitution was later written by which Biblical values were
integrated, even with the separation of church and state (“one nation under God”)
o William Bradford
- Leader of Plymouth
- Authored “Of Plymouth Plantation”
▪ Described the Pilgrims’ journey
▪ Personal narrative depicting life in Plymouth and his reasons for establishing
Plymouth (flee religious persecution)
▪ Others were inspired to travel to the New world to escape religious persecution
Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)
o Puritans (Reformers, Congregationalists, non-Separatists)
- Strict in their religious beliefs, lack tolerance
- Resulted in the creation of Rhode Island (Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams) after being
banished by the Puritans because of differing religious perspectives
- Many Puritans moved the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1629 and 1642, most of whom
were Calvinists who believed that God had predestined some people to be “saved” and
others not to be “saved.” They believed, furthermore, that “saved” individuals had an
obligation to engage in hard work and to be a model for others.
o Granted charter from King Charles I
o John Winthrop
o City Upon a Hill
- Winthrop’s desire to be an example to the world (utopia) that had “universally favorable”
conditions
- Equality that colonists idolized served as framework for the Constitution and demonstrated
the Church’s prominence in Puritan society
o Government: white male members of church (clergymen) decide elections
Other New England Colonies
Rhode Island (welcoming)
o Controversial because others believed in good deeds
o Voters were not required to be members of any church
o Native American interaction (better treatment of Natives)
- Believed natives had rights
- Compensated them for land
o Free worship (much more tolerant than the stricter Massachusetts settlement)
o Roger Williams and Providence 1636
- Salvation based on self-faith
- Influenced Constitution’s separation of church & state and the first amendment right,
guaranteeing religious freedom
o Anne Hutchinson and Portsmouth 1638
- All about faith, women’s roles, Antinomianism
▪ Theological debate concerned the principle of salvation by grace as opposed to
adherence to particular moral laws
- Challenged the Puritan clergymen and was ultimately banished
- Had been leading religious discussions in her home
 - Publicly condemned some of Boston’s clergymen as deficient
- Claimed she had received direct revelation from God (exemplified the power imbalance
between white clergymen and basically anyone else)
- Challenged religious roles, gender norms and conservative beliefs (original feminist)
Connecticut
o Thomas Hooker
o Hartford 1636
o Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
o Republicanism (will of the people)
o Established kind of congress
New England
o New England Town meetings
- free male citizens chose a group of people (selectmen) to govern the town the following year
- free male citizens voted directly on public issues (direct, not representative democracy)
- free male citizens had the power to levy taxes and create laws
o Half-way covenant
- Full puritan members typically need to experience a conversion
- Native born puritans struggled to experience
- People become partial church members even without conversion
o New England Confederation
- Military alliance between Plymouth Massachusetts bay Connecticut and Newhaven
o King Philip’s War/Metacom’s War (1675-1676)
- The Massachusetts Bay Colony government had been forcing court jurisdictions on the local
Natives
- Controversially hung three of Metacom’s men
- Metacom
▪ Native American chief united tribes to fight colonists
- Killed Metacom and crushed the war because they were allied with the Mohawk
- Allowed for the English to take additional Indian lands to expand
- Over half of New England’s towns were attacked, several completely destroyed
- New England’s economy was devastated
- About 1,000 English and 3,000 Native Americans were killed
- Many surviving tribesmen were sold into slavery in the West Indies
- The conflict helped lead to the development of a colonial British identity separate from those
who lived in Britain
Restoration Colonies (Middle and Southern)
Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware)
o Settlers
- Dutch
- Swedish
- English
- Scots-Irish
- Quakers
 - Catholics
- Protestants
- Jews
o Important People
- Peter Minuit
- Peter Stuyvesant
- John Berkley
- George Carteret
- William Penn
▪ Founder of the Province of Pennsylvania (includes Delaware)
▪ Very progressive in his ideas about religious toleration
▪ Important advocate for religious freedom and democratic ideals in the early colonies
▪ Quaker- Pacifist and practiced friendly relations with Natives
▪ Campaigned for peaceful solutions to various conflicts among the colonies and
between the colonies and England
o Major Cities
- New Amsterdam (NYC)
- Philadelphia
o Economics
- Farming
▪ Grain
▪ Fruits
▪ Veggies
- Livestock
- Timber
- Mining
- Trade
o Governance
- Proprietorship
- Royal charter
Southern Colonies (Carolinas and Georgia)
o Hot and wet climate, long growing seasons
o Rich and fertile soil
- Enabled the development of rich cash crops
▪ Tobacco
▪ Rice
▪ Indigo
o Ruled by a governor appointed by the English king
o Only landowning white males could participate in the political process
o Plantation owners used indentured servants and slave labor to grow and cultivate their crops
 planters/ plantation owners
-owned lots of slaves
-wealthiest members of
southern society
-dominated social and
political life

small farmers
- owned land
- sometimes owned small numbers of
slaves
-somewhat invovled in politics but
rarely held office

poor farmers
- free
- did not own slaves
-not very involved in political processes
-often descended from indentured servants

slaves
- no social or political power
-often worked on plantations or small farms

Carolinas (1660s)
o AGRICULTURAL
o Split into North and South Carolina in 1729
o South Carolina: rice plantations
o North Carolina: similar to Chesapeake region (tobacco)
o Many English settlers moved from Barbados to South Carolina and established a similar
economic model by which they incorporated this use of slavery.
o As such, wealthy landowners organized large plantations by which both indentured servants and
slaves were subjected to terrible conditions. ñn
o Fundamental Constitution for Carolina (1669)
o Groundwork for government
New York
o New Amsterdam divides English colonies
o Duke of York takes New Amsterdam
o Agreement with Dutch
- Give British power
- Take care of the Dutch already living there
▪ Will not persecute them or push them out
New Jersey
o New York colony was too large
o Portion of land divided between two proprietors
o WNJ and ENJ eventually united royal colony (1702)
Pennsylvania
o Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
o WHOLESOME PEOPLE
o Equality for all and nonviolence
- Resulted in their prominent roles in advocating for the abolition of slavery, equal rights for
women and peace
o “Inner light”
o William Penn- original proprietor
o “Holy Experiment”
- Religious refuge (Philadelphia)
Georgia (1732) “Last Original Colony”
o Buffer zone from Spanish Florida
o James Oglethorpe
- Wanted to serve as a refuge for people who had been imprisoned in England due to debt
o Proprietary to royal colony
o Originally belonged to him but was taken by the royal crown
o No alcohol, severely restricted land ownership, no slaves
- Slavery legalized in 1749
o Eventually adopted plantation system (tobacco)
o Smallest and weakest, always prepare to be under attack
Delaware (1702)
o Founded as a proprietary colony
o Used Pennsylvania as their governor
Relationship with Natives
o Spanish- mostly negative
o British- positive and negative (land disputes)
o French- mostly positive (intermarriage and fur trade)
Mercantilism
o Colony provides raw materials, enrich the motherland
o Economic policy by which a country tires to accumulate wealth exporting more than importing
(trade surplus)
- Imported: manufactured goods
- Exported: sugar/molasses/rum, gold and silver, and fur
o British colonies provided Britain with raw materials so that Britain could export more than import
o Resulted in the passing of Navigation Act and Dominion of New England so that Britain could
control colonial trade and ensure colonists could not compete with British markets
 o Angered colonists because they could not trade with other countries to stimulate their OWN
economy
British Colonial Unrest
o Trade conflicts with European rivals such as the French and Dutch.
o Disagreements over the location and boundaries of territorial settlements.
o Diverging opinions about the best manner of defending frontiers.
Navigation Acts (1650-1696)
o Restricted colonial trade, manufacturing, and shipping to other countries
o Only British ships- colonies must build more of their own ships
o Tobacco can only be sent to Britain
o Britain is the middleman in all colonial representation
o Ultimately smuggle and break the laws
- seeking to evade import and export taxes
- ignoring trade laws that prohibited particular goods (but they smuggled the following)
▪ rum and molasses
▪ non-British manufactured and luxury goods
▪ enslaved Africans
▪ military equipment and weapons
▪ gold and silver bullion
- bribing customs agents and other authorities
- sidestepping restrictions on geographical limits to trade
o The British do not really care (salutary neglect)
- British knew the colonies were breaking their laws but did not bother because they were still
receiving a steady income
- Colonies essentially functioned as an independent nation, not needing British rule
- Colonists had increased feelings of nationalism and independence by which it was a large
factor of the Revolutionary War
▪ no effective way to enforce laws from across the Atlantic
▪ danger that discontented colonists would ally themselves with the French against
England
▪ too expensive and logistically complicated to govern the colonies
Salem Witch Trials
o Results of unsettled social and religious issues in Puritan Society
o 1680s-1690s “crazy little girls”
- Predominantly targeted women who did not fit the status quo
o Religion was extremely important in the North Eastern colonies
o People who did not fit in were accused of being witches by which many died under false
accusations
o Reflects the tensions amongst colonists in regards to differences in religion and social classes
o Served as a warning for later colonies about the problems of intolerance and prejudice, serving as
a division within families (fear, hysteria, stress)
o Primogeniture- inheritance of wealth goes to the oldest males
- Some were accused so others could keep the $
 Cause Effect
long history of witchcraft trials in Europe
changing societal opinions about how to
conduct fair traisl
Biblical texts commanding capital
punishment for "witches"
increased suspicion of torutre as a means of
suspicion of nontraditional or nonconfromist extracting confessions
viewpoints and behaviors

gendered sterotypes about women and their discontinuation of "spectral evidence" (witness
bodies testimony that the spirit of the accused
appeared in a dream or vision)
puritan religious fixation on the devil and the
presence of evil in the world
subsequent release of some of the accused;
some executed individuals were posthumously
lack of knowledge about potential medical or exonerated
psychological explanations for mysterious
behavior
continuation of the practice of "with hunts" in
the modern world (20th century "Red Scare,"
legal proceedings centered around dubious
persecution of Arab Americans after 9/11, etc.)
evidence and forced confessions

Slavery
o Late 17th and early 18th century
o Reasons for increase:
o Decrease of indentured servants because work is available back in England (London Fire)
o Stable labor force
o Slave laws created (esp Virginia and Maryland) meant to subjugate (ensure they cannot be freed
easily) African slaves
Triangular Trade
o European slave traders sold African slaves at auctions and used the profits to buy sugar, cotton,
tobacco, and other raw goods to take back to Europe.
o Slave ships left Europe for West and Central Africa carrying cloth, guns, and other manufactured
goods.
o European slave traders bought slaves from African slave traders and packed their ships before
heading to the Americas and the Caribbean.
o Middle Passage
- Middle portion of the triangular trade route among the colonies, Africa, and Europe
- Conditions aboard the slave ships were horrendous
- Slaves packed as tightly as physically possible into the hulls of the ships
- Many slaves died en route and some even committed suicide because of the misery they were
forced to endure.
The Great Awakening
o Passionate expressions of religious feeling
o Response to the Enlightenment, trying to encourage religion
 o Jonathan Edwards
- Puritan/ Calvinist roots
- Emphasized personal religious experience
- Not a believer in church hierarchy
- Famous sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” stressed emotional connection
with God and deterministic beliefs about heaven and hell
- Preached Puritanism
- Convinced many people to convert to this new branch by which they were god fearing
- “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (1741)
▪ Wanted everyone to fear God
▪ Believed freedom of will was part of the Great Awakening
o George Whitefield
- Originally Anglican; one of the founders of the Methodist movement after he moved ot North
America
- Sermons attracted large crowds and mass “conversions”
- Emphasis on proselytization and gospel
- Preached an egalitarian message and was critical of slaveholders’ harsh treatment of their
slaves
- “new light”
▪ Belief that faith comes from within
- Traveled throughout colonies
- Believed ministers are not needed
- Priest who had a style of preaching different from the traditional sermons
- Convinced many people to participate because he was so influential
o Impact:
- Colonists practice and read their own
- Growth of denominations (Baptists and Presbyterians)
Zenger Trial
o Peter Zenger, NY editor
o Charge: criticizing the NY governor (essentially a royal figure)
o Defense: it is true though!
o … however, English common law: “you can’t talk mess”
o Outcome: jury acquits Zenger, ignoring English law
o Established the foundation of freedom of press
o Further demonstrates salutary neglect as Britain really did not interfere with colonial affairs as
long as they were receiving their raw materials and profits.
The Enlightenment (18th century)
o Philosophy movement
o Emphasized separation of church and state
o Human reasoning & individualism
o John Locke: “Two Treatise of Government”
- Government must honor natural laws based on “unalienable rights”
- Encouraged revolt if government failed to protect rights
- Natural rights set foundation for US Constitution
 - Hypothesized that the human mind is a “tabula rasa” or blank slate, ultimately shaped by a
person’s environment
- Believed that knowledge was gained by experience rather than supernatural or outside truth
o Francis Bacon
- Developed the “inductive method” of scientific investigation
- Emphasized coming to conclusions through observation and reasoning
o Thomas Hobbes
- Argued that all humans are self-centered and prone to evil
- Claimed that the best form of government was an all-powerful monarch
o Rene Descartes
- Made great advances in algebra and geometry
- Developed a deductive approach to philosophy that emphasized math and logic
o Isaac Newton
- Published important theories on gravity
- Articulated a series of scientific laws describing the functioning of the natural world
o State/country is supreme
Acts that the British passed that angered colonists
o Sugar Act/Molasses Act
- Was meant to tax sugar and stop smuggling from occurring
- Law that taxed molasses, sugar and rum imported from non-British colonies into North
American colonies that doubled the initial tax rate
- Was meant to accumulate British wealth by controlling colonial trade
- Angered colonists because the cost to make rum increased drastically, decreasing their profit
margin
- Would have ruined their economy but was not enforced
o Quartering Act
- Provide food and board for British soldiers
o Stamp Act
- Tax on printed documents
- Crisis affected the wealthy
o Sons of Liberty
- Tar and feather tax collectors, burned stamps
o Stamp Act Congress
- Boycott goods that are being taxed
o Prime ministers were replaced and the new one repealed the Stamp Act
o British authorities were all up on the colonists’ cases
o Charles Townshend
- Taxes on tea, glass, and paper
- Revenue went to crown officials in the colonies
Conflicts/Alliances between Europeans & Native Americans
o Native Americans:
- Spears and axes
- Bows and Arrows
o Europeans:
- Armor
 - Pistols
- Rifles
o Beaver Wars/ Iroquois Wars
- A series of conflicts by which both the French and their allies, Hurons (North Algonquin)
fought against the Iroquois Indians as they wanted to maintain dominance in the fur trade
- European conflict with Natives based on desire for wealth
- French influence decreased as British influence increased in the area
o Chickasaw War
- British allied with the Chickasaw tribe and fought the French who allied with the Chocotaw
and Illini Indians
- The Louisiana governor wanted to stop the trade between the Chickasaw and British
- Employed the Chocotaw Indians to attack the Chickasaw
- Attacks cemented British and Chickasaw relations as British provided them w guns
- Result: British and Chickasaw won
▪ French had to give New France to the British (Treaty of Paris 1763)
▪ Foreshadowed the French and Indian War
o Pequot War
- The Pequot Tribe had been the most powerful tribe in the region bc of the wampum trade
with the Dutch
- However, they expanded and encountered the Great Migration of Protestants.
- Imbalanced military power between the English and Dutch
▪ English were superior and demonstrated English brutality (Massacre at Mystic)
- Resulted in the “extinction” of the Pequot tribe
▪ Puritans massacred them (the few remaining survivors were pushed out the region)
- Also resulted in the Treaty of Hartford
▪ Total English dominance over New England and oppression of Natives
o Stono Rebellion/ Cato’s Rebellion/ Cato’s Conspiracy
- Failed slave uprising
- An uprising of African Americans in South Carolina by which the slaves stole weapons and
killed whites, trying to flee to Florida
- Largest slave uprising in the mainland British colonies
▪ About a hundred slaves rose up and tried to escape to Florida
▪ All participants were crushed and executed
- Showed slaves hated their lives
- Made life even worse for slaves
▪ South Carolina passed the Negro Act 1740
• Decreased slaves’ rights and abilities to be freed from their masters,
decreasing the numbers of freed blacks
• Thought this would deter slaves’ desires to be rebel
o Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)
- Powhatan tribes fought the English settlers of the Virginia colony, resulting in a boundary
established between English and Native American lands
o Catawaba People
- Catawba tribes of the Piedmont region (North and South Carolina) coexisted relatively
peacefully with European settlers, fighting alongside the British during the Seven Years’ War
(1756-1763) and alongside the Patriots during the American Revolution.
o Huron People
 - Great Lakes and Quebec regions were enemies of the Iroquois and fought alongside the
French during the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Extras
o Dominion of New England
- The British crown merged Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut
colonies into a province, with a royal governor in power
- Dominion ended six years later when they drove (Andros) the governor out and revolted
- Resulted in increased tensions between the colonists and the British Crown by which taxes
were more controlled
▪ Direct control over this mega-colony
o European alliances with Native Americans
- French
▪ Allied with Huron, Algonquin, and Ottawa tribes as well as some members of the
Iroquois League
▪ Alliances mainly in the Great Lakes region
▪ Generally more interested in trading (fur) than land
- British
▪ Allied with some members of the Iroquois League
▪ Alliances mainly in upper New York
▪ Generally more interested in land than trading
o The Metis
- The Metis were descendants of indigenous North Americans and European settlers
- Historically, they were heavily involved in the Canadian fur trade
- Some were involved as interpreters because they were often multilingual
- They helped shape modern Canada, especially in expansion to the west
- Many Metis children were exposed to French Catholicism
o Racial Segregation and the Law (pg38)
o The Development of Slave Culture (pg 40)
o Colonial Legislatures and Courts

King of England
(ultimate authority)

Colonial Governor
(oversaw trade and law)

Council/Upper House Assembly/Lower House

(appointed, acted as (elected, made laws and
highest court) had the authority to tax)

Period 3, Part 1: 1754-1774 Events Leading up to the Revolution

Beginnings of America
o Colonies are established
o British are trying to control them
o How do we get from conformity to rebellion?
Prelude to French and Indian War
o Parliament and colonial legislatures experiencing a power struggle
The first 3 wars
o King William’s- French
o Queen Anne’s- Spain
o King George’s
o Lack of colonial unity (still capable of uniting)
o Diverse attributes:
o Population
o Location
o Postal service
French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War)
Prior to French and Indian War
o Ongoing conflict between European nations in North America
o Best imperial nation
o French forts along Ohio River Valley (discourage colonists)
o Fort Necessity & Fort Duquesne- G. Wash (fails) but demonstrates power struggles
Uniting the Colonies
o “unite or die”
o Albany Plan of Union
o Ben Franklin
o Does not work but shows attempts at a colonial government
o British and Colonial governments (7) working together but fails
o “President General and General Council”
War and Results
o British/colonists/Iroquois vs French/ Algonquins
o William Pitt and British win
Aftermath
o Colonist PoV- independent (reward!)
o British PoV- colonists are weak
New Imperialism
o Salutary neglect gone
o War debt- colonists had to pay in the form of taxes
Native Americans vs British 1763
Pontiac’s Rebellion
o Chief Pontiac is upset about Natives so British troops take care of it
o British troops permanently stay in colonies
Proclamation Line
o Close off westward expansion past the Appalachian Mountains
o British reasons: limit conflict; deter
o Colonists are upset because they want to expand
Events Leading Up to the American Revolution
PM Greenville
o Taxes to pay for war debt (French & Indian War)
o Sugar Act (1764) tax and stopped smuggling from occurring
o Quartering Act (1765) provide food and board
o Stamp Act (1765) tax on printed documents
Stamp Act Crisis (interpretation by colonists)
o Sons and Daughters of Liberty and Stamp Act Congress
o Feather and tar tax collectors to discourage them from collecting taxes
o New PM, Stamp Act dies, repeals it
o Declaratory Act (1766)- we can tax you whenever, however we want, in all cases whatsoever
Townsend Act
o Duties on tea, glass, paper (import taxes that drive up selling prices)
o Revenue goes to crown officials in colonies
o “Writ of Assistance” crown officials can go ahead and search upon suspicion, bypassing warrants
o Results in boycotting
Quartering Act (Mutiny Act)
o How did the colonists react? New York straight up said no! and the British crown temporarily
disbanded the New York assembly
o Lord Frederick North repeals acts
o Damaged trade and generated a disappointingly small amount of revenue (except tea), damaging
British economy bc colonists boycotting meant they weren’t providing a market
Boston Massacre (1770)
o Presence of red coats is insulting
o Scuffle and “massacre”
o British brutality and oppression
o Sam Adams’ influence- weaved it into a whole dramatic story
o 5 people were shot and killed
Tea Issue
 o Tea Act never intended to be controversial
o Only meant to help the British East India Company (creates a monopoly, bypassing merchants)
o Tea became cheap and affordable
o So why did it anger colonists?
o TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION
o created a monopoly, bankrupted merchants & BEIC ended up jacking up the price after they were
established as a monopoly
o Daughters of Liberty- most against the tea (strongly supported group against tea act)
Boston Tea Party (1773)
o Parliament keeps legislating duties and laws
o Every single one is asserted but is left (Tea Act) to show they were oppressed
o 50 men (Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawks) threw 432 crates overboard and no one stopped
them because of the Boston Massacre had happened
Coercive Acts (AKA Intolerable Acts)
o Only MASSACHUSETTS
1. Close boston port
2. Reduce colonial self government
3. Trial of royal officers not in Massachusetts
4. Forced quartering of troops
Revolutionary Ideas
o British undermine colonial governments
o How should government operate:
o Basic principles Americans believed in:
o No taxation without representation
o Actual representation
o John Locke influence:
o Natural laws
o Response to unconcerned government
Cooperation and War (1754-1800)
Item to Mention:
o Regulator Movement
- These people felt ignored
- Mid 1760s in the Carolinas
- Mostly farmers v colonial officials (taxes and corruption)
Organization and Preparation
1772: Virginia helped establish the Committee of Correspondence
1774: First Continental Congress
- Colonial convention (minus Georgia) to discuss British threats on liberty
- 5 decisions were made
 ▪ Military prep
▪ List grievances
▪ Stop trade with Britain
▪ Establish without British
▪ Agreed to meet again (2nd Continental Congress)
- Different from Albany Plan of Union (this one did not have British reps)
Lexington and Concord (April 1775)
o Militia (minutemen) arsenal at Lexington and Concord
o Thomas Gage sends redcoats to seize military supplies and arrest John Hancock, Samuel Adams
o Paul Revere- “The British are coming!”
o “Shots heard round the world” (killed 8 British soldiers, ambushed)
o Open conflict between colonists and British
o Colonial defiance
o Both blame each other
o American interpretation “we were told to move, we didn’t and we got shot at”
Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)
o Militia (Massachusetts) v Redcoats
- Redcoats take hill but suffer massive casualties
- British claim hill but colonists claim victory (still managed to kill people)
Second Continental Congress (1775-1776)
o ALL support war but looking for different outcomes
- Complete independence (New England)
- Achieve reconciliation (Middle Colonies)
o Declarations created by 2nd Continental Congress
- Peace effort (Olive Branch Petition 1775)
- Military effort (Continental Army and George Washington)
*Too Late to Apologize
*You’ll be Back
Declaration of Independence
o July 4, 1776
o Declared the colonies to be independent
o Two Parts:
- Ideas from John Locke (unalienable rights)
- List of grievances
Is it worth it?
o Losing hope
- Costs: too high?
- Native and slave recruitment (English offer freedom)
▪ Divisions amongst native groups
▪ About 100,000 slaves
 - Blockade (Prohibitory Act)
o It’s COMMON SENSE, Thomas Paine 1776
o Convincing colonists that independence is good

British Strategy
o Capture all cities and force them to surrender
o BUT…
o British lost at Battle of Yorktown
o Colonists were funded by French
o French had their own revolution
Revolutionary Ideas
o Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
o True religious freedom (Virginia)
o Deists and decreased prominence of Church of England
o LATER ON…
o Innovation: Eli Whitney reinvigorated slavery with the cotton gin
Period 3 Part 2: War and Post War
Response to Independence
o Colonies begin to refer to themselves as states
- Separate to government entity
- National government?
o Continental Congress is Chief Coordinating agency in war
- Articles of Confederation (1777 and 1781)
- G Wash was commander in chief
- Couldn’t tax, so they borrowed from France
Choosing Sides
o Patriots
- Mostly in New England and Chesapeake
o Loyalists (Tories)
- Mainly upper class, wealthy and Anglicans
- Emigrated from US Post War
o Native Americans
- Supported British
o African-Americans
- Freedoms
The Fight
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
o Burgoyne to meet Howe in New York
o Turning point… here comes the French
o Biggest contribution? Navy
o British concentrate in South:
 - Large number of Loyalists
- Cornwallis in Yorktown
- Battle of Yorktown (1781)
o Treaty of Paris (1783)
- British recognition of United States as a nation
- Recognize borders that reach Mississippi River
- Gradual withdrawal of British influence (troops/officials)
o Post War Society
- What happened to Loyalists?
▪ Canada or England
▪ Lost property
- What happened to slavery?
▪ Slaves exposed to liberty
▪ Revolutionary sentiment pushes for anti-slavery thought in the North
▪ Liberty or slavery? Southerners believe
- What happened to Native Americans?
▪ Continue to attack Western settlers
- What happened to women?
▪ Large contributors during war
▪ Abigail Adams- “Remember the Ladies”
▪ Married women couldn’t own land vs unmarried women could own property
▪ Education
- What happened to the economy?
▪ Self-sufficient
▪ Trade finished American goods
State Governments
o State constitutions created during war mostly consisted of
- Limiting executive power
- Republicanism
- Citizen rights
- Separation of powers (separate legislative and executive)
- Voting (white males, hold property)
- Concept of equality: how equal are we?
- (later on, separation of church and state)
Articles of Confederation
o Adopted 1777, ratified 1781 (territorial disputes and war)
o No executive power, Congress operates national government
o Congressional Powers:
- Conduct wars
- Foreign relations
- Territory
o Not Congressional Powers:
- Regulate trade
- Draft troops
- TAX
 o Conditions:
- 9/13 states must agree to ratify
- Unanimous needed to change
Territory Ordinances
o National government must organize territory
o Land Ordinance 1785
- “the grid”
- #16 on the grid is always a school (showed the prioritization of education)
- Ohio territory surveyed, sold and marked into townships
- Gained $ from selling off land
o Northwest Ordinance 1787
- Population 60,000 applied for statehood
- Freedom of religion
- Trial by jury
- Prohibit slavery
Shay’s Rebellion 1786
o Large debt due to the war
- AoC has no power to tax, states increase taxes
o Daniel Shays leads rebellion in Massachusetts
- Paper money increases
- Tax relief
- Suspend debts
- Attempt to seize arsenal
- State militias put down rebellion
o Importance: we may have to change the AoC, redo national government (wake-up call)
Creating a New Government (George Washington)
o Hamilton pushes for a national convention
- Annapolis Convention 1786
▪ 5 states represented
- Agree to meet in Philly next year
- Stressed importance of states’ representation
Constitutional Convention (1787)
o Background: Rhode Island didn’t attend because they thought it was too powerful
- George Washington was the main figure
o Virginia Plan:
- 3 branches (executive branch was shocking)
- Legislature 2 houses (upper and lower)
o New Jersey Plan:
- 1 house legislature (Continental Congress)
- Equal representation
- Expand powers to tax and regulate commerce
The Great Compromise
 o Grand Committee
- Components:
▪ Three branches of government
▪ Bicameral legislature
• lower (House of Representatives)- population
• upper (Senate)- 2 reps per state
o 3/5 Compromise
- Potential Problems:
▪ Government interferes with Southern economy
▪ Slave trade stops in 20 years
▪ No individual rights yet
Left out of the US Constitution
o Native Americans
- No direct mention
- Willing to teach, but Natives refused to assimilate
o African Americans
- Not considered American citizens
- Naturalization Act 1790 (white and own property- to be a citizen)
Federalists vs Anti-Federalists
o Federalists
- Supporters of the Constitution
- Need to convince support (Federalist Papers)
- Strong national government or anarchy
o Anti-Federalists
- True defenders of principles from Revolution
- Problems with the Constitution
o State Conventions
- Need 9 states to ratify
- Constitution gets ratified by 1789
Put the Constitution
o Elections for representatives begin 1789
o No question about first president
o First Act of Congress: creating a bill of rights
1. Expression
2. Bear arms
3. Quartering
4. Search and seizure
5. Due process
6. Speedy trial
7. Trial by jury
8. Cruel and unusual punishment/ bail
9. Rights that aren’t mentioned are still protected
10. Amendments can be made
 - First 10 amendments ratified in 1791
- Placed limitations on Congress with basic rights
o Judicial Branch
- Rarely mentioned
- Judiciary Act 1789
▪ Establishes Supreme Court under Article III
▪ Established district courts
Federalists (post-Constitution)
Cabinet Battle #1
o Hamilton
- Strong national government
- Create a national bank
- National government should just assume all state debts
- Bank notes
- Proposes taxes
▪ Whiskey distillers
▪ Tax imports
o Republicans (not from 1850: Democratic-Republicans)
- Rural areas, agrarian society
- T Jeff argued against a national bank
Formation of Political Parties
o Origins in 1787-1789
o Federalists (Hamilton) vs Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson)
- French Revolution
- Power of national government
- G Dub believes in staying neutral because they’re a new country without enough to keep
declaring wars (Farewell Address)
The Frontier
o Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
- Farmers refused to pay excise tax… terrorized tax collectors (Stamp Act Crisis)
- Militia assembled and were supported by the Continental Army… intimidated rebels, so they
just stopped
- Contrast with Shay’s Rebellion: now have a central government with an army so they can
easily put it down
o Native Americans
- Land ordinances bring more conflict
- Constitution still doesn’t address problem
Neutrality with Foreign Nations
o French Revolution
- Support (T Jeff), Don’t support, Neutral (G Wash)
- “Citizen” Genet advocated for French support
- Became a citizen because he refused to return home
 o Jay’s Treaty (1794)
- Finish out the Treaty of Paris 1783
▪ Drive away British influence in NW
▪ US neutral in British-French conflicts
- Problem: British were taking our ships and people; didn’t even address the issue
o Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)
- Spain recognized American rights to navigate Mississippi River
End of 1790s
o G Dub Farewell Address
- Farewell warnings
▪ No foreign affairs
▪ No permanent alliances
▪ More unified vs different regions
▪ No political parties
- Election 1796 (John Adams vs Thomas Jefferson)
No More Federalists
o Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
o XYZ Affair makes Federalists popular (majority in both houses 1798)
o Federalists attempt to diminish political opposition (bad move)
o Naturalization Act- changed # of years required for many immigrants to apply for citizenship
o Alien Act- authorized president to deport aliens considered dangerous
o Sedition Act- illegal for media to criticize government
o Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
- Democratic-Republicans “violates 1st amendment”
- Fight through state legislatures
- Kentucky (Thomas Jefferson) and Virginia (James Madison)
- Nullify laws (later used by states in the 19th century)
Election of 1800
o Federalists become unpopular after passing BAD taxes and acts
o John Adams appoints “midnight judges” (Period 4)
o Thomas Jefferson wins!
o Turning point in history
o Nation saved from tyranny
o True American principles now govern the nation
o Election dubbed “Revolution of 1800”
o PEACEFUL transition of power (Federalists just accepted their loss and that was it)
Period 4
Southern Slavery and Anti-Slavery Movement
Southern Slavery
o Southern defense of slavery (positive good/necessary evil)
- Belief that slaves were inferior humans
 o Slave codes- set of laws defining the rights and responsibilities of slaves and slave owners
- Passed immediately after the Civil War in 1865
o John C. Calhoun
- Nullification Theory (Virginia and Kentucky Theories)- states decide on their own in regards
to slaves (South Carolina Exposition)
Abolitionism
o Responsible for ending slave trade and chattel slavery
o Wanted immediate end to Emancipation to all slaves and ending racial issues
o American Anti-Slavery Society
- Violently against slavery
Important People
o William Lloyd Garrison
- “Liberator”
- Blasted Constitution as proslavery
- New England Anti-Slavery Association
o Sojourner Truth
- Black woman took illegal owner of her son to court and won
- Born into slavery and later escaped with her infant daughter
- Recruit black troops
o Elijah Lovejoy
- Newspaper editor who died for his right to print antislavery material up to Civil War
o Frederick Douglass
- Mixed (slave mom, slaveowner dad)
- Had his own experiences as a slave
- 1st black man to hold a high place in the US government
- Literacy made him prominent
Slavery in Western Territories
o Tallmadge Amendment (1819)
- Prohibited further introduction of slaves into Missouri
- Maine free, Missouri slave
- Louisiana Purchase no more slavery
- Missouri Compromise- one free state, one slave state
- Caused the Civil War over slavery controversy
Industrialization Pt 2/ Market Revolution
Southern Economy
o Southern cotton industry in Antebellum era (King Cotton)
- Showed importance of cotton
- Cotton was the most beneficial crop in the South
- Antebellum Era was development of conflict between north and south economies
Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
o Allowed separation of seeds from cotton easier
 o Reinvigorated the cotton industry and slave trade
Development of National Economy
o Henry Clay’s American System
- Protective tariffs
- National bank (unify currency)
- Internal developments
▪ Roads (led to the 1st highway)
▪ Canals
o Henry Clay
- Leader of Whig party
▪ Strengthen American economy put $ in their pockets
- Speaker of the house
- War Hawk
▪ Advocated for war against Britain (War of 1812)
Transportation Improvement
o Canal system (Erie Canal)
- Connect Lake Erie to Great Lakes River system to Hudson River
o Steamboats
- John Fitch (built and tested 1st)
o Railroads
- Baltimore and Ohio
- Commercial transport
European Immigration
o 1st wave immigrants
- Germans
▪ Political and religious freedom
- Irish
▪ Potato famine
o Immigrants faced prejudice and discrimination
o Countryside or metropolitan areas
o Assimilated into American culture and became successful
Expansion and Internationalism
Louisiana Purchase
o Land purchased by US under Jefferson
o Huge amount of land from France because Napoleon was super in debt from war
- 15 million dollars
- Doubled land area
o Federalists didn’t like
o Helped Jeff’s reelection
Lewis and Clark
o Explore the Louisiana Purchase
 o Documented land’s native tribes, landscape (flora and fauna)
o Touissant Charbonneau and Sacagawea
o Established trade with Natives and reaffirmed the sovereignty of the US
War Hawks
o Young members of Congress
o Pressured Madison to declare war against Britain
o Leaders: Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John C Calhoun (South Carolina)
o Believed US violated maritime rights by blocking ships
o Narrow vote, Congress let them declare war
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
o Trade with both Britain and France
o Britain didn’t like it because they warred with the French
o Britains wanted to secure their own lands
o Brits and Natives together wanted to stop Western expansion
o Hurt Natives most
o Increased popularity for Jackson (cruel treatment towards Natives)
Adams Onis Treaty (1819)
o President James Monroe
o Between US and Spain
o US got Florida in exchange for paying inhabitant’s debts
o Made US recognize that Spain controlled Texas
Monroe Doctrine
o Didn’t want any European powers coming to the US
o Potentially hostile act
o Definitive Old and New World division (different spheres of influence)
o No interfering in European political affairs
o Stop European colonizn ation
Webster-Ashburn Treaty
o US and Great Britain
o Boundary between Maine and New Brunswick
o US navigation rights on the St. John River
o Joint naval system, suppressing slave trade
Second Great Awakening and Reform
Second Great Awakening (religious revival)
o Causes and effects
- decline of religion (deism, Enlightenment)
- Sponsor religious revival
- Baptist and Methodist denominations benefitted the most
o Women’s Rights
 - Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
▪ 1st women’s rights convention
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
▪ Main writer
▪ Chief leader
▪ Declaration of Sentiments
• Similar to Declaration of Independence by which they expressed their desire
for equality and grievances and patriarchy
o Lucretia Mott
- Well known Quaker orator
- Abolitionist
- Helped write the Declaration of Sentiments
o Grimke Sisters
- Born in the South
- Witnessed 1st hand cruelty of slavery
- Converted to Quakerism
- 1st female advocates
- Prominent abolitionists
- Women’s rights activists
o Reform Movements (used momentum of 2nd Great Awakening to call attention to reform)
- Dorothea Dix (mentally ill)
▪ Wanted to establish a national asylum because she was very religious but was vetoed
by the President
- Horace Mann (education)
▪ Encouraged “normal schools”
▪ Promoted secularism and education founded by taxes
- Neal Dow (Temperance)
▪ Temperance movement
▪ Maine Law (alcohol)
- Utopian communities
▪ Brook Farm and Oneida Community
▪ Radical utopians based on faith
Age of Jackson
Politics of the “Common Man”
o Spoils System (Patronage System)
- Political party winning an election rewards active supporters, giving them government jobs
o Webster-Hayne Debate (Jan 1830)
- States’ rights debate
- Webster (Massachusetts), Hayne (Carolina)
- Controversy over nullification
- Explore sectional differences
- “Second Reply to Hayne”
- Resolution to restrict with land sales and tariffs
Legislation and Problmens
Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears
o 46,000 Natives removed
o “trade” lands west of Mississippi for Indian lands within state borders
Nullification Crisis
o South Carolina didn’t like tariffs (taxes placed on imported goods to protect northern industry)
Force Bill
o Tried to get everyone to agree
Bank Wars
o Jackson opposed to 2nd National Bank (unconstitutional, favored wealthy)
o Made state banks (pet banks)
o Species circular: bank currency to counteract inflation
o Nicholas Biddle
- President of the National
- Opposed Jackson
- Pushed early bank re-charter
o Henry Clay
- Secretary of State (John Quincy)
- Created Whig
- “Great Pacificator”
o John C. Calhoun
- Vice President Quincy and Jackson
- Webster-Hayne debate helped Webster with the 2nd reply
o Economic impact
- Recession
- Panic of 1837
o Kitchen Cabinet
- Own cabinet based on supporters
The Industrial Revolution (Pt1)
American Economic Development
o Market Economy
- Individuals control production and distribution of goods and can set prices
- Dictated by supply and demand
o Embargo Act
- Prevented US ships (except Navy) sailing to foreign ports
o Tariff 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)
- Protective tariff
- Wave of nationalism after War of 1812
- Angered Southern farmers who bought from Britain
o Panic of 1819 and 1937
- Recessions caused by unregulated banks giving what they didn’t have and folding
- Currency became worthless because war expenses depleted
 - No bank regulations
o Debates over internal improvements and tariffs
- South nullified the tariffs and infrastructure project (ie: Erie Canal)
o Samuel Slater
- “Father of the American Factory System”
- Built 1st textile mills in the US
o John Deere
- Invented the steel plow
o Cyrus McCormick
- With Deere, made the mechanical reaper
American Industry
o Lowell System
- Spinning Jenny and water wheel
- Entire process finished under one roof
- Used young women as predominant labor source “Mill Girls”
o Interchangeable Parts
- Mass produced, identical components perfectly to create a final product
Market Revolution
o Factories gathered people and distributed tasks
o Functioned on water (east of the Fall line)
o LLC allows for failed businesses to not just ruin their stockholders when they fold
o Initially was a cottage/ putting-out system
Development of Political Parties
Background
o Federalist and Antifederalists- debated over the Constitution
o G Wash didn’t want political parties
o Hamilton received backlash for his National Bank plan
o 2 parties emerged
Different Political Parties
o Federalists
- Alexander Hamilton
- Government takes national debt
- Create a national bank
- Whiskey tax and tariffs on imports
- Support from wealthy aristocrats
- Pro British trade
- Loose interpretation of Constitution
o Republicans
- Opposed tyranny
- Southern agrarian (backbone)
- Pro-French (pay them back for helping during the Revolutionary War)
- Support from small property owners
 - Did not like the national bank idea, thought it supported the rich
o Democrats
- Andrew Jackson
- “common man”
- Stronger executive branch, weaker legislative branch
- Against the national bank
o Whigs (fell bc slavery debates)
- Henry Clay
- Just to oppose Jackson
- Essentially aristocratic
- Against Manifest Destiny
o Democrats
- Fragments of Democratic-Republicans
- Represent the working class
- Martin van Buren
- Social and economic equality
o Republicans
- Northerners
▪ Abolitionist, Whig, free-soilers
- Classical liberalism
▪ Civil liberties emphasize economic freedom
- Government helps people help themselves (provide resources)
Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)
o After war of 1812, pay less attention to foreign affairs
o Rising nationalism
o Growth in Western settlement and trade
o Ended many political parties
Hartford Convention
o Secret meeting in Connecticut
o Federalists dissatisfied with Madison’s mercantile policies, War of 1812, power imbalance in
South
o Irrelevant bc Treaty of Ghent
o Led to decline of Federalists
Andrew Jackson
o “people’s president”
o Came from a lower social class
o Took down 2nd national bank
o Expand rights of common man
o 1st to really use veto power
o Established the electoral college
John C Calhoun
o 1st to resign
Essex Junto
o Extreme Federalists
o Tim Pickering
- Proposed state of Massachusetts
o Henry Clay
- Whig Party
- Missouri
Period 5 1830-1860 Territorial and Economic Expansion
Territorial Disputes (1820s-1860s)
o Manifest Destiny
- Belief that US was meant to go from east coast to west coast
o Texas History (1820-1836)
o Annexation of Texas rejected
- No slaves and be Catholic were the conditions but people poured into Texas anyways
o Maine (Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842)
- Against Canadian border
o Election of 1844
- 54-40 or Fight
▪ Oregon and Polk
▪ Line of degree of Oregon
▪ Argue with Britain and talk it out
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
o Conflict sprouts from Texas
- Mexico and US recognize different borders
▪ Nueces (Mexico)
▪ Rio Grande (US)
o Causes of war
- Send Zachary Taylor to the disputed region
- Ultimately fight due to disagreement
o Developments and Happenings
- Opponents of war (Whigs/North)
o Results of the War
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
▪ Coercion of Mexican Cession (American seen as a bully)
• Parts of Cali, Utah, New Mexico, etc.
Four Proposals to Mexican Cession
o Wilmot Proviso
- No slavery, failed
o Southern rights?
- Most contact with these states, so they claimed they should be slave states
o Extend Missouri Compromise Line
- Southern advantage
 o Popular sovereignty
- People, not Congress
- Let the residents vote to decide
- South loves it, North hates it
Primary Reasons for Sectionalism prior to Civil War
o Geography
- Northern industry vs Southern agrarian
Manifest Destiny
o Ostend Manifesto
- Franklin Pearce (secretly wanted to buy Cuba and make it a slave state)
- A secret
- Didn’t want the North to know
o Walker Expedition
- William Walker was a Southerner
- Proslavery
- Central American Empire
o Gadsen Purchase
- Further clarify border between Mexico
- Southern New Mexico and Arizona
Interesting Happenings
o Election of 1848
- Democratic Party
▪ Lewis Cass advocated for popular sovereignty
- Whig Party
▪ Zachary Taylor
- Free-Soil Party
▪ Party created by Anti-slavery advocates
Causes of the Civil War
o Slavery
o Union vs states’ rights
- Based on constitutional interpretation
o Economic differences
o Political views
Compromise of 1850
o Introduced by Henry Clay
o Four Main Parts
- Cali Free State
- Divide Mexican Cession into 2 territories and apply popular sovereignty
- Adopt new Fugitive Slave Law
- Ban slave trade in DC but white people can still have slaves
Politics Before the Civil War
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
o Senate seat for Illinois 1858- Lincoln
o Douglas claims:
- Supports popular sovereignty
- Not sure if he fully supported Dred Scott decision
- Calls Lincoln an abolitionist
o Lincoln claims:
- “house divided speech”
- Slavery is morally wrong
John Brown’s Raid at Harper Ferry
o Oct 16, 1859
o Attempted to seize US arsenal and arm/lead slave revolt
o Slaves never joined out of fear because they already knew it would be put down
o Brown ultimately hung
o Reaction:
- North: Initially Republicans distance themselves… then later a hero during the civil war
- South: North supports slave revolts… more to come!
Election of 1860
o Democratic party split
o Douglas not clear on his support for the Dred Scot decision (makes him lose votes)
o Lincoln wins
o Some can argue cause of civil war
Crittenden Compromise
o John Crittenden proposed to keep slavery south of 3630 line (to prevent secession of Southern
states)
o Lincoln does not approve
Southern Secession
o Southern states claimed that if Lincoln wins, the Southern states will secede
o States held conventions for secession once Lincoln wins
o Feb 1861- became the Confederate States of America
o South Claims:
- It was like their version of the American Revolution by which the North was essentially King
George III and that they had a right to fight against the tyrannical government.
Period 5 Reconstruction
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)
o Presidential pardons granted to Confederates who swear loyalty to union and abide by laws
regarding slavery
o Promise to never secede again
o Also known as his 10% plan, 10% of the state’s voters must swear loyalty to the Union
Wade-Davis Bill
o Want 50% instead of the 10% plan (intense)
o Lincoln pocket vetoed it
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
o Welfare agency meant to help support freedmen
President Johnson Reconstruction
o Modified Lincoln’s plan
- Main difference: granted pardons to disloyal Southerners
o Southern states accepted:
- Created new state constitutions (13th amendment)
- Confederate leaders win seats in Congress
Black Codes
o Adopted Southern state legislature
o Essentially kept African Americans in a similar position to slavery by which they were always
being oppressed
Reconstruction Items
Civil Rights Act 1866
o Citizenship and equal rights… becomes 14th amendment
o 14th amendment- citizenship amendment
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
o South is under Union military occupation
o States must accept 13th and 14th amendments
Johnson Impeached?
President Grant’s Reconstruction
o Wins election of 1868
o 15th Amendment (1869)
o Last of reconstruction/civil war amendments
o Prohibit any state from denying citizens the right to vote
Civil Rights Act 1875
o Equal accommodations in public facilities
Reconstruction in the South
o Scalawags- Southerners supporting Northern politics (Southern Republicans)
o Carpetbaggers- Northerners profit from the end of the Civil War
o Sharecroppers- take ½ crops that they tend to while the owner gets the other ½ almost like rent
payment
Reconstruction in the North
o Corruption
- Spoils system revived:
▪ Credit mobilier: avoid railroad investigation in profits
▪ Whiskey ring: government officials receive bribes from liquor companies allowing
them to evade taxes
▪ Grantism: political corruption in government
o White Supremacy
- KKK
End of Reconstruction
Election of 1876
o Rutherford B. Hayes- Republican
o Tilden- Democrat
Compromise of 1877
Democrats allow Hayes to win under the following conditions:
1. End federal support of Republicans- take away Union troops
2. Support Southern transcontinental railroad
Period 6 1865-1898 The Gilded Age
Gilded Age
(think of a golden apple, beautiful and shiny on the outside but with a disgusting, rotten inside)
o Term coined by Mark Twain
o Time was characterized by:
- Lots of wealth and growth (golden era post-Reconstruction)
- Truth (political and social problems)
Manifest Destiny
o Homestead Act- government initiative to promote westward expansion and get land
o Interstate Commerce Act- railroad companies hike up rates, monopolize prices, don’t let
companies rip people off
o Transcontinental Railroad- railroad connecting the east and west coast
o Attractions of the West
- Mining frontier
▪ California 49ers
▪ Towns popping up
▪ Saloons become the centers of boomtowns that ultimately are deserted and become
ghosttowns
▪ Many leave without gold
▪ The real people that come out rich are the business owners who profit off the miners
including those who open hotels
- Cattle frontier
 ▪ Allow cattle to graze
▪ Cattle drives move cows to Chicago’s slaughterhouses (Devil in the White City)
- Farming frontier (Morrill Act)
▪ 8000 acres for agricultural/manufacturing colleges per state set aside (Texas A&M-
Aggies short for Agriculture)
▪ Provide food for the rest of the country
▪ Homesteaders moving
▪ Barbed wire (fence off land, keep cattle in)
o Cowboys
o Frederick Jackson Turner Thesis- open frontier and opportunity to expand westward because this
will allow the expansion of knowledge, leading to national growth. However, when there is
nothing else to explore, we will become stupid as there is no more new territory for us to
discover.
o Chinese Migration
- Gold rush
- Life in California
- Transcontinental Railroad
- Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: people (nativists) pressure the government to inhibit Chinese
immigration for 10 years, later extended to 40 years because they felt the Chinese were
stealing all their jobs
Manifest Destiny and Western Territory
o Native Americans
- Importance of buffalo: all buffalo become extinct because they were ordered to be killed
- Beginning of reservations
o The Indian Wars
- Sioux Tribe, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse
▪ US army scuffles with Natives
▪ Resist being forced onto reservations
- Indian Appropriation Act 1871
▪ Native tribes aren’t sovereign nations
▪ Subject to federal rule, live on reservations
- Little Bighorn and General Custer
▪ Hated Natives and attacked Natives with cavalry
▪ Got wrecked by Natives
▪ US government sends larger number of soldiers west to fight off the Natives
- Nez Perce and Chief Joseph
- Ghost dance: tribal dance calling for their savior
- Battle at Wounded Knee
▪ Last battle between US and Natives
▪ Natives ended up giving in to all the US demands
- Assimilation and Dawes Act 1887
▪ Natives adopt American culture- did this by forcing the young children (next
generation) to attend
▪ Dawes Act forced Natives to farm
Gilded Age Politics
o Political Corruption
- Grantism/ Patronage vs Mugwumps
▪ Corruption (G/P)
▪ M wanted reform, no more corruption
- Civil Service/ Pendleton Act
▪ Someone had to be smart enough to serve political positions
- McKinley Tariff
▪ tax on outside goods, promote domestic growth
- Boss Tweed/ Tammany Hall/ Tweed Ring
▪ Ran NYC blackmailing and helped immigrants in exchange for their votes
▪ Tweed Ring served almost like a Mafia
- Secret Ballot
Gilded Age Figures
o Rockefeller
- Monopoly: Standard Oil Company
- Essentially controlled the government
- Deals with other companies, takes them over
- Horizontal integration:
- Robber baron: rich business owner whose workers have very low pay
- Philanthropist
o Eugene Debs
- Pullman Strike (American Railway Union)
- Labor union leader
- Later created the American Socialist Party/IWW (super radical)
o Andrew Carnegie
- Carnegie Steel Corp
- Vertical integration (takes out the middleman), own every part of production
- The Gospel of Wealth and Philanthropy (share money to help the less fortunate)
o William Tweed (Boss Tweed)
- Tammany Hall and Patronage
- Took advantage of immigrants, protecting them in exchange for votes
- Stole millions from taxpayers of New York
- His rival, Thomas Nast, exposed him in political cartoons
o JP Morgan
- Banker and investor
- Helped the US economy (forked out 60 million from his own pocket)
- Biggest figure in industry (Chase Bank, General Electric)
o Cornelius Vanderbilt
- VanderBUILT the railroads
- Connected all major railways from NY to the West coast
- Captain of Industry and Philanthropy
o Jane Addams
- Addressed urban problems
▪ Helped immigrants (Hull House)
• Provided childcare for parents while they worked during the day
• English classes
 • Food and shelter
▪ Shelters for the homeless
o Terence Powderly
- Knights of Labor (addressed child labor issues among others, all-inclusive)
- Protesting, protestor threw a bomb, officers were injured (Haymarket Riot 1886)
▪ Result: weakened the power of labor unions because they were viewed as violent uh
hooligans
o Samuel Gompers
- American Federation of Labor (white males only)
- Collective bargaining
Corrupt Politics
Trusts and Monopolies
o Trusts- companies alliancing against customers to drive up prices
o Monopoly- only company
o Laissez Faire- belief that government should not interfere with corporate affairs
o Socialism- belief that the government should distribute wealth equally for all
o Vertical integration (own all steps of progression) v Horizontal integration (monopolize similar
companies)
o Captains of industry (people who trailblaze success) v Robber Barons (corporate leaders who
benefit at the expense of their workers)
- Forged modern industrial economy
- Ruthless tactics, destroy competition, keep wages low
Discrimination and Segregation in the South
o Jim Crow Laws- petty legislation to maintain the oppression of Blacks
o Plessy v Ferguson- segregation and Supreme Court rules that it is perfectly fine to segregate as
long as they’re “equal”
- “separate but equal” argument. This does not last as the whites end up having better facilities,
leading to the Civil Rights Movement
o Voting (state level)
- Grandfather Clause- if your grandfather could vote before the civil war, you can vote
▪ Allowed white Americans to bypass the literacy test
- Literacy test- gave whites super easy literacy questions but gave blacks ridiculously hard ones
- Poll tax- had to pay to vote, stopped the blacks because a lot of them did not have money
- Holding Property- you have to hold property to be able to vote
Southern Economy
o New South- convert from mostly agricultural to partial manufacturing
o Sharecropping- slaves farm, keep ½ the crops while the white owner gets the other ½ as “rent”
o Redeemers- political leaders in the South trying to redeem themselves in the North
Extras
o Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890- government’s response to monopolies and trust
o Railroad subsidies- government giving railroad companies land for building tracks (quality
decreased dramatically bc quantity was valued over quality)
 o Conspicuous consumption- buy unnecessary things just to flaunt one’s wealth
Labor Movement
o Great Railroad Strike 1877- people tried to stop railroads from leaving, federal troops suppressed,
leader Eugene Debs was jailed, he read the Communist Manifesto while in jail and then created
IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)
o Haymarket Affair 1886- Knights of Labor were protesting, bomb was thrown, decreased the
influence of the KoL
o Homestead Strike- failed strike, company received support from the government instead
o Pullman Strike- Pullman company that created carts, Supreme court case (companies can use
federal troops to shut union strikes down)
o Utilized collective bargaining
Farmer Organizations
o The Grange Movement- farmers learn about new farming innovations
- Granger Laws- dealt with railroad prices (railroad companies understood that farmers
required a high demand for shipment of crops and decided to use this against them, charging
them outrageous prices)
o Farmers Alliance- political, discussing similar issues as the Grange Movement
o Interstate Commerce Act- addresses railroad issues to control prices
o Ocala Platform
- Direct election of senators (should be elected by people in the state)
- Lower tariff rates (promote trade)
- Graduated income tax (rich should have to pay more)
- New banking system (rich control bank and needs reform)
Populist Movement
o Populist Party (People’s Party)- resulted from all the needs of the farmers
o Omaha Platform
- Unlimited coinage of silver and gold (value of gold was dropping, and farmers cannot be
“successful” because of this depreciation)
- More from Ocala Platform
o Panic of 1893- 4-year economic depression
o Election of 1896
- William Jennings Bryan (Democrat)
▪ Solid speech
▪ Became a frontrunner
▪ Travelled all over and rallied for his campaign
- William McKinley (Republicans)
▪ Used money from corporations for his own
▪ Changed focus from abolition to corporations
- Significance: switched over Dem and Reps changing to industry instead of abolitionism
Immigration of the Gilded Age
o Push and pull factors (ie: Irish potato famine)
o Old vs new immigrants
 - Left, know English, British/Scottish, similar religious beliefs to the rest of the Americans
- New immigrants were from Southeastern Europe who had greater differences
o Ellis Island (Europeans- West) and Angel Island (Asian immigrants- East)
o Nativism- people who did not like/welcome foreigners
o Social Darwinists- believed that people are naturally born with the skills to be successful and if
they aren’t, they just weren’t “meant to be”
Urbanization
o Rural to urban (New York City)
o Improvements:
- Transportation
- Skyscrapers
- Ethnic neighborhoods/ enclaves (Little Italy, Chinatown)
▪ Tenement apartments
▪ Jacob Riis: “How the Other Half Lives”
• Exposing the disparity between the rich and poor, calling attention to
tenements
Reforms
o Settlement housing: help immigrants learn English
o Temperance: alcohol is a problem, causing men to be abusive, “Devil in a bottle”
o Education: more education!
o Social gospel: religious salvation through goodwill (actions not just belief)
World War I (1914-1918)
we joined in 1917
World War I: Origins
Militarism- development of armed forces
Alliance system
- Allies: Britain, France, Russia
- Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
Imperialism- expanding economic and political control
Nationalism- intense devotion to one’s nation
Archduke Killed in Bosnia
o Parading in an unprotected car evidently is a bad idea
o Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist (Black Hand)
o Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
o More countries become involved
- Germany’s Schlieffen Plan: take out France before France declares war
- Germany is always at a loss because they’re just in the middle of everything so they’re
always being shot at
War begins in Europe
o Allies and Central Powers in a stalemate
o Trench warfare- deep, rat-infested trenches dug into the ground used for cover in battle
o “no man’s land”- area between enemy trenches where no one could survive easily (basically
suicide to run across)
New Technology in WWI
o Poison/mustard gas- kill, blind, or burn victims
o Machine gun- rapid fire
o Flamethrower
o Artillery field guns- shoot at a long range
o Tanks
o Airplanes- only effective towards the end
o Submarines- undersea boat, torpedoes (U-boats)
US Involvement
o Woodrow Wilson tried to keep the US in a state of neutrality
o Many people had a hard time doing this for several reasons
- Close tie with the Allies
- Germany’s actions
- Allied powers (democratic) vs Central ideals
Germany reacts
o Zimmerman Telegram: telegram from German foreign minister to German ambassador in Mexico
proposing alliance if US enters the war and Mexicans were promised that they would win back
the Mexican Cession
- Intercepted by Britain, forwarded to the US
o Sinking ships with submarines- sunk Lusitania (British ship), but 128 American passengers died
America Goes to War
o Germany declares unrestricted submarine warfare
o Wilson asks congress to declare war on gemrany in 1917
o “freedom of the seas”- anyone in the world should be able to travel over the oceans without
limitations
War on the homefront
o Everything was fine, now they have to prepare
Congress gives Wilson power
o War industries board- encouraged companies to use mass production techniques to increase
efficiency
o Food administration helped produce and conserve food
- Herbert Hoover- “gospel of the clean plate”
o Committee on public information (CPI) nation’s first propaganda agency
o Propaganda- biased communication designed to influence peoples thoughts and actions
Legislation
o Selective service act- you can get drafted
o Espionage and sedition acts- person could be fined or failed for interfering with the war effort or
saying anything disloyal, profane or abusive about the government or war effort
Attack on civil liberties
o Opposition to the draft- controversial, private
o Shenck v us: right to free speech can be limited in cases of war or “clear and present” danger
Effect of war on society
o Great migration- movement of thousands of southern blacks to cities in the north
o Women during the war took up jobs previously held by men
Main people
o Alvin York- war hero, medal of honor
o John j pershing: general of AEF (American Expeditionary forces) led the army
o Woodrow Wilson “kept us out of the war”
The end
o Fourteen points: President wilson’s plan to keep peace after the war
o Treaty of Versailles treaty agreed to by most of the world, not America though
o Wanted us sovereignty to decide whether they want to get involved
o Fourteenth point only one accepted league of nations lets talk it out
Weed out the enemy
o Red scare fear of communist spread in America
o Palmer raids police can break in to find proof someone is a communist
World war ii
Act I the problem
o Rice of dictators
o Depression and desperation leads to dicitatorships
o Italy benito Mussolini fascism
o Germany adolf Hitler Nazism
o Japan hideki tojo more resources
Us neutrality
o America wants to remain ispolated
o Neutrality acts
o Stay off foreign ships
o No money/loans
o No weapons can look like alliances
o Mainly avoiding spain Francisco franco
Aggressive expansion
 o Aggressive dictatorships
o Italy and Ethiopia 1935
o Germany and Rhineland 1936
o Japan and china 1937
o Germany and Sudetenland 1938
o Neville chamberlains appeasmement peace in our time
o Fdr quarantine speech do everything without actually fighting
Main problem: Germany
o Hitler attacks Czechoslovakia, Austria, Poland
o Non aggression pact
o Stalin in power
o Blitzkrieg lightning war went all in with one swift attack
o France and Britain declare war
Change in us policy
o Americans begain giving aid to allies mostly British
o Germany overruns France 1940
o Fdr and Winston Churchill bffs
o Cash and carry policy if you can pay cash and take it home yourself then you can have it
Helping Britain
o Fdr pushes congress to pass lend lease act 1941
o No more cash and carry developed a system of credit
o Atlantic charter fdr and Churchill agree on state of world after war
Problems with japan
o Japanese expansion forced usa to cut off trade oil and steel
o Major problems
o Oil supply cut off
o Japan violated open door policy
Japan attacks
o Dec 7th 1941, japan launched an aerial attack on the us naval base in pearl harbor
o A date which will live in infamy
o Fdr asks congress to declare war one day later
Act ii changing way of life
Us mobilization
o To mobilize America, the us government
o Dramatically increased military spending
o War production board convert to war industries
o Office of price administration rations
o Selective service act first peacetime draft
Developments on the homefront
 o Low unemployment research
o Scientists develop military technology sonars, radars, engines
o Manhattan project
o Smith Connally anti strike act 1943
o Strike? Government can take over
o How will we pay
o Increase income tax
o War bonds
Propaganda
o Few opposed war: morale boosters, finance (bonds), rationing
Impact on society
o African americans second great migration
o Mexican americans
o Come back and grow food
o Bracero program 1942
o Women-work
Japanese americans
o Interment camps- basically round them up, not hurting them but trying to make sure they aren’t
helping japan
o Korematsu v us 1944 wartime camps constitutional
Election of 1944
o Fdr wins but dies months into 4th term- reason why we have term limits now
o His vp harry s Truman takes over from this point
Act iii the two theatres
European theatre
o Went through north Africa to Italy (almost like the third wheel)
o Soviet Union joins allies in Europe (hitler made his way towards them so Stalin was annoyed but
Hitler tried to avid during winter)
o Operation overlord/ d day/ Normandy
o Commanded by general Dwight d Eisenhower
o British Canadian and us forces attacked the beaches of Normandy
o Results: allies victorious, paris liberated, allies move into Germany
Defeating Germany
o Hitler commits suicide
o Nazi Germany surrenders unconditionaly
o VE day
o Concentration camps are discovered (Holocaust)
Pacific theatre
 o Battle of midway (6/4-7)
o Admiral chester Nimitz
o Turning point
o Island hopping
o Leyte gulf: largest naval battle in history
o Battle of Okinawa: Kamikaze pilots (Japanese went all out)
An explosive finale
o Truman “surrender unconditionally or face utter destruction”
o August 6 hiroshima
o August 9 nagasaki
o 250,000 japanese died
o Sept 2 1945 japan surrenders (VJ day)
What’s next
o Big three: Stalin, FDR, Churchill
o Yalta (Feb 1945)
o Post ve day agreements
o Germanny divided into zones
o Free elections in liberated countries
o Soviets would enter war against japan
o New world peace
o Fdr dies shortly so Stalin starts the cold war
Roaring 20s period 7
3 republican presidents
o Push for
o Limited government influence on business laissez faire
o Business boosts economy
o Warren hardin
o Return to normalcy
o Reduce incomoe tax that went up during wwi
o Release eugene debs had been arrested for giving anti war speech during wwi, violating the
espionage and sedition act
o Teapot dome scandal
o Patronage, positions to friends
o Sec of interior albert fall
o Lease federal oil reserves to private companies
o Harding suddenly dies
o Calvin Coolidge
o Silent cal
o The business of America is business
o Herbert hoover
o Wins election of 1928
o So laid back, businesses would do bad business practices, leading to great depression
Roaring 20s economy
o Recession, prosperity, depression
o Business prosperity
o Mass production increases efficiency
o Fords assembly line
o Oil and electricity boost us energy
o Consumers
o Everything became affordable thanks to buying on credit
o Electricity refrigerators vacuums washing machines
o Automobile increase fficient transport
o Build railroads and highways
Roaring 20s culture
o Entertainment harlem renaissance nyc neighborhood with African americans who came together
o Jazz
o People used to have to purchase sheet music and play the piano to hear their own music
o Tin pan alley produced sheet music
o Langston hughes, duke ellington, loyis Armstrong, Bessie smith
o Linked to great migration
o New and modern music
o Radio popularity initially branded as black music but later appreciated
o Usa connected
o Sports stars
o Charles Lindbergh first to accomplish trans atlantic flight
o Hollywood 1920s sound 1927
Gender roles
o Women at home: life becomes easier
o Women at work: limited jobs, urban setting, lower pay
o Flappers: drink, smoke carefree
o Sigmund Freud libido of women
Literature
o Lost generation
o Writers affected by WWI
o America was too materialistic
o Ernest Hemingway the old man and the sea
o F Scott Fitzgerald the great Gatsby
o John Steinbeck the pearl, the grapes of wrath, of mice and men
Marcus Garvey (huge on aa rights)
o UNIA
o He liked Dubois but Dubois thought he was a nutjob
o Back to Africa movement
o Black nationalism separatism self sufficient
o Us government got sick of him and deported him back to Jamaica
Scopes monkey trial 1925
o Modernism vs fundamentalism
o Urban, liberal, open bible interpretation evolution possible
o Rural, traditional, literal bible interpretation, reject evolution
o Darwin’s theory of evolution
o The trial
o John scopes teacher
o Clarence Darrow defense
o William Jennings Bryan prosecutor
o Scopes found guilty, sent to jail
o Long term effect schools and religion don’t mix first amendment
Prohibition 18th amendment
o Prohibit manufacture and sale of alcohol
o Speakeasies secret bars with alcohol if you can give the password
o Bootleggers people who made, sold and provided alcohol illegally
o Pay off municipal officials
o Organized crime
o Gang money al Capone
o Success pushed to other illegal activities (ie: casino)
o Truth: politicians still drank
o 21st amendment 1933
o Memory tip: you can drink when you’re 21, so the drinking amendment is the 21st
o Essentially nullified the 18th amendment (prohibition)
Nativism (Americans are superior)
o Red scare
o Scared communist Russia will take away American culture and freedom
o Attorney general a Mitchell palmer received a bomb that targeted politicians
o Hunted suspected communists- palmer raids
o Sacco and Vanzetti trial 1921- murder/robbery of a shop-owner
o Evidence: anarchists and socialists
o Wrongfully executed in 1927 by electric chair
o Prejudice Americans trying to get rid of immigrants
o Quota laws
o 1921, 1924 certain percentage allowed from a specific country
o Targeted Asians (racism) and eastern Europeans (near Russian communism)
o Latin America and Canada was okay
Period 7 hoover days/ pre FDR the great depression
Black days
o Stocks booming for months (mar 1928-sept 1929)
o Millions invested because people from roaring 20s liked the luxury and wanted to get lots of
money fast
o Stocks- certificate of partial ownership of a company
 o Shares- ownership of a particular company
o Black Thursday (oct 24, 1929)
o Stocks started moving sharply downwards
o Nobody to sell the shares to
o Bankers step in to buy unwanted shares
o Bankers were also providing lines of credit, but people weren’t paying
o Black Tuesday (oct 29, 1929)
o Pries kept falling and reached all time lows
o All sell, no buyers
o The market had crashed
Causes of the crash domino effects
o Uneven distribution of income (huge wage gaps- capitalist society)
o top 5% had 33% of all income
o 95% had to share 66%, resulting in less cash flow, cannot purchase necessities, lowered demand,
laid off workers, high unemployment
o Stock market speculation
o Get rich quick buying stokcs you can get money without doing much similar to lotto ticket
o Buying on margin borrow money to buy a stock
o Banks happy because they can collect interest but people cant pay back
o Bank failures
o Speculators don’t pay back lons not just in terms of stocks
o Many poor regulations because of laissez faire trend
o Excessive use of credit
o Roaring 20s installment buying
o Buy bit by bit but with interest so they fall in debt but still have to pay
o Overproduction of consumer goods
o Ford assembly line producing cars at a faster rate than they’re selling because cars last awhile so
people get laid off and the cycle happens again
o Weak far economy
o Overproduction
o Supply increases demand falls prices fall
o Farmers are poor and conditions worsen
The Great Depression: Period 7 FDR and the New Deal (Early)
The Election of 1932
o Democrats nominate NY governor Franklin D. Roosevelt
- “A New Deal for the American people”
- “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself”
- Time for change (motivational)
FDR’s New Deal
o Domestic legislation
o The 3Rs
- Relief: quick help for people (think stimulus checks)
- Recovery: help business and economy
 - Reform: change economic institutions for long run
o Diverse advisers and the Brain Trust
- Invite intellectuals (economic professors Harvard, Yale, etc) into cabinet meetings
The First Hundred Days
o Pass everything he can
o Bank Holiday- March 6, 1933
- Emergency banking relief act (open banks when ready)
- Glass- Steagall Act (created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation- FDIC)
- Result: American people feel reassured, bank crisis over
o Fireside chats: turn on the radio (around the fire) to listen to the president talk about how the
country was doing and what he did (appealed as a people’s person)
Relief- Legislation during the New Deal
o Federal Emergency Relief Act-
- Funded state and local governments to provide emergency relief
▪ Soup kitchens for homeless and unemployed
o Civilian Conservation Corps
- Gave jobs to young men
▪ Planting trees, cleaning up forests
▪ Members lived in camps, received free food, $ earned sent home to parents
o Public Works Administration
- Created federal jobs by building public projects
▪ Schools, roads, courts, post offices and bridges
o Tennessee Valley Authority
- Built government owned dams along the Tennessee River
- Provided jobs and improved regional standard of living
Recovery
o Key to recovery= stimulate demand

1. Put government money in consumer’s hands

2. Consumers spend more/ demand for product increases
3. More workers hired
- Result: Purchasing power and consumer demand increase
Industrial Recovery Program
o National Recovery Administration
- Government set wages, hours, prices, levels of production
- Around for 2 years, Supreme Court declares unconstitutional 1935
o Agriculture Adjustment Administration
- Farmers reduce production so supply decreases and demand increases so prices can go up
Period 7: New Deal Continued (The Great Depression)
New Deal Continued
o 1st 2 years- focused mostly on recovery
 - Summer 1935: time for relief and reform
o Relief
- Works Progress Administration
▪ Government investment to generate more jobs (mainly focused on your trade)
- Resettlement Administration
▪ Aid for sharecroppers/ small farmers
▪ Relocate farmers from Midwest/ Plains to call because the Dust Bowl
o Reform
- National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
▪ Labor union rights (collective bargaining)
▪ Strengthening worker’s voices
- Social Security Act (Socialism)
▪ Aid for retired, unemployed and disabled
Opponents of the ND
o Liberal critics- too much for business; too little for unemployed/poor (minorities)
o Conservative critics
- Federal government = too much power
- Compared to socialism
- Against Keynesian economics (government should increase funding when economy is
slowing)
- Think inflation is okay
o Huey Long “Share our Wealth”
- Tax wealthy ridiculous amounts to give $2,000 to $2,500/yr, later $5,000 per family
o Supreme Court
- “court packing” (add 1 for every justice over 70 ‘up to 6’)
▪ Idea that the justices that are that old would be out of touch with society
▪ Republicans (tyrannical FDR because he wants more people to just pass his
legislature) and ND opponents aren’t happy because he’s trying to pack more people
who support him
Life during the Great Depression
o Women
- Tried to create businesses with household chores (ie: paid to sew torn clothes)
o African Americans
- Last to be hired, first to be fired, excluded from state relief programs
- Worst in the South
o American Indians (circumstances actually improve by a bit)
- Indian Reorganization Act repeals the Dawes Act
- Support Native preference on culture (more freedoms)
▪ Potentially allowed them to have business ventures (casinos on reservations)
o Mexican Americans
- Mexican Repatriation
▪ Whites moving west because Resettlement Administration
▪ Farmers already in California were mostly Mexicans, so Americans take over the
jobs and Mexicans and their American-born children are forcibly deported back to
Mexico
What caused the Dust Bowl Disaster?
o Severe drought (no rain)
o Over-plowing by farmers
o High winds
Conditions destroyed the grasses that held the soil in place, the storms were called “Black Blizzards,” and
parts of the Great Plains became known as the Dust Bowl