SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

1. What is surface water hydrology

 Sub-field of hydrology concerned with above earth water.
 The study of moving water found in rivers, open channels, lakes, and runoff across the open land
surface
 It also tells us about the distribution of water over the surface of the earth
2. Why is surface water Hydrology important?
 Important for transportation, irrigation, water supply, hydropower etc.
3. What is overland flow?
 Overland flow is the movement of water over land develop towards surface water body
4. What is a catchment area?
 The area of land draining into a stream or a water course at a given location is known
as catchment area
5. What are the types of catchment area?
 Fan shape and fern leaf
6. What is the difference between surface water hydrology and ground water hydrology?
 Surface hydrology deals with water above earth surface while ground water hydrology deals
with water found below earth surface.
7. What is the difference between gaining stream river and losing stream river?

Gaining stream river Losing stream river

Gains water from the river It loses water as it flows downstream. The water
infiltrates into the ground recharging the local
ground water

8. What is the difference between upstream and downstream flow of the river?

UPSTREAM FLOW DOWNSTREAM FLOW

9. What is hydrologic cycle?

 The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, is a life cycle that involves the continuous
circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the
water cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and
runoff.
10. What is the importance of hydrologic cycle?
 The hydrologic cycle is important because it is how water reaches plants, animals, and us!
Besides providing people, animals, and plants with water, it also moves things like nutrients,
pathogens, and sediment in and out of aquatic ecosystems.

PERCIPITATION, FORMS OF PERCIPITATION, TYPES OF PERCIPITATION & RAINFALL CHARACTERISTICS

11. What do mean by Precipitation?

 Any form of water reach to ground from atmosphere
12. What are different forms of precipitation?
 Liquid Precipitation
1. Rainfall and drizzle
  Frozen precipitation
1. Glaze, Sleet, snow, snowflakes, hail
13. What are the types of Precipitation?
 Cyclonic precipitation
 Convective precipitation
 Orographic precipitation
14. Differentiate between Frontal & Non-Frontal Precipitation?

FRONTAL PRECIPITATION NON-FRONTAL PRECIPITATION

It is due to flow of warm air mass into a cold When cold air meets with stationary warm air
region then Non-Frontal Precipitation occurs

15. Enlist the characteristics of Rainfall & Also Explain them.

SIZE AND SHAPE INTENSITY AND DURATION

Raindrops occur in any shape up to Intensity and duration are usually inversely
approximately 9 mm mean diameter after related, i.e., high intensity storms are likely to
which they tend to break up. be of short duration and low intensity storms
can have a long duration

16. Explain the relationship between Intensity and Duration.

 Intensity and duration are usually inversely related, i.e., high intensity storms are likely to be of
short duration and low intensity storms can have a long duration
17. What is the mean diameter of Raindrop?
 Droplet size = 0.5 ~ 6.25 mm
18. What is difference between Rainfall & Drizzle?

RAINFALL DRIZZLE
Droplet size = 0.5 ~ 6.25 mm Droplet size < 0.5 mm, and
Intensity < 0.01 mm/hr.

19. Which is the most important type of Precipitation?

20.
21. Differentiate Between Glaze & Sleet

GLAZE SLEET
frozen drizzle and rain. : frozen rain drops cooled to ice stage through
air at sub-freezing temperature

RUNOFF FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF, COMPUTATION OF RUNOFF

22. Define runoff and when it occurs?

 Runoff is the portion of precipitation that makes its way towards rivers or ocean
 Runoff occurs only when rate of precipitation exceeds the rate at which water may infiltrates
into soil
23. what are the portions of runoff?
 Surface runoff
 Ground water flow
  Direct precipitation over the river stream
24. Why we called runoff as surface runoff?
25. What are factors affecting runoff?
 Precipitation characteristics
 Shape and size of the catchment
 Topography
 Geological characteristics
 Metrological characteristics
 Character of the catchment surface
 Storage characteristics
26. define precipitation characteristics of runoff?
 Runoff depends upon intensity of the rainfall
 More the rainfall more will be runoff
27. Define topographical characteristics of runoff?
 Runoff depends on surface smoothness and slope.
 If slope is steep, flow will be quick and less evaporation and absorption, resulting greater runoff.
 If the catchment is in mountainous area and on the windward side of the mountain, then more
rain fall resulting more runoff.
28. Define geological characteristics of runoff?
 Important factor
 Includes type of surface soil, sub soil and their permeability characteristics
 If soil and su
 b soil is porous seepage will be more resulting reduction in peak flood
 If surface is rocky then resulting will be more runoff
29. Define characteristics of catchment area?
 The artificial storage such as dams , weir, etc and natural drainage such as ponds lakes, tends to
reduce the peak flow
30. Define storage characteristics and how they affect the runoff?
31. Define runoff cycle?

Quality of Water: Methods of Agriculture water Quality Determination, Salt Concentration and its
Limits for irrigation Water, Quality of water in the Indus Plain

32. what are the properties used to determine the quality of water?
 Salinity
 Water infiltration rate
 Specific ion toxicity
 Miscellaneous parameters
33. What is salinity and how its measured?
 The amount of salt present in water is called salinity. Its measured with electric conductivity (EC)
34. what is the range of pH for irrigation water?
 range of pH for irrigation water is 6.5 to 8.4.
35. what is the Salt concentration and how its measured?
 The amount of salt per volume of water is called salt concentration. Its measured in parts per
million. Ppm
36. How many classes of water are there?
 there are three classes of water 1 st class, 2nd class and 3rd class.
37. What is the TDS limit for 1st class water?
 ranges from 0 to 500 parts per million
38. what is the quality of Indus river water?
 The quality of Indus water is good. It can be used for irrigation as well as municipal purposes
39. Is excess of Nitrogen suitable for irrigation water?
 Fertilizers are consist of nitrogen because its good for crops. But to much nitrogen is dangerous
for crops also. Thus, we should keep it in limit.
40. which metals effect water quality?
 Metals such as Boron and magnesium effect water quality.
41. what is water infiltration rate?
 The amount of water percolates per volume of soil is called water infiltration rate

RIGHT BANK OUTFALL DRAIN RBOD I, RBOD II, RBOD III,

42. What is the function of Right Bank Outfall Drain Projects?

 Function of RBOD is providing drainage system aimed at carrying effluent
43. Enlist the RBOD1, RBOD2, RBOD3 Projects in Pakistan
 RBOD-1=(Nara-valley Drain)
 RBOD-2=(RBOD-II at Sehwan)
 RBOD-3(Collects saline water from balochistan into RBOD2
44. Which department is responsible for RBOD1 and RBOD3?
 WAPDA
45. Which Department is responsible for RBOD2?
 Irrigation department
46. Nara Valley Drain is which type of RBOD?
 RBOD -1
47. The First RBOD project funded by?
 World Bank
48. What do you know about RBOD1?
 The Main function of RBOD1 is to carry flood water and carry agriculture effluent
49. What do you know about RBOD2?
 The effluent from RBOD-III and RBOD-I will be carried to sea through the RBOD-II
50. What do you know about RBOD3?
 The RBOD-III is a just like lake of salts where different types of salts are obtainable
51. Impact of RBOD1 in Sindh?
 Continuous supply of poisonous and salty water to the lake for 20 years has reduced the fish
production from 3,000 tons in 1950 to 100 tons in 2001 and consequently compelled nearly
40,000 fishermen to migrate from the area.

LEFT BANK OUTFALL DRAIN (LBOD)

52. what is the design capacity of left bank outfall drain?

 designed capacity of left bank outfall drain is 4500cusecs
53. what is the purpose of left bank outfall drain?
 It prevents waterlogging and helps to drain out saline water
54. what are its environmental impacts?
  It releases saline water,therefore it has bad environmental impacts
55. who funded for its construction?
 World Bank funded for its construction
56. how much area it irrigates?
 127million acres
57. where the LBOD is built?
 It starts from Ghotki district and flows through the districts of left bank of River Indus before
ending in the sir creek of Arabian sea on Badin coast.
58. How much area it covers?

59. What is its impact on the quality of water?
 As it drains saline water,therefore,it saddens the quality of water and increases the salinity
problem in water
60. How does it impact on the Indus water treaty with India?
 Water released by LBOD enhances flooding in India and contaminates the quality of water
bodies which is the source of water to salt farms spread over large area of e.g Great run of Kutch
in area.
61. when was it bult?
 It was built between 1987 and 1997.

MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL, TYPES OF RAIN-GAUGES, NON-AUTOMATIC, SYMON’S RAIN-GAUGE

62. What are the types of measurement of Rainfall?

63. which type of measurement of rainfall mostly used?
64. what is/are the Non automatic Rain gauge?
65. what is the type of automatic Rain gauges?
66. what is the mechanism of Weighing bucket Rain gauge?
67. what are the Advantages of Automatic rain gauge?
68. In Non automatic Rain gauge what we can measure?
69. what are the disadvantages of Automatic Rain gauge?
70. Can we measure the intensity of Rain fall in Automatic rain gauge?
71. in Tipping Bucket Rain-gauge how rain was recorded?

Measurement of Non-automatic,
Automatic Weighing Bucket Rain-gauge
Tipping Bucket Rain-gauge
Float type Rain-gauge

72. What is dia of funnel that collects rainwater in tripping bucket rain gauge?
73. What is mechanism of weight bucket rain gauge?
74. What is float type rain gauge?
75. In which direction drum rotates in Tipping Bucket Rain gauge and Weighing Bucket Rain gauge?
76. Advantages of automatic method over the non-automatic method?
77. In automatic rain gauge at what interval intensity is measured?
78. What are the parts of weight bucket rain gauge?
79. Which equipment is more effective in measuring rainfall?
80. What is difference between recording and non-recording gauge?
81. How does float type rain gauge work?

Computation of Average Rainfall

Arithmetic average method.
Thiessen polygon method
Isohytel method
82. what are the methods for computation of average rainfall?
 Arithmetic Mean, (2) Theisen Polygon Method, and (3) Iso-Hyetal Method.
83. what is mean by isohyet?
 hyet a line drawn on a map connecting points having equal rainfall at a certain time or for a
stated period
84. which method is more accurate?
 isohyetl method
85. define Thiessen polygon method?
 The Thiessen Polygon approach is probably the. most common method used in
hydrometeorology for determining average precipitation (or snow) over an area when there is
more than one measurement
86. Which is another name of Thiessen polygon method?
 Also called Weighted Mean Method.
87. Explain arithmetic average method of rainfall?
 Arithmetic Mean - This technique calculates areal precipitation using the arithmetic mean of all
the point or areal measurements considered in the analysis
88. what is mass curve of rainfall?
 If the total accumulated precipitation is plotted against time, the curve obtained is known as
Mass curve of Rainfall/Storm.
 Mass curve of rainfall are very useful in extracting the information on the duration and the
magnitude of storm
 Also, intensities at various time intervals in a storm can be obtained
89. what is hyetograph?
 A hyetograph is a graphical representation of the distribution of rainfall intensity over time
while hydrograph is a graph of flow past a point in a river versus time
90. what is the formula of Isohytel method?
  P1  P2  
  A  2  
Pav 
A
91. define intensity of rainfall?
 Rainfall intensity is defined as the ratio of the total amount of rain (rainfall depth) falling during
a given period to the duration of the period It is expressed in depth units per unit time, usually
as mm per hour (mm/h).

ESTIMATION OF FLOOD DISCHARGE, HYDROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

92. What is flood discharge?

 : Discharge is the volume of water that passes through a given cross section per unit time,
usually measured in cubic feet per second (cfs) or cubic meters per second (cms).
93. Catchment-Runoff method of flood discharge?
 The catchment area is the command area of a river wherefrom the river gets the supply of
water. The catchment area is computed from the contour map and the flood discharge is
estimated from the “Run-off ” formula. The rainfall is measured by rain gauges in millimetre.
94. Define Flood Frequency?
 Flood frequency is the concept of the probable frequency of occurrence of a given flood. ... An
example of a return period is when a flood has a 1 % probability of occurring in a given year (i.e.
1 chance in 100) and is thus described as a 100- year flood event
95. Why flood estimation is important?
 To design the water resource structure such as Dam, Spillways, Diversion works, Bridge etc.
 To determine the maximum discharge and miximum potential
 Estimate cost and size of structure
96. Physical indications of flood?
 Common warning signs include intense rainfall, dam or levee failure as well as other events such
as slow moving tropical storms and early snow melt can all contribute to flooding whether you
live in a flood zone or no
97. Define Aerial flood?
 An areal flood warning is normally issued for flooding that develops more gradually usually from
prolonged and persistent moderate to heavy rainfall. This results in a gradual ponding or buildup
of water in low-lying, food prone araeas, as well as small creeks and stream
98. Dickens’s formula for the estimation discharge?

99. What are the assumptions in unit hydrograph method?

100. Define rainfall intensity?

 Rainfall intensity is defined as the ratio of the total amount of rain (rainfall depth) falling during
a given period to the duration of the period It is expressed in depth units per unit time, usually
as
101. Define Coastal flood?
 Coastal flooding occurs when normally dry, low-lying land is flooded by seawater. The extent
of coastal flooding is a function of the elevation inland flood waters penetrate which is
controlled by the topography of the coastal land exposed to flooding
 Well Irrigation: Well hydraulics, Interference Among Wells, Well losses, Specific Capacity of Well

102. What is well Hydraulics?

 Well hydraulics is a discipline to understand the process of flow of water to the well in an
aquifer which is regarded as a source of groundwater.
103. what is well?
 A water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring
or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers.
104. Define Artesian well.
 An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer containing groundwater under positive pressure. ...
A well drilled into such an aquifer is called an artesian well.
105. Difference between open well and tube well?

OPEN WELL TUBE WELL

Open Wells have large diameters. tube wells have smaller diameter.
Open Wells have lower depth. tube wells have deep/larger depth.
Open Wells have lower Discharge. tube wells have deep/higher discharge.

106. What is Interference of wells?

 If two or more wells are constructed in such a way that they are near to each other and their
cones of depressions (The form of surface created by increasing hydraulic gradient is cone
shaped. It is therefore called cone of depression and it represents drawdown at various
points in the aquifer) interact, then they are said to interfere.
107. Radius of influence?
 : It is distance from the center of the well to the point at which the drawdown is zero.
108. define Drawdown.
 The lowering of the water level at any point as a result of groundwater pumping is called
drawdown at that point.
109. What is Specific capacity of well?
 The specific capacity of a well is defined as the well yield per unit of drawdown.
 It is usually expressed as lpm/m. ( liters/minute / meter)
110. how many types of well?
 Basically, there are two types of Wells, Open wells and Tube Wells
111. What happens to water table when we pump out water through well?
 When the water is pumped out from a tube well, the water level in the well as well as in the
vicinity of the pumped well is lowered.

OPEN WELLS

112. what is open well?

 An open well is a lined or unlined hole in the ground that accesses the shallowest
groundwater available in the local area
113. What are two types of open wells?

Shallow open well Deep open well

These are the wells resting on the water these are the wells resting on the
bearing strata and gets their supplies from impervious layer knows as mota layer
the surrounding material beneath which lies water bearing pervious
layer and gets their supply from this layer.
114. How do we get water from an open well?

115. Why the well is always round?

 The reason for this is that a  round well  produces the greatest amount of water for the least
amount of work. Also, a  round  lining is the strongest that can be built for the smallest
quantity of materials
116. what is different between open well and tube well?

117. what are the advantages of open well?
 Relatively cheap
 Simple and easily understood and maintained
 Skills often available locally
 Comparing wells of similar depth, an open well has a large surface area and hence yield than
a hand drilled well, but a hand drilled well can extend deeper into the aquifer
 Open wells can be covered and fitted with pump
118. Do wells have unlimited water?
 well water  is much more reasonable than municipal  water  and provides long-term savings.
Once a  well has  been dug, it can provide a practically endless supply of water.
119. how does open well work?
 A  well  is the most common way to obtain groundwater for household use. A  well  is basically
a hole in the ground, held open by a pipe (or casing) that extends to an aquifer. A pump
draws water from the aquifer for distribution through the plumbing system
120. uses of open well.
 Open wells are used for irrigation and domestic purposes
121. Is it safe to drink well water?
 water from a well can contain bacteria, lead, arsenic, chromium 6, mercury, radon, and
VOCs. A well water filter is essential

TUBE WELL AND ITS TYPES, CONSTRUCTION OF TUBE WELLS, COMPARISON OF TUBE WELL
IRRIGATION WITH CANAL IRRIGATION

122. What is Tube Well?

 A tube well is a type of water well in which a long, 100–200 millimetres (3.9–7.9 in)-wide,
stainless steel tube or pipe is bored into an underground aquifer. The lower end is fitted
with a strainer, and a pump lifts water for irrigation. The required depth of the well depends
on the depth of the water table.
123. What are types of tube well??
 Strainer Type Tube Wells
 Cavity Type Tube Well
 Slotted Type Tube well:
124. What is purpose of tube well?
 The main purpose of tube well is to uplift underground water to surface so that we can use
it for our need.
125. What is Canal irrigation??
  Irrigation done by using canals as a water source. A canal is a manmade waterway that
allows boats and ships to pass from one body of water to another. Canals are also used to
transport water for irrigation and other human uses.
126. What is tube well irrigation?
 Irrigation done by using tube well as a source of water
127. What is difference b/w tube well irrigation and canal irrigation?
 the main difference is source of water.
128. What are the advantages of tube well irrigation?
 Groundwater is easily available.
 The water table is fairly close to the surface.
 Able to irrigate a much larger area.
 More reliable during periods of drought when surface water dries up.
 Suitable for small holdings.
129. What are disadvantages of tube well irrigation?
 Only limited area can be irrigated. ...
 The well may dry up and may be rendered useless for irrigation if excessive water is taken
out.
 In the event of a drought, the ground water level falls and enough water is not available in
the well when it is needed the mos
130. What are the advantages of canal irrigation?
 Canals are fed by rain water received by rivers, and the water is used for irrigation.
Production of crops needing more water is also possible through canals. As compared to un-
irrigated soils, higher productivity per hectare is also possible due to canals.
131. What are disadvantages of canal irrigation?
 The major disadvantages of canal irrigation are: Any imbalance in the water distribution
process results in a scarcity of water in some areas and water clogging in other areas. This
hence makes the soil unproductive due to the movement of harmful underground salts and
alkalies to the surface level.
132. Define Construction of Tube well system?
 A tube well is dug manually; no mechanized equipment necessary. First, a steel pipe with a
sharp blade is inserted into the ground and used to dig into the soil. ... At the base of the
well are filters which strain out sand, allowing clean water to be sucked to the surface via a
hand pump. And, voila! Clean water.

PURPOSE OF DRAINAGE, DRAINAGE NEEDS, WATER TABLE, WATER MOVEMENT IN SUBSOIL,

PERMEABILITY AND METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY

133. What is permeability?

 It is defined as the ability of the formation to transmit or pass water through it. OR The
ability of porous medium that allows fluid (especially water) through it, is called
Permeability
134. What is the empirical method of determination of permeability?
There are four empirical methods of determination of permeability, they are.
 Allen Hazen Formula
 Konzeny Carmen Equation
 Loudon’s Formula
 Consolidation Test Data
135. What is the Laboratory method to find the permeability?
 The Laboratory methods for determination of permeability are.
 Constant Head Method
 Falling or Variable Head Method
136. Is permeability depending in shape of soil?
 Yes!
137. what is water table?
 Water table, also called groundwater table, upper level of an underground surface in which
the soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water
138. what are the causes receding of water table?
 Droughts
 Earthquakes
 seasons
139. what are the causes of rising in water table?
 Heavy Rainfall
 Ice jams
140. For the Water movement in sub soil, which soil is ideal one?
 Granular soil structures are an ideal surface soil (topsoil) structure as it allows for both the
vertical and lateral movement of water immediately upon infiltration
141. Why Drainage is necessary after rain for growing of plant?
 Drainage ensures that the soil is properly aerated. If you have excess or standing water, it
can choke your crops.
 Drainage on hill slopes helps to reduce the risk of soil slippage.
 Drainage ensures that there are lesser chances of settlement of Structure
142. in areas where salt deposited in excess quantity than what should we do?
 In area where salt deposited in excess quantity then drainage is needed there.

QUALITY OF WATER, PHYSICAL PARAMETERS CHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND BIOLOGICAL DARCY’S

LAW
143. How is water quality measured?
 Scientists measure a variety of properties to determine water quality. These include
temperature, acidity (pH), dissolved solids (specific conductance), particulate matter
(turbidity), dissolved oxygen, hardness, and suspended sediment. Each reveal something
different about the health of a water body.
144. Why is water quality important?
 Most of the human body is comprised of water. Quality drinking water is important to our
health and well-being. We use water daily throughout our homes for cooking, cleaning,
bathing, laundry, and a host of other purposes. Water is critical to most items we purchase
and consume in one way or another.
145. What are the chemical parameters of water?
 Chloride ion; 2. Ammonia:; 3. Nitrite:; 4. Nitrate:
 Phosphate: 6. Hardness: 7. Biological oxygen demand (BOD):
 Chemical oxygen demand (COD): 9. Dissolved Oxygen (DO):
 pH:
146. what are the TDS limits of water?
 147. for drinking(the upper limit of TDS For agricultural(0 to 300 excellent;300 to
level in water is 500 ppm. The TDS level 2000 good, more than 2000 ppm are
recommended by WHO, however, is unsuitable)
300 ppm.)

148. what are the electric conductivity limits of water?

 Ocean waters have water electrical conductivity of about 5 mS, tap water has EC in the
range of 50 to 800 uS, depending on the source, freshwater streams may fall in the range of
100 to 2000 uS and distilled water has EC of between 0.5 and 3 uS. EC is relative to
temperature.
149. What are the physical parameters of water?
 Physical properties include appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point,
density, solubility, polarity
150. What are biological parameters?
 Bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi, algae
151. What does Darcy's law state?
 Darcy's law is an equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium.
The law was formulated by Henry Darcy based on results of experiments on the flow of
water through beds of sand, forming the basis of hydrogeology, a branch of earth sciences
152. What is Darcy's velocity?
 v = -K(∆h/∆l) This is the Darcy velocity (or Darcy flux) which is defined as the flow per unit
cross sectional area of the porous medium. Since you have a porous media the water must
move through the pores, around the solid particles, at a speed greater than the flux
153. What is Darcy law limitations?

Darcy’s law can be applied to many situations but do not correspond to these assumptions.

 Unsaturated and Saturated flow.

 Flow in fractured rocks and granular media.
 Transient flow and steady-state flow.
 Flow in aquitards and aquifers.
 Flow in Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems

GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY: INTERSTICES, POROSITY, PERMEABILITY, WATER YIELDING

PROPERTIES, GROUND WATER RESERVOIR

154. What is the main source of ground water?

155. How do porosity and permeability differ?
156. What is the relationship between pore size and permeability of a soil?
157. Do interstices mean the pore of the rock or soil which can only hold water?
158. What is an underground reservoir called?
159. What are the main sources of underground water?
160. What are the characteristics of interstices?
161. What is specific yield of an aquifer?
162. What is specific yield?
163. What are the properties of a good aquifer?
 TYPES OF CATCHMENT, FAN SHAPED CATCHMENT, FERN LEAF CATCHMENT

164. What is Catchment Area?

 The area of land Draining into Stream or a water course at a given location is known as
Catchment Area
165. What are the types of Catchment.?
 Fan shaped and fern leaf catchment
166. Size of the tributaries in Fan shaped catchment?
 All the tributaries are approximately of the same size
167. How much runoff gives Fan shaped Catchment?
 Gives greater runoff because the peak flood from the tributaries is likely to reach the
mainstream approximately at the same time.
168. Define Fern leaf Catchment?
 The tributaries are generally of different lengths and meet the main stream at the regular
intervals and it gives less runoff.
169. What is effect of mountainous catchment on runoff?
 If the catchment is in mountainous area and on the windward side of the mountain, then
more rain fall resulting more runoff.
170. Does size and shape of catchment effect on runoff
 Yes, Runoff depends upon size, shape and location of the catchment

Automatic Weighing Bucket Rain-gauge

Tipping Bucket Rain-gauge
Float type Rain-gauge:

QNo.1: What is dia of funnel that collects rainwater in tipping bucket rain gauge?
Ans: 300mm.
QNo.2: What is mechanism of weight bucket rain gauge?
Ans: Weighing bucket type rain gauge is most common self-recording rain gauge. It
consists of a receiver bucket supported by a spring or lever balance or some other weighing
mechanism. The movement of bucket due to its increasing weight is transmitted to a pen
which traces record or some marking on a clock driven chart.
QNo.3: What is float type rain gauge?
Ans: It is type of automatic rain gauge which is used for measurement of rainfall.
QNo.4: In which direction drum rotates in Tipping Bucket Rain gauge and Weighing
Bucket Rain gauge?
Ans: Clockwise Direction.

QNo.5: Advantages of automatic method over the non-automatic method?

Ans:
1. Rainfall Recorded Automatically.
2. As no attendant is required can be installed in far-off places
3. Possibilities of human error is obviated
4. Also gives intensity of rainfall at any time interval, while in non-automatic type rain
gauge gives total rain fall in a fixed interval of time
QNo.6: What are the types of automatic rain gauge?
Ans: There are three types of automatic rain gauge:
1. Weighing Bucket Method.
2. Tipping Bucket Method.
3. Float Type rain gauge.
QNo.7: What are the parts of weight bucket rain gauge?
Ans:
1. Funnel.
2. Collecting Bucket.
3. Pen arm.
4. Extension Spring.

QNo.8: Which equipment is more effective in measuring rainfall?

Ans: Tipping Bucket Method.
QNo.9: What is difference between recording and non-recording gauge?
Ans: Can be differentiated from QNo.5
QNo.10: How does float type rain gauge work?
Ans: Same as that of Weighing Bucket Procedure.