3D Limit Equilibrium Slope Stability
3D Limit Equilibrium Slope Stability
Introduction
Three‐dimensional limit equilibrium slope stability analysis is simple in concept, and directly analogous
to 2‐dimensional methods.
In 2D a sliding mass is discretized into vertical slices
In 3D a sliding mass is discretized into vertical columns with a square cross‐section
The 2D methods of slices (Bishop, Janbu, Spencer and Morgenstern‐Price (GLE)) which are based on
satisfying force and/or moment equilibrium, can be extended to a 3D method of columns, where forces
and moments are solved in two orthogonal directions. Vertical forces determine the normal and shear
force on the base of each column.
Simple 3D slope model with 3D spherical failure surface
Plan (top) view of sliding mass discretized into square columns
Although 3D limit equilibrium slope stability analysis using vertical columns is simple in concept, it is not
so simple in practice to implement efficiently and accurately. The 3D method faces many obstacles not
encountered in 2D, not the least of which is how to search efficiently for unknown critical 3D slip
surfaces. Furthermore, issues which are problematic in 2D slope stability analysis (e.g. how to deal with
tensile forces) become magnified in 3D analysis.
Limitations of earlier methods
Early numerical methods proposed for 3D limit equilibrium slope stability computation were subject to
several constraints such as:
Assumed sliding direction
Assumed plane of symmetry
Transverse force and/or moment equilibrium not satisfied
Local coordinate systems required
Simple search methods for critical surfaces (e.g. spherical, planar)
Results were satisfactory for symmetrical 3D problems, but not for more complicated asymmetrical
slopes. Early use of 3D slope stability methods was often used for back analysis of known failures, rather
than searching for critical failure surfaces.
Improved 3D Methods
Significant improvements to 3D slope stability were proposed by Huang, Tsai and Chen (2002) and
further extended by Cheng and Yip (2007). Improvements include:
Force and moment equilibrium in 2 orthogonal directions
Unique sliding direction is solved for rather than assumed
3D system of equations is statically determinate
The forces acting on a typical column are shown below.
N, U = effective normal force and pore pressure force on column base
S = mobilized shear force on column base
a = sliding direction
E = intercolumn normal forces
X = intercolumn vertical shear forces
H = intercolumn horizontal shear forces
P = vertical external force
W = column weight
Three‐dimensional view of forces acting on column
Unique sliding direction for all columns (plan view)
Force equilibrium in x‐y (horizontal) plane
Horizontal force equilibrium in the x‐direction for a typical column
Horizontal force equilibrium in the y‐direction for a typical column
The main equations used to obtain the 3D safety factor are summarized below. For further details see
Cheng and Yip (2007).
NOTE:
The X‐Y plane is the horizontal plane
The Z‐axis is the vertical direction
f1, f2, f3 and g1, g2, g3 are unit vectors in the direction of Si and Ni respectively
Let’s first consider vertical force equilibrium (z‐direction) of a single column. For the ith column:
(1)
The base normal and shear stresses can then be expressed as:
(2)
Where:
(3)
Overall force and moment equilibrium in the X and Y directions is given by the following equations.
Overall force equilibrium in x‐direction gives:
(4)
Overall moment equilibrium in the x‐direction gives:
(5)
where RX, RY, and RZ are lever arms to the moment point.
Overall force equilibrium in y‐direction gives:
(6)
Overall moment equilibrium in the y‐direction gives:
(7)
Equations for directional factors of safety Fx, Fy, Fmx, Fmy can be determined. We solve for when
Fx=Fy=Fmx=Fmy or rewritten:
Fy‐Fx=0
Fmx‐Fy=0
Fmy‐Fx=0
We then find the values of F, lamdax, lamday, aprime (sliding direction) that satisfy these 3 equations.
The value of F is the overall 3D safety factor for a given 3D slip surface.
3D slope stability using Slide3 2017
Slide3 2017 uses the general formulation of Cheng and Yip (2007), with further improvements, including:
Efficient solver for 3D equilibrium equations
Any failure criteria can be used (not limited to Mohr‐Coulomb)
Fast search methods for general 3D slip surfaces
Powerful geometry modeling and data interpretation features
Column data viewer
Column viewer (vertical section views)
References
Huang, C.C., Tsai, C.C., Chen, Y.H., 2002. Generalized method for three‐dimensional slope stability
analysis. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. 128 (10), 836–848.
Cheng, Y., Yip, C., 2007. Three‐dimensional asymmetrical slope stability analysis extension of Bishop's,
Janbu's, and Morgenstern–Price's techniques. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. 133 (12), 1544–1555.