M SERIES AND PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS, (CHAP. CURRENT DIVISION “The current division or current divider rule applies to resistors in parallel. [t gives the current through any resistor in terms of the conductances and the current into the parallel combination the step of finding the resistor voltage is eliminated. The current division formula is easy to derive from the circuit shown in Fig 3-2. Consider finding the current 1. By Ohm's law, f;=G,¥. Also, V IAG, + G+ Gy) Bhiminating ¥ results in G. hese Js GtGiG In general. forany number of parallel resistors with a total conductance Gy and with a current fs entering the parallel combination, the current /, through one of the resistors with conductance Gy is Gy few Gils This is the formuls for the current division or divider rule, For this formula, f; and ty must be referenced in the same direction, with 1, referenced away from the node of the parallel resistors that is referenced into. If both currents enter this node, then the formula requires a negative sign. The current 4 need not be that of a source. IC is just the total current entering the parallel resistors. Fos the special case of two parallel resistors, the current division formpla 4s usually expressed in resistances instead of conductances I the two resistances are Rand Ryethe Guftent F, in the resistor with resistance Ry is Gd us Ry yt GaP VR, + UR SOR, + Ra 4 In general, as this formulaviidicates, the current flowing in one of two parallel resistors equals the resistance of the other resistor disided by the sui of the revistanees, all tines the current lowing into the parallel combination. KILOHM-MILLIAMPERE METHOD The basic equations V= Ri, 1=GK P=Vi, P= V7)/R, and P= PR are valid, of course, for the units of volts (V), amperes (A), obms (2), siemens (S), amd watts (W). But they are equally valid for the units of volts (V). milliamperes (A), kilohms (kQ), millisiemens ¢mS}, and milliwatts (mW), the use of which is sometimes referred to as the Kilofer-milliampere method. In this book, this second set ‘will be used almost exclusively in the writing of network equations when the network resistances are in the kilohm range, because with it the writing of powers of 10 can be avoided. Solved Problems 31 Determine the number of nodes and branches in the circuit shown in Fig. 3-3, Dots 1 and 2 are one node. as are dots 3 and 4 and also dots 5 and 6, all with connecting wires. Dot 7 und the two wires on both sidas are another node, ay are dot 8 and the two wires on both sides of So, there are five nodes. Each of the shown components 4 Uhrough ff is a branch -vight branches in all.char. SERIES ANDD PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS ss — 1 24 4 { B a CI & | H F z mI os} a s 7 We + Fig. $3 Fig. 3-4 32 33 Which components in Fig. 3-3 are in series and which are in parallel? Components F. G.and H ure in series because they carry the same current. Components A and B, being ‘connected together at both ends. have the same voltage and so ate in parallel, The same is (rue for components CB, and E- they are in parallel. Further, the parallel group of 4 and B is in series with the parallel group (of C.D, and £,and both gzoups are in series with components F. G. and H. Identify all the loops and all the meshes for the cireuit shown in Fig. 3-4. Also, specify which components are in series and which sire in parallel ‘There are tise Twos: one of vorapwmnente A, &, FP. and Ca sevoad of conaponents B, HG, Band Ezand a third of A, B. HG, D, end Co The flest ovo loops ae also meshes, but the third 1s not because components F and F areinsiieit Componems 4,€. and Dare ip sericé because they carry the same current For the same reason components F and F age in eries a iso are components B, H.and G. No components are in parallel Repeat Prob. 33 for the'Gireuit shown in Pig. 3-5 The three loops of composes A. 8, and CC. Dam E. asi FO and B are wso meshes the only smeshes. All other loops are mot meses because components are inside them Components A,B, D. and E form one of these orker loops: components, F and F anoter one: components 4. FD, and (a tied: und components F. £, Cand B a fount, The cteuit has three meshes and seven laops. No components are in series or in parallel What is V across the open circuit in the circuit shown in Fig. 3-62 ‘The sum ofthe voltage drops in a clockwise direction is starting from ke upper let corner 60-404 ¥ 10420 from which ¥ = 30 In the summation, the 40 and 10 V are negative because they are voltage rises in a clockwise direction. The negative sign in the answer indicates that the actual open-circuit voltage has a polarity opposite the shown reference potarity +h | - av wy av I. Ul v wy 4 v Fig. 35 Fig. 6w 36 a7 39 SERIES AND PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS LCHAP. 3 Find the unknown voltages in the circuil shown in Fig, 3-7. Find ¥, firs. ‘The basic KVL approach is 19 use loops having only one unknown voltage apiece, Such a loop for 4, includes the 10. 8, and 9-V components, The sum of the voltage drops in a clockwise ditcetion around this Toop is W-849-K =O romwhich =, Similarly, for ¥; the sur of the voltage drops cl 4+ 8-1=0 — fromuhich = 2¥ clive around the top mesh is ‘Clockwise around the boitom mesh, the sum of the voltage drops is “84945 from which Y= -1V The negative sign for ¥, mdicates that the polarity of the actual soltage is opposite the reference polatity. Fig, 37 What is the total resistance of 2-, 5, &. 10+. and 17.0 resistors connected in series”? “The total resistance of series resistors is the sum of the individual resistances: Ry <2) S44 10 W=00 What is the total resistance of thirty 6-@ resistors connected in series? “The sotab resistance is the number of resistors times the common resistance of 6: Ry = 30 % 6 What is the total conductance of 4, 10+, 16-, 20+, and 24-S resistors connected in series? ‘The best approach is to convert the conductances lo resisances, add the resistances to get the total resistance, and then invert the total resistance to get the ota? conductance Balt beat he k= 05mg and A string of Christmas tree lights consists of eight 6-W, 15-V bulbs connected in series, What current Sows when the string is plugged into u 120-V outlet, and what is the hot resistance of each bulb? The total powers Py 8 56 ABW. Feom Py = HL the currentis P= Py 48-120= 04 A, [And from P= PR, the hot resistance of each bulb is R—~ PTE = 6047CHAP. SERIES AND PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS a at az 313 a4 us A.V, 300-mA flashlight bulb is to be used as the dial light in a 120-V raclio. What is the resistance ‘of the resistor that should be connected in series with the flashlight bulb tw limit the current”? LIT W across the series resistor 0 0 Since 3-V isto be across the flashlight bulb, there will be 120» ‘The current is the rated 300 mA, Consequently. the resistance ts 117 03 AA person wants {0 move a 20-W FM-AM teunsistor radio from a junked car with x 6-V battery to a new car with a 12-V battery. What is the resistance of the resistor that should be connected in series with the radio to limit the current, and what is its minimum power rating? From P~ Vi, the radio requires 20/6 = 333 A. The resistor. being in series, has she sume current ‘Also, ithas the same voltage because 12 — 6 = 6V. Asa result, R= 63.33 = L8M Wri the same voltage and curfent, the resistor must dissipate the same power as the radio, and so has a 20-¥ mimmum power rating A series circuit consists of a 240-V source and 12, 20. and 16-0 resistors. Find the current out of the positive terminal of the voltage source. Also find the resistor voltages. Assume associated references, as should always be done when there is no specification of referenees “The eurrent isthe upplied voltage divided by the equivalent resistance: 0 QV pi Each resistor vollagel/is this cirrent umes “the corresponding resistanee by = Sx 12 = 6 ¥. Vig= 5% 20-100 V. and Vig = 5x 16=80.¥ AS a check, the sum of the Fesistor voltages is 60 100 + 80 = 240 V, the same as the spplied, voltage A resistor in series with ait 6-9 resistor absorbs 100 W when the wo arc connected across a 60-V line, Find the unknown resistance R. ‘The total resiseance is 8-+ R. and thus the curront is 6048 +R} From ER =P. oP (.2.Jneic (0% 0M which simplifies to R® — 20K + 64 = 0. The quadratic formult can be wsed (o find R, Recall that for the equation ax! + hx +e=0, this formula is =bt JP tae a = 20) + = OF = AGH) _ m0 YE VIF AH Eko oan, 24 2 A resistor with 2 resistance of ether 16 oF 4 £ will dissipate 100 W shen connected in series with an 6:0 resistor across 60-V Tine This particular quadratic equation can be factored without axing the quadraue formuki. By ic- spection, RP 20R 4 64=(R— 16K —4)=0, from which R=16 0 or R=aQ the same as before. So R Resistors Ry, Rzsand R, are in series with a 100-V source. The total voltage drop across R, and Ry is SOV, and that across Ry and Ry is 80V. Find the three resistances if the total resistance is 509, “The curcent isthe applied voltage divided by the total resistance: J — 100 511 ~ 2A Singe the voltage across esistors Rand Ris $0 V. there must be 100 — $0 50.V across Ry. By Ohm's ls, Ry = 50.2 =316 IT 319 320 SERIES AND PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS (CHAP. 3 250 Resistors R, and Ry bave 8M ¥ across them, leaving 100 — 80= 20 across R, Thus. Ry 207 = 100 The resistance of Ry is the total resistance minus the resistances of Rand Ry: Ry 50-19-25 = 152. What is the maximum voltage that can be applied across the series combination of 150-2, 2-W resistor and a 100-0, 1-W resistor without exceeding the power rating of either resistor? From = FR, the maximum safe curtent for the 150.0 resistoris F= V'PR =. 2450 = 0.1158. ‘That forthe 100.0 resistor 1/100 = 0A. The mani corret cao excod the Kase of Hse 140 cunrents and 50s OA, For this eutent, = Ry + Ra) 10150 +100) 25 V Ina series circuit, a current flows from the positive terminal of a 180-V source through two resistors. one of which has 30 0 of resistance and the other of which has 45 V across it. Find the current und the unknown resistance. ‘The 300 resistor has 180 — 45 The ather resistance is $5.45 = 10.9, 35.V across it and thus 4 135/30 = 45-4 current through st Find the current and unknown voltages in the circuit shown in Fig. 3-4 ‘The total esistancs is the sum of the resistances: 10+ 1S + 6+ 8+ 11 = 508 The total voleage rise Feom the voltage sources in the direotion of Fis 32 — $+ 8 = 15 V. The curtent fis this vohage divided by the total existance: I= 15:50 03 A By Ohm'sshiw, Pye 08x (Oma Vy Hye B36 LBM OMe NS24Y. nd Fee” 3 ofl = —33V The equations for Vy ‘und V have negative sigs because the referenees fOr these voles andthe referenve for {are not associated, Find the voitage V,, in the circuit shown int Fig, 348 Fy is the volkage drop from node a 10 ede h, whieh is the Sum of the voltage drops across the components cnanectad hetween nodes a and P either to the right or to the left of node 11s convenient to choose the path to the right because this isthe direction of the f= 013-A currem found in the solution of Prob. 3.18, Thus. Vig = (03 « 15) 54103 6) 4109 x 8) —B = STV Note that an IR drop is alays positive in the direction of 1 A voltage reference, znd that of ¥, in partteular here, has no effect om tis. Find 1. 4;. and V in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9 oa a 130 sv Fig. 39CHAP.3] SERIES AND PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS 9 321 322 323 Since the 50-V source is across the 10.0 resistor, 1, = 90/10 =9 A, Around the outside loop in a clockwise direotion, the vollage drop across the (wo resistors in 425 + 15M; = 401. This is equal to the sum of the voltage rises across the voltage sources in this outside loop 401,= = 30490 fromwvhich f= YD ASA ‘The voltage V is equal to the sum of the drops across the 25-2 resistor and the 20-V source: ¥= (15 « 25) + 30 = 675 V. Notice that the parallel 10-2 resistor does not affect /,. In general, eesstors in parallel with voltage sources that have zero internal resistances (eal voltage sources) do not affect currents ‘ar voltages elsewhere in & circuit, They do, however. cause an increase in current fow in these voltage sources. ‘A 90-V source is in series with five resistors having resistances of 4, $, 6, 7, and 8. Find the voltage across the 6-0 resistor. (Here “voltage” refers to the positive voltage, as it will in later problems unless otherwise indicated. The same is true for current.) By the voltage division formula the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit equals the resiscance of that resistor times the applied voltage divided by the total resistance. So, 6 F4SHOHTHE % «90-= IRV Use voltage division to determine the voltages V, and V, in the circuit shown in Fig. 3-8 ‘The total vokage applied accoss the resistors equate the sum ofthe voltage sists from the voltage sources, preferably in a clockwise. gitection: 12 $ +8 35 V, The polanty af this net voltage is such that it produces a clockwise eurent low In this sum thé 5 V is negative because 11s a-drop, and rises are being added, Put another'ay, the polarity of the $V source opposes the polarities of the (2- and 8-V sources The V, voliage division formula shouid have. positive sige hecause V, ic a drop tithe clockwise direction i opposes the polarity of the net applied voltage: 8 =f meiseeeson % Sis=24v 7 ‘The voltage division formula for V5 requires # negetive sign because both Hs and the net source vohiage are rises in the clockwise direction: Find the voltage Vax across the open circuit in the circuit shown in Fig. 3-10. “The 10-2 resistor has zero current flowing through it because it is in series with an open circuit. (Also, it has zero volls across it) Consequently, voltage division can be used to obtain Fy. The result is % x 100= 60 “ea ‘Then, a summation of voltage drops around the righthand half of the circuit gives 0-30 + Vin+ WO = 60 © 0. Therefore, Vy = #0, 09 we 4Y40 324 326 SERIES AND PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS four For the circuit of Fig. 3-11, calculate 1 and the power absorbed by the dependent swuics [A good first step is tn solve for the controlling quantity 4 in terms of 1. Applying Oa" lw te the 4:0 resistor gives _¥; = 47. Consequently, n the direction of J, the voltage rise across Unc sleperntont anes is 4.5e4f) = 187. Then by KVL, 4428-24 undo = 24-13 “The negative sign indicaes thatthe 2-A current lows counterclock wise, opposite the relerencedisuetew har £ Since the current and voltage references for the dependent source are not associate. the pews: sal formula has a negative sign: 28 Pa -45V) = 4.5474 = — 18 But P= —2A, and so P= ~18|~2)' = —72W. The prosenoe of the negative sign tneas dependent source is supplying power instead of absorbing i 4a 2a oF WW ash, Fig. 311 4n the ciccuit of Fig, 3-11, détermitie the resistance “seen” by-the independent volta “The resistance "seei™ by the source is equal to the eatio of the source voltage to the curren thu Hews ‘out of the postive terminat at te source ‘The negative sign of the resistance is a result of the action of the dependent source. Ue andicalss thal the remainder of the circuit supplies power to the independent source. Actually. itis the dependent orice Bons that supplies this power, as well as the power to the two resistors Find ¥, in the circuit of Fig, 3-12 First observe that no current flows in the single wire connecting the (wo halves of this cae as evident from enclosing either half ip a closed surface. Then only this single wire would cross his tsFaee dnd since the sum of the currents lewving any elosed surface must be zero, the current i ts 6 must he zero, From another point of view, there is no return path for a current that would Mew it thas wire wo WW) Big BDCHAP.) SERIES AND PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS 4“ 3a7 328 From KVL applied (0 the left-hand half of the circuit, 16/, + 4¥, = 24. And for the right-hand half of the circuit, Ohm's law gives W= 0s =-21, or 05H, ‘Then, substivuting for f, in the KE. equation produces 10S) 44K 224 andgo y= 6 Calculate J and Vy in the circuit of Fig. 3-13. ‘Because of the open circuit between nodes a and 8, the middle Branch has no effect on the current 1 Consequently, F can be obtained by applying KVL (0 the outside loop. The total resistance of this loop is 2+8+549=24Q And in the direction of /, the sum of the voltage rises from voltage sources is 100420 =120V. So, = 12024 =5A From the summing, of vonage drops across the right-hand branch, tne voltage drop, top 10 Potwor, across the middle branch is SiS} ~ 20 + 9) = SOV. Consequently, V, = $0 — 30 = 20-V because there is zero volts acrass the 10-2 resistor YO ass ress Determine the voltage drop Vig across the open circuit in the circuit of Fig. 3-14. Because of the open circuit, no eurrent flows in the 9-8 and 13-9 resistors end so there is 2210 volts cross cach of them. Also, thea, all the 6-A source current flows though the 10-0 resistor and all the 8A on 50 AW mK aa ‘ oA SAL * ag CD ro ua wwe - na on ‘ — ww sv |} Fig 314429 ww 33t SERIES AND PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS LOHAP 3 source current flows through the SQresisior, making V, = —@(10)= 60V and ¥ = 818) = 40.V. nee spectively, So, Vay, the voltage drop from node a 10 b, is Srom summing voltae drops, bys K++ 0-15 40 ‘The d., 1, 9, 18-, and 13-0 resistors have no effect on this result 6+ 40-15 asy Find the unknown currents in the circuit shown in Fig. 3-15, Find 1,, first The basic KCL approach is to find closed surfaces such that only one unknown current flows across rack surface. In Fig. 3-15, the large dashed loop represents a closed surface drawn such that J, is the only unknown current flowing across it. Other currents Bowing across it are the (0, 8., und 9-A curtemts. fy and the 9-A currents leave this closed surface, and the 8-4 and 10-4 currents enter it. By KCI. the sum of the ccurtents leaving is zero: Ty +9 —8—10=0, oF fy =9 A. is readily found from summing the currents Lavine the middle top nodes fe R—10= 0 ar tz = 1K A Similaely atthe night ton node Ty eK = 920. and 7, — 1A, Checking at the lef top node? Wf, —T,= 109-1 =O. as it should be, Find J for the cirenit shown in Fig. 16 Since [is the only unknown current lowing across the shown dashed loup, t can be found by setting to 2eto the sum of the currents leaving ths loop: 7 16 8 94312. M=0, from which 1aWA Find the short-circuit current 1, for the circuit shown in Fig, 3-17, ‘The short circuit places the 100 V of the left-hand voltage source across the 20-0 resistor. and it places the 200'¥ of the rightshand source across the 250 resistor, By Ohm's law. 7, = tI 20= 58. and Ty = ~200)25 = BA. The negative sign occurs in the J, Sormula because of nonassociaed references. wo hl how Fig 417CHAP. 3] SERIES AND PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS a 332 333 3.36 From KCL applied at the top middle node, 1, = 4, +4; =5 = 3 A, Of course the negative sign in the answer meung that 3.4 actually Slows up through the short circuit, opposite the direction of the fy current reference arrow. Calculate V in the circuit of Fig. 3-18, ‘The short ciscuit places al 36-V of the voltage source across the 20-k0 resistor. So, by Ohm's law, 1, = 36/20 = L8mA. (The kilohra-milliampere method was used in finding 1.) Applying KCL to the top middle node gives Tye +101, ~ 184101, and therefore f= 0.2 mA Finally, by Ohm's law, v= —s001 Fig. 18, Find the total conductance and resistance of four parallel resistors having resistances of 1, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 2 “he total soni the sum of he inva conductances Heyy i*as tan toe G, a +24448=158 ‘The total resistance is the inverse of this total conductance: Ry = 1/6, = Find the total resistance of fifty 200-0 resistors connected in parallel. ‘The total resistance equals the common resistance divided by the number of resistors: 200/50 = 40. A resistor is to be connected in parallel with a 10-kQ resistor and a 20-k0 resistor to produce a total resistance of 12 kA. What is the resistance of the resistor? Assuming that the added resistor is a conventional resistor, no added parallel resistor will ive a total resistance of 12 KO because the total resistance of parallel resistors is elways less than the least individual resistance, which is 10 K0. With transistors, however, itis possible to make a component that has a negative resistance and that in parallel can cause an increase in total sistance, Generally, however, the tera resisior ‘means a conventional resistor that has only postive resistance, Three parallel resistors have a total conductance of 1,75 S, If two of the resistances are | and 2, what is the third resistance? ‘The sun ofthe individual conductances equals the total conductance: LHEHG= 195 or Gy = 198-1: ‘The resistance of the third resistor is the inverse of this conduetance: R, 258 Losean