PLAYBOOK

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
Setup............................................................................... 2 Historical Background.................................................. 14
Extended Example of Play.............................................. 3 Designer’s Notes........................................................... 27
Further Examples.......................................................... 12 Selected Bibliography & Ludography.......................... 28
Guide for CDG Players................................................. 13 Credits........................................................................... 28

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2 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

Setup

1. Lay out the board. Initial Flag & Player Marker Placement
2. Prepare the Event Deck by separating out the Succession
Era Event cards. Shuffle them, and place them on the Draw Britain:
Pile area of the Event Deck display (A). Put the Empire and • Europe
Revolution Era Event cards aside; they will be used later. o Flags in Austria (Alliance 2), Dutch Republic (3-cost
3. Mix up the Investment Tiles and stack them face down in Prestige space), German States (Alliance 3)
the Investment Tile Stack section of the Investment Tile • North America
Display (B). o Flags in Massachusetts Bay, Northern Colonies, Hudson
Valley, Chesapeake
4. Each player takes their Basic War Tiles and mixes them up
in a face down pile, placing them in the appropriate box on • Caribbean
their Player Mat (C1, C2). Then, each player takes the Bonus o Flags in Carolinas, Georgia, Jamaica, Barbados, St. Lucia
War Tiles for the War of the Spanish Succession, mixes them • India
up, then puts them in a face down pile in the Bonus War Tiles o Flags in Madras, Kanchipuram, Calcutta, Midnapore
box of their Player Mat. • Navy Box: 2 Squadrons
5. Place flags and Squadrons on the map as directed below. • General Records Track
(The map itself also indicates where the starting flags should o Debt Limit: 6; Debt: 0; Treaty Points: 0
go.) Place the remaining Squadrons for each player in the • Advantage Box (Playmat)
Unbuilt Squadrons box of their respective Player Mats. o Wheat
6. Place the War of the Spanish Succession War Display next France:
to the main board (D). Each player then draws four Basic • Europe
War Tiles and randomly places one in each theater, in order, o Flags in Spain (Alliance 3), Austria (3-cost Prestige space,
face down. The players may inspect their own War Tiles after lower right), Bavaria, Ireland (Alliance 2)
placement.
• North America
7. Place the Game Turn marker on turn 1 and the VP marker o Flags in Quebec & Montreal, Acadia, Cataraqui, Algonquin
on the 15 space on the General Records Track (E). • Caribbean
8. Mix up the six Global Demand tiles and place them face o Flags in Louisiana, St. Domingue, Guadeloupe, Port de
down near the Global Demand table (F). Paix, Martinique
9. Mix up the eight Award tiles and place two in each Region’s • India
Award box, face down. o Flags in Chandernagore, Pondicherry, Karaikal, Plassey
10. Put the Conflict markers and Exhausted markers near the • War of the Spanish Succession (Central Europe theater):
board, ready for use. 1 Bonus War Tile
11. Put the Advantage tiles face up in their spaces on the map • Navy Box: 1 Squadron
(except Wheat, which starts in in the Advantage box on the • General Records Track
British Player Mat). o Debt Limit: 6; Debt: 0; Treaty Points: 0
12. Place the Initiative marker in the Initiative space (G), French • Advantage Box (Playmat)
side up. o Algonquin Raids

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 3

Extended Example of Play

Raj and Eliza are playing Imperial Struggle, with Raj as the
French player (blue) and Eliza as the British player (red). Dur-
ing step 6 of setup, Raj and Eliza draw War Tiles for the War of
the Spanish Succession as shown on the War Display below. (In
this example, all of these tiles are revealed for clarity, but in the
This Global Demand draw dramatically increases the
actual game each side can only see their own tiles.) Note that
Caribbean’s economic value for the turn.
the French start with one Bonus War Tile in Europe as well, in
this case Maison du Roi:
requires a margin of 2 flags
and/or Squadrons to secure, so
it’s a little harder to grab. The
players now turn to Global
Demand, drawing three tiles:
Fish, Tobacco, and Sugar.
Just like that, the situation has
changed: the Caribbean, with
its 0 VP award, seemed likely to
be quiet this turn. But with both
of its commodities in Global
Demand—putting an additional
5 VP on the table—the Carib-
bean is now primed to attract
quite a lot of attention. Eliza
is also unhappy with the Fish
draw, since it adds further value
to North American investment.
She resolves to address the
military situation there with
even greater urgency before the
outbreak of Queen Anne’s War.
The players skip the Reset
Phase since there are not as yet
any Exhausted markers in play,
Raj is fairly happy with these tiles, although the Jacobites may and reveal the turn’s Investment Tiles, taking 9 total tiles and
need some help. Eliza is a little less satisfied, particularly with placing them face up in the Available Investment Tiles area.
the prospect of losing ground in North America so early in the They end up with:
game.
Eliza and Raj are now ready to begin the first turn. They skip
the Deck and Debt Limit phases, since these do not occur on
turn 1. For the Award phase, they flip the top Award tile in each
Award box face up. (The bottom one will be flipped face up in the
Award phase of turn 2.) The Regional awards for the turn will be:
• Europe: 1 VP (+1 Treaty Point)
• North America: 2 VP
• India: 1 VP (+1 Treaty Point)
• Caribbean: 0 VP (+1 Treaty Point)
Eliza grinds her teeth a bit as she sees that North America
carries the highest VP award this turn, where she is already
nervous about her military preparedness. (She does not know
that Raj’s best Basic War tile is also there!) Still, the 2 VP tile

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4 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

Both players immediately take note of several considerations

in this Investment Tile draw. Only three tiles have the Event
symbol, so only three Events will be playable this turn—and
being the player who gets to play two may make a big difference.
Second, there is only one tile with a Major Military action on
it, so most military actions will require Debt (Minor Military
Actions, of which there are several, grant only 2 Military Action
Points [ ]). Also, only one player will be able to carry out any
aggressive naval action, since displacing an enemy squadron
requires a Major action or an Event. (Remember that, barring
the presence of a Conflict marker, opposing flags and Squadrons
can’t be removed with Minor actions, and Conflict markers can’t Eliza is very happy to see Native American Alliances, whose
occupy Naval spaces.) There may be high returns to being first effect is quite powerful—especially if the bonus effect can be
to deploy Squadrons. The flip side of the scarcity of is the triggered. However, to play this Event card, she must select
wealth of Diplomatic Action Points ( ). Opportunities to make an Investment Tile with not only an Event symbol, but also a
alliances around the world will be plentiful. Diplomatic Major Action (as indicated by the Diplomatic ac-
The players now draw their Event hands. Raj draws #3 Tropi- tion icon in the card’s upper left corner). Thankfully, two of the
cal Diseases, #12 Military Spending Overruns, and #8 Tax Investment Tiles with Event symbols carry Diplomatic Major
Reform. Eliza draws #6 Native American Alliances, #1 Actions, so as long as she gets one of them she’ll be able to play
Carnatic War, and #15 Interest Payments. Both players know Native American Alliances.
there’s no way they’ll be able to play all of their Events, given
the paucity of Event opportunities on the Investment Track, so
they turn to their Ministry card choices focused primarily on
board position.
Raj looks at his cards and the Investment Tiles, and decides that
he will focus on Europe this turn. The wealth of Diplomatic ac-
tions combines well with his Ministry card #M-1 The Cardinal
Ministers:

She wants the bonus effect, so she decides to take #M-7 East
India Company as her first Ministry card, since it has the Mer-
cantilism keyword. It also rewards her for controlling economic
Advantages, which may pay in the long term. So, for her second
Ministry card, she selects #M-10 Edmond Halley. The plethora
of Minor Military actions will ensure she gets to build a cheap
Squadron, and establishing the Royal Navy’s presence in North
America and the Caribbean will help her protect the Markets
she’ll need to capture those regional and commodity awards.
The Governance keyword is useless to him this turn, since he Also, since she won’t get to play all of her Event cards, Halley’s
has no Events whose bonus effects trigger from Governance, but ability to trade one Event card for a Treaty Point seems useful.
perhaps he’ll draw one next turn, and the extra Diplomatic power
this card offers seems worth it. And since he plans to make strong
diplomatic moves in Europe, he chooses #M-3 Court Of The
Sun King as his second Ministry Card. In addition to offering
bonus VP for winning the Europe award, it has the Scholarship
keyword, which will enhance the effect of his Tropical Diseases
Event—an unpleasant surprise for Eliza should she choose to
move aggressively in the Caribbean (which, given the Global
Demand situation, seems likely). He places his Ministry cards
face down on his player mat, since a Ministry card is not revealed
until any of its capabilities are used.
With Ministry cards selected, Raj (as the Initiative player) must
now decide who will go first. Going first will allow him to select
the sole Major Military Action on the Investment Track; or he

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 5

could ensure that he’ll get to play two Events. Ideally he’d like First, Raj must decide whether to play an Event, as permitted by
to spring Tropical Diseases on Eliza late in the turn, but with so the Event symbol on the tile. He chooses Tropical Diseases,
few Event symbols available, they’re unlikely to last that long. and removes a British flag from St. Lucia and one of his own
Of course, going second will give him the final word on the French flags from Martinique. The bonus effect then permits him
board before the Scoring Phase. Raj nonetheless decides to go to remove an additional British flag, so he also removes the flag
first, and selects this Investment Tile for his first Action Round: in Georgia. He flips his Court Of The Sun King Ministry card
face up, since he is using its Scholarship keyword.
Now Raj can take the Actions listed on the Investment Tile—a
Major Diplomatic Action worth 3 , and a Minor Military
Action worth 2 . With an eye to improving the effect of The
Cardinal Ministers, he spends 3 to place a French flag
in the 3-cost Prestige space in Spain. He also decides to take 2

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6 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

Debt for 2 additional , placing another French flag in Savoy. immediately activates it as the Event’s bonus effect (note that it
Since he now controls both spaces connected to the Mediter- does not matter that she acquired this Advantage just now; the
ranean Intrigue Advantage, he takes that tile, and places it in word “immediately” on the Event card supersedes the rule that
the Advantages section of his player mat. He can use it on the Advantages cannot be activated on the same Action Round they
next Action Round to place a Conflict Marker in Spain, Austria, are acquired) and places a Conflict Marker in Albany (to reduce
or Sardinia, provided Eliza does not take away his control of its cost for future acquisition). Since the Event directs her to
either space connected to Mediterranean Intrigue. ignore Exhaustion, she does not place an Exhausted marker on
Iroquois Raids.

Now Raj takes his Minor Military Action and spends its 2
along with 1 additional Debt to fund the fort at Louisbourg. This
is expensive, and places him at risk of dangerous Events that
punish the player with less Available Debt, but Raj feels that
Louisbourg will be especially valuable this turn since it provides
access to all three Fish markets (and Fish is in Global Demand).
That concludes the first French Action Round.
Eliza decides to take this Investment Tile:

It has a Military Upgrade symbol—and it is the only one this

turn that does! But, first things first: she plays Native American
Alliances from her hand.
Now, Eliza uses the Military Upgrade on the Investment Tile.
She chooses to replace the tile in the “Queen Anne’s War” the-
ater, and conceals a grin as she draws one of her “+2” Basic War
Tiles, placing it in the Queen Anne’s War theater. She removes
the incumbent “0” strength tile from the game.
The tradeoff Eliza incurs for access to these extra capabilities is
the relatively low Action Points—only 2—for her Diplomatic
Major Action. She decides to make a diplomatic overture in
Sardinia and places a British flag there. For her Minor Military
Action, she spends 1 to Deploy one of her Squadrons from
She flips her East India Company Ministry card face up, to the Navy Box to the Balearic Naval Space. Unfortunately, the
take advantage of the Mercantilism keyword. The base effect, other is wasted, since only one purchase may be made with
Four Mohawk Kings, lets her shift a Local Alliance in North a Minor Action. She then decides to use Halley’s second abil-
America. She could thereby unflag the Algonquin alliance with ity to discard Carnatic War, moving her Treaty Points marker
the French, but that would leave her without any way of using up to the ‘1’ space on the General Records Track, and placing
the bonus effect (since she would not have any Advantages in an Exhausted marker on the bottom half of Halley’s card. That
North America). So she instead shifts the Iroquois alliance, plac- concludes the first British Action Round.
ing a British flag there and taking the Iroquois Raids Advantage
tile. Now that she controls an Advantage in North America, she

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 7

Raj now faces a dilemma. His remaining Events are not strong in (as always, when a space changes control) and Eliza places a
the current situation (Military Spending Overruns would be British flag there.
a great play if Eliza had several military assets already in play, With the Minor Military Action, she deploys a Squadron to the
like deployed Squadrons or Bonus War Tiles, but she doesn’t Antilles Channel. This will increase the cost for Raj to unflag St.
yet; Tax Reform will let him recover the Debt he took on his Lucia, which will help her avoid getting bottled up in Barbados.
first Action Round, but he won’t get the bonus effect, as neither This costs 1 ; the second is wasted, since Minor actions can
of his Ministry cards shows the Finance keyword). Nonethe- only be used for a single purchase.
less, by taking the only remaining tile with an Event symbol, he
could deny Eliza the opportunity to play an Event—especially Raj is thoroughly unamused by this, but feels more secure in
one that would punish him for having less Available Debt than his decision to leave the last Event to Eliza (since she didn’t
she does. Alternately, he could take the single tile with a Major take it on her previous Action Round, he’s now convinced she
Military Action, to strengthen his position in the upcoming War holds no Debt threat cards—but, as we know, he’s mistaken).
and deny Eliza the chance to deploy all of her Squadrons in a He decides to strike back with a Diplomatic offensive in Europe,
single Action Round. selecting this Investment Tile:
He decides to take the chance that Eliza doesn’t hold any Events
that will let her punish him for having less Available Debt than
she does, and selects this Investment Tile:

He reveals The Cardinal Ministers and, to Eliza’s dismay,

points out that he will get the maximum bonus of 3 . He
places an Exhausted marker on the card.
Raj spends 1 to deploy his only Squadron from the Navy Box
to Biscay, a Naval Space in Europe; this will help him in the
Spain theater of the upcoming War of the Spanish Succession. It
is also a Prestige space, so it will help him win both the Europe
award and the Prestige bonus this turn. With his remaining 3 ,
and 1 Debt for a fourth, he decides to build a second Squadron
which he places in the Navy Box. French Debt now stands at 4.
With the 2 Economic Action Points ( ) from the Economic
Minor Action, Raj decides to complete the second French Ac-
tion Round by flagging Georges Bank, a Fish Market that also
gives him access to Halifax. If Eliza lets this go unanswered, Raj can spend a whopping 7 this Action Round. First, he
that could allow a second French fort to be built in this area. The activates his Mediterranean Intrigue Advantage tile, placing
Fish race is now tied at 1 (with Eliza controlling Massachusetts an Exhausted marker on it and placing a Conflict marker in the
Bay, and Raj controlling Georges Bank). British-flagged Alliance space in Austria. Next, he pays 3
Eliza frowns. She could take the last remaining tile with an to remove the British flag from the 3-cost space in the German
Event symbol and use it to play Interest Payments, but the States, and a further 3 to flag it for himself. This gives him ac-
bonus effect won’t do anything for her since she has no Debt! cess to the Central Europe Conflict Advantage, which he places
Instead, she decides to take this Investment Tile, and begin her in his player mat’s Advantages box. (He can’t use it this Action
economic power play in the Caribbean: Round, since he just acquired it.) He then spends his last to
remove the British flag from the Alliance space in Austria; this
costs only 1 because of the Conflict marker (which is also
removed). Finally, he exhausts his Algonquin Raids Advantage
to place a Conflict Marker in Albany, in the hopes of slowing
Eliza down in North America.
She spends 4 replacing the flags in Georgia and St. Lucia that With the Minor Military action, Raj looks longingly at Halifax,
she lost to Tropical Diseases. Next, she takes on 1 Debt and but doesn’t want to take on any more Debt. Instead, he buys a
spends 1 Treaty Point to flag Santiago, to increase her relative Bonus War Tile for 2 , and hits the jackpot with “de Villars:
advantage in Sugar markets. Finally, she decides to take 2 ad- +3”. He places it in the Jacobite Rebellion theater. This con-
ditional Debt to flag Albany, in North America. The base cost cludes the 3rd French Action Round of turn 1.
to take Albany is 1, since it contains a Conflict marker, but she
Eliza decides she has waited long enough to teach the French
must pay 1 additional to flag it since she is switching Regions
about the importance of good financial management. Taking this
(Diplomatic and Economic purchases in a second Region cost 1
Investment Tile, she immediately lays down Interest Payments:
extra action point). The Conflict marker in Albany is removed

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8 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

Company this turn in addition to its economic discount in India,

and the India award this turn, while modest, is not nothing. With
the 3rd and 1 Debt, she also flags Kurpa.

Raj has 2 Available Debt, to Eliza’s 3, so the Bonus Effect will

trigger. Raj’s Debt Limit is immediately reduced by 1 (from
6, where it started, to 5). He wasn’t at his Debt Limit, so Eliza
doesn’t get any VP. But now Raj has only 1 Available Debt.
Thanks to the Bonus Effect, Eliza reduces her own Debt by 2
(to 1), giving her 5 Available Debt to play with.
With the Major Economic action afforded by the tile, Eliza
makes a longer-term investment by flagging the West Bengal
cotton market. While Cotton is not in Global Demand, the Silk
Advantage this space grants will earn 1 VP from East India

The situation at the end of Action Round 3.

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 9

Now for the Diplomatic Minor action. Eliza sorely needs to With 4 from an Economic Major action, Eliza decides to
mend her position in Europe. The French are up 8-2 in Europe, monopolize the Fish trade. She spends 3 to unflag Georges
with Court Of The Sun King showing for bonus VP on the Bank (its cost is increased by 1 due to its being protected by
Europe award (if Raj wins it it will be worth 2 VP and a Treaty the fort at Louisbourg) and then 2 to flag it herself, taking 1
Point). Additionally, Raj controls 3 Prestige spaces to her 1, so Debt in the process (now she has 3). She spends the 2 from
he will score an additional 2 VP if that situation persists through the Diplomatic Minor action on the 2-cost Alliance space in
the end of the turn (see illustration at bottom of previous page). Austria (that Raj had unflagged earlier).
So, incurring 1 Debt (to 2), she decides to spend 3 on the Action Rounds are now over. The Reduce Treaty Points phase
empty Prestige space in Austria. This ties up the Prestige space has no effect as neither player has more than 4 Treaty Points.
count, and will allow her access to the Silesia Negotiations Ad- There are no “end of turn” card abilities for either player to
vantage, which might help her further reverse French political resolve, so that phase is skipped as well, prompting the begin-
gains in Europe. This concludes Action Round 3 - each player ning of the Scoring phase.
will get only one more Action Round before the War of the
Spanish Succession. North America is scored first. Eliza has 7 flags to Raj’s 5, but
thanks to Algonquin Raids the British flag in Albany does not
Raj surveys the remaining three tiles. The Economic Major ac- count for scoring. Since the 2 VP Award tile requires a margin
tions tempt him, as he could contest Eliza’s dominance of the of 2 flags to secure it, neither player wins the Award; it is placed
Caribbean commodities, but as she will have the final Action aside, face up (it will not appear again until Turn 3 at the earliest,
Round, she’ll be able to answer back equally. However, there when each Region will once again receive 2 random Award tiles).
is only one Diplomatic Major action left on the track. Choosing
to accept defeat in the commodity trade this turn, Raj selects The French win the Europe award and score 1 VP plus another
that tile, aiming to assemble an unbeatable European coalition for Court of the Sun King (VP = 17), and gain 1 Treaty Point
to back the duc d’Anjou’s claim to both the Spanish and French (to 1). They also score the bonus 2 VP for controlling more
crowns. Prestige spaces, as there are 4 French-flagged Prestige spaces
(Sweden, one in Austria, one in Spain, and the Biscay Naval
Space) to Britain’s 3 (the Dutch Republic, the Balearic Naval
Space, and one space in Austria). The VP marker is moved to 19.
The Caribbean goes easily to the British (7 flags and Squadrons,
to the French’s 4). It is not worth any VP, but the British gain
First, Raj activates his Central Europe Conflict Advantage, 1 Treaty Point (to 1).
placing a Conflict Marker on British-flagged Sardinia. Eliza India likewise goes to the British (they have 6 flags to France’s
groans—with no Military actions remaining on the Investment 4), scoring 1 VP (VP = 18) and granting them a Treaty Point
Track, she won’t be able to remove it before war breaks out. (they now have 2).
Next, using the 2 from the tile’s Minor Military Action, Raj Next, Global Demand is scored. The British sweep all three
buys a Bonus War Tile (recall that the actions on an Investment awards, with 2 Fish (FR: 0); 2 Sugar (FR: 1), and 1 Tobacco
Tile can be taken in any order, except that Event play must come (FR: 0). This yields 7 VP but does increase British Debt by 2
first). He does this first because he wants to see what his final (VP = 11, BR Debt = 5). Eliza also gets 1 VP from East India
tile strengths will be before negotiating additional alliances to Company for her Silk Advantage for a total of 8 VP(!). The VP
bolster weak theaters (or go for a decisive victory where he is al- total stands at 10.
ready strong). Unfortunately, it is “d’Artagnan: +1”—beneficial,
but not the strongest in the pool. He assigns it to Central Europe. The Victory Check phase yields no results, as the VP total is
not 0 or 30. Note, though, that had the British somehow been
With his 4 , he decides to flag Denmark-Norway and Swe- able to win the Europe and North America awards, they would
den (which puts him back in the lead for the Prestige bonus). have won an automatic victory during the Scoring Phase! (One
Sweden’s alliance is not useful in the upcoming War, but Raj of the automatic victory conditions is to win all four Regions
feels—perhaps overconfidently—that he has a sufficiently strong and all three commodities in Global Demand in a single peace
edge already. That concludes the 4th and final French Action turn.) But since the game continues, the War of the Spanish
Round of the first turn. Succession must now be fought.
Eliza is left with two of the same tile, so there’s no choice: she
takes one of them.

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10 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

The players reveal their War Tiles:

Eliza winces—while she established a very strong economic

position on turn 1, she is fairly outclassed on the battlefield. Britain:
The first theater to resolve is Central Europe. Britain takes 1 • +1 from tiles
Debt immediately from the French “BR Debt +1 / 0” tile. This • +1 from the Squadron in the Balearics
places Eliza at her Debt Limit, so she has to hope there are no • The British alliance in Sardinia grants no strength, since it
more unexpected military expenses in the other Theaters. The has a Conflict marker
strength ends up as follows: • Total: 2
France: France also wins the Spain theater, by a margin of 2. This scores
• +2 from tiles Raj 1 VP (VP to 13) and 1 CP, whereas Eliza takes another 2
• +4 from alliance spaces (Bavaria, German States, Savoy, Treaty Points (total: 6). Raj spends the CP on Gibraltar, taking
Denmark-Norway) the Naval Bastion Advantage.
• Total: 6 In Queen Anne’s War (the North American theater), the strength
tallies thus:
Britain:
• +1 from tiles France:
• +1 from alliance spaces (Austria) • +2 from tiles
• Total: 2 • +1 for Louisbourg
The French win the Central Europe theater by a margin of 4. • +1 for the Conflict marker in British-flagged Albany
This yields 2 VP (VP = 12) and 1 Conquest Point. Raj decides • Total: 4
to use the Conquest Point to seize San Agustin, whose Fruit
Advantage will help him claw back a position in the Caribbean. Britain:
Eliza gets 2 Treaty Points (for a total of 4). • +2 from tiles
In Spain, the strength tallies as follows: • Total: 2

France: France wins Queen Anne’s War by a margin of 2. Eliza breathes

a sigh of relief, as this yields just 1 VP (VP to 14) and no addi-
• +1 from tiles
tional territorial gains. Her Military Upgrade during the previous
• +1 for the Squadron in Biscay Action Phase stopped a French steamroll.
• +1 for the Governance keyword
• +1 for alliance spaces (Spain) Finally, the fate of the Jacobite cause must be resolved.
• Total: 4

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 11

France:
• +2 from tiles (and Britain must lose a flag in Europe—Raj
chooses the Dutch Republic flag)
• +1 from Alliance spaces (Ireland… but see below!)
• +1 for the Style keyword (the Jacobites are so romantic!)
• +1 for the Conflict marker in Britain’s Prestige space in A Note On Flags
Austria The 18th century hosted a blossoming of military and
• Total: 5 civil institutions in both France and Britain; this bridge
between the Renaissance and modern eras meant that
Britain: armies and firms started to take on the scale and official-
• –1 from tiles (for her tile’s extra effect, Eliza chooses to dom of modern states, but retained the personalized flavor
remove Raj’s flag in Ireland, so he won’t benefit from its of earlier times.
strength in this theater) For the British, the most obvious evolution of its national
• Total: –1 flag was the combination in 1707 of the Cross of St. George
With the adjustment of the French total strength to 4, owing to and the Saltire of St. Andrew, representing the unified
the loss of the flag in the Ireland alliance space, France none- thrones. The Saltire of St. Patrick would not be added until
theless wins the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715 by a margin of 5. 1801, when Ireland joined what would then be called the
This scores 4 VP for the French (VP = 18). Britain receives 2 United Kingdom. Imperial Struggle uses the 1707 flag for
Treaty Points (total: 8). the British control markers—and for the Squadrons, despite
the availability of the British naval ensign, whereon the
The French won all four theaters in the War, but they do not predominance of white would cause readability problems
win an automatic victory (since to do so they would have had for players. The British East India Company flag, flown
to win all four theaters with the maximum possible margin of around the world as the British Empire’s reach expanded,
victory). In the Victory Check Phase following the war, no bore a strong resemblance to the Grand Union flag that the
victory is earned (in fact, the VP total is only 3 points away United States briefly flew prior to 1777, when thirteen stars
from where it was at the start of the game, as France’s military on a blue field replaced the Union cross.
success modestly outweighed Britain’s mercantile dominance).
The French have a more complicated story. The Bourbon
The players now proceed to the Reset Phase. They return all battle flag was clean white; while this may invite jokes, the
of their Basic War tiles to their player mats (except for the one way military forces would signal surrender was to show
Eliza removed from the game thanks to her Military Upgrade), the enemy’s colors—and a great many military forces sur-
remove the Bonus War tiles for the War of the Spanish Succes- rendered to France, thus waving the white flag. Only when
sion from the game, and add the Bonus War Tiles for the War of a royal was present would the golden fleurs-de-lis also
the Austrian Succession to the appropriate box on their player grace the standard, and that was rare. For these reasons,
mats. The Conflict markers in Albany and Austria are removed. as well as for game readability, we have chosen the blue
Then, in the War Layout Phase, the players return the War of the Capetian standard adorned with fleurs-de-lis as the French
Spanish Succession display to the box, and set up the next War: flag used to signify space control on the map. It was not
the War of the Austrian Succession. Placing it by the board, they unheard of for an army to fly this flag (see Henri Félix Em-
draw 4 Basic War Tiles each from their player mats, and place manuel Philippoteaux, The Battle of Fontenoy, 1745: The
them face down in the new War’s theaters. They are now ready Confrontation between the French and the Allies, 1873, on
to begin turn 2, the second half of the Succession Era! page 17 of the Rulebook) or the variant with three larger
golden fleurs-de-lis.
DESIGN NOTE: The British did very well with Regional The French East India Company’s flag is, similarly, a
awards and Global Demand, and have a large stock of Treaty challenge to find. Very few French flags from the era survive
Points for the next turn. Eliza will be able to make some big today; most of the images one can find are artists’ interpreta-
moves, and may feel quite tempted to go second in turn 2. tions from across the 19th and 20th centuries. The details
The French, though, increased their board presence through of the flag are in the Company’s charter, and we’ve chosen
conquest, and those flags will be difficult for the British to the interpretation that we think has the strongest likelihood
contest. They also control powerful political Advantages in of matching the historical one. The French naval ensign
Europe. It’s anyone’s game thus far… if you’ve been playing is more intricate and designed than the British one, but it
along with this example, feel free to continue the game, or certainly expresses the spirit and glory of the Sun King.
start one of your own!
We hope you keep the spirit of how these two mighty
adversaries chose to represent themselves on land and sea
in mind as you play Imperial Struggle!

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12 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

Further Examples

Complex Action Round Normally, Event card effects must be fully resolved before
spending any Action Points from the selected Investment tile
This example covers a single French Action Round that refer-
(5.2, step 2), but extra Action Points are an exception – they
ences most of the rules around Action Point expenditure.
may be spent alongside those from the Investment tile, in any
EXAMPLE: It is Turn 6. order the player desires. So, Raj now has 3 , 4 , and 3
Raj, playing France, selects an Investment tile to spend – the latter two increased by 1 apiece from their base
with 3 and a 2 Minor Military action. values on the Investment tile, as indicated by Lavoisier. Focus-
ing first on the Caribbean, Raj decides to spend the first, using
two of them to remove the Conflict marker in Puerto Principe.
The third is wasted, since only one expenditure may be made
with a Minor Action. Now that he has a Market adjacent to
Puerto Rico, he spends just 1 to remove the Isolated British
flag in Puerto Rico (5.4.2). (Note that this is OK per 5.4.1, since
Raj already had a flag in Puerto Principe to confer adjacency at
the start of the Action Round—and now it no longer contains
a Conflict marker.)
Continuing on, Raj now activates his Letters of Marque Advan-
tage, and uses it to place a Conflict marker in Bahamas Run West.
(Since it is British-flagged, it is unprotected; French fleets do
not protect British flags from pirates.) This will also Isolate the
British flag in Bahamas Run North at the start of the next Action
He plays #36 Wealth Of Nations, and reveals #M-26 Lavoisier Round (remember that Isolation doesn’t set in until the start of
for its Scholarship keyword, which will activate the bonus ef- a new AR, 5.4.1). But Raj can still take advantage, and spends
fect on Wealth Of Nations. First, Raj reduces his Debt by another 1 to unflag Bahamas Run West (discounted due to
2, as directed by Wealth of Nations. The bonus effect is 3 . the Conflict marker, 5.4.2). This change in control removes the
Conflict marker. With 1 left Raj now takes 1 Debt (thank you

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 13

Adam Smith) to make 1 additional , and with these he flags

Bahamas Run West for himself.
Looking at the board, Raj feels that he has improved his position
(and, by Isolating one of their flags, opened a threat that the Brit-
ish must at least consider answering), but does not wish to spend
his 4 in the Caribbean. (For one thing, he can’t—he already
controls Letters of Marque, and Pirate Havens would only cost
2 .) So he switches regions to Europe. He spends 2 to
flag Sweden and the other 2 to flag the 2-cost Prestige space
in Spain. Note that he does not pay extra for switching Regions
(5.3.4), since he did not spend any anywhere but Europe.

Damaged Fort Example

GUIDE FOR CDG PLAYERS
Imperial Struggle twists some of the rules and mechanics
that CDG aficionados are used to. Here is a rundown of
some elements those players should keep in mind:
• In Imperial Struggle, Event cards that get played as
Events are always removed from the game. This is in
contrast to most CDGs, including Twilight Struggle,
in which Events that get played as such are removed
only if there’s an asterisk or other markup indicating
that they are one-time occurrences.
• When the Revolution Era begins, don’t forget to remove
all the Succession Era cards from the game—includ-
ing from the draw pile and players’ hands. (Of course,
you can just remove and re-draw any Succession Era
cards as they are drawn, rather than removing them all
immediately in Turn 5’s Deck Phase.)
Eliza, playing France on turn 4, has selected an Investment tile • Investment tiles that have the Event symbol allow the
with 4 and 2 . Fish is in Global Demand this turn, and she play of an Event in addition to the Action Points granted
sees an opportunity in North America. The British control Louis- by the tile. In most CDGs, players face a strict choice
bourg, having built it on a prior turn, but it was damaged by one between playing an Event and spending action points
of Eliza’s War tiles during King George’s War. She spends all 4 (or operations points, command points, etc).
of her to unflag Louisbourg—the cost is 3 (the number printed • Play order isn’t fixed in Imperial Struggle. Instead, the
in Louisbourg’s space), plus 1 (since repairing and seizing an initiative is determined by the VP total. And the player
opposing damaged Fort costs an extra , 5.6.4 2nd bullet). Note with initiative doesn’t necessarily go first – they choose
that the French flag in Acadia does not provide the adjacency who does.
needed to repair a Fort (ibid), but Eliza’s Squadron in the Cabot
• The three different types of Action Points— , and
Strait does. She removes both the British flag and the Damaged
—all have different uses and roles in the game. Most
Fort marker in Louisbourg and places her own flag there. Next,
CDGs have a single action point type with a single list
she spends the 2 from her Minor Action to flag Georges Bank,
of ways they can be spent.
which she can now do thanks to the newly-adjacent French
Fort. In this way, she was able to improve her Fish holding us- • Daisy-chaining control of spaces is allowed in more
ing a Minor Action (unflagging Northeast Channel would not cases than in Twilight Struggle and others. You can’t
be permitted with a Minor Action), and for a low cost as well. flag a Market and immediately grab a newly-adjacent
Note also that the Fort need not have been adjacent at the start one, but you can do so if the first space you flag was
of the Action Round; only other Markets have this requirement instead a Fort or Naval Space.
in order to confer adjacency (5.4.1, second Design Note).

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14 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

Historical Background
Succession Era: Event and Ministry Cards #5 War of Jenkins’ Ear: Allegedly
precipitated by the “de-earing” of Rob-
Event Cards: ert Jenkins, a British naval officer, when
#1 Carnatic War: Both France and Britain found themselves a Spanish frigate searched his ship, the
drawn into—or instigating—intrigue and conflict between the War of Jenkins’ Ear represented a
Mughal princes and other rulers of eastern India (particularly power play by the South Sea Company
the Nizams of Hyderabad). On several occasions these conflicts and the British government to make
erupted into open warfare, resulting in territorial and economic inroads into Spanish holdings in the
gains for the Europeans. Caribbean. Of particular note was the
Anson Expedition, in which British
DESIGN NOTE: Like some other Event cards (e.g., War of Commodore George Anson, charged
Jenkins’ Ear), the Carnatic War card is in the Succession with causing havoc in the Caribbean, ended up forced into the
deck even though the significant Carnatic wars took place Pacific and sailing all the way to China. He redeemed this
during the Empire Era. This is because they might have hap- lengthy voyage by capturing a huge Spanish treasure fleet in the
pened earlier, and because they are known for fueling wider Philippines and returned to England around the Cape of Good
conflicts like the War of the Austrian Succession. Giving Hope, thus circumnavigating the globe.
them a better chance to precede those conflicts enriches the
#6 Native American Alliances: Britain and France both
historical texture of the game.
forged extensive relationships with Native Americans, using
#2 Acts of Union: The 1707 unification of the English and treaties and economic exchange as well as exploiting long-
Scottish thrones marked a watershed in British political history; standing tribal rivalries to build support among the tribes. France
although the two kingdoms had shared monarchs before, the eventually cultivated the stronger relationship, in particular
British government’s prime aim of ensuring that Scotland could due to its de-emphasis of religious conversion, but both sides
not ally against it demanded that each’s head of state should relied on Native scouts, guides, and raiders in all of their North
always be one individual. Scotland, for its own part, seemed American conflicts.
largely opposed to union, but financial considerations prompted
#7 Austro-Spanish Rivalry: These
its delegates to ratify the initial Act. Scotland would nonetheless
two realms were constantly at odds over
remain a hotbed of Jacobite support for several decades.
almost every issue imaginable: trade,
#3 Tropical Diseases: The biggest risk to anyone serving territory, port rights, and European rela-
in the West Indies, whether in the naval or merchant services, tions. Each wanted unified rule under
was disease. Biting insects and other parasites were (and are) their own throne, although this desire
persistent disease vectors; as with the rest of the New World, weakened more and more as the cen-
native populations also suffered heavily from newly-introduced tury went on. To these ends they often
European ailments. Additionally, African slaves brought across dealt and quarreled with France and
the Atlantic introduced new tropical diseases native to Africa, Britain; for example, Charles VI aggres-
to which both Europeans and native Caribbean peoples were sively pursued Dutch trading opportuni-
vulnerable. This increased the price of slaves and further drove ties, which gave him bargaining power against the British; and
the growth of the slave trade. Isabella Farnese’s intrigues against the Orléans regency led to
#4 South Sea Speculation: The South Sea Company (so a French invasion of Spain during the War of the Quadruple
named because of its trading rights with South America—not Alliance.
the South Pacific!) was able to persuade the British government #8 Tax Reform: Both Britain and France sought to clarify and
to allow it to take on government debt; the Bank of England had streamline their tax systems throughout the 18th century, using
previously been the only institution permitted to do so. Once the a variety of creative tactics and schemes to overcome centuries
war with France ended, the South Sea directors drove a specu- of entrenched privilege and traditions of tax avoidance. The
lative rush around the company’s potential profits from South ability to raise revenue was key to the infrastructure and mili-
American trade; they also saw a need to compete with Law’s tary progression that both kingdoms craved; Britain’s gradual
success at the Banque Royale in France. But when it became advantage in this area would become a decisive one during the
clear there was no path to these profits, the stock price crashed Industrial Revolution.
and ruined thousands of investors. Walpole built a good chunk
#9 Great Northern War: The rivalry between Sweden and
of his reputation on his skillful salvaging of the crisis, although
Russia over who would dominate the Baltic was a major issue in
there was still widespread misery and ruin.
continental European politics, although both Britain and France
would spend most of it distracted by the War of the Spanish Suc-
cession. Elector George of Hanover—the future King George

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 15

I of Great Britain—sided with Russia. The Swedish defeat at #15 Interest Payments: The payment of interest on debt had
Poltava in 1709 would end their ambitions on the opposite side become common in Europe during the Renaissance. While
of the Baltic, although future Swedish monarchs would make monarchs often felt tempted to default on debt, just to avoid
their own attempts later in the 1700s. mounting interest payments, they knew this would affect their
ability to borrow in the future.
#10 Vatican Politics: The Papacy didn’t play as central a role
in the politics of the 18th century as it had in the preceding two, Ministry Cards:
but religious considerations still swayed decisions and drove
intrigue. The Church could still marshal massive support, or #M-1 The Cardinal Ministers: Guillaume Dubois and
quiet rumblings of dissent, with displays of favor and recogni- André-Hercule Fleury continued the tradition of service as
tion. Perhaps most important was its implicit recognition of Chief Minister to the French king (that Richelieu and Mazarin
the House of Hanover and George I as the legitimate ruler of started). Both focused on stabilizing European relations (even
Great Britain in 1766, a move that put an end to serious Jacobite to the extent of formal alliance with Britain!), limiting other
threats. And, of course, when the Bastille fell, the Papacy saw powers’ ambitions, and solid finance. Fleury in particular over-
the anti-clericalism of the Revolution as a serious threat. saw three decades of peace between the two Succession wars
in Imperial Struggle.
#11 Calico Acts: The Calico Acts banned the import of cotton
textiles into England. They were supported by British textile #M-2 John Law: A Scottish natural philosopher (what we’d
mill owners, who had difficulty competing with the volume and now call an economist), Law was charged with rehabilitating
variety of textiles that the East India Company could ship from France’s finances after the War of the Spanish Succession.
Bengal. Like most import restrictions, the Acts led to a huge He succeeded, to an extent; although his fiat currency system
wave of smuggling. collapsed, his other reforms (particularly those that developed
France’s mercantile infrastructure) enabled his political succes-
#12 Military Spending Overruns: Wars are incredibly ex- sors to cement a degree of financial stability.
pensive, and bankrupted more than one 18th-century monarch
(and 17th, and 16th…). The military needs for the empires both #M-3 Court of the Sun King: Ver-
kingdoms sought to build were enormous, and came at enormous sailles started out as a hunting lodge; that
financial cost. France spent an astonishing 4 million livres on changed dramatically. In 1661 Louis XIV
the fortress of Louisbourg alone during the 18th century; Britain began expanding it, and took up full-time
was able to double the size of its navy by taking on extensive residence in the 1680s, transforming it
government debt. into the jewel of Europe. He wanted to
disrupt conventions and arrangements in
#13 Alberoni’s Ambition: Giulio Alberoni was a cardinal who, Paris, and recenter the royal court en-
like Fleury and Dubois, formed strong political relationships tirely on himself. Its lavish gardens and
in a European court. Alberoni, however, did so in the Spanish accommodations impressed ambassadors
royal court, and came to be trusted by Isabella Farnese, queen and courtiers from most of Europe.
to Philip V of Spain. Since the War of the Spanish Succession
was about Philip’s right to inherit both the Spanish and French #M-4 Jacobite Uprisings: The large uprisings of 1715 and
thrones, this put Alberoni at the center of much intrigue. His 1745 that aimed to undo the Glorious Revolution and restore the
service to the ambitious Isabella led him to attempt recapture of Stuart dynasty to the English throne are the most well-known
Spanish territory lost to Austria and Savoy during the war. When Jacobite rebellions, but in fact the Jacobites contrived a seem-
the Sun King died, and the duc d’Orléans became regent to the ingly endless procession of plots, intrigues, and smaller revolts
boy king Louis XV, Alberoni initiated the Cellamare Conspiracy for most of the first half of the 18th century. The Jacobite cause
to undermine Orléans and replace him as regent with his own was only truly extinguished when the Papacy recognized the
master, Philip V—in this way he might have de facto reversed House of Hanover as legitimate rulers of England and Scotland;
the result of the War of the Spanish Succession. the resulting collapse of Catholic support for the Stuart cause
put a permanent end to Jacobite ambitions.
#14 Famine In Ireland: In 1740 a
catastrophic cold snap wiped out both #M-5 Robert Walpole: Regarded by many as Britain’s first
the grain and potato crops in Ireland. true prime minister, Walpole served three monarchs and wrung
This was then followed by an equally reasonable consensus from a fractious Cabinet and Parliament.
disastrous drought that destroyed the Eventually eclipsed by Pitt the Elder, Walpole created a legacy
remaining edible crops. Aid efforts were of stability and charted a successful political course for Britain
hindered by out-of-season ice that for decades.
snarled harbors and blocked wharves. #M-6 Jonathan Swift: An Irish essayist and critic, Swift is
Despite eventual food aid from Ameri- best known for Gulliver’s Travels and A Modest Proposal, both
ca, roughly a third of the island’s popu- of which combine imaginative prose with cutting political com-
lation starved to death. mentary. He was influential on both sides of Britain’s political
divide, although his advocacy for Ireland sometimes put him
out of favor.

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16 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

#M-7 East India Company: Chartered United Parliament: The two chief antagonists of Imperial
in 1600, the British East India Company Struggle differed in many ways, but one of the most important
struggled for—and eventually se- was in governance, where the King of England (and, shortly
cured—British economic and military into the game, Scotland) shared power with an often fractious
dominance over India and the East In- Parliament. When intrigue ran high between the Whigs and
dies. Its success rippled back into poli- Tories, British policy was adversely affected; conversely, when
tics and society back home, as newly they could work together, Britain was stronger.
wealthy traders and company officers Benjamin Church was a military leader in the British colony
bought estates, married well-born la- at Plymouth. He was one of the first European officers to recruit
dies, and ran for Parliament. Native Americans into irregular combat units, and to success-
fully integrate European arms with Native tactics.
#M-8 Bank of England: The Bank started out as a tool to
facilitate the government debt necessary to finance naval ex- Prince Eugene of Savoy (“The Greatest
pansion. Privately run until the 1960s, it issued new coinage General”) led the Imperialist forces at every
and paper currency (on which it had a monopoly) and ran a crucial moment of the war. He played important
conventional banking business as well, loaning to the public. A roles in Northern Italy, the Rhine campaigns,
stable holder of government debt, it provided monetary stabil- and in the Low Countries. His command of the
ity and consistency that allowed Britain to gradually accrue a right wing at Blenheim enabled Marlborough’s key break-
substantial financial advantage over France. through. It is impossible to overstate the role he played in the
war’s course.
#M-9 New World Huguenots: In all their North American
struggles against the British, the French faced a persistent disad- Leopold I: The Holy Roman Emperor at the start of the war,
vantage: population. The British practice of sending criminals, Leopold I, saw an opportunity—he could leverage the rest of
indentured servants, and especially religious dissenters to distant Europe’s opposition to Bourbon dynastic union between France
colonies never caught on in France. Louis feared the creation of and Spain to combine the Hapsburg holdings in Austria and
a distant and potentially disloyal critical mass of Protestants, and Spain, as they had been under Charles V. He was unsuccessful
of course he could not stomach religious dissent in any case. But in this, and did not survive the war.
it might not have been so; and the French colonies in Canada Louis William, margrave of Baden-Baden, fought alongside
and Acadia might have been able to compete with the British Prince Eugene against the Turks in the 1680s. In the War of the
ones in terms of local militia and logistics. Spanish Succession he was defeated by Villars but came back
#M-10 Edmond Halley: Known mostly for the comet whose to play a key diversionary role in the campaign that culminated
behavior he described, Halley was one of the Royal Society’s in the Battle of Blenheim. A great Austrian general in his own
brightest lights in the 18th century. He did trailblazing work right, his legacy is much less noted than Eugene’s.
in engineering (inventing the diving bell), mathematics (some Huguenot Rebels: Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of
regard him as the founder of actuarial science), and navigation. Nantes had long-lasting repercussions for France, including the
Along with the securing of the Spanish slave-trading contract, Camisard rebellion that began in 1702 and lasted for most of
the asiento, Halley’s innovations paved the way for the British the war. Huguenot guerrillas massacred Catholics and engaged
naval ascendancy of the next two centuries. in pitched battle against the royal army, diverting attention and
resources from the rest of the war. Even Villars commanded
War of the Spanish Succession: against the rebels for a time, an indication of how serious this
Tile Background distraction became.
Henri de Massue, marquis de Rouvigny and Earl of Galway,
BRITISH WAR TILES
forever left French service when Louis XIV revoked the Edict
John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough of Nantes. He settled in Ireland, receiving an Irish title, and
(“Queen Anne’s Captain”) was unquestion- fought for Britain in both the Nine Years’ War and the War of
ably one of Britain’s greatest military leaders. the Spanish Succession.
His skill at maneuver, tactics, and siegecraft
secured important victories at Blenheim, Ra- Savoy Defects: In 1702, Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, saw
millies, and Oudenarde, and ultimately prevented the creation an opportunity to change sides and join the Grand Alliance. He
of a unified Franco-Spanish superpower. feared domination by the unified French and Spanish thrones
in the event of their victory, and the stalemate in northern Italy
Sir George Rooke, a veteran naval officer of the Nine Years’ provided him a key bargaining chip to offer Leopold. Savoy’s
War, was Admiral of the Fleet (the highest rank in the British defection complicated the French strategic problems in Central
Navy) by the time the War of the Spanish Succession began. He Europe, to say the least.
decisively destroyed a Spanish treasure fleet at Vigo Bay and led
the successful expedition against Gibraltar, cementing British Prize Hunting: The prize system encouraged initiative and ag-
power in the Mediterranean for generations. gression among British naval officers, but it could also distract
them from strategic objectives.

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 17

Foot Guards: British Foot Guards, Horse Guards, and Grena- Victor-Marie d’Estrées, duc d’Estrées earned his monarch’s
dier Guards all served in the War of the Spanish Succession. gratitude by securing the dual thrones of Sicily for Philip V of
Considered the elite of the army, they fought widely and with Spain; had the Sun King’s ultimate ambitions worked out, the
distinction. Two Sicilies would have been another part of the combined
Franco-Spanish dynasty.
FRENCH WAR TILES
Pierre de Montesquiou, comte d’Artagnan was a musketeer
Claude Louis Hector de Villars, marquis et and a hero of Malplaquet. His cousin Charles was the model
duc de Villars (“Savior of France”) was the for Alexandre Dumas’ literary hero, which immortalized their
most important and successful French army family title.
leader in the War of the Spanish Succession.
At Malplaquet (1710) his forces inflicted over Ultima Ratio Regum: Louis XIV engraved this motto, literally
20,000 Allied casualties for 8,000 French; although the battle “the final argument of kings”, on his cannon, to emphasize his
was a tactical defeat due to the loss of several key fortresses, view that disputes between nations could always be resolved
Villars’ victory at Denain two years later guaranteed his monarch by force.
an honorable peace. Musketeers: The blue tabards of the Royal Musketeers are
Louis Joseph, duc de Vendôme, was the com- familiar to anyone who’s read the work of Alexandre Dumas,
mander most responsible for the many Aus- which raised their status from merely prestigious to legendary.
trian setbacks in the early portion of the War Service with the Musketeers was reserved for nobles.
of the Spanish Succession. He defeated Prince Crack Troops: The French army was the most feared force in
Eugene of Savoy on several occasions, and the world at this time, experienced and well-funded. It featured
proved a highly worthy adversary for the Duke of Marlborough. many elite units of various types, from dragoons to grenadiers
His greatest victory came in Spain, however, where he smashed to siege batteries.
the Allied forces at Villaviciosa and ended the Hapsburgs’ hopes
for the Spanish throne. Empire Era: Event and Ministry Cards
Louis François de Boufflers, duc de Boufflers, was highly re-
spected by both King Louis XIV and the British for his bravery Event Cards:
and tenacity, but he had mixed success during his long service. #16 Caribbean Slave Unrest: The lot of a slave in a Caribbean
However, at Malplaquet he showed remarkable humility and plantation was grim. Disease, awful working conditions, and
judgment when he subordinated himself to Villars, ensuring boundless cruelty made for the saying “sold down the river”—
unity of command in that crucial battle. an allusion to the fate of a slave sent to the Caribbean from the
USA, and often a threat as well. Unrest wracked the Caribbean
The Maison du Roi was the royal household force of Louis
during the 18th century, with uprisings in Martinique, Guade-
XIV. Its troops served with great distinction throughout the war.
loupe, Jamaica, Antigua, and most of the other plantation islands.
Cádiz Refused: One of Admiral Rooke’s few setbacks, the
#17 Pacte de Famille: With the end of Hapsburg rule in Spain
Anglo-Dutch attempt to seize the fortresses of Cádiz and St.
and his crown secure, Philip V (born duc d’Anjou) sought to
Matagorda in 1702 was crippled by inter-service rivalry and a
establish Bourbon control of other Mediterranean territories,
stout and imaginative Spanish defense.
forming an agreement with his nephew Louis XV. This opened
René de Froulay de Tessé, comte de Tessé, seems to have been the door for the British to re-invigorate their successful alliance
one of the unluckiest of the war’s French generals. Frustrated with Austria, who had no intention of relinquishing territory the
in his well-planned attempts to seize Gibraltar and Barcelona, Hapsburgs had ruled for generations just to enrich the children
de Tessé finally found success in the south of France, where he of Philip’s ambitious queen, Elizabeth Farnese.
stopped the advance of Prince Eugene at Toulon. Unfortunately,
#18 Byng’s Trial: Admiral John
the French naval squadron there had already been scuttled,
Byng’s decision not to land troops at
just in case Eugene’s siege had succeeded. With Gibraltar still
Minorca in the face of a numerically
in British hands this struck the final blow to French hopes of
superior French ground force (and
contesting the Mediterranean.
equivalent naval opposition as well)
James FitzJames, Duke of Berwick, was the nephew of Marl- cost him his life. The court-martial and
borough and a devoted Jacobite. He fought on his father James’ execution are largely seen today as a
side in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and entered the service farce and an exercise in scapegoating;
of the Sun King. In the War of the Spanish Succession he fought unfortunately for Byng, Pitt was unable
brilliantly in Spain, winning a crucial victory at Almanza in to secure clemency (due largely to Pitt’s
1707. He survived the war in good health and led the Sun King’s enmity with King George). The saying
armies in both the War of the Quadruple Alliance and the War pour encourager les autres comes from Voltaire’s characteristi-
of the Polish Succession. cally sharp satirical pen (“it is good to kill an admiral from time
to time, to encourage the others.”)

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18 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

#19 Le Beau Monde: The 18th century saw an explosion of #25 War of the Quadruple Alli-
style, etiquette, and manner. France was unquestionably the cen- ance: In response to Alberoni and
ter of the fashion world, although Louis’ policies drove a number Farnese’s resolute efforts to overturn the
of Huguenot designers and dressmakers to London. Eventually, result of the War of the Spanish Succes-
Britain would mount a serious challenge to this dominance, but sion, Britain and France actually allied
not until the 19th century, when Beau Brummell’s “dandyism” together (along with Austria and the
began to take over men’s fashion in particular. Dutch Republic) to contain these ambi-
#20 Hyder Ali: The Sultan of Mysore from 1760 to his death tions. Britain scored two important
in 1782, Hyder Ali built his realm into a regional power. His naval victories at Cape Passaro and
rivalries with the Marathas to the north, the Nizam of Hyderabad Vigo, and Alberoni’s removal from
to the northeast, and the Europeans, and his ability to profit from court by a disappointed Philip V al-
all of them, cemented his legacy as one of southern India’s most lowed France to breathe much easier.
effective rulers. Before he became sultan (by means of a coup #26 Salon d’Hercule: The “Hercules Room” or “Hercules
against Khande Rao, a former retainer who had used British as- Lounge” is one of the most striking chambers in Versailles.
sistance to take the throne for himself), Ali led Mysore’s troops More intimate than the Hall of Mirrors and completed in 1736, it
in most of the important campaigns in India, primarily on the served an important diplomatic role for Louis XV—its opulence,
side of the French. in particular the stunning art that adorns it, served as a reminder
#21 Co-Hong System: British and French trade with the Qing to envoys of France’s vast wealth, power, and cultural influence.
in China was in its infancy at this time, although other European #27 Bengal Famine: The Bengal Famine of 1770 devastated
powers such as Portugal and the Netherlands had made earlier the British-dominated territories in northeastern India, killing
inroads. The Qing government managed trade with Europe 10 million. Entire cities and small realms starved; the resulting
through a system called “co-hong”, after the mercantile associa- disease and banditry only multiplied the misery. While drought
tions that conducted trade in China’s coastal cities. and crop failure precipitated the disaster, there is no doubt that
#22 Corsican Crisis: After the Seven Years’ War, France the short-sighted and extractive policies of the British East
sought to make up its territorial losses. Choiseul’s eye alighted India Company, as well as the devastation of two major wars
on Corsica, whose new regime found itself increasingly isolated in quick succession, turned what might have been a relatively
due in part to its liberalism. When France invaded in 1768, the mild episode into a catastrophe.
British government vacillated on the subject of intervention, #28 Father le Loutre: Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, a mis-
despite other European states’ unhappiness with the naked ag- sionary priest in Acadia (modern day Nova Scotia), found him-
gression France was showing. Ultimately France was able to self appointed the military leader of the Acadians, M’ikmaq, and
finalize the conquest, but Britain remembered its failure during other native allies when the British seized Louisbourg during
the French Revolution, when it attempted to once again separate King George’s War (part of the War of the Austrian Succession).
Corsica from France. This unlikely guerrilla leader orchestrated raids on British ports
#23 European Panic: Financial panics were common through- and posts for years, but was ultimately defeated at Fort Beau-
out the 18th century, varying in severity and scope. Their causes séjour in 1752. He spent the rest of his life trying to help the
were legion: fear of royal seizure of funds (in 1640, for example, Acadians, deported from their homes by the victorious British,
Charles I simply seized all of the gold being stored by private resettle elsewhere in Canada.
goldsmiths for their clients at the Royal Mint), paper currency #29 War of the Polish Succession:
volatility, under-developed insurance markets that caused major The death of Augustus II, the King of
institutions to fail on short notice, simple government misman- Poland (by election, not birth) prompt-
agement of debt, frequent wars and debt devaluation, and so ed a succession struggle between three
forth. The situation improved as the century went on, but of candidates: Stanislaw I, who had been
course financial crises are still with us today. crowned with Swedish support during
#24 West African Gold Mining: Disease and harsh terrain the Great Northern War but fled when
would defer the “Scramble for Africa” until the late 1800s, but Sweden was defeated; Augustus III, the
the west coast of Africa was dotted with trading posts, slave son of the deceased King; and Infante
depots, and—sparsely but importantly—gold mining concerns. Manuel, a Portuguese Hapsburg prince.
While this production came nowhere near the amount of gold Britain stayed out, which greatly
looted by Spain from the Mesoamerican cultures it conquered, strained its alliance with Austria (and may have precipitated the
gold trickled from West Africa into the European economy for eventual end of that alliance). But by backing Stanislaw France
decades. seized the opportunity to trim back Hapsburg influence and
regain some territory previously lost, even though Stanislaw
ultimately had to cede the throne to Augustus III.

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 19

#30 Jonathan’s Coffee-House: Before there were stock #M-15 Pitt the Elder: William Pitt
exchanges, there were coffee-houses: loud, unruly establish- (“The Great Commoner”) headed the
ments where traders and financiers congregated and where news, British government from a variety of
gossip, and (most importantly) share prices were swapped and posts and appointments; this was due to
bargained for. Jonathan’s Coffee-House was one of the first such his persistent and strong public support,
establishments, and became the foundation for the first British which he earned for his fearlessness in
stock exchange. criticism and adherence to his princi-
ples. His central legacy stems from his
Ministry Cards: forceful and brilliant leadership of Great
#M-11 Choiseul: Étienne-François, marquis de Stainville et Britain during the Seven Years’ War;
duc de Choiseul, was chief minister to Louis XV from 1758 to although he did not get along with the
1770. For someone as important and long-tenured as Choiseul, King (who never forgave Pitt’s anti-Hanover stances of the
we know remarkably little of him. A strong ally of Madame de 1750s), he was one of Britain’s greatest leaders.
Pompadour, Choiseul sought to re-establish French competitive- #M-16 Charles Hanbury Williams: A British diplomat
ness in naval strength and European alliances. His policies were and member of Parliament known more for his political poetry
expensive, though, although the ministers Pompadour helped (which attacked Walpole’s enemies with varying degrees of
him select were able to enact reforms that helped finance these gentleness) than his speechmaking, “for which he felt he had
ambitions. He was able to survive the disaster of the Seven no talent.” In the years running up to the Seven Years’ War he
Years’ War, but ultimately fell from grace after Pompadour died. took posts in Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, and St. Petersburg—the
#M-12 Dupleix: Joseph Francis Dupleix dreamt of a French gamut of the belligerents in the previous and forthcoming wars.
empire in India, and spent his career trying to build it. At eighteen While he had mixed success, he was at least able to keep Britain
he took to the sea; by his late twenties he had become rich due and Russia from open war.
to his skill in business and politics. He settled in India, in the #M-17 Merchant Banks: Barings Bank was founded in
service of the Dutch East India Company, but eventually took London in 1762, but lenders and insurers on a smaller, less
on the leadership of the French trading post at Chandernagore. integrated scale had started to sprout up years prior. Britain’s
Unfortunately, while aggressive and dynamic in military af- growing naval strength fueled trade and its appetite for credit,
fairs, he could not match the talents of Coote and Clive, and his insurance, and investment.
schemes came to ruin. While he was scapegoated like Lally, he
avoided the axe, dying in poverty in his native France. #M-18 Samuel Johnson: “Dr. Johnson” was one of the pre-
eminent scholars and men of letters in British history, let alone
#M-13 Pompadour & Du Barry: the 18th century. Aside from his famous dictionary, one of the
Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, marquise de first of its kind, his essays on Shakespeare and on 200 years’
Pompadour, was the chief mistress (an worth of English poetry are still considered definitive by many
official title!) of Louis XV between the scholars.
War of the Austrian Succession and the
Seven Years’ War. Once granted a title War of the Austrian Succession:
by the King, she drove patronage and
policy at court, backing important Tile Background
French artists and scientists. Known as BRITISH WAR TILES
La Reinette, Pompadour’s greatest con-
tributions, like many powers-behind- Admiral Sir Edward Boscawen joined the British navy at the
the-throne, probably came in the area of talent-spotting. Madame age of 12. He saw action in the War of Jenkins’ Ear and the
du Barry was another important royal mistress, although she War of the Austrian Succession, and signed Admiral Byng’s
generally confined herself to art and society concerns rather than death warrant. “Never fire, my lads, till you see the whites of
politics. Both were simultaneously vilified by gossips and ad- the Frenchman’s eyes!”
mired by a wide swath of the court. Major General Stringer Lawrence took command of the East
#M-14 Voltaire: François-Marie Arouet is known almost ex- India Company’s troops at the outset of the War of the Austrian
clusively by his pen name, Voltaire, and for his satire. A fierce Succession, and continued to lead in almost every important
critic of religion (in Candide he ridiculed Leibniz’s “best of all campaign in India. He became the first Commander-in-Chief
possible worlds” argument for the existence of God), he had for India, and worked well with his friend Robert Clive.
mixed and complex views about the potential for a revolution in Admiral Sir Peter Warren served extensively in the Caribbean
France—driven by contempt for both monarchy and democracy. and North America, culminating in his command of the British
ships that assaulted Louisbourg in 1745. After the War of the
Austrian Succession he abandoned his land holdings in America
and returned to England, where he took up politics.

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20 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

Charles Alexander, prince de Lorraine served as one of the illegitimate son of two courtiers, sold the details of the planned
principal Austrian military commanders during the War of the attack to the British for £2,000. The British acted on his informa-
Austrian Succession. He is known for his crushing defeat by tion, and hastily took naval defensive measures. These defenses,
Frederick the Great of Prussia at Leuthen in 1757, where Fred- in combination with bad weather, led the French to abandon their
erick the Great used his knowledge of the terrain to defeat the invasion plans off the Kentish coast in March of 1744.
larger, better-equipped Austrian force in a surprise attack. He Robert Clive was an unassuming East India
later served as a capable and popular governor of the Austrian Company official when the Austrian Succes-
Netherlands. sion war broke out, but quickly distinguished
Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff fought for a surprising va- himself with both learning and courage. He
riety of armies and nations during the 18th century, commanding joined the Company’s armed forces in 1746
troops for the Dutch, Austrian, Polish, English, Bavarian, Saxon, and defended British holdings on several occasions. But it was
and Ansbacher armies. The only early 18th-century war he did in the Seven Years’ War that his lasting legend would take shape.
not fight in was the Great Northern War. Generally successful,
with the exception of a campaign against the Ottomans in the FRENCH WAR TILES
late 1730s, Seckendorff is probably one of the more underrated Maurice de Saxe was considered one of the
soldiers of the period of Imperial Struggle. great generals of the eighteenth century, known
King George II inherited the crown of Great Britain and Ire- for his adventures with women and his physi-
land in 1727, the second of the House of Hanover to wear it. cal strength & vigor. He served (at different
He displayed military courage throughout his life, especially times) the Holy Roman Empire, the Imperial
when he became the last British monarch to command on the Army (of Austria), and the French. During the War of the Aus-
battlefield (at Dettingen, in 1743). trian Succession, he commanded French forces sent to invade
Austria in 1741, becoming famous for his surprise attack on
John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair fought in Prague, in which he captured the defending garrison by stealth.
the War of the Spanish Succession, but did not In 1744, he commanded the men sent to invade Britain; his
ascend to command rank until his father’s forces were wrecked by storms after proceeding a few miles out
creation as Earl of Stair and his own consequent of harbor. He is also known as the author of Mes Rêveries, a
accession to the rank of viscount. Leading the book containing his reflections on the art of war.
British forces at the very start of the war, and then standing by
the King at Dettingen, Dalrymple distinguished himself tremen- Lord George Murray served as a general for the Scottish
dously. Jacobites. During the Jacobite uprising of 1745, he angered
Prince Charles by ordering a retreat against the Prince’s orders;
Chaos in Bavaria: In 1743, Seckendorff and de Broglie, the the following day, the Prince insisted on commanding his forces
leaders of the allied Bavarian and French forces, quarreled. Their himself. In writing his memoirs of the attack, James Johnstone
armies failed to work together; no concerted resistance was remarked that “Had Prince Charles slept during the whole of
offered to the advance of the Austrian armies. De Broglie sur- the expedition, and allowed Lord George to act for him... he
rendered one Bavarian stronghold after another. The Bavarians would have found the crown of Great Britain on his head, when
and French were driven back almost as far as the Rhine, where he awoke.”
they were defeated in the battle of Dettingen. Consequently, the
French were ejected entirely from Germany. Colonel John O’Sullivan was educated as a priest in Paris
and Rome. As a Catholic, he could not inherit his parents’ Irish
Treaty of Warsaw: Signed in 1745 during the War of the Aus- lands. He emigrated to France, where he joined the army, and
trian Succession, this treaty created the Quadruple Alliance of accompanied Prince Charles on his invasion of Scotland in 1745.
Great Britain, Austria, the Dutch, and the Saxons, for the purpose There is considerable historical controversy over O’Sullivan’s
of securing Maria Theresa’s claim to the Holy Roman Empire. role in the campaign, mostly focused on how much blame he
Saxony, its allies in Russia, and Austria hoped to reduce Fred- deserves for the Culloden defeat. But he helped the Prince escape
erick the Great’s Prussia to its pre-1713 borders. British clutches, and died a hero in France.
Hungarian Enthusiasm: Frederick the Great captured the Louis Georges Érasme, duc de Contades, is known much more
Austrian province of Silesia in 1739. In 1741, Maria Theresa of for his shattering defeat at Minden by Ferdinand of Brunswick
Austria stood before the Diet of Budapest holding her newborn than for his service in the War of the Austrian Succession, where
son Joseph II, appealing in Latin to the Hungarian nobles for his rise to high rank took place.
support. The Hungarians, inspired by this appeal, raised 60,000
more light troops for the regular army. The fresh army ultimately Nizam’s Favor: The Nizams of Hyderabad were important
retook Silesia and invaded Bavaria. monarchs of what is now Andhra Pradesh. Both the French
and the British sought the favor of the Nizam. In 1748, the
Francois de Bussy: As the War of the Austrian Succession Nizam died, resulting in a dispute over the throne between.
gained momentum, the French made plans for a surprise attack Hyderabad came under the control of Muzaffar Jang, a French
on London to restore Prince Charles Stuart to the throne of Eng- ally. But, by 1759, de Bussy, the French commander in charge
land. But Francois de Bussy, a disgruntled shipping clerk and of the defense of Hyderabad, had been recalled to Pondicherry

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 21

(and is not to be confused with the de Bussy who spied for the of his father. He landed in Scotland in 1745, gaining support
British during this period). After a surprisingly successful attack from the Highlanders and winning several battles. However,
on Hyderabad by a small force under Robert Clive, the Nizam when he and his army tried to march to London, they were forced
sought British support. to retreat to Scotland. Defeated at Culloden Moor, Charles fled
Frederick II, King of Prussia (“Frederick through England, reportedly disguising himself as shipwrecked
the Great”) is known for his military genius merchant and a noble lady. He eventually reached the safety of
and for forging Prussia into a major European France. In 1748, when England made peace with France, Charles
power. He forced Austria to cede almost all of was exiled from France. His supporters faded away and he was
Silesia by 1745. His ambitions against the excluded from his father’s will. He died in 1788.
Hapsburgs aligned him with France during the War of the Aus-
trian Succession. But as power shifted in Europe, so too did the Seven Years War: Tile Background
camps of war, and in the Seven Years’ War France sought to BRITISH WAR TILES
limit its former ally’s path to prominence on the Continent.
John Bradstreet commanded the British attack on Fort Fron-
Ulrich Frédéric Woldemar, comte de Lowendal was a Ger- tenac, a key French stronghold on Lake Ontario.
man-born French officer. He besieged and captured the Dutch
Sir William Johnson was the chief British diplomat for Iroquois
fortress of Bergen op Zoom in 1747. The French soldiers brutally
affairs, and led Native warriors on several occasions. He also
sacked the town, injuring or killing thousands of civilians. Many
took Fort Niagara and accompanied Amherst to Montreal. After
Europeans were outraged, and Louis XV was told of Woldemar,
the war he continued to build positive relations between the
“There is no middle course, either you must hang him or make
Iroquois, the British, and the tribes who had taken France’s side.
him a Marshal of France.” The King opted for the latter.
Admiral Sir Edward Hawke commanded the British fleet that
Field Marshal Kurt von Schwerin served first in the Dutch
defeated the French at Quiberon Bay, ending French ambitions
army, then entered Prussian service in 1720. In 1730, he was
of naval superiority or even parity with Britain. His aggressive
one of the members of the military tribunal that tried the Crown
move to engage Conflans’ fleet in the bay took the French com-
Prince of Prussia (who would later be known as Frederick the
mander by surprise, and ended the threat of French invasion.
Great) for desertion. Frederick later promoted Schwerin and
made him a count; in 1741 he led the Prussian Army’s victori- Robert Clive (“Clive of India”) was one of
ous campaign in Silesia. He later distinguished himself in other the greatest generals and statesmen of the mid-
battles, but was shot and killed in an attack on Prague in 1757. century period. He held Arcot against the
Carnatic nawab Chandar Ali in 1751; Ali’s
François de Franquetot, comte de Coigny replaced Marshal
close alliance with Dupleix and the French put
Villars as commander of the French army of the Rhine. He is
this victory among the first in what would become the Seven
best known for a victory over the Austrians at Parma during the
Years’ War. He is best known for his victory at Plassey in 1757,
War of Polish Succession in 1734, and for overseeing the French
which cemented British control of the Bengal region, and for
defenses on the Rhine during the War of the Austrian Succession.
his fearless governance thereafter.
The Mahé de la Bourdonnais was a remarkable French sea-
Robert Monckton was one of the steadiest officers in the North
man responsible for colonization of the Isle of France, now
American campaigns, executing campaigns in Nova Scotia and
Mauritius. On his arrival on the island in 1735, he realized that
then on the mainland. He fought at the Plains of Abraham, and
a small cluster of huts with a bay in the northwest would make
after the war for Canada ended, Amherst charged him with the
an ideal location for the capital, which grew into the city of
capture of Martinique (which he reliably captured). The French
Port Louis. Then governor, he seemed capable of everything,
ended up ceding control of New France at the treaty table in
serving as engineer, architect, agriculturalist, and superintendent
exchange for Martinique, so in a sense, Monckton won Canada
of the hospital he had built. In 1741, he rescued the French at
for Britain.
Mahé in India from a siege. He was later called to help Dupleix,
Governor of Pondicherry, in fighting with the British, but he and Jeffery Amherst fought briefly in Europe under the command of
Dupleix quarreled over the disposition of Madras, and Dupleix the Duke of Cumberland, then took command in North America
charged La Bourdonnais with treason. Voyaging back to the Isle from Abercrombie in 1758 and relentlessly chipped away at the
of France, he was captured by the English, who brought him to French position until he took Montreal in 1760. He is also known
London and set him free. Returning to France in 1748, he was for intentionally spreading smallpox to the Native American
arrested and sent to the Bastille. Although he was ultimately population, who he denigrated as an “execrable race.”
declared innocent, he died in 1753. John Manners, Marquess of Granby fought alongside Ferdi-
Bonny Prince Charlie: Prince Charles Edward Stuart was the nand of Brunswick, Britain’s key ally on the Continent, for most
son of the exiled English King James II. When Emperor Charles of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. He distinguished himself
VI died in 1740, tension grew between Catholics in Scotland and in several key battles (albeit not at Minden, where Sackville
France and Protestants in England. Charles planned an invasion refused to authorize Granby’s cavalry to pursue the French) and
of England, hoping to oust George II from the throne in support

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22 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

parlayed his enormous popularity into a somewhat successful Sieur Louis Coulon de Villiers is notable for forcing the sur-
political career. render of Fort Necessity in 1754, from George Washington, then
the fort’s commander.
James Wolfe is best known for his victory over the marquis
de Montcalm at the Plains of Abraham in 1759, in which both François de Chevert was a consistently successful corps com-
generals perished. Nonetheless, this would prove the penultimate mander in the first three wars of Imperial Struggle. His bravery
blow that Britain would strike to win the war for Canada. and initiative led him to distinguish himself at Hastenbeck
Sir Eyre Coote served with the British East India Company, par- against the Duke of Cumberland, and at Lutterberg against
ticularly in India where he fought Mughal princes, French proxy another Hanoverian commander (von Oberg). He led some of
allies, and the French themselves for thirty years (taking part France’s most prestigious units into battle, including the Volo-
in both the Seven Years’ War, particularly in the pivotal Battle ntaires Royaux and the Chasseurs de Fischer.
of Wandiwash, and in the American War of Independence). He Coureurs des bois: “Runners of the woods”, these French
despised Clive, which led to poor communication, but it’s hard hunters and traders were masters of the Canadian and North
to argue with the results of their combined brilliance. American wilds second only to the Native populations they
Morta la Bestia: Frederick the Great is alleged to have said interacted with. They served as scouts and guides for the French
these words (“The beast is dead”) when he heard of the death war effort in North America; their expertise and familiarity with
of Empress Elizabeth of Russia and the accession of her son the land often provided an important edge in battle.
Peter who, as an admirer of Frederick, had no desire to continue Louis-Antoine, comte de Bougainville, displayed an amazing
the war. variety of talents during his lengthy career—he left his mark
Damned Audacity: The British efforts at Quiberon and, a few on the century as navigator, ship captain, army officer, and
days earlier, Lagos (Portugal) culminated in Admiral Hawke’s diplomat. In the French and Indian War he took part in most
aggressive decision to pursue Conflans into the treacherous of the successful French actions before the setbacks of 1759,
shoals of Quiberon Bay. He might have been motivated by and despite great effort could not successfully defend Quebec
frustration at several near misses in his earlier attempts to bring from the British after his commanding officer, the marquis de
the French to battle, or simply by an assessment that the key Montcalm, fell in battle. After the war he became the first French
moment was at hand. Similarly, Admiral Sir Edward Boscawen captain to circumnavigate the globe (Bougainville Island in the
maintained perfect focus on his open blockade, anticipating the Solomons is named for him); he then had another chance at the
destination of French Admiral Auguste de la Clue’s fleet as it British during the American Revolution, wherein he and his ship
escaped the first blockade point and refusing to be distracted by were part of the French fleet that blocked Cornwallis’ hopes of
the pivot of de la Clue’s rear-guard. This allowed Boscawen to escape from Yorktown.
force battle near Lagos and cripple the French squadron. Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Grozon, marquis
de Montcalm de Saint-Veran, was one of the
Old Fritz was a nickname for Frederick II, the
most capable French commanders of the
military genius who succeeded to the Prussian
Seven Years’ War. Early in the conflict he cap-
throne in 1740. He built Prussia into a Euro-
tured Oswego and Fort William Henry from
pean power to be reckoned with on both the
the British; these allowed the French to deny crucial axes of
battlefield and in scholarship, and added to
advance against New France to the enemy. As well, he de-
Prussia’s territory in both the War of the Austrian Succession
fended Ticonderoga against a much larger British army, although
and the Seven Years’ War. He is of course better known by the
his aggressive approach led him to danger and death at the Plains
honorific “Frederick the Great.”
of Abraham in Quebec.
FRENCH WAR TILES Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu was a brave and capable officer
Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally, served as an advisor to noted for his adoption of Native war customs, and for his leader-
Bonny Prince Charlie during the Jacobite Uprising of 1745. ship of Native allies in the early years of the French and Indian
After Charles’ defeat at Culloden, Lally went to India, and War. He died early in the engagement at the Monongahela.
made great progress against East India Company forces before Charles Eugène Gabriel de la Croix de Cas-
losing the Battle of Wandiwash, and with it most of the French tries, marquis et maréchal de Castries,
territories in south India, to Sir Eyre Coote. Along with Dupleix earned national acclaim due to his valor in the
he was scapegoated at court for the French setbacks in India, War of the Austrian Succession. In the Seven
and beheaded. Years’ War, he fought courageously through
Victor François, duc de Broglie, served as a subordinate com- wounds in several French defeats, including Rossbach and
mander to most of the French marshals of the Seven Years’ War. Minden, before triumphing over Brunswick at Clostercamp.
He was reliable and competent, and eventually took command This set the stage for a lengthy and successful career in the
in his own right after the defeat at Minden. He had a deep but French government; when the Bastille fell, Castries was quick
respectful rivalry with Granby, whom he admired. to join the Royalist cause.

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 23

Monongahela Ambush: Braddock’s expedition against Fort #33 Loge Des Neuf Soeurs: One of several pro-American
Duquesne culminated in this disaster, where French and Native Masonic lodges in France, the Nine Sisters organized support
troops ambushed and broke the morale of Braddock’s redcoats. for the Revolution both financially and intellectually. The mo-
The rough terrain neutralized Braddock’s artillery, and the na- mentum generated for these idealistic gatherings only gained
tive warriors’ matchless knowledge of the area threw the British strength with the Revolution’s success, and carried forward into
into chaos. the French Revolution as well.
Hadik’s Raid: In response to the Prussian defeat at Kolin, Count #34 La Gabelle: The French salt tax was one of the most oner-
Andras Hadik led a detachment of about 5,000 cavalry troops ous of the dozens of taxes that peasants and lower-class workers
along the unexpectedly clear path to Berlin and captured the had to suffer for the ancien regime. Remarkably persistent, and
city. Taking the garrison completely by surprise (and fooling representative of the virtually unreformable French tax system
it into thinking it was outnumbered, when the opposite was of the 18th century, it was repealed almost immediately by the
true), Hadik’s men compelled a surrender and extracted a huge revolutionary government in 1790. It would return again with
ransom payment before departing in a hurry ahead of Prussian Napoleon, and remain in force through World War II.
reinforcements.
#35 Jesuit Abolition: In 1760, the sugar industry on Mar-
Nawabs Rally: The French military effort in India was con- tinique collapsed. A financial crisis for France, this one was
sistently undermined by their Indian allies’ treachery and remarkable in that the colony was largely owned and managed
unreliability. The British simply had the better of the covert by the Jesuit Order. The disaster provided a long-awaited open-
arrangements and understandings that determined so much in ing for the Order’s political and religious rivals (in particular
India; additionally, native allies would often withdraw at the Madame de Pompadour, who hated the Jesuits for their refusal
first sign of difficulty in battle. But it’s plausible that the French to endorse her relationship with the King). They mounted a
alliances could have been more stable; this might have provided coordinated legal assault on the Jesuits; this spread widely
a decisive edge in determining which of the two realms would across Catholic monarchies and even earned the endorsement
dominate India. of the Pope.
#36 Wealth of Nations: To an economist, there’s a serious
Revolution Era: Event and Ministry Cards argument that the most important event of 1776 was the publi-
cation of An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth
Event Cards:
of Nations, by the Scottish natural philosopher Adam Smith.
#31 Nootka Incident: In 1789, tensions between British and (What revolution?) A systematic and powerful analysis of the
Spanish traders came to a head at Nootka Sound (near Vancouver true nature of national wealth, the importance of specialization,
Island). Spain had claimed the entirety of the Pacific coastline, and the unintended consequences of humans’ self-interested
but British traders would be denied no longer, and although war behavior (represented in Smith’s memorable metaphor “the
was averted, Spain was forced to back down from its exclusive invisible hand”), this book remains thoroughly relevant today.
control of those sea lanes. This additional access to the Pacific
sea trade would prove very profitable indeed. #37 Debt Crisis: By the time of the
Revolution Era in Imperial Struggle
#32 Haitian Revolution: The St. both powers had spent enormous sums
Domingue slave revolt of 1791, led by on warfare, naval construction, and a
Toussaint L’Ouverture, was the most host of other investments; some of
successful slave uprising in history; it which bore fruit (like the British East
resulted in the new sovereign state of India Company) and some of which did
Haiti, abolishing slavery and creating a not. Regardless, debt crises and the
republic (albeit one with L’Ouverture threats of inflation and default caused
as permanent head of state, and estab- panics and uncertainty throughout the
lishing Catholicism as the only permit- period—particularly in France, which
ted religion). L’Ouverture masterfully historically was less able than Britain to clear away centuries
played the French and Spanish against of antiquated financial and taxation methods.
one another until he and his movement were ready for a sustained
military effort. #38 East Asia Piracy: While privateers and piracy had largely
been brought low in the Caribbean by this time, it still flour-
DESIGN NOTE: The Haitian Revolution took place in 1791, ished on the African coast and in East Asia, particularly near
technically outside the time covered by Imperial Struggle, but the Malacca straits and around the Southeast Asian kingdoms.
potentially could have occurred earlier as L’Ouverture had This added to the risk of commerce past India, although Eu-
been a free man for at least several years prior to the revolt. ropean powers were gradually tightening their grip even over
It’s also such an important event in the history of the Carib- such distant waters.
bean that it seemed a shame not to put it on an Event card.

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24 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

#39 Stamp Act: This British tariff on damage was done, and the ensuing Tea Act spurred the Boston
paper goods and documents, passed in Tea Party.
1765, was a major spark for the Ameri- #M-22 Edmund Burke: One of Britain’s preeminent scholar-
can Revolution. It only lasted a few statesmen, Burke wrote a searing critique of the French Revolu-
months before Parliament repealed it, tion entitled Reflections on the Revolution in France, in which
but the damage was done. he decried the revolution’s unintended consequences and its
destruction of social capital and culture. For the traditionalist
ideas he articulated he is sometimes described as the first modern
conservative. He endorsed the American Revolution, though,
and believed it was counterproductive to use military force to
keep the colonies in line.
#40 Falklands Crisis: Both Britain and Spain claimed the
Falklands Islands (“Islas Malvinas”) off the southern tip of South #M-23 Turgot: Jacques Turgot, an economist and inheritor
America. In 1770 Spanish forces seized Port Egmont from the of the Physiocrats (one of the defining movements in early
British, sparking an international crisis. Choiseul, spoiling for economics) served as finance minister to Louis XVI. His ini-
a fight after the defeats of the Seven Years’ War, sought to back tiatives to tax and debt simplification massively improved the
Spain’s claim and escalate to full-blown war over the islands, but royal financial situation, but his curtailment of sinecures and
Louis XV demurred. This was also the final blow to Choiseul, privileges alienated important courtiers (including the Queen).
who left his post in the crisis. He believed France could not afford intervention on behalf of
the American colonists, despite his deep sympathy with their
#41 Cook And Bougainville: The two greatest explorers of cause (although he also felt that France should not support a
the century for Britain and France respectively were James Cook country that would perpetuate slavery).
and Louis-Antoine, comte de Bougainville; Cook’s voyages to
Australia and Hawaii, until then unknown to Europe, as well as #M-24 North American Trade: French trade in the natural
northwestern Canada and Alaska, form an awe-inspiring record resources of North America generated not just substantial funds
of navigational and leadership feats. Bougainville’s circumnavi- for the crown, but also great cachet, given the uniqueness of
gation of the globe was the first by a French captain, and the North American furs.
detailed records he kept of his visit to Tahiti inspired an entire #M-25 Marquis de Condorcet: A
wave of cultural anthropology. The Pacific island named for him mathematician and early game theorist,
was the focus of fierce fighting during World War II. Condorcet also wrote extensively about
politics (including an endorsement of
Ministry Cards: women’s equality and racial equality).
#M-19 James Watt: Watt did not invent the steam engine, but He is best known for the Condorcet
he introduced crucial improvements to steam engine design. method of determining an electorate’s
With these improvements, which vastly increased the engine’s preference among many candidates,
efficiency and versatility, the Industrial Revolution began in which involves a sequence of pairwise
Britain. matchups that eliminates half the can-
didates every round. (There is scholar-
#M-20 Papacy-Hanover Negotiations: When the Papacy
ship indicating that Condorcet’s method best aggregates a large
refrained from recognizing Charles Stuart as his father James’
group’s preferences.)
successor to the English throne, this was as good as outright
legitimation of Hanoverian (and thus Protestant) rule in England. #M-26 Lavoisier: Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier was perhaps
This dealt a death blow to the Jacobites, who previously could France’s—and Europe’s—greatest chemist, forging progress in
always count on the Holy See’s support. a wide variety of chemical and biological disciplines. He dis-
covered that matter does not change mass as a result of chemical
#M-21 Townshend Acts: The series
processes like combustion, isolated and described the properties
of revenue-related acts of Parliament
of elements like oxygen and hydrogen, and systematized chem-
called the Townshend Acts (for Charles
istry to an unprecedented degree. His role in the antiquated and
Townsend, then the Chancellor of the
arbitrary French tax system sealed his fate during the Revolution,
Exchequer) were passed following the
though, and he went to the guillotine in 1794.
Declaratory Act of 1766, which as-
serted Parliament’s right to legislate and
govern in all matters related to the
American colonies. Needless to say, this
did not go over well, particularly in New
York which was specifically targeted.
Although the Townshend Acts were repealed fairly quickly, the

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 25

American War of Independence: Admiral George Brydges Rodney com-

manded several important fleet actions in the
Tile Background Seven Years’ War and the American Revolu-
BRITISH WAR TILES tion. He was an effective and dynamic naval
Charles Cornwallis, Earl of Cornwallis led British troops in commander, and made the greatest impact in
several major campaigns of the American War of Independence, raids and prize captures, as well as providing crucial relief to
including the siege of Charleston; the campaign for New York; besieged Gibraltar. He helped prosecute the Anglo-Dutch war
and in the Carolinas where he fought a notable battle at Guil- that erupted during the Revolution, acquiring a reputation as a
ford Court House. Of course, he is best known for his surrender glory and fortune hunter.
under siege at Yorktown in 1781, which cemented American Major John André was Howe’s chief of intelligence. A dash-
independence. ing and intelligent young officer, André took charge of Brit-
William Howe, a veteran of both of Britain’s previous global ish espionage efforts in the Revolution. He coordinated the
conflicts, commanded all British forces in North America during nearly-successful betrayal of West Point to the British, and
the American War of Independence until his resignation in 1777 the subsequent defection of Benedict Arnold. Caught by an
(following the debacle at Saratoga). His capture of New York American patrol and identified as a spy, he was hanged at George
was well executed, but his reticence to force extensive combat Washington’s order.
allowed Washington and the Continental army to slip away. Benedict Arnold is perhaps America’s most notorious traitor
Sir Eyre Coote gets a second entry here due (even more so than, ahem, Aldrich Ames). A capable sailor
to his incredible battlefield presence and com- as well as soldier, Arnold’s maneuvers at Saratoga are widely
mand in Britain’s first major counteroffensive credited as decisive in that victory, and his invasion of Quebec,
of the Second Anglo-Mysore War. At Porto while prematurely called off, posed a terrible threat to British
Novo, Coote’s mixed Company, regular, and control of Canada. Ill-tempered, short of money, suffering from
sepoy forces met a massive Indian force led by Hyder Ali, and the pain of battle wounds, and resentful over what he saw as a
defeated them. He followed this up with a decisive victory over lack of credit for his contributions to the war, Arnold persuaded
Hyder Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan (who would later face Corn- himself that the Patriots could not ultimately win, and plotted
wallis in the Third Anglo-Mysore War). to surrender the West Point fortress to the British. The capture
of John André, his British handler, exposed Arnold’s treason,
Brant’s Volunteers: A mixed force of Mohawk and Tory militia although Washington’s disbelief at this turn of events allowed
led by Joseph Brant (né Thayendanegea), the Volunteers raided, Arnold enough time to flee to England.
looted, and harassed Patriot settlements. Brant, a Mohawk by
birth, played an important role in improving relations between Anglo-Dutch Conflict: The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War stemmed
the British and the Iroquois tribes. from Dutch opportunism over Britain’s distraction throughout
the world at the time of the American Revolution. The two na-
Sir Guy Carleton commanded British forces in Quebec, defend- tions hadn’t fought for naval dominance since before William
ing it from Continental attack in 1775. Although Montreal fell of Orange took the English throne, and this one ended very
in late 1775, Carleton held out in Quebec City, with the aid of badly for the Dutch (although they were able to recoup a few
some of the first Hessian troops to fight for the British crown. He of their territorial losses at the Paris treaty table). Nonetheless,
took overall command of British forces from Sir Henry Clinton it did create additional strain on Britain’s naval priorities and
at the end of the Revolution. resources at a crucial time.
Cornplanter, a chief of the Seneca (themselves a member tribe Hessians: King George’s status as the Elector of Hanover won
of the Iroquois Confederacy), urged his people to remain distant the service of a great many—at least 50,000—German troops,
from the “white man’s war.” But when the confederation decided who hailed from a wide variety of German principalities and
to side with the British, Cornplanter led Seneca warriors in fierce electorates. Most of them came from Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, and
and brutal frontier fighting. After the war Cornplanter acted as a Hesse-Hanau, which caused them just to be called “Hessians”.
liaison between the new American government and the Seneca,
trying to maintain Native territorial integrity. He met with some
success but ultimately became disillusioned.
John Stuart was the architect of British alliance with the
Cherokee and other Native tribes of the southern colonies. At
his urging the Cherokee unleashed a swarm of raids and attacks
on Patriot centers of support; they also fought alongside the
British at Twelve Mile Creek in 1775.

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26 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

Revolution, and coordinating with Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan

FRENCH WAR TILES of Mysore, the French captured Mahé, an important port on the
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, west coast of India. With their supply lines restored, the French
held overall command of the French army that came to reinforce had a genuine chance at regaining substantial holdings in India,
the American colonists, once France committed to intervention but ultimately fell short as the East India Company committed
and to war with Britain. He arrived in the colonies in 1780 and, strongly to the defense of India.
once he felt strategically secure, marched to meet Washington’s
Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand, Baron von
army in New York. The Yorktown campaign, and British defeat,
Steuben, was a career officer of the Prussian Army who came
soon followed.
to America to train the Continental Army in modern fighting
Admiral François Joseph Paul de Grasse, comte de Grasse, methods, tactics, and organization. His “Blue Book” (Regula-
helmed the French fleet that defeated the British at the mouth tions for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United
of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, denying Cornwallis’ army States) codified American army training doctrine for a genera-
supply and evacuation, and reinforcing the French and Ameri- tion. He commanded a division at Yorktown and became a U.S.
cans with victuals and shot. Cornwallis was left with no choice citizen after the war.
but to surrender his army.
Nathanael Greene (“the Fighting Quaker”) led a relentless
George Washington (“the American Cincin- campaign to recapture the southern American colonies from the
natus”) led the Continental Army as command- British. He was present at many key engagements, including
er-in-chief and, after the Patriot victory in the Brandywine, Guilford Court House, Germantown, Trenton,
American Revolution, served as the new re- and Eutaw Springs. Widely praised for his patience, judgment,
public’s first President under its recently-rati- and leadership, Greene did as much as any American officer to
fied Constitution. Unquestionably one of America’s greatest secure Patriot victory.
statesmen and war leaders, Washington’s legacy and legend
East River Wind: Washington’s escape from New York under
remain among the most powerful historical influences on
cover of a fortuitous fog—which might have been expected to
American culture.
blow away under the typical winds that blew along New York’s
Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du east harbor—saved the fledgling Continental Army from utter
Motier, marquis de Lafayette, aside from destruction at the hands of General Howe’s much larger and
having one of the 18th century’s best names, better-supported British invasion force.
was a devoted admirer of Washington and the
Bunker Hill: The month after Lexington and Concord, Ameri-
ideas of the Revolution generally. Highly liter-
can colonists built fortifications on Breed’s Hill (near the actual
ate, charming, and talented as a military officer, Lafayette arrived
Bunker Hill) outside Boston, prompting a British assault. Al-
in the colonies well before France officially intervened, and
though the British were able to occupy the fortifications, they
served with distinction and character from Brandywine in 1777
took significant losses in so doing. This was the first hint that
through the wintering at Valley Forge, the battle of Monmouth,
the war might be protracted and bloody.
and Yorktown. One of only six individuals to receive honorary
U.S. citizenship, Lafayette was also a passionate abolitionist,
and he played a substantial role in the early stages of the French
Revolution before it went so tragically awry.
Admiral Pierre André de Suffren St. Tropez, like many of-
ficers of the global Anglo-French conflict that subsumed the
American Revolution, saw action in the previous two wars as
well. It was in that latter conflict, though, that de Suffren earned
his reputation as a top-notch naval strategist and even theorist—
engaging in a lengthy chess match against the British squadron
supporting the East India Company. He and de Bussy-Castelnau
engaged in a close strategic partnership, with de Suffren at sea
and de Bussy on land, and also supported Hyder Ali’s campaigns
against the British.
Morgan’s Rifles was an elite unit of rifle-toting Patriot light
infantry, renowned for the marksmanship of its men and for
its extensive service record during the Revolution. It fought in
both the northern and southern theaters, under both Washington
and Greene.
Charles Joseph Patissier, Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, was
a protégé of Dupleix and a capable soldier. Charged with seiz-
ing British territory and assets in India during the American

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 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook 27

Designer’s Notes

S
ince GMT Games published our Twilight Struggle back the game has been our appreciation and affection for these two
in 2005, Jason and I have wanted to create another game great nations. It was critical for both of us that France and Britain
together. It’s no coincidence that this one is also about a should be co-stars of Imperial Struggle, with the greatness of
superpower conflict on a global scale. But unlike Twilight Strug- each on full display. One important turning point in the develop-
gle, where the identities of the superpowers are well known, in ment of Imperial Struggle was the creation of the Ministry cards,
Imperial Struggle the two rivals are trying to determine which with their side-specific mechanics. Playtest feedback indicated
one will dominate the nascent modern age. This is not a trivial that it felt too similar to play Britain and France—an outcome
difference. Imperial Struggle covers twice as much history, we decidedly did not want! The Ministry cards were our solu-
features multiple shooting wars with the two-player nations in tion. Along with the Event card designs, we hoped they would
direct conflict, and demands a more nuanced treatment of the create a balanced competitive experience that also reflects the
period’s other great powers. It didn’t take us long to realize that two antagonists’ different worldviews, priorities, and ambitions.
Imperial Struggle could borrow very little from Twilight Struggle
Although all historical eras have their fascinating personali-
if we had any hope of doing justice to this period and situation.
ties, we felt that this era featured some of the most remarkable
The biggest design challenge in Imperial Struggle was sim- and distinctive people of all time. The Ministry and Event cards
ply: how do we make a simple, quick-playing game that covers helped us give them their due in gameplay, and putting them
92 years of history and four major wars , and embraces not just (particularly the military figures) on the War tiles added the
military and political but social and cultural competition, without sweep and march of history to the Wars. Earlier versions of the
requiring the player to learn the rules to both a Eurogame and game granted special powers to certain leaders, and added more
a wargame? Imperial Struggle unites all of these dynamics by asymmetry in the ways wars could go, but ultimately those felt
keeping decision-making at a high level. The players represent clunky to play with. If players embrace Imperial Struggle, and
monarchs and governments, whose direct control over mili- the version you hold now becomes familiar, we look forward
tary affairs was constrained by poor information and layers of to resurrecting some ideas that felt like a bridge too far in a
delegation. So, a system where the players could make com- game that already asks players to master some novel systems
mitments and recognize weaknesses, but with limited ability to and gameplay.
optimize, made sense. Dramatic territorial changes can happen
Some playtesters and observers have asked: where is Napo-
due to warfare in Imperial Struggle, but generally, wars ought
leon? Simply put: early versions of the game that included the
to feel constrained, where the loser feels that the concessions
Napoleonic period increased game time by almost a third, and
represented by Treaty Points can enable recovery and revenge
added more rules complexity that really only came into play in
in the next conflict.
the endgame. If players get a lot of value from Imperial Struggle,
Instead, the key decisions rotate around where and when the temptation for us to create an expansion or follow-on game
to project power and seize opportunity. Each Action Round to handle the Revolution and Napoleon (or whoever the Revolu-
invites you to create the best possible meld of Investment tile tion’s successor might be!) will be irresistible.
and Event in hand, with an eye to denying options your oppo-
But enough about what isn’t in the box. We hope you find
nent. In Twilight Struggle the tension comes from managing the
hours of tension, triumph, and glory in its cardboard contents;
adverse events in one’s hand each turn, minimizing their impact
that if you are less familiar with the turbulence and drama that
while making progress on the board. Here, conversely, the ten-
characterized the 18th century, you’ll fall under its spell as we
sion comes from executing the best possible combinations and
did; and if you are already a devotee of the period, that you feel
power moves, and blocking or playing around your opponent’s.
we’ve done it justice.
Players sometimes ask us about the representation of alter-
nate history in Twilight Struggle. There are so many fascinating
Cold War events that actually happened, but surely there should
be room for more what-if in the event deck. We didn’t go in that
direction in Twilight Struggle, except for the Turn Zero expan-
sion, but in Imperial Struggle the Event cards resemble the ones
found in COIN games. Our decision to sever the action points
from the events in Imperial Struggle—both to limit the impact
of widely imbalanced card draws and to enable a pro-French
and pro-British version of most events—is something we hope
players particularly enjoy.
And we also hope that our shared Anglophilia and Franco-
philia pervade the game. Imperial Struggle has been a long time
coming, and one of the constant motivators to finish and deliver

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28 Imperial Struggle ~ Playbook

Selected Bibliography & Ludography Credits

John B. Owen, The Eighteenth Century, Rowman and Littlefield Game Design: Ananda Gupta & Jason Matthews
1975. Developer: Ralan Hill
Derek McKay & H.M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers Art Director: Rodger B. MacGowan
1648-1815, Routledge 2014.
Cover Art (game box, rules): Terry Leeds
Robert and Isabelle Tombs, That Sweet Enemy: The British and
French from the Sun King to the Present, Knopf 2007. Map, Counters, and Cards: Terry Leeds

Robert Markham, Soldier Kings: The Seven Years War World- Manuals and Player Aids: Charlie Kibler
wide, Avalanche Press 2002. Editing: James McFetridge, Kai Jensen, Jeff Loewenguth,
Zara Anishanslin, Portrait of a Woman in Silk: Hidden Histories Margo Marquess, Andrew Polak
of the British Atlantic World, Yale 2016. Production Coordination: Tony Curtis
Stephen Yafa, Cotton: The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber, Executive Producers: Tony Curtis, Rodger MacGowan, Andy
Penguin 2005. Lewis, Gene Billingsley & Mark Simonitch
Paul Lacroix, France in the Eighteenth Century: Its Institutions, Playtesters: Peter Card, Riku Riekkinen, Daniel Haas, Chris
Customs, and Costumes, Bickers & Son 1876 (original); ed. Cantrell, Rajan Gupta, Harold Buchanan, Pat Mulvihill, Trevor
Suzanne Alleyn, Spyderwort Press, 2017. Bender, Charlie Roselius, Tim Porter, Barry Setser, Michael
Douglas Peers, India under Colonial Rule 1700-1885, Rout- Lahl, Nicholas Werner, Nicolas Emmanuel Chaffron, Marco
ledge 2013. Poutré, Tom Kassel, Marc Guenette, David Stengle, Luis Soto,
John Echeverria, Michael Solomon, David Amidon, Andrew
Emile de Bonnechose, The History of France from The Invasion Kluck, David Abecassis, Nicolas Gillon, Pierre Faucher, Hervé
of the Franks under Clovis to the Accession of Louis Philippe, Godinot, Steve Cole, Ryan O’Donoghue, Joel Toppen
Routledge 1856 (tr. William Robson).
VASSAL module: Joel Toppen
Linda Frey and Marsha Frey, The Treaties of the War of the
Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary, Much Love & Special Thanks: Solveig Singleton
Greenwood 1995. Decorative Page Art and Divider: FreePic (www.freepik.com)
Julian Stafford Corbett, England in the Seven Years War: A
Study in Combined Strategy (vol. II), 1907; ref. Pickle Partners
Publishing 2011.

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P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232
www.GMTGames.com

© 2020 GMT Games, LLC