Chandigarh Engineering College,Landran

Practical-1

Write a process of installing various operating system

 Step 1: connect the bootable usb flash drive with your pc and reboot it.
 Step 2: as soon as your pc boots, press the f11 ( this key will differ from one pc to
another ) key to bring up the boot drive selection menu and select the bootable windows
10 usb flash drive. This key will differ from one pc to another, so do a quick google
search to find out the correct key to bring up the bios boot menu.
Alternatively, you can also go into the bios of your pc and set the bootable windows 10 usb
flash drive with the firstbootpriority.

 Step 3: press any key when you see the “ pressanykeytobootfromtheusboption ”

 Step 4: wait for a few seconds for the files to load.

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 Step 5: select language, time and currencyformat and keyboard input format and click

on next.

 Step 6: click on installnow.

 Step 7: wait for a few seconds for the setup to start.

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 Step 8: if you have a product key, enter

it, otherwise click on skip.

 Step 9: accept the license terms and click on next.

 Step 10: select “ custom: installwindowsonly ( advanced ) “

 Step 11: select the drive where you want to install windows 10.

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 Step 12: wait for a some time until windows is being installed. This may take from a
few minutes to a hour depending on the hardware of your personal computer. Once this
process is complete, your pc will restart.

 Step 13: choose windows 10.

 Step 14: wait for a some more time.

 Step 15: enter a serial key, otherwise click on dothislater to skip this option.

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 Step 17: wait for a few seconds more.

 Step 18: enter a name and password to create your account.

 Step 19: wait for a few seconds more.

 Step 20: there you go, you’re finally on windows 10.

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Practical-2

Introduction to operating system & case study on windows,DOS and Linux.

An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer
hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user
can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner.

An operating system is software that manages the computer hardware. The hardware must
provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of the computer system and
to prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system.

Operating System
An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs and
acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.
A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program running at all
times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being application programs.
An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and services, such as
memory, processors, devices and information. The operating system correspondingly
includes programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler,
memory management module, I/O programs, and a file system.

Functions of Operating system – Operating system performs three functions:

Convenience: An OS makes a computer more convenient to use.
Efficiency: An OS allows the computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner.
Ability to Evolve: An OS should be constructed in such a way as to permit the effective
development, testing and introduction of new system functions without at the same time
interfering with service.

Operating system as User Interface –

User
System and application programs
Operating system
Hardware
Every general purpose computer consists of the hardware, operating system, system
programs, and application programs. The hardware consists of memory, CPU, ALU, and I/O
devices, peripheral device and storage device. System program consists of compilers, loaders,
editors, OS etc. The application program consists of business programs, database programs.

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Case study of DOS:•MS-DOS is a disk-based, single-user, single-task operating system.

These qualities make it one of the easiest disk operating systems to understand. •As with any
other operating system, its function is to oversee the operation of the system by providing
support for executing programs, controlling I/O devices, handling errors, and providing the
user interface.
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MS-DOS Operating System

•Advantages: –Fundamental operation –Straightforward user commands •Disadvantages: –

Lack of flexibility –Limited ability to meet the needs of programmers and experienced users

STRUCTURE OF MS-DOS

MS-DOS is an operating system created for personal computers. It was developed by

Microsoft. It is a classic example of an operating system with a layered structure. MS-DOS
operating system is split into various layers and each of the layers has different
functionalities. Layering provides a distinct advantage in the MS-DOS operating system
because all the layers can be defined separately and interacts with each other as required.
Also, it is easier to create, maintain and update the system if it is done in the form of layers.
Change in one layer specification does not affect the rest of the layers. However, the layers in
MS-DOS are not that sharply defined and the layer specifications often bleed into each other.

An image that specifies the MS-DOS layer structure is as follows:

The above image contains the layers for application program, system program, MS-DOS
device drivers and ROM BIOS device drivers.

Application Program

These programs perform a particular fu.nction directly for the users. In other words, these
programs provide an application to the end users, so they are known as application programs.

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System Program

The system programs are used to program the operating system software. While application
programs provide software that is used directly by the user, system programs provide
software that is used by other systems.

MS-DOS device drivers

Most of the device drivers on MS-DOS are part of the operating system such as keyboard and
screen console drivers, floppy and hard-disk drivers, printer port driver, serial port driver etc.

ROM BIOS device drivers

The BIOS drivers are the programs stored in the EPROM or EEPROM memory chips on the
motherboard. These are the basic drivers needed to start the computer system. BIOS stand
for Basic Input/output System.

STRUCTURE OF WINDOWS

Windows is an operating system program that communicates your instructions to the actual
computer hardware and displays the results. Windows is a rectangular area which provides an
environment to run many programs. It is based on Graphical User Interface (GUI).
It consists of:
 Windows Explorer: It is a tool that allows you to browse, view, copy and delete files.
It acts as a file manager that provides detailed information about your files, folders
and drives.
 Active Window: It refers to the object that is being currently used or display on the
desktop.
 Up gradation: It is the process of enhancing the features of any object. It changes or
replaces the characteristics of any windows to any other advanced version of
windows.
The kernel-mode components of Windows are the following: Executive: Contains
the base operating system services, such as memory management, process and thread
management I/O security and inter-process communication.
 Kernel: Consists of the most used and most fundamental components of the operating
system.

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STRUCTURE OF LINUX

Linux is one of popular version of UNIX operating System. It is open source as its source
code is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX
compatibility. Its functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX.
Components of Linux System
Linux Operating System has primarily three components
● Kernel − Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of
this operating system. It consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the
underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low level
hardware details to system or application programs.
● System Library − System libraries are special functions or programs using which
application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features. These libraries
implement most of the functionalities of the operating system and do not require
kernel module code access rights.
● System Utility − System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized,
individual level tasks.

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Architecture
The following illustration shows the architecture of a Linux system −

The architecture of a Linux System consists of the following layers −

● Hardware layer − Hardware consists of all peripheral devices (RAM/ HDD/ CPU
etc.).
● Kernel − It is the core component of Operating System, interacts directly with
hardware, provides low level services to upper layer components.
● Shell − an interface to kernel, hiding complexity of kernel's functions from users.
The shell takes commands from the user and executes kernel's functions.
● Utilities − Utility programs that provide the user most of the functionalities of an
operating system.

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DOS Windows

DOS (Disk Operating System) Windows is a range of graphical

are simple text command interface operating systems that
Definition
operating systems that were are developed and sold by
popular from 1981 to 1995. Microsoft.

DOS used a text based interface

Windows uses graphics, images
GUI that required text and codes to
and text.
operate

Text is used as the basic input Uses a mouse for all operating
Input System
system commands. system input.

Windows is a multitasking
DOS is unable to run multiple operating system; allowing more
Multitasking
processes at the same time. than one process to work
simultaneously.

The highest amount of storage Window systems offer storage

Storage Size
size available is 2GB. space up to 2 terabyte.

Booting up system is DOS is Booting up Windows is more

Demands on System Resources
less demanding on the CPU. demanding on the CPU.

Windows uses a different

registry compared to DOS,
DOS uses a directory system,
making it difficult to manually
where all the files are contained
Registry and Swap Files delete programs. An excessive
within a particular directory or a
number of temporary files and
subdirectory.
file fragments can cause the
system to slow down or crash.

More ideally used for

Used worldwide as the most
Current Uses prototyping, testing, and making
popular operating system.
automated systems.

BASIS FOR COMPARISON LINUX WINDOWS

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Cost Free of cost Expensive

Open source Yes No

Customizable Yes No

Security More secure Vulnerable to viruses.

Booting Either primary or logical Only primary partition.

partition.

Separation of the directories Back slash Forward slash

using

File names Case sensitive Case insensitive

File system EXT2, EXT3, EXT4, Reisers FS, FAT, FAT32, NTFS and ReFS

XFS and JF

Practical-3

Virtualization, Installation of Virtual Machine Software and installation of

Operating System on Virtual Machine.
Virtualization:
virtualization means to create a virtual version of a device or resource, such as a
server, storage device, network or even an operating system where the framework
divides the resource into one or more execution environments.
Storage virtualization:

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Storage virtualization is the amalgamation of multiple network storage devices into

what appears to be a single storage unit. Storage virtualization is often used in
SAN (storage area network), a high-speed subnetwork of shared storage devices,
and makes tasks such as archiving, back-up, and recovery easier and faster. Storage
virtualization is usually implemented via software applications.
Server virtualization:
Server virtualization is the partitioning of a physical server into smaller virtual
servers to help maximize your server resources. In server virtualization the
resources of the server itself are hidden, or masked, from users, and software is
used to divide the physical server into multiple virtual environments, called virtual
or private servers. This is in contrast to dedicating one server to a single
application or task.
Operating system virtualization:
Operating system virtualization refers to the use of software to allow system
hardware to run multiple instances of different operating systems concurrently,
allowing you to run different applications requiring different operating systems on
one computer system. The operating systems do not interfere with each other or the
various applications. Not to be confused with operating system-level virtualization,
which is a type of server virtualization,

Network virtualization (NV)

Network virtualization (NV) is using network resources through a logical
segmentation of a single physical network. Network virtualization is achieved by
installing software and services to manage the sharing of storage, computing cycles
and applications. Network virtualization treats all servers and services in the
network as a single pool of resources that can be accessed without regard for its
physical components. The term network virtualization is often used to describe
many things including network management, storage virtualization, and even grid

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computing.
Installing Virtual PC 2007:
1. Once you have downloaded the proper Setup.exe file, locate the file and
double-click Setup.exe to start the installation.
2. When the installation wizard appears, click Next.
3. You will need to accept the terms in the license agreement to continue. Click
Next.
4. Enter your customer information and choose whether you would like to
make Virtual PC available to all who use the computer (default) or make it
available only to a certain user name. Click Next to continue.
5. Virtual PC 2007 will recommend installing to your program files folder. If
this is fine with you, simply click the Install button or click the "Change"
button to install Virtual PC 2007 to a location of your choosing.
6. Click the Finish button
Create a Virtual Machine:
1. Open Virtual PC 2007 and select New.
2. The Virtual Machine wizard will start. Select "Create a Virtual Machine",
then click Next.
3. In the Name and Location window, browse to a location where you would
like to place your Virtual Machine. It is recommended that you do not use
the same hard disk location as your physical operating system. If you do not
have a separate drive partitioned, then I recommend using an external drive
such as a USB 2.0 thumb drive. Click Next.
4. Select the operating system that you would like to install from the
"Operating System" drop down menu. Click Next.
5. In the Memory window, Virtual Machine will calculate the memory usage
for the operating system you are installing. You can either use the recommended value or
change the memory usage to a specified amount.
Click Next.

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6. In the Virtual Hard Disk Options windows, Virtual Machine will need to add
a new virtual hard disk to your system. Select the option: "A new virtual
hard disk". If you already know that you have an existing virtual hard disk
install, select the option: "An existing virtual hard disk". Click Next.
7. In the Virtual Hard Disk Location window, click the Browse button and
locate the new hard disk that Virtual Machine has created and type in a name
for it. Review the calculated sizes for your hard disk size making sure that
there is enough space allotted for the operating system and any other
software you plan to install on it. Once you are satisfied with these figures,
click Next.
8. Click Finish.
Install a Virtual Operating System using Virtual PC 2007:
1. Open your Virtual PC Console. From here you will see 4 available options:
2. New: Use this option to install a Virtual operating system. Using Microsoft
Virtual PC 2007, you can install up to 3 virtual operating systems. Once
installed, they will show up in the left pane of the Virtual PC Console
window.
3. Settings:Use this option when it is necessary to change the settings of your
virtual operating system.
4. Remove:You can easily remove a virtual operating system from the console
using this option.

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5. Start:Click any of the available virtual operating systems in the left pane of
your console window and select the "Start" button to start the selected virtual
operating system. Now that you are familiar with the option in your Virtual PC
Console, let's begin the installation of your virtual operating system. Select your
configured virtual machine from the left pane and then click the "Start" button.
6. Virtual Machine will boot to its Main window. Insert your installation media
in to your CD or DVD drive for the operating system you are attempting to
install.
7. Once the media is installed, reset your Virtual Machine by selecting
Action>> Reset.
8. The installation process should begin. You may need to press any key to
continue.
9. Follow the on-screen prompts and continue the installation just as you would
any operating system installation.

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Practical-4

Introduction to commands for files & directories.

When We talk about Linux commands, what we are really talking about is the Linux system
itself. These small number of 10 Basic Linux commands will not make you a genius or a
Linux expert instead, it'll help you get started with Linux. It'll help Linux newbies to perform
daily basic tasks in Linux using these Linux basic commands or I should say Linux top
commands(because of their usage).
So let's get started with the list of 10 Linux Basic commands -
1. sudo
This SuperUserDo is the most important command Linux newbies will use. Every single
command that needs root's permission, need this sudo command. You can use sudo before
each command that requires root permissions -
$ sudo su

2. ls (list)
Just like the other, you often want to see anything in your directory. With list command, the
terminal will show you all the files and folders of the directory that you're working in. Let's
say I'm in the /home folder and I want to see the directories & files in /home.
/home$ ls
ls in /home returns the following -
imad lost+found

3. cd
Changing directory (cd) is the main command that always be in use in terminal. It's one of the
most Linux basic commands. Using this is easy. Just type the name of the folder you want to
go in from your current directory. If you want to go up just do it by giving double dots (..) as
the parameter.

Let's say I'm in /home directory and I want to move in usr directory which is always in the
/home. Here is how I can use cd commands -
/home $ cd usr

/home/usr $

4. mkdir
Just changing directory is still incomplete. Sometimes you want to create a new folder or
subfolder. You can use mkdir command to do that. Just give your folder name
after mkdir command in your terminal.
~$ mkdir folderName

5. cp
copy-and-paste is the important task we need to do to organize our files. Using cp will help
you to copy-and-paste the file from terminal. First, you determine the file you want to copy
and type the destination location to paste the file.

$ cp src des
Note: If you're copying files into the directory that requires root permission for any new file,
then you'll need to use sudo command.

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6. rm
rm is a command to remove your file or even your directory. You can use -f if the
file need root permission to be removed. And also you can use -r to do recursive removal to
remove your folder.
$ rm myfile.txt

7. apt-get
This command differs distro-by-distro. In Debian based Linux distributions, to install,
remove and upgrade any package we've Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) package manager.
The apt-get command will help you installing the software you need to run in your Linux. It
is a powerful command-line tool which can perform installation, upgrade, and even removing
your software.

In other distributions, such as Fedora, Centos there are different package managers. Fedora
used to have yum but now it has dnf. 

$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo dnf update

8. grep
You need to find a file but you don't remember its exact location or the path. grep will help
you to solve this problem. You can use the grep command to help finding the file based on
given keywords.
$ grep user /etc/passwd

9. cat
As a user, you often need to view some of text or code from your script. Again, one of the
Linux basic commands is cat command. It will show you the text inside your file.
$ cat CMakeLists.txt

10. poweroff
And the last one is poweroff. Sometimes you need to poweroff directly from your terminal.
This command will do the task. Don't forget to add sudo at the beginning of the command
since it needs root permission to execute poweroff.

$ sudo poweroff

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