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A REVIEW ON CUTTING TOOL OPTIMIZATION APPROACHES

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 9th International Automotive Technologies Congress
OTEKON 2018
7-8 May 2018, BURSA

A REVIEW ON CUTTING TOOL OPTIMIZATION APPROACHES

Semir Saleh, Mostafa Ranjbar

Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ankara, Turkey

Corresponding Author: mranjbar@ybu.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Tool wear is a global issue in manufacturing as well automotive industry. The speed of the machines and the forces
applied exposes the cutting tool and the work to different stresses which deteriorates the tool life. This causes a
significant down time to pull out a tool either to reconfigure or change the tool. This consumes more time as every
member in the production line remains idle. In addition, the worn tool will have a serious effect on the quality and
surface integrity of the machined part. As the aim of automotive manufacturing industries is to produce high volumes
and qualitative products in a brief period, the machine’s cutting tool remains the key component which affects the
overall performances of work. This paper reviews the latest researches on improvement of tool life.

Keywords: Cutting tool, Wear, Automotive, Manufacturing, Optimization

1. INTRODUCTION
The history of manufacturing is dated back to the history of human being of the Stone Age. The early humans use different
primitive methods to prepare their basic needs food, cloth and shelter. They used stone as cutting tool to cut and prepare
hide, wood, and other materials at least 3 million years ago. With time they improved the cutting tool to a single point
cutting method by using bones, ivory etc. [1]. Before the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, metal hand tools were
used to cut and shape materials for the manufacturing of goods such as cooking utensils, wagons, ships, furniture, and
other products. The 20th century has witnessed the introduction of numerous refinements of machine tools in
manufacturing, such as multiple-point cutters for milling machines, the development of automated operations governed
by electronic and fluid-control systems, and nonconventional techniques, such as electrochemical and ultrasonic
machining. [2]. The later (mechanical manufacturing system) is the most popular cutting processes these days. The rest
are used for the special purpose jobs due to their constraints (application requirements, cost-effectiveness, production
capabilities and customer needs) [3]. Researchers and manufacturers are continuously working on tool optimization by
preventing, maintaining on break down or an early predicting the tool wear effect. Their aim is to gain high quality, in
term of work piece dimensional accuracy, surface finishing, very high production rate, less wear on the cutting tools and
in the term of economy of the cost saving [3,4]. Some of the most common coatings used these days are: Titanium Nitride
(TiN), Titanium Carbo-Nitride (TiCN), Titanium Aluminum Nitride (TiAlN or AlTiN), Chromium Nitride (CrN) and
Diamond [4]. To enhance the turning productivity in terms of tool life, surface finish, and surface integrity, variation in
tool geometry is one of the major parameter to be considered. Tool geometry has been practiced by the researchers to
study the machining performance in the past. The various geometries of the tool are: Rake angle, tool nose radius,
approaching angle, groove on rake face, wiper (chamfer) honed edges and side cutting edge angle [5]. The researches for
cutting tool parameters such as depth of cut, feed rate, cutting speed and force are done either by directly or indirectly
controlling these parameters [6].

2. REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS

Chelladurai et al. attempted to creat the artificial flank wear using the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process to
emulate the actual or real flank wear. The tests were conducted using coated carbide inserts, with and without wear on
EN-8 steel. The acquired data were used to develop artificial neural networks model. Empirical models were developed
using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Vibration and strain data during the cutting process were recorded using two
 9th International Automotive Technologies Congress, OTEKON 2018 4/3

accelerometers and one strain gauge bridge. Power spectral analysis was carried out to test the level of significance
through regression analysis. Experimental results were analyzed with respect to various depths of cut, feed rates and
cutting speeds [7]. Also, Palanisamy et al. studied the flank wear prediction of a tool by focusing on two different models,
namely, regression mathematical and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The Design of Experiments (DOE)
technique was developed for three factors at five levels to conduct experiments. Experiments were conducted for
measuring tool wear based on the DOE (Design of experiments) technique in a universal milling machine on AISI 1020
steel using a carbide cutter. The predictive neural network model was found to be capable of better predictions of tool
flank wear within the trained range [8].

Singh and Khamba, studied stationary ultrasonic machining of titanium and its alloys by using the outcome of the Taguchi
model and developed a mathematical model for tool wear rate using Buckingham’s π-theorem. Six input parameters, tool
material, power rating, slurry type, slurry temperature, slurry concentration, and slurry grit size were selected to give
output in form of tool wear rate [9]. Kumar et al. investigated the application of ultrasonic machining, an impact machining
process for the cost-effective machining of commercially pure titanium (ASTM Grade-I) and evaluation of tool-wear rate
under the effect of different process parameters. The outcome of the Taguchi model was used for developing a micro-
model for tool-wear rate (TWR); using Buckingham’s pie theorem. A comparison of the experimental resulted obtained
assisted in the validation of the model [10]. Yuefeng et al. studied statistical relationships between the initial wear and
uniform wear periods. Large amount of literature review of tool wear and questionaries’ of manufacturers, 873 tool wear
curves were taken as samples. Finally, statistical analysis was carried out to select the most suitable tool from all the tool
materials suggested by the tool manufacturers [11]. Furthermore, Jayabal and Natarajan, studied the effect of optimal
cutting parameters on thrust force, torque, and tool wear in drilling of coir fiber-reinforced composites. They determined
the optimal cutting parameters’ settings through experiments, and analyzed using the Box–Behnken design, Nelder–
Mead, and genetic algorithm methods [12]. Singh and Rao developed an analytical tool wear model for the mixed ceramic
inserts during the hard turning of bearing steel incorporating abrasion, adhesion, and diffusion wear mechanisms. The
new model developed reliably used to assess the wear of the mixed ceramic tools within the domain of the parameters. It
was observed that tool wear was increasing with the increased cutting speed, feed, and effective rake angle. However, it
was found to be slightly decreased with the increased in nose radius. The proposed model was validated by conducted
experiments [13]. Also, Li and Guo, investigated experimentally the condition of the tool wear by studying signals
acquired from vibration and force sensors. They explored the use of Frequency Band Energy (FBE) analysis and Fuzzy
Clustering (FC) techniques for tool wear status recognition in metal cutting. Their results proved that superiority and
effectiveness of this method over other method for tool wear status recognition [14]. Moreover, Fang et al. conducted an
experiment on the effect of tool edge wear and the cutting forces. The experiment showed that the tool edge wear increased
as the tool edge radius increases [15]. Gonzalo et al. investigated the use of PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) of two
different coatings (ZrCN and TiN) . Different turning inserts were coated with four different bias voltages (30, 120, 210
and 400 V). The results showed that the tool wear was directly related to the residual stresses of the coatings, and these
were controlled by the bias voltage [16]. In another work, Fang et al. investigated experimentally and theoretically the
sharp and round-edge tools in orthogonal machining with BUE (built up edge) formation. The experiment showed a
round-edge tool produces higher vibration magnitudes than does a sharp tool. The developed neural network model had
proven valid using a separate set of cutting experiments under different cutting conditions from those used for network
training and testing [17]. Saglam, studied feed rate, the cutting speed, the engagement length and material hardness in
order to monitor tool wear effect on line. An old multi point band saw machine was used for the experiments. Tool wear
monitoring models using artificial neural network were developed to predict the tool wear during cutting off the raw
materials. The analysis also showed that cutting length, hardness and cutting speed had significant effect on tooth wear,
respectively, while feed rate showed less effect [18]. Also, Zhang et al. proposed an innovative approach based on shape
mapping to acquire tool wear, to establish an off-line tool wear predicting model for assessing the degree of wear and
remaining useful life. These mapped holes on the metal material were analyzed according to all types of milling cutters
in order to establish the relationship between the characteristic parameters of these mapped holes and tool wear.
Experiments showed that the shape mapping strategy of tool wear allowed for an effective assessment of tool wear and
indicated good correlation with the expected wear characteristics and easily conducted tool wear experiments [19].
Furthermore, Albertelli et al. experimentally studied the effects of Spindle Speed Variation (SSV) technique on tool wear
in steel turning. The cutting speed and the cutting speed modulation were the main investigated factors. The flank wear
width was the main considered process response and it was monitored continuously during wear tests up to the end of the
tool life. The effects of the factors were analyzed through the analysis of Variance approach [20]. Chen et al. analyzed
the relationship between cutting tool vibration and surface roughness. In this experiment the spindle speed, feed rate, and
cutting depth were chosen as the numerical factor; the cutting feed direction and holder type were regarded as the
categorical factor. The final results showed that the effects of feed rate and cutting depth provide the reinforcement on
the overall vibration to cause the unstable cutting process and exhibit the result of the worst machined surface [21]. Also,
Pejryd et al. investigated the tool wear by studying the changes in forces and dynamics of an individual multi tooth milling
cutter using internal encoders and signal analyses [22]. Moreover, Peng et al. investigated the effects of vibration by
 9th International Automotive Technologies Congress, OTEKON 2018 3/3

studying the fundamental principles and mechanism of ultrasonic machining together with experimental results of
scratching of polysilicon with parallel and vertical ultrasonic vibration assistance. A new approach was proposed by an
elliptic ultrasonic vibrating workpiece. It presented with the elliptic ultrasonic vibration assistance, the brittle material
was more ductilely removed than in conventional condition, and tool wear decreased in scratching of brittle materials
[23]. Hsieh et al. discussed the effects of the sensor installations, selected features, and the bandwidth size of the features
on the classification rate. Results showed that proper feature extraction for classification provided a better solution than
applying all spectral features into the classifier [24]. Also, Jaffery and Mativenga, studied development of a wear map for
Ti-6Al-4V alloy, to identify the wear mechanisms associated with tool deterioration across different regions of the wear
map. The characterization of wear mechanisms with respect to machining conditions and tool wear rate ultimately helped
in the development of suitable tool coatings for machining titanium-based alloys [25]. Furthermore, Zangera and
Schulzea, experimentally analyzed tool wear rate against change in temperature and sliding velocity (feed). Lath machine,
Ti-6Al-4V (Titanium) alloy as work piece and tungsten carbide as cutting tool were used for experiment [26].

Xu et al. studied tool wear analysis on the uncoated and multi-layer (Al2O3/TiCN) coated carbide tools was performed
in high-speed turning operation with the aid of cutting temperature and tool Von Mises stress simulations. The main wear
mechanisms of the uncoated tool were crater wear, oxidation wear, adhesive wear, and abrasive wear, whereas for the
multi-layer coated tool, they were crater wear, adhesive wear, and abrasive wear [27]. Also, Magdum and Naik, studied
the stresses acting on tool tip at the onset of machining, and on the work piece to develop an online monitoring system to
estimate tool wear effect. They proved that the cutting forces, stresses and deformation at the tool increased and the tool
wear increased [28]. Also, Hu and Huang, investigated the machining of hardened steel H13. The finite element modeling
(FEM) approaches with lagrangian increment method for 3D metal turning approach was used. The ceramic tool and
ultrafine-grained tool are applied. For final rsult they used simulation of DEFORM-3D software. The obtained results
provided the fundamental and practical guidelines of tool material choice for hard turning [29]. Attanasio et al. studied
experimentaly tool wear’s effect on surface integrity and developed predcitive model. Analytical models of the tool wear
and a comparison between response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) fitting techniques
for tool wear forecasting was performed [30].

Salvatore and Saad, studied a new approach to predict tool wear progression during cutting operation. In particular, an
energy approach, linking the tool wear volume with the energy dissipated by friction. In addition, the interaction between
residual stresses induced by cutting and the variation of tool geometry due to wear's mechanisms was investigated. It
presented the experimental measurements of the wear of the tool, in particular the lost volume during the cut. Numerical
simulation of orthogonal cutting operation using the commercial FEM code ABAQUS/Explicit was employed [31].
Moreover, D’Addona et al. experimentally investigated the tool wear advancement by studying the parameters by using
optical monitoring processes. They used different computing methods to investigate images and finally proposed an
approach for the early identifiaction of tool wear deflection [32]. Wojciechowski and Twardowski, experimentally studied
cutting tool's vibrations generated during ball end milling process, including the influence of progressing tool wear. The
research revealed that vibrations generated in a stable milling process were strongly affected by the tool wear width on
the flank face [33]. Ding et al. studied the tool wear behavior during ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UAG), whose
grain motion trajectory differs from that in conventional grinding (CG). This way they evaluated the grinding wheel
performance inorder to investigate the effects of ultrasonic vibration on the tool wear through tracking observation of
grains. As a result, UAG obtained lower and more stable grinding forces while slightly rougher ground surface in
comparison with CG [34].

MihoKlaic et al. conducted experiments on stone drilling with a small diameter twist drill to predict tool wear by means
of a machine learning decision tree algorithm. Signal features extracted from both the time and frequency domain were
used as input parameters for construction of a decision tree which classifies the tool state into sharp or worn. The best
model achieved 90% accuracy in classification and relied only on features of the current signals, which simplified its
implementation in a CNC system for industrial applications [35]. D’Addona and Teti, investigated tool wear development
during machining processes. In order to monitor the tool wear, the interface chosen between the working procedure and
the computer was a digital image of the cutting tool detected by an optical sensor. They designed and optimized artificial
neural networks for automatic tool wear recognition using standard images of cutting tool is proposed [36]. Abainia and
Ouelaa, studied experimentally the optimal cutting tool geometry by studying the effects of tool back rake angle, the tool
cutting edge angle of the major cutting edge, edge inclination and their relationship with cutting forces, tool vibrations
and machined surface roughness. Different cutting tool geometries were designed according to the main tool angles and
manufactured with a high speed steel material (HSS) type-T15 with a high tungsten alloy grade. Finally, they classified
the good optimized cutting tool geometries [37].

Ducobua et al. investigated the right time when to change the tool before it got worn during machining, to keep the
required surface integrity (microstructure) of the part. Titanium as work piece was used, and Finite Element Model was
 9th International Automotive Technologies Congress, OTEKON 2018 4/3

used for evaluation. Tool geometry with machining parameters was studied and compared for five different tools. They
proved that as the tool flanks wear increased also, the temperature and the contact forces (friction and strain) increased,
and damaged the surface integrity of the machined part. So, to overcome this problem, they proposed that clearance angle
of the tool must be adjusted for proper chip formation to give required finished (machined) surface [38]. Aghdam et al.
investigated comprehensively the correlation between vibrational features of tool/holder assembly and tool major flank
wear in a turning process. This analysis provided a reliable algorithm for tool wear estimation since it directly originated
from tool/holder system natural modes/frequencies and interpreted the physical behaviour of the system about the tool
wear [39]. Wagner et al. devoted to understanding the relationship between the chip formation, the cutting process, and
the tool wear for the Ti-5553 near-beta titanium alloy. They studied the evolution of tool wear through the cutting process
and the chip formation. An analytical model was used to quantify stresses, temperatures, and friction inside the workpiece
material and at the tool/chip interface [40]. Zhuang et al. investigated the performance of ceramic cutting inserts in turning
of Inconel 718 by two different assisted machining conditions, plasma preheating- and cryogenic cooling-assisted
technologies. By comparing these two assisted cutting techniques with opposite effects on the cutting tool and workpiece,
they found the surface roughness was reduced by 50 %, the micro-hardness was smaller, and the tool life was extended
up to more than 40 % over conventional machining [41].

Zhaoju et al. investigated the surface finish by analyzing the chip formed during machining. Chip morphology and cutting
vibration characteristics under different tool wear stages were examined using optical microscope, and vibration test
system. Tool wear progression enlarged the cutting vibration which causes the friction force on tool/chip interfaces to
increase, and this aggravated chip edge wear accordingly. On the contrary, the increase of chip segment degree induced
the progression of cutting vibration and tool wear. In this research their relationship was investigated sophistically, to
improve the cutting efficiency and guaranteeing machining quality [42]. Baghlani et al. investigated the effects of
vibrational amplitude, spindle speed, and number of steps to drill each hole on machining force and surface roughness.
The setup conducted drilling tests was Inconel 738LC with depth-to-diameter ratios from 2 to 10 by conventional drilling
(CD), ultrasonic assisted drilling (UAD), and electro discharge drilling (EDD). The final results demonstrated significant
improvement in tool life by applying ultrasonic vibration to the drilling process but also a 40 % reduction in thrust force
compared to CD [43]. Stavropoulos et al. studied the limitations of tool wear prediction on the milling of CGI 450 plates,
through the simultaneous detection of acceleration and spindle drive current sensor signals. Finally tool wear prediction
was accomplished, by utilizing the experimental results that derived from third degree regression models and pattern
recognition systems. These results indicated that predictability is affected by the mean signal energy, acquired from the
vibration acceleration signals [44]. Antonialli et al. studied tool life, tool wear, and resulting surface roughness of Inconel
625 were evaluated for taper turning in comparison with straight turning. In taper turning, double feed was tested to
compensate metal removal rate reduction (since in this operation, the feed length was doubled), and in order to avoid
roughness increased caused by the higher feed, a wiper tool was used. Results showed that taper turning was not successful
in terms of tool life, although the furrowing mechanism of the tool coated caused by the hard burr formed, that led to
notch wear, was avoided.[45]. Ordas et al. investigated efficiently the adequate time for the tool replacement of the insert
wear using image processing and classification for decision making. A dataset composed of 577 regions with various
levels of wear was created. Two different classification processes were carried out: the first one, using three different
classes (Low, Medium and High wear -L, M and H, respectively-) and the second one with just two classes: Low (L) and
High (H) [46]. Shen and Wang, showed the effects of cutting force and cutting parameters (cutting speed, depth of the
cut and feed rate) on tool flank wear. This was done by simulation and experimental analysis. Finally, the difference
between ideal and actual analysis showed very little deviation which was practical, showed the consistency of this
research. They concluded that as the more the tool was worn the more friction occurred, so the tool had to reconfigure
(Sharpen) again and the cutting parameters must be adjusted. This means that the tool wear could be controlled indirectly
by controlling the cutting tool parameters [47]. Selmokar and Kumar, studied the effects of machining parameters of
spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut on tool wear using milling machine to cut the mild steel with high speed steel
end mill cutter and developed statistical model method to optimize the tool wear by applying Taguchi method, which was
used to measure the quality characteristic deviated from desired value [48].

Karpat and Oliaei, studied tool wear patterns (flank wear, edge rounding) of micro end mills and their relationship to
machining parameters. The result was used in process parameter selection in pocket micro milling operations and tool
condition monitoring systems [49]. Wang and Gao, studıed the stochastic joint-state-and-parameter model with machining
setting as a parameter, that affects the state evolution or tool wear propagation. The model was embedded in a particle
filter for recursive wear state prediction. Effectiveness of this method was verified through experimental data measured
on a CNC milling machine [50]. Menezes et al. studied experimentally the flank wear width, cutting force, temperature,
and surface finish with increasing tool wear in titanium (Ti6Al4V) as work piece. Based on the experimentally measured
force data, cutting force coefficients were determined using a nonlinear optimization algorithm as the tool wears and these
coefficients were combined with the structural dynamics to predict the process stability. The achieved chatter-free
material removal rate was then computed for both the new and worn tool conditions [51]. Rao et al. presesnted a technique
 9th International Automotive Technologies Congress, OTEKON 2018 3/3

to measure the vibration of a rotating workpiece to use it as a parameter to replace a cutting tool at an appropriate time.
Experiments were conducted on CNC lathe to obtain data of surface roughness and RMS of workpiece vibration velocity
in boring of AISI 1040 [52].

Dongxi ,studied the potential effects of the ultrasonic on the tool wear involved in rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) of
glass BK7 process. Comparative examinations of the profile deviations and abrasive morphologies of the two diamond
tools produced with and without ultrasonic were conducted with optical microscopy, 3-D optical profiler, and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), and their resultant effects on the dimension accuracy and the surface quality of the machined
component were also explored. The dynamic mechanical properties of glass BK7 increased its Young’s modulus, which
reduced the crack nucleation depth in the abrasive, leading the conversion of the splitting appearances [53]. To et al.
studied theoretically and experimentally tool wear characteristics in ultra-precision fly cutting UPFC and their relationship
to cutting forces, cutting chip morphologies, and machined surface. Results showed that the cutting-edge fractures led to
the formation of ridges on both the cutting chips and machined surface [54]. Diniz et al. contibuted an understanding by
studying the mechanisim that cause tools to wear. They presented a review of the literature describing the wear
mechanisms that are present in metal cutting processes for machining of steels and stainless steel. Finally, they concluded
that: attrition was a very important wear mechanism in the machining of ductile materials such as steels and stainless
steels; When a steel alloy with high ductility and work hardening rate was machined, a hard burr occured in the end of
the depth of cut and the burr-furrowing effect on the tool coating stimulated the attrition mechanism; Other wear
mechanisms like abrasion and diffusion also appeared in the machining of steels and stainless steels [55]. Ahmed et al.
investigated the wear mechanisms and tribological performance of uncoated and coated carbide tools during the turning
of stainless steel. Tribo-film formation on the worn rake surface of the tool was analyzed. In addition, tribological
performance was evaluated by studying chip characteristics such as thickness, compression ratio, shear angle, and
undersurface morphology [56].

D’Addona et al. investigated two major aspects of machinability, the tool wear and surface roughness. Inconel 718 (Nickel
based Heat Resistance Super Alloy (HRSA) widely used in many aerospace applications, due to its superior property is
used as specimen. They presented High Speed Machining (HSM) of Inconel 718. Turning trials were conducted at various
speeds ranging from low to high (60 m/min, 90 m/min, 190 m/min, and 255 m/min) [57]. Lenz and kaemper, studied the
tool usage data (the cutting path, cutting circumstances, tool type and material type) and cutting conditions (feed rate per
tooth, cutting width, cutting speed, and number of revolutions) in order to predict the remaining life of the tool precisely.
A model was developed, and algorithm was explained for each tool life that makes the prediction more accurate [58].
Xavior et al. experimentally investigated the parameters (feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut) that cause the
machining characteristics, the flank wear. The experiment was done for Inconel – 718 material. Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) observations were made to understand the wear pattern encountered by different tool materials.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to understand the percentage influence of all the cutting parameters on
the flank wear [59]. Nor and Sharifah, conducted experiment by milling of Carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP),
stronger than steel and stiffer than titanium, while retaining its lighter weight. The experiments were designed by using
Central Composite Design (CCD) with range of 160- 200 m/min (cutting speeds), 0.125- 0.25 mm/tooth (feed rate) and
0.5- 1.0 mm (depth of cut). Less tool wear was observed under chilled air machining conditions than dry machining [60].
Kamenik et al. experimentally investigated monitoring of tool wear intensity during high precision in miniature machining
to identify tool wear intensity in interaction with given materials. They studied wedge deformation in long term cutting
processes that lead to rapid wear and destruction of the tool [61]. Tan et al. examined the influence of cutter path
orientation on cutting forces, tool life, tool wear, and surface integrity. The results indicated that horizontal downward
orientation produced the highest cutting forces. The best surface finish was achieved using an upward orientation, in
particular, the vertical upward orientation [62]. Zahoor et al. Studied the effects of three levels of vertical milling spindle
attributed forced vibrations along with feed rate and axial depth of cut, on surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, and
tool wear under constant conditions of radial depth of cut and cutting speed. AISI P20 and solid carbide cutter were used
as workpiece material and tool, respectively [63]. Lu et al. experimentally studied tool flank wear effect during micro-
milling of nickel-based superalloy with coated carbide micro-milling tools. A 3D thermal-mechanical coupled simulation
model for micro-milling nickel-based superalloy was developed to obtain the tool wear conditions and the distribution of
stress. The results showed the modified force analytical model could predicted micro-milling cutting forces more
accurately [64].

Kong et al. studied the methods and techniques of on-line tool wear monitoring through static and dynamic cutting force
sensitive signals. The obtained result showed that the prediction accuracy of the proposed tool wear model was proved
effective beyond expectation. Besides, the proposed model still was better generalization ability even in small sample size
[65]. Suyama et al. specifically studied the tool performance in internal turning of long holes in hardened AISI 4340 steel
in finishing conditions against vibration. They tested different machining conditions, two different tool holders (steel and
carbide), and several tool overhangs. The results showed that vibration and the material of the tool holder played a
 9th International Automotive Technologies Congress, OTEKON 2018 4/3

secondary role in the surface finish for stable turning, but the use of carbide tool holders made the process stable for
longer tool overhangs. Moreover, when the cutting became unstable, surface roughness was increased severely [66].
Pimenov et al. adequately assessed and designed mathematical models of elastic displacements of the technological
system under face milling processes (workpiece material, cutting speed, cutting depth, the main cutting-edge angle, the
cutter overhang to its diameter ratio, feed per tooth) for different values of tool flank wear on the flank surface. They used
GF2171S5 milling machine’s compliances of the Angular compliances of the spindle assembly technological system [67].

Zhang and To, studied tool wear level in ultra-precision raster fly cutting (UPRFC) process by determining cutting force
composition and the relation between cutting force amplitude and tool wear level.. The width of flank wear land and the
first order workpiece modal vibration has a linear relationship, which could be used to predict tool wear in UPRFC and
even other intermittent cutting process [68]. Aghdam and Cigeroglu, studied inverse problem of tool wear estimation
using vibration signals via non-stationary functional series time-dependent autoregressive moving average model. Two
wear sensitive features were used. First, the models were clustered considering autoregressive (AR) distance as a feature
and then, damping ratios of tool-holder bending modes were used as another feature for correlating tool wear with the
vibrations. The AR metric provided a parsimonious parametric way for comparison of the structures generating the time
series. The obtained wear-AR distance curves possesed extremums at critical wear stage [69]. Pattnaik et al. presented a
study on machining of rolled aluminum at cutting speeds of 336, 426, and 540 m/min, the feeds of 0.045, 0.06, and 0.09
mm/rev, and a constant depth of cut of 0,2 mm in dry condition to minimize the formation of built-up edge (BUE) on the
surface. 5 cutting tools were presented for the experiments. The surface roughness produced, total flank wear, and cut
chip thicknesses were measured. The characterization of the tool was carried out by a scanning electron microscope
(SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The chip
underface was analyzed for the study of chip deformation produced after machining [70, 71]. Zhang et al. investigated
diamond tool wear (DTW) in ultra-precision machining (UPM). The challenges and opportunities for DTW, which may
be of interest for future studies, were discussed with several conclusions [72]. Shi et al. investigated tool wear in face
milling of alloy cast iron under constant material removal volume (MRV) condition. First, the relationship between tool
flank wear (VB) and MRV was determined. Secondly, the wear morphology and mechanism were analyzed and a
predicted model between cutting parameters and tool wear was proposed. Finally, the optimization was taken, and three
groups of optimal parameters were obtained. For the result a model between VB and the cutting parameters under the
constant MRV condition during milling HTCuCrSn-250 was proposed [73].

In a series of publications by Ranjbar et al., the concept of multidisciplinary engineering design optimization of various
automotive structures was investigated and reported. They showed the effect of optimization in the quality of results.
Furthermore, they presented very innovative techniques for improving the optimization results for real industrial
automotive applications by using topology optimization [74-105]

3. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the review of diffrent methods for the tool optimization is investigated. It is observed that these days in
manufacturing industries everything is almost standard or absolute. What is produced (manufactured) is according to the
properly computed designs with models, parameters and highly accurate machines equipped a cutting-edge technology.
The people working in these areas are also well trained and have full knowledge of the machines and the parts to be
produced. So, what goes wrong in the manufacturing industries is not inadequacy in the knowledge of the operation,
selection of materials for the part or choosing kind of the cutting tool but the real problem occurs when manufacturing
industries components’ starts the action or operation. Here before the action (operation) starts, everything is 100%
accurate as it is designed, by expecting the possible accident which may happen. So, by taking this into consideration and
from the above reviewed researches most effective issue is the cutting tool parameters. The coatings and reconfiguring of
the tool geometry have less impact on tool optimizations.

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[6] Qureshi, A, Madhukar, S., Teli, S.N. (2015) “literature review on optimization of cutting parameters for surface
roughness in turning”, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 6, 12, pp. 133-138.
[7] Kitagawa, T., Maekawa, K., Shirakashi, T., Usui, E. (1988) “Analytical Prediction of Flank Wear of Carbide Tools
in turning Plain Carbon Steels”, Bull Japan Society of Prec Engr, 23, 2, pp. 126-133.
[8] Fang, X.D., Zhang, D. (1996) “An Investigation of adhering layer formation during tool wear progression in turning
of free-cutting stainless steel”, CIRP -Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 197, pp.
169-178.
[9] Fallböhmer, P., Rodrı́guez, C. A., Özel, T., Altan, T. (2000) “High-speed machining of cast iron and alloy steels for
die and mold manufacturing”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 98, pp.104-115.
[10] Polini, W., Turchetta, S. (2005) “Evaluation of diamond tool wear”, The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 26, pp. 959-964.
[11] Astakhov, V. A., Galitsky, V. V. (2008) “The combined influence of various design and process parameters of
gundrilling on tool life: experimental analysis and optimization”, The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 36, pp. 852-864.
[12] Dimla, D. E. (2002) “The Correlation of Vibration Signal Features to Cutting Tool Wear in a Metal Turning
Operation”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 19, pp. 705-713.
[13] Chelladurai, H., Jain, V., K., Vyas, N. S. (2008) “Development of a cutting tool condition monitoring system for
high speed turning operation by vibration and strain analysis”, The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 37, pp. 471-485.
[14] Palanisamy, P., Rajendran, I., Shanmugasundaram, S. (2008) “Prediction of tool wear using regression and ANN
models in end-milling operation”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Tech., 37, pp. 29-41.
[15] Singh, R., Khamba, J., S. (2009) “Mathematical modeling of tool wear rate in ultrasonic machining of titanium”,
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 43, pp. 573-580.
[16] Kumar, J., Khamba, J. S., Mohapatra, S. K. (2009) “Investigating and modeling tool-wear rate in the ultrasonic
machining of titanium”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 41, pp. 1107-1117.
[17] Yuefeng, Y., Wuyi, C., Liansheng, G. (2010) “Tool Materials Rapid Selection Based on Initial Wear”, CIRP -
Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 23, pp. 386-392.
[18] Jayabal, S., Natarajan, U. (2010) “Optimization of thrust force, torque, and tool wear in drilling of coir fiber-
reinforced composites using Nelder–Mead and genetic algorithm methods”, The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 51, pp. 371-381.
[19] Singh, D., Venkateswara, R. (2010) “Flank wear prediction of ceramic tools in hard turning”, The International
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 50, pp. 2010.
[20] Fu, P., Li, W., Guo, L. (2011) “Fuzzy Clustering and Visualization Analysis of Tool Wear Status Recognition”,
CIRP-Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 23, pp. 479-486.
[21] Fang, N., Srinivasa, P., Mosquea, S. “Effect of tool edge wear on the cutting forces and vibrations in high-speed
finish machining of Inconel 718: an experimental study and wavelet transform analysis”, The International Journal
of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 52, pp.65-77.
[22] Gonzalo, O., Navas, V., Coto, B., Bengoetxea, I., Gopegi, U., Etxaniz, M. (2011) “Influence of the Coating Residual
Stresses on the Tool Wear”, CIRP-Journal of the International Academy for Production Eng., 19, pp. 106-111.
[23] Fang, N., Pai, P., Mosquea, S. (2011) “A comparative study of sharp and round-edge tools in machining with built-
up edge formation: cutting forces, cutting vibrations, and neural network modeling”, The International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 53, pp. 899-910.
[24] Saglam, H. (2011) “Tool wear monitoring in bandsawing using neural networks and Taguchi’s design of
experiments”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 55, pp. 969-982.
[25] Zhang, C., Liu, X., Fang, J., Zhou, L. (2011) “A new tool wear estimation method based on shape mapping in the
milling process”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 53, pp. 121-130.
[26] Albertelli, P., Mussi, V., Ravasio, C., Monno, M. (2012) “An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Spindle
Speed Variation on Tool Wear in Turning”, CIRP -Journal of the International Academy for Production
Engineering, 4, pp. 29-34.
[27] Chen, C., Liu, N., Chiang, K., Chen, H. (2012) “Experimental investigation of tool vibration and surface roughness
in the precision end-milling process using the singular spectrum analysis”, The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 63, pp.797-815.
[28] Pejryd, L., Repo, J., Beno, T. (2012) “Machine Tool Internal Encoders as Sensors for the Detection of Tool Wear”,
CIRP-Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 4, pp. 46-51.
[29] Peng, Y., Liang, Z., Wu, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, C. (2012) “Effect of vibration on surface and tool wear in ultrasonic
vibration-assisted scratching of brittle materials”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology, 59, pp. 67-72.
[30] Hsieh, W., Lu, M., Chiou, S. (2012) “Application of backpropagation neural network for spindle vibration-based
tool wear monitoring in micro-milling”, The International Journal of Adv. Manufacturing Tech., 61, pp. 53-61.
[31] Imran, S., Mativenga, P. (2012) “Wear mechanisms analysis for turning Ti-6Al-4V—towards the development of
suitable tool coatings”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 58, pp. 479-493.
 9th International Automotive Technologies Congress, OTEKON 2018 4/3

[32] Zangera, F., Schulzea, V. (2013) “Investigations on Mechanisms of Tool Wear in Machining of Ti-6Al-4V using
FEM Simulation”, CIRP-Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 8, pp. 158-163.
[33] Xu, J., Liu, Z., Guo, G., Chen, M. (2013) “An investigation on wear mechanism of high-speed turning of free-
cutting steel AISI 1215 using uncoated and multi-layer coated tools”, The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 67, pp.517-533.
[34] Magdum, V., Naik, V. (2013) “Tool Wear Monitoring when Turning EN 8 Steel with HSS-M2 Tool”, International
Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2, 5, pp. 1706-1711.
[35] Hu, H., Huang, W. (2013) “Studies on wears of ultrafine-grained ceramic tool and common ceramic tool during
hard turning using Archard wear model”, The International Journal of Adv. Manufacturing Tech., 69, pp. 31-39.
[36] Attanasio, A., Ceretti, E., Giardini, C. (2013) “Analytical Models for Tool Wear Prediction During AISI 1045
Turning Operations”, CIRP-Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 8, pp. 218-223.
[37] Salvatore, F., Saad, S., Hamdi, H. (2013) “Modeling and Simulation of Tool Wear During the Cutting Process”,
CIRP-Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 8, pp. 305-310.
[38] D’Addona, D., Teti, R. (2013) “Image Data Processing via Neural Networks for Tool Wear Prediction”, CIRP-
Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 12, pp. 252-257.
[39] Wojciechowski, S., Twardowski, P. (2014) “The Influence of Tool Wear on the Vibrations during Ball end Milling
of Hardened Steel”, CIRP -Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 14, pp. 587-592.
[40] Ding, K., Fu, Y., Su, H., Gong, X., Wu, K. (2014) “Wear of diamond grinding wheel in ultrasonic vibration-assisted
grinding of silicon carbide”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 71, pp. 1929-1938.
[41] Klaic, M., Staroveski, T., Udiljak, T. (2014) “Tool Wear Classification Using Decision Trees in Stone Drilling
Applications: A Preliminary Study”, CIRP-Journal of the Int. Academy for Production Eng., 69, pp. 1326-1335.
[42] D’Addona, D., Matarazzo, D., Ullah, A., Teti, R. (2015) “Tool Wear Control through Cognitive Paradigms”, CIRP-
Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 33, pp. 221-226.
[43] Abainia, S., Ouelaa, N. (2015) “Experimental study of the combined influence of the tool geometry parameters on
the cutting forces and tool vibrations”, The Int. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 79, pp.1127-1138.
[44] Ducobua, F., Arrazola, P., Lorp, E., Filippia, E. (2015) “Finite Element prediction of the tool wear influence in
Ti6A14 machining”, CIRP-Journal of the Int. Academy for Production Eng., CIRP- Procedia 31,2, pp.124 – 129.
[45] Aghdam, B., Vahdati, M., Sadeghi, H. (2015) “Vibration-based estimation of tool major flank wear in a turning
process using ARMA models”, The Int. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 76, pp. 1631-1642.
[46] Wagner, V., Baili, M., Dessein, G. (2015) “The relationship between the cutting speed, tool wear, and chip formation
during Ti-5553 dry cutting”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 76, pp. 893-912.
[47] Zhuang, K., Zhang, X., Zhu, D., Ding, H. (2015) “Employing preheating- and cooling-assisted technologies in
machining of Inconel 718 with ceramic cutting tools: towards reducing tool wear and improving surface integrity”,
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 80, pp. 1815-1822.
[48] Zhu, Z., Sun, J., Li, J., Huang, P. (2016) “Investigation on the influence of tool wear upon chip morphology in end
milling titanium alloy Ti6Al4V”, The Int. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 83, pp. 1477–1485.
[49] Baghlani, V., Mehbudi, P., Akbari, J., Nezhad, E., Sarhan, A., Hamouda, A. (2016) “An optimization technique on
ultrasonic and cutting parameters for drilling and deep drilling of nickel-based high-strength Inconel 738LC
superalloy with deeper and higher hole quality”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,
82, pp. 877-888.
[50] Stavropoulos, P., Papacharalampopoulos, A., Vasiliadis, E., Chryssolouris, G. (2016) “Tool wear predictability
estimation in milling based on multi-sensorial data”, The Int. J. of Adv. Manufacturing Tech., 82, pp. 509-521.
[51] Antonialli, A., Magri, A., Diniz, A. (2016) “Tool life and tool wear in taper turning of a nickel-based super alloy”,
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 87, pp. 2023-2032.
[52] Garcia-Ordas, M., Alegre, E., Gonzalez-Castro, V., Garcia-Olalla, A., Barreiro, J., Fernandez-Abia, A. (2015)
“ZIBO Shape Descriptor for Monitoring Tool Wear in Milling”, CIRP -Journal of the International Academy for
Production Engineering, 132, pp. 958-965.
[53] Shen, H., Wang, M. (2015) “The Simulation analysis of Tool Flank wear based on cutting force”, IJRET-
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 4, 8, pp. 145-150.
[54] Selmokar, J., Kumar, P. (2016) “Analysis of Tool Wear in End Milling of AISI 1018 steel”, IJRET-International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 7, 6, pp. 32-36.
[55] Nadimi, S., Oliaei, B., Karpat, Y. (2016) “Influence of tool wear on machining forces and tool deflections during
micro milling”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 84, pp.1963-1980.
[56] Wang, P., Gao, X. (2016) “Stochastic Tool Wear Prediction for Sustainable Manufacturing”, CIRP-Journal of the
International Academy for Production Engineering, 48, pp. 236-241.
[57] Menezes, J., Rubeo, M., Kiran, K., Honeycutt, A., Schmitz, T. (2016) “Productivity Progression with Tool Wear in
Titanium Milling”, CIRP-Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 5, pp. 427-441.
[58] Rao, K, Vidhu, K., Kumar, T., Rao, N., Murthy, P., Balaji, M. (2016) “An artificial neural network approach to
investigate surface roughness and vibration of workpiece in boring of AISI1040 steels”, The International Journal
of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 83, pp. 919-927.
[59] Lv, D. (2016) “Influences of high-frequency vibration on tool wear in rotary ultrasonic machining of glass BK7”,
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 84, pp. 1443-1455.
 9th International Automotive Technologies Congress, OTEKON 2018 3/3

[60] Zhang, G., To, S., Zhang, S. (2016) “Relationships of tool wear characteristics to cutting mechanics, chip formation,
and surface quality in ultra-precision fly cutting”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology, 83, pp. 133-144.
[61] Diniz, A., Machado, A., Correa, J. (2016) “Tool wear mechanisms in the machining of steels and stainless steels”,
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 87, pp. 3157-3168.
[62] Ahmed, Y., Paiva, J., Covelli, D., Veldhuis, S. (2017) “Investigation of Coated Cutting Tool Performance during
Machining of Super Duplex Stainless Steels through 3D Wear Evaluations”, MDPI JOURNAL, 7, 127, pp. 1-15.
[63] D’Addona, M., Raykar, S., Narke, M. (2017) “High Speed Machining of Inconel 718: Tool Wear and Surface
Roughness Analysis”, CIRP -Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 62, pp. 269-274.
[64] Lenz, J., Westkaemper, E. (2017) “Wear Prediction of Woodworking Cutting Tools based on History Data”, CIRP
-Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 63, pp. 675-679.
[65] Anthony, M., Manohar, M., Jeyapandiarajan, P., Madhukar, P. (2017) “Tool Wear Assessment During Machining
of Inconel 718”, CIRP -Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 174, pp. 1000-1008.
[66] Khairusshima, M., Sharifah, I. (2017) “Study on Tool Wear During Milling CFRP under Dry and Chilled Air
Machining”, CIRP -Journal of the International Academy for Production Engineering, 184, pp. 78-89.
[67] Kamenik, R., Pilc, J., Varga, D., Martincek, J., Sadilek, M. (2017) “Identification of Tool Wear Intensity During
Miniature Machining of Austenitic Steels and Titanium”, CIRP-Journal of the International Academy for Production
Engineering, 192, pp. 410-415.
[68] Tan, L., Yao, C., Ren, J., Zhang, D. (2017) “Effect of cutter path orientations on cutting forces, tool wear, and
surface integrity when ball end milling TC17”, The Int. Journal of Adv. Manufacturing Tech., 88, pp. 2589-2602.
[69] Zahoor, S., Mufti, N., Saleem, M., Mughal, M., Qureshi, M. (2017) “Effect of machine tool’s spindle forced
vibrations on surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and tool wear in vertical milling of AISI P20”, The
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89, pp. 3671-3679.
[70] Lu, X., Wang, F., Jia, Z., Si, L., Zhang, C., Liang, S. (2017) “A modified analytical cutting force prediction model
under the tool flank wear effect in micro-milling nickel-based super alloy”, The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 91, pp. 3709-3716.
[71] Kong, D., Chen, Y., Li, N., Tan, S. (2017) “Tool wear monitoring based on kernel principal component analysis
and v-support vector regression”, The Int. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89, pp.175-190.
[72] Suyama, D., Diniz, A., Pederiva, R. (2017) “Tool vibration in internal turning of hardened steel using cBN tool”,
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 88, pp. 2485-2495.
[73] Pimenov, D., Guzeev, V., Mikolajczyk, T., Patra, K. (2017) “A study of the influence of processing parameters and
tool wear on elastic displacements of the technological system under face milling”, The International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 92, pp. 4473-4486.
[74] Zhang, G., To, S. (2017) “Relation between tool wear and workpiece modal vibration in ultra-precision raster fly
cutting”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 93, pp. 3505-3515.
[75] Aghdam, B., Cigeroglu, E. (2017) “Vibration-based tool wear estimation by using non-stationary Functional Series
TARMA (FS-TARMA) models”, The Int. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 93, pp. 1431-1442.
[76] Pattnaik, S., Bhoi, N., Padhi, S., Sarangi, S. (2017) “Dry machining of aluminum for proper selection of cutting
tool: tool performance and tool wear”, The Int. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, pp. 1-11.
[77] Zhang, S., To, S., Zhang, G. (2017) “Diamond tool wear in ultra-precision machining”, The International Journal
of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 88, pp. 613-641.
[78] Shi, W., Zhang, S., Li, J., Li, G., Zhang, T. (2017) “Analysis of tool wear in face milling of alloy cast iron under
constant material removal volume condition”, The Int. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, pp. 1-9.
[79] Mazloomi, S., Ranjbar, M., Boldrin, L., Scarpa, F., Patsias, S., Ozada, N. (2017) “Vibroacoustics of 2D Gradient
Auxetic Hexagonal Honeycomb Sandwich Panels”, Composite Structures, Available online 28 October 2017,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.10.077.
[80] Ranjbar, M., Boldrin, L., Scarpa, F., Niels, S., Patsias, S. (2016) “Vibroacoustic optimization of anti-tetrachiral and
auxetic hexagonal sandwich panels with gradient geometry”, Smart Materials and Structures, 25, 054012.
[81] Hussain, G., Ranjbar, M., Hassanzadeh, S. (2015) “Trade-off among Mechanical Properties and Energy
Consumption in Multi-Pass Friction Stir Processing of Al 7075-T651 Alloy Employing Hybrid Approach of
Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm”, Proc IMechE Part B: J Eng. Manufacture, 231, 1, pp. 129-139.
[82] Ranjbar, M., Marburg, St., Hardtke, H-J. (2012) “Structural-Acoustic Optimization of a Rectangular Plate: A Tabu
Search Approach”, Journal of Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 50, pp. 142-146.
[83] Ranjbar, M., Hardtke, H-J., Fritze, D., Marburg, St. (2010) “Finding the Best Design within Limited Time: A
Comparative Case Study on Methods for Optimization in Structural Acoustics,” Journal of Computational
Acoustics, 18, 2, pp. 149-164.
[84] Ranjbar, M., Marburg, St., Hardtke, H-J. (2012) “A New Hybrid Design of Experiments Approach for Optimization
in Structural Acoustics Applications,” Applied Mechanics and Materials, 110-116, pp. 5015-5020.
[85] Ranjbar, M., Tadayon, A. (2017) “Vibration Analysis of Multi Degree of Freedom Self-Excited Systems”, Journal
of Robotic and Mechatronic Systems, 2, 1, pp. 1-8.
[86] Ranjbar, M., Nahid, M., Renawi, A., Sadeqi, Z. (2017) “Development of an Educational Noise Reduction
Measurement Test Bench”, Journal of Robotic and Mechatronic Systems, 2, 1, pp. 27-32.
 9th International Automotive Technologies Congress, OTEKON 2018 4/3

[87] Ranjbar, M., Alinaghi, M. (2016) “Effect of Liner Layer Properties on Noise Transmission Loss in Absorptive
Mufflers”, Mathematical Modelling and Applications, 1, 2, pp. 46-54.
[88] Ranjbar, M., Gharooni Saffar, M. (2016) “A Sensitivity Analysis on Application of Artificial Neural Networks in
Structural Acoustics”, Journal of Robotic and Mechatronic Systems, 1, 2, pp. 23-26.
[89] Ranjbar, M., Kemani, M. (2016) “A Comparative Study on Design Optimization of Mufflers by Genetic Algorithm
and Random Search Method”, Journal of Robotic and Mechatronic Systems, 1, 2, pp. 7-12.
[90] Ranjbar, M., Marburg, St. (2013) “Fast Vibroacoustic optimization of mechanical structures using artificial neural
networks”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, 1, 3, pp. 64-68.
[91] Ranjbar, M., Marburg, St., Hardtke, H-J. (2013) “Vibroacoustic Optimization of Mechanical Structures: A
Controlled Random Search Approach,” Advanced Material Research, 622-623, pp. 158-161.
[92] Ranjbar, M., Marburg, St. (2012) “Vibroacoustical Optimization of Mechanical Structures Using Geometry
Modification Concept and Genetic Algorithm Method”, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares
University, 12, 2, pp. 134-143.
[93] Ranjbar, M. (2011) “A Comparative Study on Optimization in Structural Acoustics”, Ph.D. Thesis, Technische
Universität Dresden, Germany.
[94] Ranjbar, M. (2007) “Development of Hybrid Robust Optimization Strategies for Structural-Acoustic Applications,”
In the annual report of the Pan-European Research Infrastructure on High Performance Computing (HPC-Europa),
University of Bologna, Italy.
[95] Ranjbar, M., Khadem, S. E. (2001) “Development of vibration analysis using Gabor transformation for machinery
fault diagnosis “, Journal of Amirkabir University, 12, 48, in Persian.
[96] Ranjbar, M., Keskin, O., Demirtaş, S., Karakoca, Y. E., Arslan, H. (2017) “Designing and Manufacturing of a Modal
Analysis Test Bench – Part one: Harmonic Shaker Development”, International Symposium on Multidisciplinary
Studies and Innovative Technologies Gaziosmanpaşa University Tokat / Turkey.
[97] Ranjbar, M., Dalkılıç, B., Çalık, E., Arslan, M. C., Arslan, H. (2017) “On Muffler Design for Transmitted Noise
Reduction”, International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies Gaziosmanpaşa
University Tokat / Turkey.
[98] Mazloomi, S., Ranjbar, M., Sarpa, F., Ozada, N. (2017) “Vibroacoustic Optimization of 2-dimensional gradient
auxetics sandwich panels”, Medyna 2017: 2nd Euro-Mediterranean Conference on Structural Dynamics and
Vibroacoustics, Sevilla, Spain.
[99] Ranjbar, M., Orhan, S. (2017) “Self-Excited Vibration of the Three-Degrees of Freedom System”, the 25th Annual
International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ISME 2017), Tehran, Iran.
[100] Ranjbar, M., Kermani, M. (2014) “Muffler Design by Noise Transmission Loss Maximization on Narrow Band
Frequency Range”, the 7th Automotive Technologies Congress (OTEKON 2014), 26-27 May 2014, Bursa, Turkey.
[101] Ranjbar, M., Kermani, M. (2013) “On Maximization of Noise Transmission Loss in Mufflers by Geometry
Modification Concept”, ASME District F - 2013 Early Career Technical Conference, 2-3 November 2013,
University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
[102] Ranjbar, M., Marburg, St., Hardtke, H.-J. (2011) “Development of a Hybrid Neural Networks Algorithm for
Structural-Acoustics Optimization Applications”, In Proceedings of the First International Conference of Acoustics
and Vibration, 21-22 December 2011, Tehran, Iran.
[103] Ranjbar, M., Marburg, St., Hardtke, H.-J. (2011) “Schnelle Optimierung in der Struktur Akustik”, the 37-annual
meeting for Acoustics, 21-24 March 2011 Düsseldorf, Germany.
[104] Ranjbar, M., Marburg, St., Hardtke, H.-J. (2007) “Ein Vergleich von Optimierungsverfahren fuer Anwendungen in
der Strukturakustik,” Proceedings of the 33-annual meeting for Acoustics, 19-22 March 2007, Stuttgart, Germany.
[105] Ranjbar, M., Marburg, St., Hardtke, H.-J. (2006) “Study of Optimization Methods for Structural-Acoustic
Applications,” Proceedings of 77th Annual Meeting of the Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik
e.V., 27-31 March 2006, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany.

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