BACTERIOLogY LEC

TAXONOMY
Nomenclature BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
 Naming of organisms according to Nomenclature: naming of microorganisms
international identification  International Code of Nomenclature of
Identification Bacteria
 Practical use of classification scheme Carolus Linnaeus
(isolation, biochemical reaction)  Two level taxa: Genus and Species
Classification Genus
 Arrangement scheme according to  Different species with important
characteristics and relationships common features
Importance:  Similarity
1. Establish criteria in the identification  Bergey’s Manual of Determinative
2. Arrange related organisms into groups Bacteriology
3. Provide information on how they evolve  David Bergey
4. Provide orderly basis for identification Species
and placing related organisms into  Collection of strains
groups for various categories  Genetic variability
 Strains
*Phylogeny – evolutionary interconnectedness 1. Biovars – physiological and
Taxon /Taxa (groups of related organisms) biochemical differences of organisms
 Lower level of taxa are more similar 2. Morphovars – classifying organisms
than the higher level taxa according to morphologic differences
1. Phylogenetic classification system 3. Serovars – antigenic properties of
 Based on genetic variability and organisms
similarity of organisms *antigenic properties – characteristic of an
2. Phenetic classification system organism to elicit an immune response
 Based on convenient observable
characteristics RULES OF NOMENCLATURE
1. There is only one correct name for an
7 Hierarchal Categories organism
2. Names that cause error and confusion
shall be rejected
3. All names shall be Latinized, regardless
of origin
Staphylo(cluster)coccus(sphere)
Exceptions:
1. Consider origin of organism
Most Most 2. Scientist who discovered organism
complex specific, 3. The first letter of the genus is
definitive capitalized. The species is written in
lowercase letters.
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4. Scientific names are underlined or 3. Micrococcus
italicized when printed or written Reporting of clusters/chains are for cocci only
*origin of the nomenclature of organisms GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI (ANAEROBES)
1. Peptococcus
BACTERIAL CYTOLOGY 2. Peptostreptococcus
Bacterial Composition 3. Sarcina
70% - Water 30% Carbohydrates GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI (AEROBES)
Proteins 1. Branhamella
Lipids 2. Neisseria
Etc. GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI (ANAEROBES)
CELL WALL 1. Veillonella
 Defines the shape of the bacteria GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLUS (AEROBES)
 PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER 1. Nocardia
 Murein 2. Myobacterium
 Carbohydrate part : polymers consisting 3. Corynebacterium
of sugars and amino acids 4. Bacillus
A. N-acetyl glucosamine 5. Erysipelothrix
B. N-acetyl muramic acid 6. Lactobacillus
GRAM STAINING 7. Listeria
 Discovered by Hans Christian Gram GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLUS (ANAEROBES)
 Distinguish and differentiate Gram- 1. Clostridium
positive and Gram-negative 2. Actinomyces
microorganisms 3. Propionibacterium
 Gram-positive – blue GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLUS (AEROBES)
 Gram-negative – red 1. Acinetobacter
 No mordant ( forms crystal-violet 2. Alcaligens
iodine complex that makes thick 3. Brucella
peptidoglycan walls insoluble) - 4. Francisella
red/pink 5. Pasteurella
6. Vibrio
Aerobes – organisms that can only live and be 7. Aeromonas
active in presence of oxygen 8. Bordetella
Anaerobes – organisms that can survive 9. Legionella
without oxygen 10. Pseudomonas
11. Enterobacteriaceae
GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI (AEROBES) GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLUS
1. Staphylococcus (ANAEROBES)
*staphylo – latin word which means in 1. Fusobacterium
clusters 2. Bacteroides
2. Streptococcus
*strepto – latin word which means in
chains
BACTERIOLogY LEC
- Can be seen in:
GLYCOCALYX  Gram negative bacteria
- sugar coat of bacteria  Some gram positive bacteria
- outside the cell wall Parts:
Slim Layer 1. Filament
- thin - outside extension of flagella which
- unorganized contains flagelin
- loosely attached to cell wall 2. Hook
Capsule - Distinct protective hook that attaches
- thick filament to basal body
- organized 3. Basal body
- closely attached to cell wall - Movement of bacteria is dependent on
the movement of basal body
Glycocalyx
- external viscous, gelatinous layer of the NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT
cell wall 1. Atrichous
Composed of: - Does not contain flagellum
 Polymers of polysaccharides or 2. Monotrichous
Peptides (sometimes both) - Presence of two or more flagella at
 Phosphates one side of the cell
3. Lophotrichous
- Synthesized intracellularly - Presence of two or more flagella at
- Brought out of the cell by Isoprenoid one side of the cell
lipid carrier 4. Amphitrichous
 Transmembrane carbohydrate - Having a single flagellum on each of
transport two opposite ends of the cell
- Bringing in and out the 5. Amphilophotrichous
carbohydrates - 2 or more flagella at both ends of the
- Made up of negative charge cell
- Polyionic in nature 6. Petrichous
- Facilitates storage of nutrients - Flagella arises from all over the cell
Functions wall
1. Protects the cell
2. Dessication TYPES OF MOVEMENT
3. Protection against phagocytosis 1. Running or swim
4. Protection against toxic materials - Counterclockwise rotation of flagella
2. Tumbling movement
FLAGELLA - Abrupt change of motility
- Arises at the cell membrane - Clockwise rotation
- Long and thin (20 nanometers) Flagellar receptors
- Flagelin (protein found in flagella) - Temporal sensing
- H antigen (antigen found in flagella)
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Absence of gradient 2. Pili
- Counterclockwise movement - Longer than fimbriae
Presence of attractant gradient - One or two per cell
- Changes motility clockwise movement Function:
Attractants:  Conjugation
 Chemotaxis - Transfer of one daughter cell to another
- Flagella moves toward a source of  Involved in cell motility
nutrient  Grappling hook model
 Phototaxis - Twitching motility
- Flagella moves toward a source of light  Gliding motility
 Aerotaxis
- Flagella moves toward a source of BACTERIAL CELL WALL
oxygen - Peptidoglycan (Murein layer)
o All bacteria have cell wall except:
AXIAL FILAMENT - Mycoplasma
- Several fibrils that arise between the cell - Ureaplasma
wall and the cell membrane Murein Layer
Endoflagellum - Composed of chairs of disaccharides
- Inside the cell cross-linked by peptide
Movement: rotatory  CHO Backbone
- Vibration movement - N-acetylglucosamine and N-
Motility by undulation (wave-like motion with acetylmuramic acid
vibration)  Short tetrapeptides
Seen in spirochetes  D and L amino acids (only utilized by
bacteria)
Syphilis Composed of 2 barriers:
(Treponema pallidum spp. palidum) 1. Cell wall
- Outside
PILI 2. Cell membrane
- “Fimbriae” - Inside
- Small pathogens to attach and adhere - Cytoplasmic
easily to cell surfaces specifically 3. Exoskeleton
mucous membrane - To maintain in its environment
- Fimbrillin (contains adhesive molecule)  Increased concentration of solutes
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae inside the cell (hypertonic)
Forms:  Decreased concentration of solutes
1. Fimbriae inside the cell (hypotonic)
- Non flagellar hair-like appendages
- Few to hundred per cell VIRULENCE FACTOR
- Function in biofilm formation and - Toxins released by organisms
epithelial surface adherence - Are synthesized and stored within the
cell wall
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 Some antimicrobial agents inhibit cell - Permits the passage of nutrients into the
wall synthesis cell
Penicillin Spheroplast
- Distrupts the normal cell wall production - Partial destruction of gram negative cell
wall
Gram staining ACID FAST BACTERIA
 Routine staining procedure - Found in Mycobacterium, Nocardia
1. Gram-positive bacteria and Corynebacterium species
- Several layers of peptidoglycan
Teichoic acid Acid fast stain
- Maintain cellular viability  Heat (steam) method
- Maintaining negative charge and - Ziel-Neelsen Method
permeability - The steam drives the stain into the cell
Lipoteichoic acid wall
- Stimulating immune response  Cold method
- Spans the entire peptidoglycan layer - Kinyoun method
Wall teichoic acid - Utilizes detergent known as tergitol
- Responsible for maintaining cell shape
- Regulating cell division Atypical cell wall
2. Gram negative bacteria Found in:
- One or two layer of peptidoglycan  Mycoplasma species
- Easily decolorized - They do not have cell wall but their cell
Periplasmic space membranes is composed of sterols
- Between cell wall and cell membrane
- Contains digestive enzyme and
transport protein (they speed up
transfer of nutrients into the cell)

LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE COMPONENT
- Main component
1. Lipid A: “endotoxin”
- Component of gram negative cell wall
- Upon cell death it releases endotoxin in
order to cause fewer
2. O polysaccharide function
- Function as antigens
- Aids in distinguishing from negative
species
- It is the one being dissociated
Porins
- Protein in other membrane of the cell
wall