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Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative

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 Contents
Introduction.................................................................. 2-7

State Police Forces.................................................... 8 - 30

Recruitment & Training.............................................. 31 - 38

Centre’s Role in Policing............................................ 39 - 53

Police Modernisation ................................................ 54 - 56

Annexure - I

Police Organisation in India - At a Glance

Police
Organisation Introduction
in India
I ndia, with an area of 32,87,782 Sq.Kms and a population
of 1.02 billion, is a union of 28 states and 7 union
territories1 . The powers and
responsibilities of the union and states are demarcated in
the Constitution of India. Article 246 of the Constitution
distributes the legislative powers between the Parliament
and the State Legislative Assemblies. It refers to three
lists of subjects given in the Seventh Schedule of the
Constitution:

Š List 1: Union List - includes subjects in respect of

which the Parliament has the sole power to make
laws.

Š List 2: State List – includes subjects in respect of

which the State legislature has exclusive powers to
make laws.

Š List 3: Concurrent List - consisting of subjects on

which both the Parliament and the State Legislatures
have concurrent powers to make laws.

Article 246 of the Constitution of India places the police,

public order, courts, prisons, reformatories, borstal and
2 other allied institutions in the State List.

Understanding the criminal justice system is a prelude to

understanding the police. It is important to discuss a few
important characteristics of the system before explaining
the organisation and working of the police in India.

1 States are - Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,

Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &
Kashmir, Jharkand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Sikkim, Tamilnadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and West
Bengal. Union Territories are areas, which do not form part of states’
jurisdiction and are under the control of the central government.
These are Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar
Haveli, Daman & Diu, Delhi, Lakshadweep Islands and Pondichery.
 “Be you ever so
Criminal Justice System high, the law is
above you.”
Criminal Law

The criminal law consists of the substantive law

contained in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) as well as the
special and local laws enacted by the central and state
legislatures from time to time and the procedural law laid
down mainly in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
(Cr.P.C) and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

These three major Acts, i.e. the IPC, Cr.P.C and the Indian Milestones in
Evidence Act were enacted by the British during the second Legislation
Making (1850-
half of the 19th century. Of these, the only major law that 1900)
has been revised since Independence is the Cr.P.C, which
was revised in 1973 on the recommendations made by the Indian Penal Code,
1860
Law Commission of India. The other two laws, except for
The Police Act,
some minor amendments, have remained unchanged. 1861
Indian Evidence
Substantive Law Act, 1872
Criminal Procedure
The IPC defines different types of crimes and prescribes Code, 1898
appropriate punishment for offences. Offences are
classified under different categories- offences against
state, armed forces, public order, public justice, public
health, safety, morals, human body, property and
offences relating to elections, coins, government stamps,
weights and measures, religion, documents and property
marks, marriage and defamation. The IPC has 511
Sections, of which 330 are about punishments.

Besides IPC, the local and special laws (SLL) 2 also

contain penal provisions. These laws have been enacted
from time to time mainly to deal with new emerging
forms of crime

2Local Law is applicable to a specific area/jurisdiction and

Special Law is applicable to a particular subject.

3
 and to protect the interests of the weaker sections of
society. A large number of criminal offences are
registered under these laws, some of which relate to
In cognizable possession and manufacture of arms, ammunition and
offences, the police
have a direct
explosives; drugs; gambling; immoral trafficking in
responsibility to women; atrocities against scheduled castes and tribes;
undertake excise and prohibition; smuggling; hoarding and
investigation and profiteering in essential commodities; food adulteration;
the power to arrest
a person without
traffic offences etc.
warrant. Non-
cognizable offences Procedural Law
cannot be
investigated by the Procedural law describes the procedure to be followed in
police on their own,
a criminal case from registration, investigation and to its
unless directed by
the courts having final disposal after a proper trial by a court of law. The
jurisdiction to do police are not empowered to take cognizance of all penal
so. offences. Criminal law makes a distinction between two
categories of offences- cognizable and non-cognizable 3.

The Process of Criminal Justice

The process of criminal justice has the following main steps:

Step- 1: Registration of the First Information Report ( FIR)

The process of criminal justice is initiated with the

registration of the First Information Report. The FIR is a
written document prepared by the police when they
receive information about the commission of a
cognizable offence.

FIR is the report of Step- 2: The police officer proceeds to the scene of crime
information that
and investigates the facts of the case. Police investigation
reaches the police
first in point of time mainly includes:
and that is why it is
called the First
Information Report.
3 The First Schedule of Cr.P.C lists all offences in the IPC and

mentions whether they are cognizable (255 of the offences) or

non-cognizable (122 of the offences).
4
Š Examination of the scene of crime
Š Examination of witnesses and suspects
Š Recording of statements
Š Conducting searches
Š Seizing property
Š Collecting fingerprint, footprint and other scientific
evidence
Š Consulting records and making entries in the prescribed
records, like case diary, daily diary, station diary etc.
Š Making arrests and detentions
Š Interrogation of the accused
The Death
Step-3: After completion of investigation, the officer in
Penalty
charge of the police station sends a report to the area
magistrate. The report sent by the investigating officer is There are only 8
in the form of a charge sheet, if there is sufficient offences in the IPC,
which are
evidence to prosecute the accused. If sufficient evidence
punishable with
is not available, such a report is called the final report. death. In respect of
seven such
Step-4: On receiving the charge sheet, the court takes offences, the
cognizance and initiates the trial of the case. punishment
prescribed is either
death or
Step- 5: The charges are framed. The procedure requires imprisonment for
the prosecution to prove the charges against the accused life or imprisonment
beyond a shadow of doubt. The accused is given a full for 10 years. It is
only in respect of
opportunity to defend himself. one offence, i.e.
murder committed
Step- 6: If the trial ends in conviction, the court may by a person serving
award any of the following punishments: a sentence of life
imprisonment, that
Š Fine death penalty is
mandatory in case
Š Forfeiture of property of conviction.
Š Simple imprisonment Though death
Š Rigorous imprisonment sentence has not
Š Imprisonment for life been abolished, it
Š Death Sentence is uncommon and
is to be given in
‘rarest of rare’
cases.

5
Judges per million
Courts
population in
different
countries:
The Judiciary has the Supreme Court (S.C) at the apex
having three-fold jurisdiction namely, original 4 ,
India - 10.5 appellate5 and advisory6 . Below the S.C are the High
Australia - 41.6 Courts at state level, followed by subordinate courts in
Canada - 75.2
England - 50.9 the districts. The judiciary in the state functions under
USA - 107.0 the supervision of the High Court7 . The Constitution
empowers the High Courts to issue directions, orders or
(Source: “Department-
writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for
related Parliamentary
Standing Committee on any other purpose.8
Home Affairs - Eighty
Fifth Report on Law’s
Delays - Arrears in
Courts”, New Delhi, Supreme Court of India (The apex court)
December 2001)
↓
High Court (Highest court at the state level)
↓
. Sessions/District Court9
↓

4
Original jurisdiction of the S.C is over disputes between the centre
and states and between two or more states, provided the dispute
involves any question on which the existence or extent of a legal right
depends. Article 32 of the Constitution gives it the power to issue
directions/ orders / writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights.
5 The appellate jurisdiction of the S.C. covers constitutional, civil and

criminal cases. In criminal matters, an appeal lies to the Supreme

Court from any judgement or order of the High Court if the latter (a)
has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal and sentenced the
accused to death or imprisonment for life or for a period of not less
than 10 years; or (b) has withdrawn for trial before itself any case and
has in such trial sentenced the accused person to death; (c) certified
that the case is fit for appeal. In any case, the Supreme Court, under
Article 136 of the Constitution, can grant special leave to appeal from
any judgement, decree, determination, sentence or order in any matter
passed or made by any court or tribunal in the territory of India.
6 The consultative jurisdiction of the S.C. is in respect of matters,

which are referred for its opinion and advice by the President of
India under Article 143 of the Constitution .
7 Article 226 of the Constitution

8 Article 227 of the Constitution

9 The courts of session exercise both original and appellate

jurisdiction. Major offences like murder, dacoity, robbery, rape

6 etc cannot be tried in a court below the sessions.
 Judicial Magistrates of the First Class/Metropolitan
Magistrate’s Court
↓
Court of the Judicial Magistrates of the Second Class
↓
Executive Magistrates

One of the Directive Principles of the State Policy laid

down in the Constitution required the State to separate
judiciary from the executive.10 This separation was Article 50:
effected through the revised Code of Criminal Procedure Separation of the
judiciary from the
in 1974 with regard to criminal justice. It also effected executive: The
the separation of the prosecuting agency from the police. State shall take
Prior to this the prosecuting officers at the district level steps to separate
used to function more or less as part and parcel of the the judiciary from
the executive in the
district police set-up.
public services of
the State.
Justice Delayed is Justice Denied - Some Constitution of India
Frightening Figures

A major failure of the judicial system in the country

has been its ineffectiveness in ensuring speedy
disposal of cases under trial. Though the right to
speedy justice has been declared a fundamental right
under Article 21 of the Constitution by the Supreme
Court, the courts have failed to effectively dispose off
cases and the arrears of pending cases keep on
accumulating. On 1.1.1999, 13.4 million cases were
pending with sessions and subordinate courts,
4,04,236 cases with the High Court and 3,674 with
the Supreme Court.11

Art.50, Constitution of India.

10

Information given by the government in response to Lok Sabha

11

Question No. 192 dated 29.11.1999

7
State Police
Forces
T he police is a state subject and its organisation and working
are governed by rules and regulations framed by the state
governments. These rules and regulations are outlined in the
Police Manuals of the state
police forces.

Each State/Union Territory has its separate police force.

Despite the diversity of police forces, there is a good
deal that is common amongst them. This is due to four
main reasons:

Š The structure and working of the State Police Forces

are governed by the Police Act of 1861, which is
applicable in most parts of the country, or by the
State Police Acts modeled mostly on the 1861
legislation.

Š Major criminal laws, like the Indian Penal Code, the

Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian Evidence
Act etc are uniformly applicable to almost all parts of
the country.

Š The Indian Police Service (IPS) is an All India

Service, which is recruited, trained and managed by
the Central Government and which provides the bulk
of senior officers to the State Police Forces.

Š The quasi-federal character of the Indian polity, with

8
specific provisions in the Constitution, allows a
coordinating and counseling role for the Centre in
police matters and even authorizes it to set up certain
central police organisations.

The Organisational Structure

Superintendence over the police force in the state is
exercised by the State Government.12 The head of the

12 Section 3, The Police Act, 1861.

police force in the state is the Director General of Police
(DGP), who is responsible to the state government for
the administration of the police force in the state and for
advising the government on police matters.

Field Establishment
States are divided territorially into administrative units State
known as districts. An officer of the rank of Superintendent ↓
of Police heads the district police force. A group of districts Zone
form a range, which is looked after by an officer of the rank ↓
Range
of Deputy Inspector General of Police. Some states have
↓
zones comprising two or more ranges, under the charge of District
an officer of the rank of an Inspector General of Police. ↓
Sub-division
Every district is divided into sub-divisions. A sub-division ↓
is under the charge of an officer of the rank of ASP/ Circle
Dy.S.P. Every sub-division is further divided into a number ↓
of police stations, depending on its area, population and Police Station
volume of crime. Between the police station and the sub-
division, there are police circles in some states - each circle
headed generally by an Inspector of Police.

The police station is the basic unit of police administration

in a district. Under the Criminal Procedure Code, all crime
has to be recorded at the police station and all preventive,
investigative and law and order work is done from there. A
police station is divided into a number of beats, which are
assigned to constables for patrolling, surveillance,
collection of intelligence etc. The officer in charge of a
police station is an Inspector of Police, particularly in cities
and metropolitan areas. Even in other places, the bigger
police stations, in terms of area, population, crime or law
and order problems, are placed under the charge of an
Inspector of Police. In rural areas or smaller police stations,
the officer in charge is usually a Sub-Inspector of Police.

9
 Rank of Police Officers - Badges

A police officer is required to wear his name tag with his

uniform. His rank can be recognised by the badges he
wears. The badges of ranks are shown below:

Director General of Police D

Crossed Sword, Baton and G
State Emblem P

I Inspector General of Police

G Crossed Sword, Baton and
One Star
P

Dy
Deputy Inspector General I
of Police G
State Emblem and Three
Stars
P

S Senior Superintendent of Police

S (Selection Grade)
State Emblem and Two Stars
P

Superintendent of Police S
State Emblem and One Star
P

10
Addl. Additional Superintendent
S of Police
P State Emblem

Asst./
Assistant/Deputy Dy
Superintendent of Police S
Three Stars P

I Inspector
n Three Stars and a Ribbon ½”
s in width, half red and half blue
worn horizontally, red colour facing the
p. stars

Sub Inspector
Two Stars and a Ribbon ½” S
in width, half red and half
blue I
worn horizontally, red colour facing the stars

Assistant Sub Inspector

A One Star and a Ribbon ½”
S in width, half red and half
I blue
worn horizontally, red colour
facing the stars
Head Constable
Three Stripes on the upper
part of the arm sleeve H
C

11
 To enable the police have greater and speedier reach and
the public to gain easier access to police help, police posts
have been set up under police stations, particularly where
the jurisdiction of the police station, in terms of area and
population, is large.

The Field Establishment of the Police Force

Director General of Police (DGP) {In-charge of the State

Poli
ce Force}
↓
Additional Director General of Police (Addl. DGP)
↓
Inspector General of Police (IGP) {In-charge of a zone,
which comprises few ranges}
↓
Deputy Inspector General of Police (Dy. IGP) {In-charge
The Inspector of a range, which comprise a group of districts}
General of Police ↓
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) {In-charge of the
bigge
r District}
↓
Superintendent of police (SP) {In-charge of the District}
↓
Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl. SP)
↓
Assistant/ Deputy Superintendent of Police (ASP/
Dy. SP) {In-charge of a Sub-division in the district}
↓
Inspector of Police {In-charge of a Police Station}
↓
Sub-Inspector of Police (SI) {In-charge of a smaller
Police Station}
↓
Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police (ASI) {Staff of the
Police Station}
↓

12
 Police Head Constable (HC) {Staff of the Police
Station}
↓
Police Constable {Staff of Police Station}

On 1.1.2002, the number of field units13 at different

levels in the country was:

Number of Police Units

Zones 64
Ranges 157
Districts 635
Sub-divisions 1481
Circles 2452
Police Stations 12248
Police Out-posts 6980

System of Dual Control at the District

Level

Section 3 of the Police Act, 1861 vested the

superintendence of the state police force in the state
government. A system of dual control at the district
level is introduced under Sec.4. It places the police
forces under the District Superintendent of Police, but
subject to the “general control and direction” of the
District Magistrate. The District Magistrate was not a
professional but a general administrator, whose
charter included not merely the executive but even
some judicial functions. This was done deliberately
because the functioning of the District Magistrate as
the chief

13 Source: Data on Police Organisations in India, published by the Bureau of Police Research & Development, Ministry of
Home Affairs,

Government of India, February, 2001 Police Head

Constable

13
There are two
main differences
between the
district and the officer of the district was considered essential for the
commissionerate maintenance of British rule in India. The British had
systems-
realised that to perpetuate their rule in the country,
The Commissioner they must have a police force that was totally
of Police does not subservient to the executive. Thus a system of dual
work under any control at the local level was introduced- one under
other functionary
the head of the police force in the district and the
except his
departmental heads other under the chief executive of the district i.e. the
in the organisation District Magistrate.
and the
government, while
the District
Commissionerate System of Policing
Superintendent of
Police functions There was considerable opposition to the system of
under the general dual control at the district level even at the time it was
control and introduced. In fact the British Government realised
direction of the
District Magistrate.
that the district system would not work efficiently in
metropolitan areas, which faced different police
Unlike the head of problems. Therefore, another system i.e. the
the district or the commissionarate system of policing was introduced
state police force,
the Commissioner
in certain metropolitan areas like Calcutta, Bombay,
of Police is vested Madras and Hyderabad. Under this system, the
with magisterial responsibility for policing the city/area is vested in
powers of the Commissioner of Police.
regulation, control,
licensing etc. in
addition to the
While the commissionarate system initially existed in
usual police four cities in the last century, it has been extended to
powers. many areas since Independence. The system now exists
in the following cities:

Š Andhra Pradesh - Hyderabad, Vijayawada and

Visakhapatnam

Š Gujarat - Ahmedabad, Anand, Junagarh, Rajkot,

Surat and Vadodara

Š Karnataka - Bangalore, Dharwad, Hubli and Mysore

city

14
Š Kerala - Kochi, Kozhikode and Thiruvanatapuram

Š Maharastra - Aurangabad, Amravati, Mumbai,

Nagpur, Nasik, Pune, Solapur, Thane and New
Bombay

Š Tamilnadu - Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Salem,

Tirunelvelli and Trichy

Š Union Territory of Delhi.

Police Headquarters Establishment

In addition to the field establishment, there is functional

distribution of work too. Senior officers assist the
Director General of Police in looking after different
aspects of police work.

Given below is the establishment of police headquarters

in the state of UP, which has the second largest police
force amongst all states in India:

Police Headquarters, UP (As on 1.1.2002)

Š Director General of Police, UP

Š Director General of Police Training
Š Director General of Crime Investigation Department
Š Director General of Technical Services
Š Traffic Directorate
Š Police Motor Transport
Š Forensic Science Laboratories
Š Police Computer Center
Š Addl. Director General, Police Telecommunications
Š Addl. Director General, Personnel
Š Addl. Director General, Human Rights
Š Addl. Director General, Police Headquarters
Š Addl. Director General, Fire Service
Š Addl. Director General, Railways

15
 Š Addl. Director General, Economic Offences Wing
Š Addl. Director General, Provincial Armed Constabulary
Š Addl. Director General, Anti-Corruption Organization
Š Addl. Director General, UP - Nepal Border Police
Š Addl. Director General, Intelligence / Security
Š Addl. Director General, Special Inquiries
Š Addl. Director General, CID (Coop. / Agriculture Cell)

Criminal Investigation Department (CID)

Criminal Investigation Departments or CIDs, as they are

popularly known, are specialized branches of the police
force. They have two main components - the Crime
Branch and the Special Branch. The officer in charge of
the CID generally supervises the work of both branches,
though some states appoint a separate officer in charge
of the Special Branch.

The Crime Branch is the most important investigation

agency of the state police. It investigates certain
specialised crimes like counterfeiting of currency,
professional cheating, activities of criminal gangs,
crimes with inter-district or inter-state ramifications etc.
In fact, when certain major crimes remain unsolved or
when the public demands investigation by an agency
other than the local police, the government or the head of
the police force transfers cases for investigation from the
district police to the CID.

The Special Branch, on the other hand, collects, collates

and disseminates intelligence from the security point of
view. It’s main role is to keep a watch over the
subversive activities of persons, parties and organisations
and keep all concerned informed.

Armed Police

A state police force has two main components-the civil

police and the armed police. The primary function of the

16
civil police is to control crime, while the armed police
mainly deal with law and order situations.

The civil police include mainly the district police forces,

supervisory structures at the range, zone and state police
headquarters and specialised branches to deal with crime,
intelligence and training problems.

The district police force also has armed reserves, which Constable in
are used mainly to meet the requirements of armed ceremonial dress,
guards and escorts. They are occasionally also deployed J&K Armed Police
to meet any emergency situation, before the state armed
police arrive to handle it. The armed reserves of districts
are treated as a part of the district civil police force.

The armed police is in the form of battalions, which are

used as striking reserves to deal with emergency
situations.

On 1.1.2001 the strength of the state armed police forces

was 372,346. There were as many as 307 state armed
police battalions in addition to 8 companies, spread over
different states/union territories.14

A state armed police battalion is divided into companies.

Generally, there are six service companies in a battalion.
A company is further sub-divided into platoons and
platoons into sections. Ordinarily, three sections
constitute a platoon and three platoons a company.

14 The number of Armed Police battalions in different States was as

follows: 13 in Andhra Pradesh; 3 in Arunachal Pradesh; 23 in Assam;15

in Bihar; 7 in Chhattisgarh, 11 in Gujarat; 5 in Haryana, 5 in Himachal
Pradesh; 19 in J&K; 7 in Jharkhand, 10 in Karnataka; 9 in Kerala; 20 in
Madhya Pradesh; 13 in Maharastra; 10 in Manipur, 3 in Maghalaya; 5 in
Mizoram; 9 in Nagaland; 8 in Orissa; 18 in Punjab; 12 in Rajasthan; 2 in
Sikkim; 12 in Tamilnadu; 8 in Tripura; 31 in Uttar Pradesh; 3 in
Uttaranchal;
16 in West Bengal; 10 in Delhi; and 3 Companies in Chandigarh 17
and 5 companies in Pondichery.
 The rank structure of an armed police battalion is
different from that of the civil police. The head of a
battalion is called the Commanding Officer or the
Commandant. Generally, he has a second in command,
called the Deputy Commandant. An officer known as
Assistant Commandant or a Subedar, who is equivalent
in rank to a Dy.SP or an Inspector, commands a
company in most cases. An Inspector/ Sub-inspector
commands a platoon and a section is in charge of a Head
Constable. The second in command to a Head Constable
is called a Naik. In some cases, between Naik and
Constable, there is another rank known as Lance Naik.

Rank Structure of the Armed Police

Commandant
Battalion ↓
Deputy Commandant
↓
Company Assistant Commandant/
Subedar
↓
Inspector/
Platoon
Sub-Inspector
↓
Head Constable
↓
Section Naik

18
Women Police

Women police now form a part of the police force of all

states and Union Territories, except Daman & Diu. Some The women police
constitute 1.79% of
states/cities have experimented with setting up police the total strength.
stations managed and run exclusively by women police
personnel.

Women police are utilised mostly in performing

specialised tasks of dealing with women and children. In
this context, the National Police Commission (NPC) has
stated that women police have not been given an equal
share in various areas of police work and recommended
that they be more actively and directly involved in police
investigations. Woman Police
Constable, Tripura
Facts and Figures Police

On 1.1.2001, the total strength of women police in

States/Union Territories was 26,018. Two of them
were holding the posts of IGP, 7 of Dy. IGP, 29 of SP
and 79 were functioning as ASP/Dy. SP. There were
as many as 255 Inspectors, 1343 Sub-inspectors, 777 Dr. Kiran Bedi was
Assistant Sub-Inspectors, 2649 Head Constables and the first woman to
20,877 Constables. None had risen to the post of the join the Indian
head of the police force in any state. In fact, since the Police Service
(IPS) in 1972.
first entry of a woman in the Indian Police Service
occurred in 1972, none had matured to occupy the
highest rank in the police force. Though the strength
of women police has increased to 26,018, even now
they constitute only 1.79% of the total police strength
in states/Union territories.

The growth of women police in States/UTs during the

last decade is as under:

19
The International
Association of
Women Police
envisions a world Growth of Women Police in a Decade15
where women
working in the
criminal justice
Year Police Strength in States/UTs
profession are Total Women
treated justly, fairly 1991 11,52,586 13,654
and equitably by 1992 11,65,872 13,334
the agencies they 1993 12,34,674 14,107
serve
1994 13,06,268 14,467
1995 13,40,983 16,209
1996 13,51,047 18,174
1997 13,46,940 18,690
1998 13,74,608 20,428
1999 14,13,602 21,319
2000 14,79,024 24,713

Railway Police
Policing on the railways is done by the Government
Railway Police (GRP). Controlling crime on the railways is
their main responsibility. Though the GRP is a part of the
state police force, expenditure on this establishment is
shared by the State Government and the Railways. An
officer of the rank of Addl. DG or IGP supervises the work
GRP should not be of GRP. The jurisdiction of the superintendent of a railway
confused with
police district may cut across the boundaries of several
Railway Protection
Force (RPF), which districts.
is a central armed
police force raised Forensic Science Laboratories
and maintained
essentially to guard
railway property. No full-fledged forensic science laboratory existed in the
The RPF works country during the pre-Independence days. Most forensic
under the control of work during the British rule was looked after by
the Ministry of
laboratories of the Chemical Examiners of the Government
Railways,
Government of of India
India, while the
GRP is a part of the
State Police Force.
15 Source: Crime in India published by the National Crime
Records Bureau and Data on Police Organisation in India
published by the Bureau of Police Research and Development.
20
 The most
significant
development in the
located at Agra, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, the field of forensic
Finger Print Bureau, Serologist to the Government of science was the
setting up of a
India, Chief Inspectorate of Explosives, Government Finger Print Bureau
Examiners of the questioned Documents and Scientific in Calcutta in 1897.
Sections of the CID Branches. This was the first
Finger Print Bureau
The first Chemical Examiner’s Laboratory was in the world.
established in 1853 by the Government of West Bengal.
An Explosives Department came into existence with the
appointment of a Chief Inspector of Explosives at
Nagpur. A Central Serologist Laboratory under the
Imperial Serologist to the Government of India was
established in Calcutta as early as 1910. Establishment of
Forensic Science
After Independence, State Governments realized the Laboratories in
need to set up full-fledged forensic science laboratories. different states:
Now almost all big states have them. An average state ƒ W.Bengal (1952)
forensic science laboratory is divided into various ƒ Maharastra
divisions or branches like Ballistics, Biology, Chemistry, (1958)
ƒ Tamilnadu (1959)
Documents, Explosives, Physics, Photography, Serology ƒ Assam (1964)
and Toxicology. ƒ Bihar (1964)
ƒ Madhya
In most states, forensic science laboratories function Pradesh (1965)
ƒ Kerala (1968)
under the head of the state police force. It is only in four ƒ Orissa (1968)
states i.e Gujarat, Maharastra, Tamilnadu and West ƒ Rajasthan (1969)
Bengal that they function directly under the Home ƒ Karnataka (1970)
ƒ Andhra
Department of the State Governments. Some state
Pradesh (1974)
forensic science laboratories have set up their regional, ƒ Gujarat (1974)
district and mobile laboratories too. ƒ Haryana (1974)
ƒ J&K (1974)
ƒ Uttar Pradesh
In addition, there are five forensic science laboratories
(1976)
and three offices of the Government Examiner of ƒ Punjab (1981)
Questioned Documents under the central government. ƒ Himachal
Pradesh (1989)
ƒ Manipur (1989)
Duties and Responsibilities of the Police ƒ Meghalaya (1989)
ƒ Delhi (1994)
The Police Act of 1861 laid down the following duties for

21
Fourteen additional
duties of the police
towards the public
specifically towards the police officers:
women, children, i. Obey and execute all orders and warrants lawfully
poor and other
disadvantaged issued by any competent authority;
segments of
society have also ii. Collect and communicate intelligence affecting the
been prescribed.17 public peace;
These additional
duties again
emphasize the
iii. Prevent commission of offences and public nuisances;
preventive and
service-oriented role iv. Detect and bring offenders to justice; and
of the police.
Some of these v. Apprehend all persons whom he is legally authorised
duties require the
police to register all to apprehend and for whose apprehension sufficient
cognizable ground exists.
offences, assist in
preventing the poor The charter prescribed by the National Police
from being
exploited, prevent
Commission goes far beyond the 1861 charter, taking
harassment of into account not only the changes which have occurred
women and children within the organisation during this period, but also in the
in public places, socio-political environment in which the organisation is
refrain from causing
needless required to function. The NPC’s Model Police Bill
inconvenience to prescribes the following duties to the police officers 16:
the members of the
public, ensure that i. Promote and preserve public order;
the arrested person
is not denied his
ii. Investigate crimes, apprehend the offenders where
rights and
privileges, see that appropriate and participate in subsequent legal
victims of road proceedings connected therewith;
accidents are given
prompt medical aid iii. Identify problems and situations that are likely to
without waiting for
formalities etc. result in commission of crimes;

iv. Reduce the opportunities for the commission of

crimes through preventive patrol and other
prescribed police measures;

16 Natioanl Police Commission: Eight Report, Police Bill, Section 43

17 Ibid, Section 44

22
 United Nations
Code of Conduct
for Law
Enforcement
v. Aid and co-operate with other relevant agencies in Officials
implementing the prescribed measures for Article 1- Law
prevention of crimes; enforcement
officials shall at all
vi. Aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm; times fulfil the duty
imposed upon
them by law, by
vii. Create and maintain a feeling of security in the serving the
community; community and by
protecting all
viii. Facilitate orderly movement of people and vehicles; persons against
illegal acts,
consistent with the
ix. Counsel and resolve conflicts and promote amity; high degree of
responsibility
x. Provide necessary services and afford relief to required by their
profession.
people in distress situations;
Article 2- In the
xi. Collect intelligence relating to matters affecting performance of
public peace and crimes in general including social their duty, law
and economic offences, national integrity and enforcement
officials shall
security; and respect and protect
human dignity and
xii. Perform such other duties as may be enjoined on maintain and
them by law for the time being in force. uphold the human
rights of all
persons.
Code of Conduct for the Police
Article 3- Law
The code of conduct for the police in the country was enforcement
adopted at the Conference of the Inspectors General officials shall use
force only when
of Police in 1960. This was later approved by the strictly necessary
Government of India and circulated to all the State and to the extent
governments. The National Police Commission required for the
examined the subject and recommended changes in performance of
their duty.
clause 12 of the earlier Code. The final Code as
recommended by the NPC and accepted by the Article 4- Matters
Government of India and circulated to all state of confidential
governments is reproduced below: nature in the...

23
... possession of
law enforcement
officials shall be
kept confidential,
1. The police must bear faithful allegiance to the
unless the
performance of duty Constitution of India and respect and uphold the
or the needs of rights of the citizens as guaranteed by it.
justice strictly
require otherwise. 2. The police should not question the propriety of
Article 5- No law necessity of any law duly enacted. They should
enforcement official enforce the law firmly and impartially without
may inflict, fear or favour, malice or vindictiveness.
instigate or tolerate
any act of torture or
3. The police should recognise and respect the
other cruel,
inhuman or limitations of their powers and functions. They
degrading should not usurp or even seem to usurp the
treatment or functions of the judiciary and sit in judgement on
punishment, nor
cases to avenge individuals and punish the guilty.
may any law
enforcement official
invoke superior 4. In securing the observance of law or in
orders or maintaining order, the police should as far as
exceptional practicable, use the methods of persuation, advice
circumstances
such as state of
and warning. When the application of force
war or threat of war, becomes inevitable, only the irreducible minimum
a threat to national of force required in the circumstances should be
security, internal used.
political instability
or any other public
emergency as a 5. The prime duty of the police is to prevent crime
justification of and disorder and the police must recognise that
torture or other the test of their efficiency is the absence of both
cruel, inhuman or and not the visible evidence of police action in
degrading
treatment or dealing with them.
punishment.
6. The police must recognise that they are members
Article 6- Law of the public, with the only difference that in the
enforcement
interest of the society and on its behalf they are
officials shall
ensure the full employed to give full time attention to duties
protection of the which are normally incumbent on every citizen to
health of persons in perform.
their custody and,
in particular, shall...
7. The police should realise that the efficient
performance of their duties will be dependent on
24
 ...take immediate
action to secure
the extent of ready cooperation that they receive medical attention
whenever required.
from the public. This, in turn, will depend on
their ability to secure public approval of their Article 7- Law
conduct and actions and to earn and retain public enforcement
respect and confidence. officials shall not
commit any act of
corruption. They
8. The police should always keep the welfare of the shall also rigorously
people in mind and be sympathetic and oppose and combat
considerate towards them. They should always be all such acts.
ready to offer individual service and friendship
Article 8- Law
and render necessary assistance to all without enforcement
regard to their wealth and/or social standing. officials shall
respect the law and
9. The police should always place duty before self, the present Code.
should maintain calm in the face of danger, scorn They shall also, to
the best of their
or ridicule and should be ready to sacrifice their capability, prevent
lives in protecting those of others. and rigorously
oppose any
10. The police should always be courteous and well- violations of them.
Law enforcement
mannered; they should be dependable and impartial;
officials who have
they should possess dignity and courage; and should reason to believe
cultivate character and the trust of the people. that a violation of
the present code
11. Integrity of the highest order is the fundamental occurred or is about
to occur shall report
basis of the prestige of the police. Recognising the matter to their
this, the police must keep their private lives superior authorities
scrupulously clean, develop self-restraint and be and, where
truthful and honest in thought and deed, in both necessary, to other
appropriate
personal and official life, so that the public may authorities or
regard them as exemplary citizens. organs vested with
reviewing or
12. The police should recognise that their full utility remedial power.
to the State is best ensured only by maintaining a
high standard of discipline, faithful performance
of duties in accordance with law and implicit
obedience to the lawful directions of
commanding ranks and absolute loyalty to the
force and by keeping themselves in the state of
constant training
25
 and preparedness.
13. As members of a secular, democratic state the
police should strive continually to rise above
personal prejudices and promote harmony and the
spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the
people of India transcending religious, linguistic
and regional or sectional diversities and to
renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women and disadvantaged segments of the
society.

On 1.1.2001 there Police Strength

were 10.49 civil
police personnel
per 10,000 of On January 1, 2001, the total strength of the State Police
population and Forces was 1,449,761, out of which civil police
34.03 per 100 constituted 1,077,415 and the armed police 3,72,346.
sq.kms. of area. In
terms of the total
The police strength varied from state to state. While
police strength (civil
plus armed), the Maharastra had the largest police force (1,59,888), Dadar
ratio worked out to and Nagar Haveli had the smallest contingent (only 213
14.12 per 10,000 persons).
population and
45.79 per 100 sq.
Sanctioned strength of the Police Forces in States/Union
kms area.
Territories (As on 1.1.2001)18

Sl.State/Uts Civil Armed Total Police Police

Police Police Strength per per
10,000 100 Sq.
Population Kms.

1. Andhra 68,889 13,483 82,372 10.88 29.95

Pradesh
2. Arunachal 2,985 2,383 5,368 49.20 6.41
Pradesh
3. Assam 18,533 35,838 54,371 20.41 69.31
4. Bihar 68,937 15499 84,436 10.19 89.67
5. Chhatisgarh 15,296 9,698 24,994 12.02 18.49
6. Goa 3,306 723 4,029 29.98 108.83

18 Data on police Organisation in India, 2001 published by the

Bureau of Police Research and Development.

26
 Police Fatalities

7. Gujarat 51,056 12,419 63,475 12.55 32.38 A large number of

8. Haryana 37,949 4,707 42,656 20.23 96.48 police personnel
9. Himachal 8,822 5,238 14,060 23.14 25.25 have been killed in
Pradesh line of duty. As
10. Jammu & 40,278 18,759 59,037 58.63 58.23 many as 21, 428
Kashmir police personnel
11. Jharkhand 26,917 6,202 33,119 12.31 41.55 lost their lives
12. Karnataka 55,597 9,509 65,106 12.35 33.95 during the last four
13. Kerala 44,468 8,248 52,716 16.56 135.65 decades (1961-62
14. Madhya 51,280 19,494 70,774 11.72 22.96 to 1999-2000).
Pradesh
(Source: Intelligence
15. Maharashtra 144,581 15,307 159,888 16.53 51.96 Bureau)
16. Manipur 5,425 8,209 13,634 57.07 61.07
17. Meghalaya 9,367 2,995 12,362 53.61 55.12
18. Mizoram 3,266 4,745 8,011 89.91 38.00
19. Nagaland 7,544 8,462 16,006 80.47 96.54
20. Orissa 28,973 8,245 37,218 10.14 23.90 October 21 every
21. Punjab 52,322 17,972 70,294 28.94 139.58 year is observed
22. Rajasthan 44,899 25,442 70,341 12.46 20.55 as the police
23. Sikkim 2,040 1,439 3,479 64.43 49.03 commemoration
24. Tamil nadu 80,110 11,669 91,779 14.78 70.57 day.
25. Tripura 8,666 8,810 17,476 54.77 166.66
26. Uttar Pradesh 89,297 65,577 154,874 9.33 64.28
27. Uttaranchal 9,485 3,182 12,667 14.94 23.68
28. West Bengal 41,776 15,633 57,409 7.16 64.67
29. A & N Islands 2,155 527 2,682 75.34 32.51
30. Chandigarh 4,190 419 4,609 51.15 4042.98
31. D&N Haveli 118 95 213 9.68 43.38
32. Daman & Diu 264 - 264 16.71 235.71
33. Delhi 46,383 10,622 57,005 41.36 3843.90
Lakshadwee
34. p 351 - 351 57.54 1096.88
35. Pondicherry 1,890 796 2,686 27.58 559.58
T O T A L 1,077,415 372,346 1,449,761 14.12 45.79

Growth of police strength

There has been significant growth in police manpower

since Independence. In 1947, the total strength of the
police in different States/UTs was about 3.81 lakhs. By
2001, the strength had increased to 14.49 lakhs.

27
 Growth of Police over the Decades19
During the period
1947-2001, the Year Civil Police Armed Police Total Strength
police strength
1947 238,368 142,550 380,918
registered an
increase of 1951 272,156 195,584 467,740
280.5%. While the 1961 299,750 226,399 526,149
civil police strength 1971 534,236 172,659 706,895
increased by 1981 692,132 205,698 897,830
351.9%, the armed
police increased
1991 903,849 248,747 1,152,586
only by 161.2%. 2000 1,098,471 380,553 1,479,024
Presently the civil 2001 1,077,415 372,346 1,449,761
police accounts for
about 74.2% and
the armed police for
Police Pyramid
about 29.8% of the
total police force. The police has a hierarchical structure, with the police
constable and the Director General of Police at the two
extremes of the organisation. The base of the police
organisation is very heavy, with constabulary accounting
for about 87.61% of the total strength. The upper
subordinates i.e Inspectors, Sub-Inspectors and Assistant
Sub-Inspectors constitute about 11.51% of total strength.
The officers from the rank of DySP/ASP to the DGP
account for less than 0.88% of the total police strength.

19 Crime in India published by the National Crime Records

Bureau and Data on Police Organisation in India published by
the Bureau of Police Research and Development and the records
of the National Police Commission.

28
 Level-I: Dy. SP
to DGP
(0.88%)

Level-II: Inspectors,
Sub-Inspectors &
Asst. Sub-Inspectors
(11.51%)

Level - III: Police Constabulary

(87.61%)

Representation of Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes in the Police Force

On 1.1.2001, out of the total police strength of 14.79 lakhs

in States/Union Territories, 1.64 lakhs or 11.3% belonged
to the Scheduled castes and 100,369 i.e. about 6.9% were
from the scheduled tribes.

29
 Police Expenditure in States

Though there has Expenditure incurred on State Police Forces has been
been considerable rising every year. During a ten year period from 1990-91
increase in to 2000-2001, the total expenditure incurred on police
expenditure on
police in absolute forces in different states registered an increase of about
terms, as a 280.06%. Information about actual expenditure incurred
proportion of the during different years is given in the following Table:
total government
budget it has
registered a State Police Expenditure20
decline.
Year Police Expenditure in States
The break up of (Rs. in Crores)
police expenditure
1990-91 4045.8
shows that some
areas are not being 1991-92 4543.66
accorded due priority 1992-93 Not Available
while allocating 1993-94 6098.79
funds. Only 1.20% of 1994-95 6766.27
police expenditure in 1995-96 7198.00
states was incurred
on Police Training in
1996-97 7711.15
2000-01. 1997-98 9899.20
1998-99 12511.73
1999-00 14922.22
2000-01 15,538.47

20 Extracted from Data on Police Organisation for different years

published by the Bureau of Police Research & Development.

30
 Recruitment & Training
Recruitment

T he police in India is one of the biggest employers of

manpower. The State Police Forces are about 14.49
lakhs strong, while the five Central Para
Military Forces (BSF, CRPF, CISF, ITBP and Assam
Rifles) alone have a combined strength of 5.28 lakhs.
The total strength of the police thus is round about 2
millions.

Recruitment to the state police is done generally at three

levels - Constable, Sub-Inspector/Asst. Sub Inspector
and Deputy Superintendent of Police. In addition, there
is recruitment to the IPS at the level of Assistant
Superintendent of Police.

Since Police Constable is the lowest rank in the force,

recruitment to this rank is done directly. For the other
ranks, vacancies are filled either by direct recruitment or
by promotion.

Educational Qualifications

For recruitment to the rank of Constable, most states

have prescribed High School as the minimum
educational qualification, though in some states like
Bihar, Nagaland and Tripura, even primary or middle
class passes as the minimum standard of qualification.
The Committee on Police Training (1973) had
recommended the High School examination or its
equivalent to be the minimum qualification for
recruitment to the rank of constable both in the civil and
armed branches. The National Police Commission
(NPC), 1980 had endorsed this recommendation.
However it is evident that some states have not
implemented these recommendations.

The minimum educational qualification for recruitment

to the level of Sub-Inspector and Dy. SP is generally
31
 graduation in many states, except in the states of Andhra
Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Tripura.

Age Limit

The NPC had recommended that the minimum age for a

constable’s recruitment should be 17 years and the
maximum 21 years. These recommendations too have
not been implemented in most states. The minimum age
limit is 18 years in almost all the states and the upper age
limit for general category candidates ranges from 20 to
27 years. There is considerable variation in states about
the age prescribed for recruitment to Sub-Inspectors. The
minimum age limit is 19 to 21 years while the upper age
limit varies from 24 to 31 years. There is usual age
relaxation for the candidates belonging to Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Physical Standards

There are variations in physical standards prescribed for

recruitment. Generally for Constables, the minimum
height is in the range of 165cm (5’ 5’’) to 170.18cm (5’
7’’), with relaxation of 2 cm for persons belonging to
hilly and tribal areas. The minimum chest measurement
is generally 78.70 cm (31’’) unexpanded and 86.3cm
(34’’) expanded.

Process of Recruitment

Constables are recruited on a district/battalion basis.

Recruitment is generally made by a Board presided over
by the District SP or the Commandant of an armed police
battalion. In some states such as Rajasthan and
Tamilnadu, the selection board is headed by an officer of
the rank of a DIG or IG. The selection process involves
physical measurement, efficiency test, written
examination, interview, medical examination and police
verification.

32
Usually the State Public Service Commission centrally
recruits Sub-Inspectors. The procedure involves passing
a physical efficiency test and a written examination
followed by a mental ability test and an interview.
Recruitment to the post of Deputy Superintendent of
Police is made through a written examination followed
by an interview. The Commission prepares a list of
candidates in order of merit as determined on the basis of
marks obtained and sends it to the government.

Recruitment to the Indian Police Service is done on the

basis of a combined examination conducted by the Union
Public Service Commission for all India and other allied
services. A preliminary test is first conducted, which
results in weeding out a large number of candidates.
Those who qualify are allowed to appear in the main
examination. The successful candidates are then put
through a personality test at the time of interview. A
final list is prepared on the basis of performance in the
main examination and in the interview.

Recruitment of Sub-Inspectors and Dy. SP is done both

by direct recruitment and by promotion. The quota for
direct recruitment again differs from state to state, but
generally it is 50%. Direct recruitment to the IPS is done
only to the extent of 66&2/3% of the cadre strength and
33&1/3% of the posts are filled by promotion of officers
from the State Police Service cadre.

There is reservation of posts for candidates belonging to

different categories in direct recruitment as well as
promotions. For instance, in UP, 18 % of posts at the
level of Sub-Inspector are reserved for Scheduled castes,
15% for Backward Castes, 20% for Scheduled Tribes
and 30% for freedom fighters and ex-servicemen. For the
posts of Constable, the reservation quota in that State
includes 21% for Scheduled Castes, 20% for Scheduled
Tribes and 27% for Backward Castes. In addition, there
is reservation

33
 of 5% for Home Guards, 2% for sportsmen and 5% for
freedom fighters and ex-servicemen.

Training
Most states have their police training colleges or
academies that impart training to directly recruited Sub-
Inspectors and Deputy Superintendents of Police and
training schools for the training of constabulary.

In addition, most central police organisations have

established their own training institutions, which
organise not only basic training for their officers but also
specialised courses for them and for others. There are
three Central Detective Training Schools under the
Bureau of Police Research and Development, which
organise special courses to train investigating officers in
advanced scientific methods of investigating crimes. The
National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science
under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of
India runs training courses not only for police and
forensic science personnel, but also for officers from
In all, there are 162
other agencies of the criminal justice system.
police training
institutions in the
country, 105 Four types of training courses are organised by police
belonging to states training institutions. These include:
and 57 to the
centre. 1. basic induction level courses for fresh recruits.
2. pre-promotion in-service courses for those about to
be promoted.
3. refresher courses.
4. specialised courses.

34
Basic Training Course for:

Constables

Duration: 9 months

Subjects taught: Police Organisation and Administration,

Law, Crime Prevention, Maintenance of Law and Order,
Code of Conduct and Behaviour, Police–Public
Relations etc.

Outdoor training: Basic Physical Training, Drill,

Weapons and Explosives, Field Craft and Tactics, First
Aid, Riot Control; Unarmed Combat etc.

Sub Inspectors/Deputy Superintendents of Police

The training of directly recruited Sub-Inspectors and

Deputy Superintendents of Police is conducted at the
police training colleges of the states.

Duration: 12 months

Subjects taught: Modern India and the Role of Police,

Organisation and Administration, Leadership and
Supervision, Human Behaviour, Police Attitudes, Police
Image and Police Public Relations, Law, Criminology,
Police Science etc.

Outdoor Training: Physical Training, Drill, Weapons

Training, Crowd Control, Maintenance and Mechanism
of Automobiles and Driving, Field Craft and Tactics,
Unarmed Combat etc.
Weapons training
For the Deputy Superintendent of Police, the basic is a part of the
subjects remain the same with additional focus on police training
developing qualities of management and leadership. courses

35
 IPS Officers:

Officers recruited to the IPS are trained in the National

Police Academy at Hyderabad, after a foundational
training course with officers of other All- India Services
at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of
Administration at Mussorie in Uttar Pradesh. The
purpose of the foundational training course is to provide
an understanding of the constitutional, economic and
social framework within which the All India Service
officers are required to function and to give them an idea
of the basic principles of administration, functioning of
the government machinery etc. This is followed by a
basic training course of 44 weeks, after which they are
attached to some organisations. They come back to the
Academy for a second phase of two weeks training after
completing their field attachments and district training.

In the case of lower ranks, successfully completing

prescribed training courses is mandatory to get
promotion to the next rank. Training courses conducted
for this purpose are called pre-promotion courses.

Besides the above, refresher courses are also conducted

at periodic intervals to sharpen the professional skills of
police personnel and bring about the required changes in
their attitudes.

Specialised training courses are also conducted on

different subjects. These are organised both by the police
and other training institutions. Since the focus of the
Indian Police Service is to train officers to be sound
Horse Riding is a
part of police training administrators and managers, institutes that specialise in
management, public administration and behavioural
sciences are often used for the purpose of imparting
specialised training. Some of the subjects covered by the
specialised training courses include:

Š Advanced Techniques of Scientific Investigation

36 Š VIP Security
Š Dealing with problems of Insurgency/ terrorism
 A survey of 100 out
of 145 police training
institutions in the
Š Detection and Disposal of Bombs/Explosives country done by the
Š Computer Applications Bureau of Police
Š Management/Public Administration Research and
Š Forensic Science Development in June
1995 revealed the
Š Vigilance and Anti corruption
following:
Š Dealing with special crimes, like those
against women and children ƒ Methodology of
Š Drugs/Narcotics outdoor training
Š Training of Trainers is largely
Š Human Rights modeled on the
Š Radio Wireless regimented
Š Traffic military style
Š Commando Training with emphasis
on timing,
Š Intelligence
uniformity and
Š Rock Climbing/ Mountaineering
adherence to the
Š Cyber Crimes set ritualistic and
Š Field Craft/ Tactics ceremonial
procedures.
The State Governments have not been able to spare
adequate resources to bring about the desired ƒ In case of indoor
subjects, training
improvements in the state of police training. The is imparted
percentage of expenditure incurred on police training to through the
total police expenditure ranged between 1.09 to 1.41 chalk and talk
during the last decade: method.

ƒ Very few training

Percentage of Expenditure on Police Training against the institutions have
Total expenditure on Police21 published training
material for use
Year Total Police Expenditure Percentage by the trainees.

Expenditure on Police to total

(Rs. in Crores) Training expenditure ƒ The quality of
(Rs. in Crores) the trainers is
generally poor.
1990-91 4045.84 NA NA ƒ Out of 100 police
1991-92 4296.27 50.12 1.17 training
1992-93 NA NA NA institutions 23
1993-94 6,098.79 79.70 1.36 were functioning
without class
rooms, 18
Extracted from Data on Police Organisation for different years
21

published by the Bureau of Police Research & Development

37
 without black
boards, 16
without over head
projectors, 57 1994-95 6,766.27 73.69 1.09
without 1995-96 7,198.00 79.22 1.10
conference
1996-97 7,711.15 93.92 1.22
rooms, 76
without seminar 1997-98 9,899.20 116.80 1.18
or assembly 1998-99 12,511.73 165.60 1.32
halls, 20 without 1999-00 14,922.22 210.64 1.41
library, 70 without
2000-01 15,538.47 186.02 1.20
auditorium, 93
without
simulation
facilities, 95
without forensic
units, 72 without
computers and 4
did not have even
lavatory facilities.

ƒ There is
invariably
a shortage
of funds.

38
 Centre’s Role in Policing
T hough the Constitution of India has mandated ‘Police’
and ‘Public Order’ to be State subjects, there are
certain provisions in the Constitution,
which empower the Central Government to intervene in
some situations or perform special functions in police
matters. It is the duty of the Centre to protect the states
against internal disturbances and to ensure that the
governance of every state is carried on in accordance
with the provisions of the Constitution (Article 355).

As per List 1 of the 7th Schedule, the Parliament has

exclusive powers to make laws with respect to:

Š the armed forces of the Union, which includes the

Central Para–Military Forces (Entry 2A);

Š the Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation

(Entry 8);

Š the Union agencies and institutions for training of

police officers, promotion of special studies or
research, scientific and technical assistance in the
investigation or detection of crime (Entry 65);

Š all-India Services (Entry 70); and

Š extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members

of one state police force to another with the consent
of that state or to outside railway areas (Entry 80).

The Ministry of Home Affairs’ Role

The Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India is

responsible for the internal security of the country as a
whole and performs the following duties in matters
concerning police:

39
 Š recruiting and managing the Indian Police Service;

Š operating the Intelligence Bureau, the Central Bureau

of Investigation and other Central Police
Organisations;

Š raising, maintaining and deploying Central Para-

Military Forces to assist the civil police;

Š maintaining a Directorate of Coordination of Police

Wireless to provide an independent channel of
communication to police forces in the country and a
National Crime Records Bureau to ensure
computerisation of police forces;

Š establishing and maintaining institutions for research,

training and rendering of scientific aids to
investigation;

Š enacting laws for the functioning of the criminal

justice system in the country;

Š rendering advice and assistance to the state

governments in dealing with crime, law and order
and other related matters;

Š coordinating the activities of various state police

organizations; and

Š providing financial assistance for the modernisation

of State police Forces.

Indian Police Service

At the time of Independence, India inherited from the

British two All India Services – the Indian Civil Service
(ICS) and the Indian Police (IP). These were
subsequently

40
renamed the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the
Indian Police Service (IPS) respectively. These services
were constituted under Article 312 of the Constitution of
India and a legislation was framed to govern them.

Recruitment of officers to the IPS is done by the Central

Government on the basis of a competitive examination
conducted by the Union Public Service Commission
annually. Depending on the vacancies available, the
number of officers selected for the IPS varies every year,
with the average intake at approximately 65 each year. The total
After selection, the officers receive their professional sanctioned cadre
training in the National Police Academy, Hyderabad. strength of IPS on
01.04.2001 was
The IPS cadre is controlled by the Ministry of Home 3516.
Affairs of the Government of India. The officers selected
to the IPS are allotted to the various state cadres. They
join as Assistant Superintendents of Police and remain
on probation for a period of two years, after which they
are confirmed as Assistant Superintendents of Police. It
is the IPS officers who man the senior posts in the police
forces of all States/Union Territories and in Central
Police Organisations. All matters relating to postings,
transfers or promotions of IPS officers in the states are
handled exclusively by the State governments, while
similar administrative control is exercised by the central
government in respect to officers working under the
central government. An IPS officer can be removed or
dismissed from service only by the central government.

Central Police Organisations (CPOs)

The Central Government has established a number of police
organisations known as the Central Police Organisations
(CPOs). The CPOs, which function under the control of the
Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India can be
broadly divided into two groups. One consists of armed

41
 police organisations, also known as Central Para-
Military Forces (CPMFs), like the Assam Rifles, Border
Security Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Central
Reserve Police Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police and
the National Security Guards. The other group includes
organisations like the Bureau of Police Research and
Development, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI),
Directorate of Coordination of Police Wireless (DCPW),
Intelligence Bureau (IB), National Crime Records
Bureau (NCRB), National Institute of Criminology and
Forensic Science (NICFS), and the National Police
Academy (NPA). A Brief description of these
organisations is given below:

Central Armed Police Forces (CPMFs)

Assam Rifles

Assam Rifles is the oldest of the Central Para Military

Forces. Presently, it is headed by a Director General,
who is an officer of the rank of Lt. General from the
Army. Though the organisation has a cadre of its own
officers, most senior positions are filled by taking
officers on deputation from the Army.

It was set up as a The Force functioned under the control of the Ministry
small unit of 750 of External Affairs till 1965. Its control was then
men in 1835, transferred to the Ministry of Home Affairs and has since
mainly to guard the
British settlements
been functioning under that Ministry. The Assam Rifles
and tea estates in Act, 1941, presently governs the Force.
Assam and other
neighbouring areas. Its charter of functions include:
It was named in
1917 as Assam
Š maintaining security of the North Eastern sector of
Rifles, mainly for its
contribution to the the international border;
First World War
effort. Š helping states in the North East to maintain law and
order and other states as and when needed; and

42
Š taking counter insurgency measures in states of the
North East.

Border Security Force (BSF)

Prior to the Indo-Pak war of 1965, maintaining security

on the Indo-Pak border was the responsibility of the
Armed Police Forces of the concerned States. The 1965
war led the government of India to recognize the need to
setup a specialised force to maintain security on the
The 1965 war led
Indo-Pak international border.This led to the
the Government of
establishment of the BSF on December 1, 1965. All the India to recognize
twenty five and a half State Armed Police Battalions the need to setup a
posted on the Indo-Pak border at that time were merged specialised force to
maintain security on
into this Force. Increasing security concerns in the area
the Indo-Pak
have since led to consistent and considerable expansion international border.
of the Force.

The BSF has a peace as well as war- time role. Their

tasks include:

Peace time

Š To prevent trans-border crimes, unauthorized entry

into or exit from the territory of India;

Š To prevent smuggling and related illegal activities;

Š To promote a sense of security amongst the people

living in the border areas; and

Š To help civil administration in maintenance of public

order.
BSF personnel are
War Time often deployed on
United Nations
Š To hold ground in less threatened sectors so long as peacekeeping
the main attack does not develop in a particular missions.
sector.

43
 Š To protect vital installations against enemy
commandos and para-troop raids.

The Force is governed by the Border Security Forces

Act, which was passed by the Parliament in 1968 and
came into effect on June 9, 1969.

Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)

The CISF was set up through an Act of Parliament

(Central Industrial Force Act, 1968) to provide security
to public sector undertakings. It was made an armed
force of the Union subsequently in 1983. The concerned
public sector undertakings bear the expenses of the CISF
personnel deployed for their security. The Force is also
deployed in States/ Union Territories to help them
maintain public order.

Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)

The CRPF was
known at that time This Force was formed in 1939 and was known at that
as the Crown
time as the Crown Representative Police and was utilised
Representative
Police and utilised to maintain law and order in the then princely states of
to maintain law and the central India. After Independence, the Force was
order in the then given statutory status with the passage of the Central
princely states of Reserve Police Act in 1949. Its main role is to help the
central India.
States/ Union Territories in maintaining law and order.
Besides dealing with various types of riots occurring in
different parts of the country, it has over the past few
years also been deployed on anti-insurgency and anti-
terrorist operations, VIP security, aviation security,
election duties, guard duties and army convoy protection
duties.

The Force is divided into Sectors, each headed by an

Inspector General. The Sectors have Group Centres
under them. Five to seven battalions are attached to each
Group Centre. The head of a Group Centre is a Dy. IG.
The
44
Sectors and Group Centers are located at different places
in the country so that the Force can be speedily
mobilized and deployed at any place in time to deal with
an emergency situation.

In addition to the sectors, there is also a Rapid Action

Force whose primary function is to deal with communal
riots.

Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)

The ITBP was
The ITBP was formed in the wake of Chinese aggression originally set up
under the CRPF
in 1962 to police the Indo-Tibetan border covering a vast
Act. Now, it is
expanse of 2115 Kms. The Indo-Tibetan Border Police governed by the
Act, enacted by the parliament in 1992, presently Indo-Tibetan Border
governs the force. Police Act, 1992

The main role of this Force is to:

Š maintain vigil on northern borders, detect and

prevent border violations, and promote a sense of
security among the local populace;

Š check illegal immigration, trans-border smuggling

and crimes;

Š provide security to sensitive installations, banks and

protected persons; and

Š restore and preserve order in any area in the event of

disturbance;

The ITBP mans forward border posts at altitudes ranging

from 9000 to 18000 feet. While the primary role of the
ITBP continues to be that of policing the Indo-Tibetan
border, the force is also deployed on internal security
duties.

45
 The National Security Guards (NSG)

The NSG has no The National Security Guards was established in the
cadre of its own. It is aftermath of the ‘Blue Star’ operation in 1984 to deal
manned by officers
and men on
with the problem of terrorism in its various forms, like
deputation mainly hostage taking, hijacking of aircraft, kidnapping etc. It
from the army and has two main components- Special Action Group (SAG)
the CPMFs. and Special Rangers Group (SRG).

The functioning of the Force is regulated by the National

Security Guards Act of 1986 and the Rules framed under
the Act in August 1987.

Strength of the Central Para -Military Forces on

1.1.200122

Sl. Name of the No. of Total Strength

No. CPMFs Battalions
1 CRPF 141 1,67,757
2 BSF 160 1,85,944
3 CISF 306 89,612
4 ITBP 29 31,262
5 Assam Rifles 67 53,795
Total 635 5,28,370

Other Central Police Organisations

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

The BPR&D was set up under the Ministry of Home

Affairs in August, 1970 to promote a systematic study of
police problems in a rapidly changing society and to
facilitate application of new developments in science and
technology to police work. The BPR&D in its existing
form consists of the following four Divisions:

22 Data on Police Organisation in India, 2000.

46
i. Research Division
ii. Development Division
iii. Training Division
iv. Forensic Science Division

Two Fellowship Schemes are administered by the To review and guide

BPR&D-one by the Research Division and the other by the BPR&D in its
work there is a
the Forensic Science Division. To promote research
Police Research
amongst students of social sciences in police problems, and Development
the Research Division awards six fellowships to post- Advisory Council
graduate students for Ph.D. work. Besides, 12 under the
Chairmanship of
fellowships are awarded every year for Ph.D. work in
the Union Home
forensic Science. Both the Fellowships operate more or Secretary. In
less on the pattern of the University Grants Commission. addition there are
standing
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) committees to
oversee and guide
the work of each
What is known today as the CBI was originally set up as division.
the Special Police Establishment (SPE) in 1941 to
investigate cases of bribery and corruption involving the
employees of the War and Supply Department of the
Government of India during the Second World War.
Even after the war was over, the need to continue the
agency to investigate corruption charges involving
government servants was felt. The Delhi Special Police
Establishment Act was passed in 1946 to give the
organisation a statutory base. Its jurisdiction was
extended to cover cases of corruption involving
employees of all departments of the Government of
India. The role of the SPE was gradually extended and
by 1963, it was authorised to investigate offences under
97 Sections of the Indian Penal Code, offences under the
Prevention of Corruption Act and 16 other Central Acts.

In 1963, the Government of India set up the Central Bureau

of Investigation.23 This new organisation’s charter included

23It was constituted by the Government of India’s Resolution No.

4/ 31/61-T dated April 1, 1963.
47
 not only the work done by the Delhi Special Police
Establishment but also additional investigation work
relating to breach of central fiscal laws, major frauds in
central government departments, public joint stock
companies, passport frauds, crimes on the high seas and
in the air and organised crimes committed by
professional gangs. It was also given the work of
maintaining crime statistics, collecting intelligence
relating to certain types of crimes, working as the
National Crime Bureau (NCB) of the country for the
International Police Organisation (INTERPOL).
Presently, the CBI consists of the following divisions:

i. Anti Corruption Division

ii. Economic Offences Division
iii. Special Crimes Division
iv. Legal Division
v. Coordination Division
vi. Administration Division
vii. Policy and Organisation Division
viii. Technical Division
ix. Central Forensic Science Laboratory

The legal powers of investigation of the CBI are derived

from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946
(DPSE Act). The organisation can investigate only such
offences as are notified by the central government under
Section 3 of the DPSE Act. The powers, duties,
privileges and liabilities of the members of the
organisation are the same as those of the police officers
of the union territories in relation to the notified
offences. While exercising such powers, members of the
CBI of and above the rank of Sub-Inspectors are deemed
to be officers in charge of the police station. The Central
Government is authorised to extend the powers and
jurisdiction of the members of CBI to any area, including
railway areas, for the investigation of offences notified
under Section 3 of the District Special

48
Police Establishment Act, subject to the consent of the
government of the concerned state.

Even though the CBI has been in existence for so long, it Under Section 6 of
is still governed by the old Delhi Special Police the DPSE Act, the
CBI has to obtain
Establishment Act of 1946. Section 4 (1) of this Act
the consent of the
vests the superintendence over the organisation in the State Government
Central Government. An important development in this to exercise its
regard occurred in December, 1997 when the Supreme powers and
Court delivered its judgement in Writ Petitions jurisdiction in that
State.
(Criminal) Nos. 340-343 of 1993, commonly known as
the Havala Case. The Court directed that the
responsibility of exercising superintendence over the
CBI should be entrusted to the Central Vigilance
Commission (CVC) and that the CVC should be given a
statutory status.24 The judgement of the apex court is yet
to be implemented. The CVC Bill has not yet been
passed.

The Single Directive

The term ‘Single Directive’ is commonly associated

with the role and functioning of the CBI. The Single
Directive was a set of executive instructions issued by
the Central Government, prohibiting the CBI from
undertaking any inquiry or investigation against any
officer of the rank of Joint Secretary and above in the
Central Government including those in the public sector
undertakings and nationalised banks without the prior
sanction of the head of the department. The Supreme
Court’s judgment in the Havala Case had declared the
single directive null and void. The Court found it
unacceptable in law on two grounds. It required a
police agency to seek permission from the executive to
initiate investigation into a criminal offence, which

The CVC was set up by the Government of India in 1964 by

24

Resolution No. 24/7/64-AVD dated February 11, 1964.

49
 is contrary to law. Secondly, it violated the canon of
equality in the application of law. However, attempts
are being made to bring the Single Directive back on
the ground that officers at the decision making level
in the government require protection.

Directorate of Coordination, Police Wireless (DCPW)

The need for an independent and reliable

telecommunication system had been recognised by the
Government of India early in 1946 when an Inspectorate
of Wireless was set up under the Ministry of Home
Affairs.

The charter of the organisation is fairly wide and

comprehensive. Responsible for coordination and
development of police telecommunication systems in the
entire country, the DCPW is the premier police
telecommunication organisation, which provides vital
communication amongst its Inter- State Police Wireless
Stations (ISPW) and the national capital. It provides
round the clock communication between the centre and
states on subjects relating to law and order and other
matters.

Intelligence Bureau (IB)

Amongst the
existing intelligence
agencies, the IB is Amongst the existing intelligence agencies, the IB is
probably the oldest probably the oldest in the world. It was established as the
in the world. It was
Central Special Branch by an order of the Secretary of
established as the
Central Special State for India in London on December 23, 1887.
Branch by an order Following the recommendations of the 1902-03 Indian
of the Secretary of Police Commission, the organisation was renamed as the
State for India in
London on
Central Criminal Intelligence Department. Gradually, the
December 23, security tasks of the organisation started overshadowing
1887. its responsibilities in respect of criminal work. The word
‘criminal’ was therefore dropped from its name in 1918
and its present nomenclature (IB) was adopted in 1920.
50
 The National Crime
The IB’s role is vast and extensive covering a broad Records Bureau
was set up in 1986
range of issues and has to deal with many problems, like
through a merger of
terrorism, subversion and insurgency on the one hand the following four
and espionage and attempts to undermine the democratic units:
fabric of the country by external agencies on the other.
Its main task is to collect intelligence about the i) Directorate of
Coordination
subversive and terrorist activities of people and of Police
organisations, disseminate such information in time to Computers
the concerned authorities and adopt strategies to counter
ii) Crime Records
threats to internal security of the country and its
Section of the
institutions. CBI

National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) iii) Central Finger

Print Bureau
The charter of the NCRB includes the following: of the CBI

iv) Statistical
Š To function as a clearing-house of information on Section of
crime and criminals; the BPR&D

Š To store, coordinate and disseminate information on

inter-state and international crime and criminals;

Š To collect, compile and publish crime statistics;

Š To develop and modernise the Crime Records

Bureau in the states;

Š To develop computer based systems for police

organisations and to cater to their data processing
and training needs for computerisation; and

Š To function as storehouse of finger print records.

National Institute of Criminology and forensic Science

(NICFS)

The NICFS was originally set up as a Central Institute of

Criminology and Forensic Science by the Government of
India in 1973 as a part of the BPR&D. The need for such

51
 an institution was recommended by a sub-committee set
up by the University Grants Commission in 1969. In
1976, it was separated from the BPR&D and given an
independent status under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Its charter was defined in the Government of India’s
Resolution dated September 25, 1976. According to its
charter, it has to act towards advancement of knowledge
in the field of criminology and forensic science; to
organise in-service training courses for officers in the
police, judiciary and correctional services and to act as a
reference body in the field of criminology and forensic
science for national as well as international institutions.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy (NPA)

Extracts from the The National Police Academy, named after the former
Mission Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947 - 1950) Sardar
Statement of the
Academy Vallabhbhai Patel, is the premier police training
institution in the country. The NPA trains officers of the
“The primary Indian Police Service.
purpose of the
Sardar Vallabhbhai
After selection, IPS officers are sent to the Sardar
Patel National
Police Academy is Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad
to prepare leaders for professional training. The trainees are put through a
for the Indian training schedule for 44 weeks in both indoor and
Police, who will
lead/command the
outdoor subjects.
force with courage,
uprightness, The training programmes conducted at the Academy are
dedication and a the basic course for IPS. Officers; three in-service
strong sense of Management Development Programmes for officers of
service to the
SP, DIG and IG levels of the Indian Police Service;
people.”
Training of Trainers’ Courses for the trainers of various
police training institutions in the country; IPS Induction
Training Course for State Police Service Officers
promoted to the IPS and short specialised thematic
Courses, Seminars and Workshops on professional
subjects for all levels of police officers.

52
Foreign police officers and other officers belonging to
Army/IAS/IFS/Judiciary, Public Sector Undertakings,
Nationalised Banks, Insurance Companies etc. also
attend various specialised courses conducted by the
Academy from time to time.

The Academy has total staff strength of 427. An

Academy Board headed by the Union Home Secretary
and comprising of senior civil and police officers and
eminent educationists as its members periodically
reviews the syllabi and training methodology of various
courses conducted in the Academy. The Board oversees
the work and problems of the NPA

53
Police
Modernisation
Scheme

T he Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India

introduced a scheme in 1969-70 to extend financial support
to the State Governments for the modernisation of their
police forces. The pattern of assistance under the Scheme
initially was 75% loan and 25% grant. In 1973-74, this was
changed to 50 % grant-in-aid and 50% loan on the
recommendations of the Sixth Finance Commission. Under
the Scheme, financial
assistance was given for purchase of:

Š data processing machines for crime records;

Š equipment for forensic science laboratories, finger

print bureaus, centers for examination of
questioned documents and scientific aids to
investigation;

Š wireless equipment for police;

Š equipment for police training institutions; and

Š vehicles for increased police mobility.

54 In the first phase of the Scheme, covering the period

1969-70 to 1979-80, an amount of Rs. 52.24 crores was
released to the state governments.

The National Police Commission in its third report

(February, 1980) examined the working of the Scheme.
The Commission recommended that the Scheme should
be extended for another period of ten years from 1978-
79, with substantial increase in allotment. The
Government of India extended the Scheme till 1989-90
with an outlay of Rs. 100 crores. In this phase, the States
were asked to adopt an area-based approach by
identifying problem areas and formulating plans to
improve policing in such areas. During this phase, an
amount of Rs. 89.29 crores was released to the States.
The Scheme was further extended to its third phase,
which covered the period 1991-2000. The outlay was
increased and an amount of Rs. 120 crores was
sanctioned for release during the five-year period 1991-
95 at an annual rate of Rs 30 crores. The funds were
allocated to the states as per the following criteria:

Criteria Weightage
Population of State 35%
Sanctioned strength of police 25%
Number of Police Stations 15%
Crime per lakh of population 25%

Item wise allocation fixed during this phase was as follows:

Š Police Training- Buildings & Equipment 20 %

Š Forensic Science- Buildings & Equipment 20 %

Š Light Weaponry/Aids for Crowd Control/

Traffic Control/VIP Security 20 %

Š Acquisition of New Vehicles 20 %

Š Communication 10 %

Š Aids to Investigation/ Data Processing/

Office Equipment 10%

The Police Modernisation Scheme has been in existence

for more than three decades now. Though it has brought
about some improvement in mobility and
communication facilities available to the police, the
Scheme has not succeeded in giving a comprehensive
modern look to the state police forces. There are various
reasons for this. The requirements are huge and the
central government has not been able to spare enough
funds. Inflationary pressures

55
 combined with the expansion of police forces have also
reduced the impact of whatever increase in grants
occurred. The state governments have not provided
enough funds out of their budgets. The monitoring of the
utilisation of funds released under the scheme has not
been effective. The Scheme did not give enough
consideration to the need to modernise the working of
the police stations in the country.

It is learnt that the Government of India has decided not

only to extend the Scheme but to really revamp it. The
Government is reported to have increased the amount of
financial assistance under the Scheme to Rs. 1200 Crores
per year from 2001-02 onwards for the modernisation of
the Police Forces in the country.

Police Organisation in India – At a Glance

The police organisation in India both under the Central
and State Governments can be viewed at a glance on the
map attached.

–––––

56
 POLICE IN INDIA

Police Organisatioins Police Organisatioins

under the under the
Central Government Sate Government

Central Para Un armed Police U.T. Police Headquarters Field Commissionerate

Military Forces Organisations Forces Establishment Establishment System

Assam Rifles BPR & D (Chandigarh)* (UP)* DGP (Mumbai)*

CBI DGP (State)

BSF
Jt. CP Jt. CP Jt. CP
IGP
DCPW (Admn.) (L & O) (Crime)
CRPF (Zone)
IGP ADGP ADGP ADGP IG/Asst to

(H.R) (Personnel) (L & O) DGP Regional Addl. CP Addl. CP DCP

CISF IB Dy. IGP Addl. CsP (Traffic) (SB-1) (Operatioins)
(Range) (4 Regions)
IG IG IG Dy. Asst. to Addl. CP DCP

ITBP NCRB SP DIG SSP SP SP (H.R) (Establishment) (STF) DGP, UP

(AP) Headquarters
ACsP Main ACP
Zonal DCsP DCP DCP
Operations (Chandigarh) (Chandigarh) (City & Headquarters) (Traffic & Security) SSP/SP Zones 1-10 (Traffic) (Wireless) Control & (PRO)
NICSF (District) & Airport Reg.
NSG Crime Against Police SDPO City & Traffic DIG IG IG PRO & Port Zones Controls

Women Cell Headquarters (Central) Headquarters Security (H.R) (Admn.) (Crime) ACsP ACsP
DCsP DCP DCP (Traffic) (Wireless)
NPA Crime Branch CID/ SDPO ASP/Dy. SP (LA) (PTS) (MT) Divisional
(Sub-Division)
Operation Cell Intelligence (East) IG Addl. SP ACsP
(Personnel) (Crime)
Economic Provisioning SDPO ACP ACP Sr. PIs of DCP DCP DCP DCP
Offences Wiing CI (LAS) (PTS)
(SB-1)
and MT Section South (Circle) Police Stations (Protection) (Secutity) (SB-2)
Training & PCR Vehicles

Modernisation Location ACsP ACP ACsP

Inspector/SI/ASI SB-1 (Protection) (SB-2)

Police Lines (Police Station)

Hospital ACP ACP ACP ACP
Home Crime (HQ1) (HQ2) (HQ3) Welfare ACP ACP
Guards Branch Head Constable (Mantralaya (Security)
(Police Station) Security)
Crime

Economic Constable Addl. CP

Offences Wing (Police Station) (Crime)

DCP DCP DCP DCP

* Chandigarh - The Organisational Structure of Chandigarh Police is taken as an example of Police Organisation in the Union Territories. (Source: http://www.chandigarhpolice.com) (Detection) (Economic (Narcotics) (Preventive)
* Uttar Pradesh - The Organisational Structure of Uttar Pradesh Police is taken as an example of Police Organisation in the States. (Source: http://www.uppolice.com) ACP D-1 Offences)
* Mumbai - The Organisational Structure of Mumbai Police is taken as an example of Commissionerate System of Police. (Source: http://www.mumbaipolice.com)
(Property Offences) ACP ACP ACP
(GB) (Narcotics) (SR)
BSF - Border Security Force L&O - Law and Order ACsP - Additional Commissioners of Police ACP D-2
CRPF - Central Reserve Police Force IG - Inspector General DI - Division-I (CIU/SOS Organised Crimes) ACP ACP
CISF - Central Industrial Security Force STF - Special Task Force CIU - Central Industrial Units (ST) (CR)
ITBP - Indo-Tibetan Border Force Admn. - Administration SOS - Special Operation Squad ACP
NSG - National Security Guards PRO - Public Relations Officer GB - General Branch (Technical Unit) ACP ACP
BPR & D - Bureau of Police Research and Development Dy. IGP - Deputy Inspector General of Police ST - Sales Tax (JAPU) (NER)
CBI - Central Bureau of Investigation ASP - Assistant Superintendent of Police JAPU - Juvenile Aid Police Unit
DCPW - Directorate of Co-ordination, Police Wireless Dy. SP - Deputy Superintendent of Police SR - South Region ACP
IB - Intelligence Bureau CI - Circle Inspector CR - Central Region (NWR)
NCRB - National Crime Records Bureau SI - Sub-Inspector NER - North East Region
NICFS - National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences ASI - Assistant Sub-Inspector NWR ACP
- North West Region
NPA - National Police Academy HC - Head Constable (HQ)
UT - Union Territory Jt. CP - Joint Commissioner of Police
SP - Superintendent of Police Addl. - Additional ACP
DIG - Deputy Inspector General AP - Armed Police (Admn.)
SSP - Senior Superintendent of Police DCP - Deputy Commissioner of Police
CID - Criminal Investigation Department LA - Local Armed Police
MT - Motor Transport PTS - Police Training School
SDPO - Sub-Divisional Police Officer LAS - Local Armed Polices
PCR - Police Control Room HQ - Headquarter
UP - Uttar Pradesh ACP - Assistant Commissioner of Police
DGP - Director General of Police Reg. and Addl. CSP - Regional and Additional Commissioners of Police
ADGP - Additional Director General of Police SB - Special Branch
HR - Human Rights PIs - Police Inspectors
 The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative

The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) is a non-p a r t i

san,non-profitindependentinternationalnon-
governmental organisation mandated to work towards the practical
realisation of human rights in Commonwealth countries. Human
rights advocacy and education are at the core of all CHRI’s activities,
and the aims and ends of all its reports and investigations.

CHRIaimstoraiseawarenessofandadherencet
o internationally recognised human rights instruments and d e c l a r
ationsmadebytheCommonwealthHeadsof
Governments, and more particularly the values embodied in the
Harare Declaration.

CHRI was based in the United Kingdom until 1993, when the head
office moved to India. The Trustee Committee office in London
continues to support the work of the headquarters based in New
Delhi . In May 2001 CHRI opened a new office i n A c c r a , G h a n
a i n o r d e r t o d e v e l o p h u m a n r i g h t s interventions
particularly appropriate to the context of Commonwealth Africa.

CHRI is working in the following areas:

z Right to Information
z Police Reforms
z Prison Reforms
z Constitutionalism
z Human Rights Advocacy

BiennialReportonHumanRightsIssuestothe
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM).

Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative

N-8 II nd Floor, Green Park (Main), New Delhi - 110 016, (INDIA)
Tel: +91-11-2685 0523,2652 8152,2686 4678
Fax: +91-11-2686 4688
E-mail: chriall@nda.vsnl.net.in
Website: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org