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Arc Flash Lecture For GMM 3

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229 views101 pages

Arc Flash Lecture For GMM 3

Uploaded by

Edison Estrella
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ARC FLASH ANALYSIS & MITIGATION

PRESENTED BY: ENGR. ORLANDO M. SALES, PEE, ASEAN ENG.


2018 IIEE-CRCSA PRESIDENT
2018 PPO CHAIRMAN
Objective:

1. Importance of Arc Flash knowledge in Electrical Works


2. Introduction to Arc Flash
3. Learn its Causes and Characteristics
4. Know its Effects “Arc Flash Injuries & Damage”
5. Learn how to calculate its magnitude
• Using IEEE 1584
• Using NFPA 70E
6. Know the Strategies to mitigate and avoid Arc Flash
incidents.
7. Arc Flash Mitigating Equipment
Topic No. 1
_______________________________________

Importance of Arc Flash Knowledge


Why do we need to understand Arc Flash?

Electricians & Site Engineers - Frontliners


• Awareness on the hazards involved in working with
energized equipment and to limitation setting to those
who are in direct contact.
• Learn how to read and understand labels and know the
standard PPE for any particular electrical works.

Electrical Designers & Specifiers


• Learn how to calculate arc flash magnitude and properly
specify equipment and selection of protection ratings.
• Avoid possible lawsuit and minimize downtime on
commercial and industrial operations.
Topic No. 2
_______________________________________

Understanding Arc Flash


What is an Arc Flash?
“. . . a dangerous condition associated with the release of energy
caused by an electric arc.”
Arc Flash Accident live cam exterior substation in
Cudahy WI.mp4

Arc flash Accident.mp4


Topic No. 3
____________________________

Causes and Characteristics


What Causes Arc Flash?
• Dust, corrosion, condensation, animals
• Spark discharge from:
• Accidental touching
• Dropping tools
• Over-voltages across narrow gaps
• Failure of insulating materials
• Equipment failure
Tasks with Potential for Arc Flash
• Operating a switch or circuit breaker
• Inserting or removing a circuit breaker
• Opening an enclosure door
• Removing a cover (bolted or hinged)
• Testing for voltage
In each task:
Worker is interacting with energized equipment.
Arc Exposure Energy Basics

• Exposure Energy is Expressed in cal/cm2

• 1 cal/cm2 Equals the Exposure on the tip of a finger


by a Cigarette Lighter in One Second

• An Exposure Energy of Only One or Two cal/cm2 Will


Cause a 2nd Degree Burn on Human Skin
Characteristics of an Arc Flash
• An electric arc will oscillate and escalate if not constrained.
• A single-phase electric arc can engulf a second or third
conductor in only two cycles.
• An electric arc’s current propels the arc away from the
power source.
Arc Flash Events
Electric arc Arc flash Arc blast
What is an Arc Blast?

1. The flash causes an explosive expansion


of air and metal.
– For example:
When copper vaporizes it expands by a factor of 67,000.

2. The blast produces dangerous:


– Pressure waves
– Sound waves
– Molten steel and shrapnel.
Topic No. 4
____________________________

Effects “ Injuries and Damage”


Arc Flash Effects
EFFECTS OF ARC FLASH
Economical Effect of Arc
Flash & related electrical
incidents to Large Scale
Industries… prolonged
downtime which can lead
to loss of profit and
possibly lawsuits.
Damage
to
property
Topic No. 5
____________________________

Arc Flash Calculation


Why is it important to know the systems Arc Flash?

Code: NFPA 70E


Importance of Arc Flash Analysis?

• To serve as a guide in identifying levels of Arc Flash


Hazard
• To know the incident energy its capable to give off
• To define the safe working distance
• Aid in selection of overcurrent protective devices and
equipment protection rating
• Properly specify the correct PPE.
Arc Flash Calculation Steps
• Determine System Modes of Operation
• Calculate Bolted Fault Current at each Bus
• Calculate Arcing Fault Current at each Bus
• Calculate Arcing Fault Current seen by each Protective Device
• Determine Trip Time for Each Protective Device based on
Arcing Fault Current
• Calculate Incident Energy at Working Distance
• Calculate Arc Flash Boundary
• Determine Required PPE
• Generate Labels
Arc Flash Calculation IEEE 1584-2002 Empirical Equation
Arc Flash Calculation IEEE 1584-2002 Empirical Equations

EQ. 1 -

EQ. 2 -

EQ. 3 -

EQ. 4 -

EQ. 5 -
Arcing Short Circuit Current Calculation
EQ. 1

Arcing Short
Circuit
Current
Calculation
Incident Energy Calculation

Continuation…
Incident energy calculations
As an example in the previous
illustration, a one-line diagram with a
480-volt(V) panel PP-1. An available
arcing short-circuit current of 16.761
amperes (A) was previously
calculated. The arcing time is given as
0.05 seconds (3 cycles) for the 225A
circuit breaker (obtainable on TCC).
Incident Energy Calculation
Incident Energy Calculation
Normalized Incident Energy Calculation
Incident Energy Calculation
Incident Energy Calculations

Example – incident
energy calculations
As an example, Figure 1
illustrates a one-line diagram
with a 480-volt (V) panel PP-1.
An available arcing short-circuit
current of 16,761amperes (A)
was previously calculated. The
arching time is given as 0.05
seconds (3 cycles), defined by
the TCC of the upstream 225A
circuit breaker.
Incident Energy Calculation Table - 1
OCPD Table Trip Duration Table
Incident Energy Calculation Table - 2
Incident Energy Worksheet B
Normalized Incident Energy Adjustment to Woking Distance and
Arcing Time
Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) Calculation
Arc Flash Boundary Calculation
Arc Flash Boundary Calculation
AFB Calculation Table - 1
Arc Flash Boundary Calculation
Arc Flash Calculation Using NFPA Annex D
Equations
NPFA® 130.3 & Annex D.6
NPFA® 130.3 & Annex D.6
ARC FLASH CALCULATION USING NPFA® 130.3
& Annex D.6
Sample Calculation as per NPFA®
Arc Flash Boundary Calculation
IEEE® 1584 -2002 EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS
IEEE® 1584 -2002 EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS
Reference Table-1 for IEEE® 1584 empirical equations
Lee Method of Calculating Incident Energy using Empirically Derived Equation.
Working Distance Table IEEE 1584-2002®
Sample Tabulated Format Arc Flash Calculation Study Results
Arc Flash Incident
______________________________________

480 Volt System


22,600 Amp Symmetrical Fault
Motor Controller Enclosure
6-Cycle Arcing Fault (0.1 sec)
Clothed areas can be
burned more
severely than exposed
skin.
With Current Limiting Device
Arc Flash Incident
______________________________________

480 Volt System


22,600 Amp Symmetrical Fault
Motor Controller Enclosure
Current Limiting Device with < ½ Cycle operation (.0083 sec).
Note that Arcing Fault must be in current limiting range.
How do we mitigate the effect of Arc Flash?
Topic No. 6
____________________________

Mitigation and Prevention


THE FLASH PROTECTION BOUNDARY

NPFA 70E
2012

NPFA 70E
2015
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
NFPA 70E 2012 NFPA 70E 2015
Labels
NEC ®, Article 110.16

110.16 Arc-Flash Hazard/Warning. Electrical equipment, such as switchboards,


panelboards, industrial control panels, meter socket enclosures, and motor control
centers, that are in other than dwelling units, and are likely to require examination,
adjustment, servicing, or maintenance while energized shall be field marked to warn
qualified persons of potential electric arc flash hazards. The marking shall be
located so as to be clearly visible to qualified persons before examination,
adjustment, servicing, or maintenance of the equipment.
Informational Note No. 1: NFPA 70E-2009, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, provides assistance
in determining severity of potential exposure, planning safe work practices, and selecting personal protective
equipment.

Informational Note No. 2: ANSI Z535.4-1998, Product Safety Signs and Labels, provides guidelines for the
design of safety signs and labels for application to products.
Sample Labeling
Sample Labeling
Managing the hazard -
Administrative controls
•Operate and maintain in a way that minimizes the hazard
–Site team can provide
•Site procedures
•Training
•Process hazards analysis for electrical rooms
•PPE program requirements
Equipment Labeling
Training
•What training is needed?
–OSHA
–NFPA 70E
–Company level practices
–Site specific procedures
–Equipment specific (ex. Model 7700)
–Use and care of PPE
NFPA 70E
•Requirements for safe work practices
•Addresses hazards:
–Shock
–Arc Flash
•Requirements for shock and arc flash boundaries
•Requirements for personal protective equipment
•Incident Energy and flash boundary calculations
(<1000V, 5kA-106kA)
IEEE Std 1584 -2002
•Addresses Arc Flash Calculations:
Arcing Fault
Incident energy
Flash boundary
•Valid Ranges
208 V to 15 kV
700A to 106kA
Gap 13mm to 153mm
•Out of Range
Use Lee Equation
What Are the OSHA Regulations and NFPA 70E
Requirements for Working on “Live” Equipment?
Safe Work Practices
OSHA 1910.333 (a) (1) & NFPA 70E 2-1.1.1
not to work “hot” or “live” except when:

1.De-energizing introduces additional


or increased hazards

2.Infeasible due to equipment design


or operational limitations
Topic No. 7
________________________

Arc Flash Mitigating Equipment


TVOC-2 by ABB

Arc Guard System - TVOC-2 - Catalogue.pdf


TVOC-2 by ABB
TVOC-2 by ABB
“It is ALWAYS
preferable to work on
de-energized equipment.”
TVOC-2 by ABB
Thank you!
References:
• NFPA 70E 2012 & 2015
• IEEE 1584
• ARC FLASH HAZARD INCIDENT ENERGY CALCULATIONS A
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE
STANDARDS: IEEE 1584 AND NFPA 70E
• LittelFuse Electrical Safety Hazard Handbook
• ABB Arc Flash Hazards
• EC&M
• NFPA 2014

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