How Are

Billiards & Bottles

Connected?

566
Jon Feingersh/The Stock Market/CORBIS
 illiards, a popular table game of the 1800s, used balls carved from ivory.
B In the 1860s, an ivory shortage prompted one billiard-ball manufac-
turer to offer a reward of $10,000 to anyone who could come up with a
suitable substitute. In an attempt to win the prize, an inventor combined
certain organic compounds, put them into a mold, and subjected them to
heat and pressure. The result was a hard, shiny lump that sparked a major
new industry—the plastics industry. By the mid-1900s, chemists had
invented many different kinds of moldable plastic. Today, plastic is made
into countless products—everything from car parts to soda bottles.

Visit gpscience.com/unit_project to find project ideas and resources.

Projects include:
• History Construct a ceramics time line by exploring the history of ceramics
and the way they meet advanced technological needs.
• Career Develop trivia cards on the life of Freidrich August Kekule, a chemist
and theorist.
• Model Develop an original use for a new material, design “blueprints,”
conduct a patent search, and present your idea to fellow class scientists.
Recycling Plastics investigates the history of plastics, the seven
classes of plastics, their chemistry, and how they can be recycled.
Become a more active, aware, and responsible citizen.
(bkgd.)Jon Feingersh/The Stock Market/CORBIS, (inset)Dorling Kindersley
 BIG Idea
Elements can be classified into
three main types—metals,
nonmetals, and metalloids.
19.1 Metals
MAIN Idea Metals are located
on the left side of the periodic
table and are generally shiny,
good conductors, malleable,
and ductile.

19.2 Nonmetals
MAIN Idea Nonmetals are
located on the right side of
the periodic table and are
generally dull, poor conduc-
tors, and brittle.

19.3 Mixed Groups

MAIN Idea Some groups
on the periodic table contain
metalloids—elements that
share some properties of both
metals and nonmetals.

Stress and the

Elements
It takes a combination of
metals, nonmetals, and
metalloids to construct an
airplane and have a viable
aircraft. It is necessary to
understand the properties
of each element and how
they will work with each
other.

Science Journal
Describe what some of the
key elements are (which
might be found in this pic-
ture) and the properties of
these elements that make
them so crucial.

568
Georg Gerster/Photo Researchers
 Start-Up Activities
Groups Make the following
Foldable to help classify and
organize elements into groups
Observe Colorful Clues based on their common features.
It is the distinct physical properties of each
STEP 1 Fold a vertical sheet
element that make it so that one element
of paper in half from
can be identified from another. In this lab, top to bottom.
you will observe how the heated atoms of
some elements absorb energy and then in a
STEP 2 Fold in half from side
short time release the absorbed energy, to side with the fold
which you see as colored light. at the top.

STEP 3 Unfold the paper

1. Wearing gloves and using tongs, carefully once. Cut only the
hold a clean paper clip in the hottest part fold of the top flap to
of a lab burner flame for 45 seconds. make two tabs.

2. Dip the hot paper clip into a solution of

STEP 4 Turn the paper hori-
copper(II) sulfate. Metals Nonmetals
zontally and label
3. Using the tongs with the same paper clip, the tabs Metals and
repeat step 1, observing any color change. Nonmetals as shown.
4. Repeat all three steps using solutions of
strontium chloride and sodium chloride Illustrate and Label Before reading the chap-
with clean tongs and new paper clips. ter, list all of the metal and nonmetal elements
you know under the appropriate tab. As you read
5. Think Critically Which element—chlo- the chapter, check your list and make changes as
rine or strontium—was responsible for needed.
the color observed when strontium chlo-
ride was placed in the flame? How do you
know? Devise a plan to determine Preview this chapter’s content
whether copper or sulfate was responsible and activities at
for the color in step 2. gpscience.com

569
Georg Gerster/Photo Researchers
 Metals
Reading Guide
Review Vocabulary
■ Describe the properties of a Metals are a part of your everyday element: substance with atoms
typical metal. life—from electric cords to the that are all alike
■ Identify the alkali metals and cars you ride in.
alkaline earth metals. New Vocabulary
■ Differentiate among three
groups of transition elements. •• metal
malleable
•• ductile
metallic bonding
•• radioactive element
transition element

Properties of Metals
Figure 1 The various properties The first metal used about 6,000 years ago was gold. The use
of metals make them useful. of copper and silver followed a few thousand years later. Then
came tin and iron. Aluminum wasn’t refined until the 1800s
because it must go through a much more complicated refining
process that earlier civilizations had not yet developed.
In the periodic table, metals are elements found to the left of
the stair-step line. In the table on the inside back cover of your
book, the metal element blocks are colored blue. Metals usually
have common properties—they are good conductors of heat
and electricity, and all but one are solid at room temperature.
Mercury is the only metal that is not a solid at room tempera-
ture. Metals also reflect light.
This is a property called luster.
Metals are malleable (MAL yuh
bul), which means they can be
hammered or rolled into sheets,
Metals, like the one as shown in Figure 1. Metals are
shown, can be also ductile, which means they
hammered into can be drawn into wires like the
thin sheets.
ones shown in Figure 1. These
Explain one use for
properties make metals suitable
a sheet of metal.
Metals can be drawn into wires, like the wire for use in objects ranging from
that is being used here. eyeglass frames to computers to
Describe what this property of metals is called. building structures.

570 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

(t)Henry Groskinsky/TimePix, (b)Nubar Alexanian/CORBIS
Ionic Bonding in Metals The atoms of metals generally
Metal Nonmetal
have one to three electrons in their outer energy levels. In chem-
ical reactions, metals tend to give up electrons easily because of
the strength of charge of the protons in the nucleus. When met-
als combine with nonmetals, the atoms of the metals tend to
lose electrons to the atoms of nonmetals, forming ionic bonds,
as shown in Figure 2. Both metals and nonmetals become more
chemically stable when they form ions. They take on the elec- Figure 2 Metals can form ionic
tron structure of the nearest noble gas. bonds with nonmetals.

Metallic Bonding Another type of bonding, neither ionic nor

covalent, occurs among the atoms in a metal. In metallic bonding,
positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of elec-
trons. Outer-level electrons are not held tightly to the nucleus of
an atom. Rather, the electrons move freely among many positively
charged ions. As shown in Figure 3, the electrons form a cloud
around the ions of the metal.
The idea of metallic bonding explains many of the proper-
ties of metals. For example, when a metal is hammered into a
sheet or drawn into a wire, it does not break because the ions are
in layers that slide past one another without losing their attrac-
tion to the electron cloud. Metals are also good conductors of
electricity because the outer-level electrons are weakly held.

Why do metals conduct electricity?

Look at the periodic table inside the back cover of your

book. How many of the elements in the table are classified as
metals? All of the blue-shaded boxes represent metals. Except for
hydrogen, all the elements in Groups 1 through 12 are metals, as
well as the elements under the stair-step line in Groups 13
through 15. You will learn more about metals in some of these
groups throughout this chapter.

Figure 3 In metallic bonding,

the electrons represented by the




Ag Ag Ag cloud are not attached to any one
silver ion. This allows them to
Ag
Ag
move and conduct electricity.
Ag
Ag
Ag

Ag
Ag

Ag
Ag
Ag

SECTION 1 Metals 571

 The Alkali Metals
The elements in Group 1 of the periodic table are the alkali
(AL kuh li) metals. Like other metals, Group 1 metals are shiny,
malleable, and ductile. They are also good conductors of heat
The Alkali Metals and electricity. However, they are softer than most other metals.
The alkali metals are the most reactive of all the metals. They
1 react rapidly—sometimes violently—with oxygen and water, as
H
shown in Figure 4. Because they combine so readily with other
3
elements, alkali metals don’t occur in nature in their elemental
Li
form and are stored in substances that are unreactive, such as
11
Na
an oil.
Each atom of an alkali metal has one electron in its outer
19
K energy level. This electron is given up when an alkali metal com-
bines with another atom. As a result, the alkali metal becomes a
37
Rb positively charged ion in a compound such as sodium chloride,
NaCl, or potassium bromide, KBr.
55
Cs Alkali metals and their compounds have many uses. You and
87
other living things need potassium and sodium compounds to
Fr stay healthy. Doctors sometimes use lithium compounds to treat
bipolar disorder. The lithium keeps chemical levels that are
important to mental health within a narrow range. The opera-
tion of some photocells depends upon rubidium or cesium com-
pounds. Francium, the last element in Group 1, is extremely rare
and radioactive. A radioactive element is one in which the
nucleus breaks down and gives off particles and energy.
Francium can be found in uranium minerals, but only 25 g to 30
g of francium are in all of Earth’s crust at one time.

Figure 4 Alkali metals are very reactive.

Sodium will burn

Potassium reacts in air if it is heated.
strongly in water.

572 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

(l)Stephen Frisch/Stock Boston, (r)Jerry Mason/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers
Firefly Productions/The Stock Market/CORBIS
The Alkaline Earth Metals
The alkaline earth metals make up Group 2 of the periodic
table. Like most metals, these metals are shiny, malleable, and
ductile. They are also similar to alkali metals in that they com-
bine so readily with other elements that they are not found as The Alkaline Earth Metals
free elements in nature. Each atom of an alkaline earth metal has
4
two electrons in its outer energy level. These electrons are given Be
up when an alkaline earth metal combines with a nonmetal. As
12
a result, the alkaline earth metal becomes a positively charged Mg
ion in a compound such as calcium fluoride, CaF2.
20
Ca
Fireworks and Other Uses Magnesium metal is one of the 38
metals used to produce the brilliant white color in fireworks like Sr
the ones in Figure 5. Compounds of strontium produce the 56
bright red flashes. Magnesium’s lightness and strength account Ba
for its use in cars, planes, and spacecraft. Magnesium also is used 88
in compounds to make such things as household ladders and Ra
baseball and softball bats. Most life on Earth depends upon
chlorophyll, a magnesium compound that enables plants to
make food. Marble statues and some countertops are made of
the calcium compound calcium carbonate.

The Alkaline Earth Metals and Your Body Calcium is

seldom used as a free metal, but its compounds are needed for
life. You may take a vitamin with calcium. Calcium phosphate in
your bones helps make them strong.
Figure 5 Alkaline earth metals
make spectacular fireworks.

The barium com-

pound BaSO4 is used
to diagnose some digestive disorders
because it absorbs X-ray radiation well.
First, the patient swallows a barium com-
pound. Next, an X ray is taken while the
barium compound is going through the
digestive tract. A doctor can then see
where the barium is in the body. In this
way, doctors can diagnose internal
abnormalities in the body.
Radium, the last element in Group 2,
is radioactive and is found associated
with uranium. It was once used to
treat cancers. Today, other radioac-
tive elements that are more readily avail-
able are replacing radium in cancer
therapy.

SECTION 1 Metals 573

 Transition Elements
A titanium bike frame and a glowing tungsten lightbulb fila-
ment are examples of objects made from transition elements.
Transition elements are those elements in Groups 3 through 12
Discovering What’s in the periodic table. They are called transition elements because
in Cereal they are considered to be elements in transition between Groups
Procedure 1 and 2 and Groups 13 through 18. Look at the periodic table
1. Tape a small, strong mag- inside the back cover of your book. Which elements do you think
net to a pencil at the
eraser end. of as being typical metals? Transition elements are the most
2. Place some dry, fortified, familiar because they often occur in nature as uncombined ele-
cold cereal in a plastic bag. ments, unlike Group 1 and Group 2 metals which are less stable.
3. Thoroughly crush the Transition elements often form colored compounds. The
cereal. gems in Figure 6 show brightly colored compounds containing
4. Pour the crushed cereal chromium. Cadmium yellow and cobalt blue paints are made
into a deep bowl and
from compounds of transition elements. However, cadmium
cover it with water.
5. Stir the mixture for about and cobalt paints are so toxic that their use is limited.
10 min with your
pencil/magnet. Stir slowly Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel The first elements in Groups 8, 9,
for the last minute. and 10—iron, cobalt, and nickel—form a unique cluster of tran-
6. Remove the magnet and sition elements. These three sometimes are called the iron triad.
examine it carefully. All three elements are used in the process to create steel and
Record your observations.
other metal mixtures.
Analysis Iron—the main component of steel—is the most widely used
1. What common element is
of all metals. It is the second most abundant metallic element in
attracted to your magnet?
2. Why is this element Earth’s crust after aluminum. Other metals are added to steel to
added to the give it various characteristics. Some steels contain cobalt or
cereal? nickel. Nickel is added to some metals to give them strength. Also,
nickel is used to give a shiny, protective coating to other metals.

26 27 28
Fe Co Ni

Figure 6 The colors of the ruby and emerald are due to the transition ele-
ment chromium.

574 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

Mark Burnett/Photo Researchers
Figure 7 The coinage metals have many uses.

Because gold and silver are so Silver is used in compounds to

expensive, copper is more common make photographic materials.
in coins.

Copper, Silver, and Gold The main metals in the objects in

Figure 7 are copper, silver, and gold—the three elements in
Group 11. Because they are so stable and malleable and can be
found as free elements in nature, these metals were once used
widely to make coins. For this reason, they are known as the
coinage metals. Because they are so expensive, silver and gold
rarely are used in coins anymore. The United States stopped Gold frequently is used in jewelry.
using gold in the production of its coins in 1933 and silver in
1964. Most coins now are made of nickel and copper.
Copper often is used in electrical wiring because of its supe-
rior ability to conduct electricity and its relatively low cost. Can
you imagine a world without photographs and movies? Silver
iodide and silver bromide break down when exposed to light, 29
producing an image on paper. Consequently, these compounds The Coinage
Metals Cu
are used to make photographic film and paper. Silver and gold 47
are used in jewelry because of their attractive color, relative soft- Ag
ness, resistance to corrosion, and rarity. 79
Au
Why does gold’s relative softness make it a good
choice for jewelry?

Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury Zinc, cadmium, and mer-

cury are found in Group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc combines
with oxygen in the air to form a thin, protective coating of zinc
oxide on its surface. Zinc and cadmium often are used to coat, Zinc, Cadmium, 30
or plate, other metals such as iron because of this protective and Mercury Zn
quality. Cadmium is used also in rechargeable batteries. 48
Mercury is a silvery, liquid metal—the only metal that is a Cd
liquid at room temperature. It is used in thermometers, thermo- 80
stats, switches, and batteries. Mercury is poisonous and can Hg
accumulate in the body. People have died of mercury poisoning
after eating fish that lived in mercury-contaminated water.

SECTION 1 Metals 575

(tl)Matt Meadows, (tr)Icon Images, (br)Jeff J. Daly/Fundamental Photographs
 71
70 Lu
69 Yb
68
67 Tm
66 Er 103
65 Ho 102
64 Dy 101 Lr
63 Tb 100 No
62 Gd 99 Md
61 Eu 98 Fm
60 Sm 97 Es
59 Pm 96 Cf
58 Nd 95 Bk
Pr Cm
Ce 94
93 Am
92 Pu
91 Np
90 U
Pa
Th

Lanthanide series Actinide series

Figure 8 To save space, the
periodic table usually isn’t shown
with the inner transition elements The Inner Transition Metals
positioned where they should be. The two rows of elements that seem to be disconnected from
Identify where the lanthanide and the rest on the periodic table are called the inner transition ele-
actinide series are found. ments. They are called this because like the transition elements,
they fit in the periodic table between Groups 3 and 4 in periods
6 and 7, as shown in Figure 8. To save room, they are listed
below the table.

The Lanthanides The first row includes a series of elements

Mining Engineer The pro- with atomic numbers of 58 to 71. These elements are called the
cessing of ores mined from
Earth normally begins with lanthanide series because they follow the element lanthanum.
metals in very low concen- Lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and samarium are
trations and generally not used with carbon to make a compound that is used extensively
in the most desirable form. by the motion picture industry. Europium, gadolinium, and ter-
To refine the ores and con- bium are used to produce the colors you see on your TV screen.
centrate the metal into the
desired form, the mining
engineer must develop a
The Actinides The second row of inner transition metals
process that is economical includes elements with atomic numbers ranging from 90 to 103.
and environmentally sound These elements are called the actinide series because they follow
to be a viable process. the element actinium. All of the actinides are radioactive and
Investigate some of the unstable. Their unstable nature makes researching them diffi-
processes used to refine cult. Thorium and uranium are the actinides found in the
various metals and give Earth’s crust in usable quantities. Thorium is used in making the
examples of a process that
is environmentally friendly glass for high-quality camera lenses because it bends light with-
but not cost effective and out much distortion. Uranium is best known for its use in
of a process that is just the nuclear reactors and in weapons applications, but one of its
opposite. compounds has been used as photographic toner, as well.

576 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

Metals in the Crust
Earth’s hardened outer layer, called the crust,
contains many compounds and a few uncombined
metals such as gold and copper. Metals must be
mined and separated from their ores, as shown in
Figure 9.
Most of the world’s platinum is found in South
Africa. Chromium is important because it is used
to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and
to form other alloys. The United States imports
most of its chromium from South Africa, the
Philippines, and Turkey.

Ores: Minerals and Mixtures Metals in Earth’s crust that Figure 9 Copper is mined in the
combined with other elements are found as ores. Most ores con- United States at the Bingham
sist of a metal compound, or mineral, within a mixture of clay Canyon Copper Mine in Utah.
or rock. After an ore is mined from Earth’s crust, the rock is sep-
arated from the mineral. Then the mineral often is converted to
another physical form. This step usually involves heat and is
called roasting. Finally, the metal is refined into a pure form.
Later it can be alloyed with other metals.
Removing the waste rock can be expensive. If the cost of
removing the waste rock becomes greater than the value of the
desired material, the mineral no longer is classified as an ore.

Summary Self Check

Properties of Metals 1. Describe how to test palladium to see if it is a metal.
• Metals tend to form ionic and metallic bonds
due to low numbers of electrons in their outer
2. Explain how arrangement of the iron triad differs from
arrangements of coinage metals.
energy level. 3. Identify how metallic bonds differ from ionic and cova-
lent bonds.
Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
4. Think Critically If X stands for a metal, how can you tell
• Elements in Group 1 are called alkali metals. from the following formulas—XCl and XCl2—which
• Elements in Group 2 are called alkaline earth
metals.
compound contains an alkali metal and which contains
an alkaline earth metal?

Transition Elements and Inner Transition

Metals
5. Use Percentages Pennies used to be made of copper
• Transition elements are elements in Groups
3–12 in the periodic table.
and zinc, and weighed 3.11 g. Today, pennies are
made of copper-plated zinc, and weighs 2.5 g. A new
• Inner transition metals fit in the periodic table
between Groups 3 and 4 in periods 6 and 7.
penny weighs what percent of an old penny?

gpscience.com/self_check_quiz SECTION 1 Metals 577

Melvyn P. Lawes/Papilio/CORBIS
 Nonmetals
Reading Guide
Review Vocabulary
■ Recognize hydrogen as a non- Nonmetals are not only all around molecule: neutral particle formed
metal. you, they are an essential part of when atoms share electrons
■ Compare and contrast properties your body.
of the halogens. New Vocabulary
■ Describe properties and uses of
the noble gases.
•• nonmetal
diatomic molecule
•• salt
sublimation

Properties of Nonmetals
Most of your body’s mass is made of oxygen, carbon, hydro-
gen, and nitrogen, as shown in Figure 10. Calcium, a metal, and
other elements make up the remaining four percent of your
body’s mass. Phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine are among these
other elements found in your body. These elements are classified
Figure 10 As a percentage of as nonmetals. Nonmetals are elements that usually are gases or
mass, humans are made up of brittle solids at room temperature. Because solid nonmetals are
mostly nonmetals. brittle or powdery, they are not malleable or ductile. Most non-
metals do not conduct heat or
Elements in the Human Body electricity well, and generally they
are not shiny.
Carbon: 18% In the periodic table, all non-
Calcium: 2% metals except hydrogen are
Nitrogen: 3%
found at the right of the stair-
Hydrogen: 10%
step line. On the table in the
Other elements: 2%
inside back cover of your book,
Oxygen: 65%
H the nonmetal element blocks are
C N O colored yellow. The noble gases,
Group 18, make up the only
group of elements that are all
Ca nonmetals. Group 17 elements,
except for astatine, are also non-
metals. Other nonmetals, found
in Groups 13 through 16, will be
discussed later.

578 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

 Pb S Pb S C O C O
O O

Lead and sulfur bond ionically to form lead sulfide, Carbon and oxygen can bond covalently to form
PbS, also known as galena. carbon dioxide, CO2.

Bonding in Nonmetals The electrons in most nonmetals are Figure 11 Nonmetals form ionic
strongly attracted to the nucleus of the atom. So, as a group, bonds with metals and covalent
nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. bonds with other nonmetals.
Most nonmetals can form ionic and covalent compounds.
Examples of these two kinds of compounds are shown in
Figure 11.
When nonmetals gain electrons from metals, the nonmetals
become negative ions in ionic compounds. An example of such
an ionic compound is potassium iodide, KI, which often is
added to table salt. KI is formed from the nonmetal iodine and
the metal potassium. When bonded with other nonmetals,
atoms of nonmetals usually share electrons to form covalent
compounds. An example is ammonia, NH3, the strong, unpleas-
ant-smelling compound you notice when you open a bottle of
some household cleaners. 1 Hydrogen
H

Hydrogen
If you could count all the atoms in the universe, you would
find that about 90 percent of them are hydrogen. Most hydrogen
on Earth is found in the compound water. The word hydrogen is
derived from the Greek term for “water forming.” When water is
broken down into its elements, hydrogen becomes a gas made
up of diatomic molecules. A diatomic molecule consists of two
atoms of the same element in a covalent bond.
Hydrogen is highly reactive. A hydrogen atom has a single
electron, which the atom shares when it combines with other
nonmetals. For example, hydrogen burns in oxygen to form
water, H2O, in which hydrogen shares electrons with oxygen.
Hydrogen can gain an electron when it combines with alkali
and alkaline earth metals. The compounds formed are hydrides,
such as sodium hydride, NaH.

What is a diatomic molecule?

SECTION 2 Nonmetals 579

(l to r)Russ Lappa/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Gregory G. Dimijian/Photo Researchers, Stephen Frisch/Stock Boston, Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers, Doug Martin, Charles Gupton/Stock Boston
 The Halogens
Halogen lights contain small amounts of bromine or iodine.
The Halogens 9 These elements, as well as fluorine, chlorine, and astatine, are
F called halogens and are in Group 17. They are very reactive in
17 their elemental form, and their compounds have many uses. As
Cl shown in Figure 12, fluorides are added to toothpastes and to
35 city water systems to prevent tooth decay, and chlorine com-
Br pounds are added to water to disinfect it.
53 Because an atom of a halogen has seven electrons in its outer
I energy level, only one electron is needed to complete this energy
85 level. If a halogen gains an electron from a metal, an ionic com-
At pound, called a salt, is formed. An example of this is NaCl. In the
gaseous state, the halogens form reactive diatomic covalent mol-
ecules and can be identified by their distinctive colors. Chlorine is
greenish yellow, bromine is reddish orange, and iodine is violet.
Fluorine is the most chemically active of all elements.
Hydrofluoric acid, a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and water, is
used to etch glass and to frost the inner surfaces of lightbulbs
and is also used in the fabrication of semiconductors.

Identifying Chlorine
Compounds in Your Figure 12 The halogens have many uses.
Water
Chlorine compounds are used in pools to disinfect the water.
Procedure

1. In three labeled test

tubes, obtain 2 mL of
chlorine standard solu-
tion, distilled water, and
drinking water.
2. Carefully add five drops of
silver nitrate solution to
each and stir. WARNING:
Avoid contact with the sil-
ver nitrate solution. Silver
nitrate is a corrosive liquid
that can stain skin and
clothes.
Analysis
1. Which solution will defi-
nitely show a presence of
chlorine? How did this
result compare to the
result with distilled water? Fluoride compounds are
2. Which result most resem- used in toothpaste to
bled your drinking prevent tooth decay.
water?

580 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

(t)Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit, Inc./PictureQuest, (b)Dick Frank/The Stock Market/CORBIS
 Figure 13 This ocean-salt
recovery site uses evaporation to
separate the halogen compounds
from the water so the salts can be
refined further.

Uses of Halogens The odor you sometimes smell near a

swimming pool is chlorine. Chlorine compounds are used to
disinfect water. Chlorine, the most abundant halogen, is
obtained from seawater at ocean-salt recovery sites like the one Chlorofluorocarbons
in Figure 13. Household and industrial bleaches used to whiten Compounds called chloro-
flour, clothing, and paper also contain chlorine compounds. fluorocarbons are used in
Bromine, the only nonmetal that is a liquid at room temper- refrigeration systems. If
ature, also is extracted from compounds in seawater. Other released, these compounds
destroy ozone in the atmo-
bromine compounds are used as dyes in cosmetics. sphere. The ozone protects
Iodine, a shiny purple-gray solid at room temperature, is you from some of the harm-
obtained from seawater. When heated, iodine changes directly to ful rays from the Sun. Find
a purple vapor. The process of a solid changing directly to a the advantages and disad-
vapor without forming a liquid is called sublimation, as shown vantages of these com-
in Figure 14. Iodine is essential in your diet for the production pounds. Write your answer
in your Science Journal.
of the hormone thyroxin and to prevent goiter, an enlarging of
the thyroid gland in the neck.

What is sublimation?

Astatine is the last member of Group 17. It is radioactive and

rare, but has many properties similar to those of the other halo-
gens. There are no known uses due to its rarity.

Figure 14 Frozen carbon diox-

ide, or dry ice, is used to make
inexpensive, visible gas for theatri-
cal productions. The carbon dioxide
is brought out as a solid, then it
sublimes as shown here.

SECTION 2 Nonmetals 581

(t)Norris Blake/Visuals Unlimited, (b)Steven Senne/AP/Wide World Photos
 Noble Gases 2 The Noble Gases
He
The noble gases exist as isolated atoms. They are stable
10
Ne
because their outermost energy levels are full. No naturally
occurring noble gas compounds are known, but several com-
18
Ar
pounds of xenon and krypton with fluorine have been created
in a laboratory.
36
Kr The stability of noble gases is what makes them useful. In
addition, the light weight of helium makes it useful in lighter-
54
Xe than-air blimps and balloons. Neon and argon are used in “neon
86
lights” for advertising. Argon and krypton are used in electric
Rn lightbulbs to produce light in lasers, as seen in Figure 15.

Figure 15 Noble gases are used

to produce spectacular laser light
shows.

Summary Self Check

Properties of Nonmetals 1. Describe two ways in which hydrogen combines with
• Nonmetals usually are gases or brittle solids
that are not shiny and do not conduct heat or
other elements.
2. Rank the following nonmetals from lowest number of
electricity. electrons in the outer level to highest: Cl-, H+, He, H.
3. Explain how solid nonmetals are different from solid
Hydrogen metals.
• Hydrogen makes up 90 percent of the atoms
in the universe and is highly reactive.
4. Describe how you can tell that a gas is a halogen.
5. Think Critically What is the process of a solid changing
directly into a vapor? Which element undergoes this
Halogens
process at room temperature?
• Halogens are in Group 17 and are highly reac-
tive in their elemental form.
6. Interpret data by identifying the nonmetal with its
The Noble Gases
oxidation number in these compounds: MgO,
• Noble gases exist only as isolated atoms
because their outer energy levels are full.
NaH, AlBr3, and FeS.

582 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties gpscience.com/self_check_quiz

Gene J. Puskar/AP/Wide World Photos
 What Type is it?
Suppose you want an element for a Observing Properties
certain use. You might be able to use a
Malleable Electrical Shiny
metal but not a nonmetal. In this lab, Element Appearance
or Brittle Conductivity or Dull
you will test several metals and non-
metals and compare their properties. Carbon
Magnesium Do not write in this book.

Real-World Aluminum

Question Sulfur

How can you use properties to dis- Tin

tinguish metals from nonmetals?
4. Repeat step 3 for each sample.
Goals 5. Test the conductivity of each element by
■ Observe physical properties. touching the electrodes of the conductivity
■ Test the malleability of the materials. tester to a sample. If the bulb lights, the
■ Identify electrical conductivity in the given element conducts electricity.
materials.

Materials Conclude and Apply

samples of C, Mg, Al, conductivity tester 1. Compare and Contrast Locate each ele-
S, and Sn spatula ment you used on the periodic table.
dishes for the samples small hammer Compare your results with what you would
paper towels expect from an element in that location.
Safety Precautions 2. Explain Locate palladium, Pd, on the peri-
odic table. Use the results you obtained
during the activity to predict some of the
Procedure properties of palladium.
1. Prepare a table in your Science Journal like
the one shown above.
2. Observe and record the appearance of each
element sample. Include its physical state,
color, and whether it is shiny or dull.
3. Remove a small sample of one of the ele-
ments. Gently tap the sample with a hammer. Compare your results with those of other
The sample is malleable if it flattens when students. For more help, refer to the
tapped and brittle if it shatters. Clean the Science Skill Handbook.
hammer between testing using a paper towel.

LAB 583
 Mixed Groups
Reading Guide
Review Vocabulary
■ Distinguish among metals, The elements in mixed groups affect substance: element or compound
nonmetals, and metalloids. your life every day, because they are that cannot be broken down into
■ Describe the nature of allotropes. in everything from the computer you simpler components
■ Recognize the significance of use to the air you breathe.
differences in crystal structure New Vocabulary

■
in carbon.
Understand the importance
•• metalloid
allotrope
of synthetic elements.
•• semiconductor
transuranium element

Properties of Metalloids
The Boron Group Can an element be a metal and a nonmetal? In a sense, some
5 elements called metalloids are. Metalloids share unusual charac-
B teristics. Metalloids can form ionic and covalent bonds with
13 other elements and can have metallic and nonmetallic proper-
Al ties. Some metalloids can conduct electricity better than most
31 nonmetals, but not as well as some metals, giving them the
Ga name semiconductor. With the exception of aluminum, the
49 metalloids are the elements in the periodic table that are located
ln along the stair-step line. The mixed groups—13, 14, 15, 16, and
81 17—contain metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
Tl

The Boron Group

Figure 16 Aluminum is used fre- Boron, a metalloid, is the first element in Group 13. If you look
quently in the construction of air- around your home, you might find two compounds of boron. One
planes because it is light and strong. of these is borax, which is used in some laundry
products to soften water. The other is boric acid, a
mild antiseptic. Boron also is used as a grinding
material and as boranes, which are compounds used
for jet and rocket fuel.
Aluminum, a metal in Group 13, is the most
abundant metal in Earth’s crust. It is used in soft-
drink cans, foil wrap, cooking pans, and as siding.
Aluminum is strong and light and is used in the con-
struction of airplanes such as the one in Figure 16.

584 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

George Hall/CORBIS
 Figure 17 Elements in Group 14
have many uses.

Silicon is used to make the chips that allow this computer to run.

The Carbon Group These tin cans are made of steel

Each element in Group 14, the carbon family, has four elec- with a tin coating.
trons in its outer energy level, but this is where much of the sim-
ilarity ends. Carbon is a nonmetal, silicon and germanium are
metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. Carbon occurs as an ele-
ment in coal and as a compound in oil, natural gas, and foods.
Carbon in these materials can combine with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide, CO2. In the presence of sunlight, plants utilize
CO2 to make food. Carbon compounds, many of which are
essential to life, can be found in you and all around you. All
organic compounds contain carbon, but not all carbon com-
pounds are organic.
Silicon is second only to oxygen in abundance in Earth’s The Carbon Group
crust. Most silicon is found in sand, SiO2, and almost all rocks 6
and soil. The crystal structure of silicon dioxide is similar to the C
structure of diamond. Silicon occurs as two allotropes. 14
Allotropes, which are different forms of the same element, have Si
different molecular structures. One allotrope of silicon is a hard, 32
gray substance, and the other is a brown powder. Ge
50
What are allotropes? Sn

Silicon is the main component in semiconductors—ele- 82

Pb
ments that conduct an electric current under certain conditions.
Many of the electronics that you use every day, like the computer
in Figure 17, need semiconductors to run. Germanium, the other
metalloid in the carbon group, is used along with silicon in mak-
ing semiconductors. Tin is used to coat other metals to prevent
corrosion, like the tin cans in Figure 17. Tin also is combined
with other metals to produce bronze and pewter. Lead was used
widely in paint at one time, but because it is toxic, lead no longer
is used.

SECTION 3 Mixed Groups 585

(l)Icon Images, (r)Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers
 Allotropes of Carbon What do the diamond in a diamond
ring and the graphite in your pencil have in common? They are
both carbon. Diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene,
shown in Figure 18, are allotropes of an element.
A diamond is clear and extremely hard. In a diamond, each
carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms at the ver-
tices, or corner points, of a tetrahedron. In turn, many tetra-
Topic:
Buckminsterfullerene hedrons join together to form a giant molecule in which the
Visit gpscience.com for Web links atoms are held tightly in a strong crystalline structure. This
to information about this structure accounts for the hardness of diamond.
compound. Graphite is a black powder that consists of hexagonal layers
Activity Research this com- of carbon atoms. In the hexagons, each carbon atom is bonded
pound and describe some of the to three other carbon atoms. The fourth electron of each atom
qualities that make it unique. is bonded weakly to the layer next to it. This structure allows the
layers to slide easily past one another, making graphite an excel-
lent lubricant. In the mid-1980s, a new allotrope of carbon
called buckminsterfullerene was discovered. This soccer-ball-
shaped molecule, informally called a buckyball, was named after
the architect-engineer R. Buckminster Fuller, who designed
structures with similar shapes.
In 1991, scientists were able to use the buckyballs to synthe-
size extremely thin, graphitelike tubes. These tubes, called nan-
otubes, are about 1 billionth of a meter in diameter. That means
Figure 18 Three allotropes you could stack tens of thousands of nanotubes just to get the
of carbon are depicted here. thickness of one piece of paper. Nanotubes might be used some-
Identify the geometric shapes day to make computers that are smaller and faster and to make
that make up each allotrope. strong building materials.

Graphite Diamond Buckminsterfullerene

586 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

(l)Aaron Haupt, (c)Rick Gayle Studio/The Stock Market/CORBIS, (r)Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers
The Nitrogen Group
The nitrogen family makes up Group 15. Each element has 7
five electrons in its outer energy level. These elements tend to The Nitrogen N
share electrons and to form covalent compounds with other ele- Group 15
ments. Nitrogen often is used to make nitrates (which are com- P
pounds that contain the nitrate ion, NO3–) and ammonia, NH3, 33
both of which are used in fertilizers. Nitrogen is the fourth most As
abundant element in your body. Each breath you take is about 51
80 percent gaseous nitrogen in the form of diatomic molecules, Sb
N2. Yet you and other animals and plants can’t use nitrogen in 83
its diatomic form. The nitrogen must be combined into com- Bi
pounds, such as amino acids.

Use Circle Graphs Oxygen, the predominant element in Earth's crust, makes up approximate-
ly 46.6 percent of the crust. If you were to show this information on a circle graph, how many degrees
would represent oxygen?

This is what you know: % oxygen = 46.6%

total degrees in a circle = 360°
This is what you need to find: degrees of a circle that represent 46.6%
Use this formula: % oxygen degrees oxygen
=
% total degrees total

Rearrange the equation % oxygen
degrees total

degrees oxygen =
and substitute: % total
degrees oxygen = 46.6%
360°
100%
degrees oxygen = 167.76°, rounded to 168°
Determine the units: degrees = percent
degrees
percent
Answer: In a circle graph, the number of degrees 46.6% of oxygen
would represent is 168°.
For more practice problems,
go to page 834, and visit
Practice Problems gpscience.com/extra_problems.

1. The percentages of remaining elements in Earth’s crust are: silicon, 27.7;

aluminum, 8.1; iron, 5.0; calcium, 3.6; sodium, 2.8; potassium, 2.6;
magnesium, 2.1; and other elements, 1.5. Find the number of degrees
in a circle each percentage would represent.
2. Challenge Create a circle graph of the elements in Earth’s crust.

SECTION 3 Mixed Groups 587

 Uses of the Nitrogen Group Phosphorus is a nonmetal
that has three allotropes. Phosphorous compounds can be used
for many things from water softeners to fertilizers, match heads,
and even in fine china. Antimony is a metalloid, and bismuth is
a metal. Both elements are used with other metals to lower their
melting points. Because of this property, the metal in automatic
fire-sprinkler heads contains bismuth.
The Oxygen 8 Why is bismuth used in fire-sprinkler heads?
Group O
16
S
The Oxygen Group
34
Se
Group 16 on the periodic table is the oxygen group. You can
live for only a short time without oxygen, which makes up about
52
Te
21 percent of air. Oxygen, a nonmetal, exists in the air as
diatomic molecules, O2. During electrical storms, some oxygen
84
Po molecules, O2, change into ozone molecules, O3. Oxygen also
has several uses in compound form, including the one shown at
left in Figure 19.
Nearly all living things on Earth need O2 for respiration.
Living things also depend on a layer of O3 around Earth for pro-
tection from some of the Sun’s radiation.
The second element in the oxygen group is sulfur. Sulfur is a
nonmetal that exists in several allotropic forms. It exists as
different-shaped crystals and as a noncrystalline solid. Sulfur
combines with metals to form sulfides of such distinctive colors
that they are used as pigments in paints.
The nonmetal selenium and two metalloids—tellurium and
polonium—are the other Group 16 elements. Selenium is the
most common of these three. This element is one of several that
you need in trace amounts in your diet. Many multivitamins
contain this nonmetal as an ingredient. But selenium is toxic if
too much of it gets into your system. Selenium also is used in
Figure 19 Group 16 com-
photocopiers like the one in Figure 19.
pounds have a variety of uses.

Solutions of hydrogen peroxide,

H2O2, are used to clean minor
wounds.

Selenium is used in
xerography to make
photocopies.

588 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

(l)RMIP/Richard Haynes, (r)PhotoDisc
Figure 20 The americium used
in smoke detectors is a synthetic
element that has saved lives. Smoke
detector

Americium-241
+
Battery
Current

Smoke
detector

Smoke
particle
–

Synthetic Elements
If you made something that always fell apart, you might
think you were not successful. However, nuclear scientists are
learning to do just that. By smashing existing elements with par-
ticles accelerated in a heavy ion accelerator, they have been suc-
cessful in creating elements not typically found on Earth. Except
for technetium 43 and promethium 61, each synthetic element
has more than 92 protons.
Bombarding uranium with neutrons can make neptunium,
element 93. Half of the synthesized atoms of neptunium disin-
tegrate in about two days. This may not sound useful, but when The Transuranium Elements
neptunium atoms disintegrate, they form plutonium. This
highly toxic element has been produced in control rods of
nuclear reactors and is used in bombs. Plutonium also can be
changed to americium, element 95. This element is used in
home smoke detectors such as the one in Figure 20. In smoke
detectors, a small amount of americium emits charged particles.
An electric plate in the smoke detector attracts some of these
charged particles. When a lot of smoke is in the air, it interferes 92
U
with the electric current, which immediately sets off the alarm
in the smoke detector.

Transuranium Elements Elements having more than 92 pro-

tons, the atomic number of uranium, are called transuranium
elements. These elements do not belong exclusively to the metal,
nonmetal, or metalloid group. These are the elements toward the
bottom of the periodic table. Some are in the actinide series, and
some are on the bottom row of the main periodic table. All of the
transuranium elements are synthetic and unstable, and many of
them disintegrate quickly.

SECTION 3 Mixed Groups 589

 VISUALIZING THE DISCOVERY OF ELEMENTS
Figure 21
Au - GOLD
ome elements, such as gold,

S
Prized since the
silver, tin, carbon, copper, and Stone Age
lead, have been known and Ag - SILVER
used for thousands of years. Most Found in tombs
others were discovered much more dating to 4000 B.C.
recently. Even at the time of the
American Revolution in 1776, only
24 elements were known. The A.D. 1774
timeline below shows the dates Cl - CHLORINE
of discovery of selected elements, Pale green,
ancient and modern. toxic gas

A.D. 1700
1817
Cd - CADMIUM 1898
Used to color yellow 1868 Po - POLONIUM and
and red paint He - HELIUM Ra - RADIUM
Lighter-than-air gas Radioactive elements
1825 used to fill balloons discovered by Marie
Al - ALUMINUM and Pierre Curie
Most abundant
element in Earth’s crust 1898
Ne - NEON
Glows when
electricity flows
through it
A.D. 1800

1981–1996
1952 Bh- BOHRIUM, Ds - DARMSTADTIUM
Es - EINSTEINIUM Elements isolated by a heavy ion
Radioactive gas named accelerator such as the UNILAC, below
after Albert Einstein

A.D. 1900 A.D. 2000

1900
Rn - RADON
Radioactive gas that
may cause cancer

590 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

(tl)Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS, (tc)Jonathan Blair/CORBIS, (tr)Patricia Lanza, (cl)CORBIS, (ccl)Tony Freeman/CORBIS, (c)PhotoDisc,
(ccr)Paul A. Souders/CORBIS, (cr)Bettmann/CORBIS, (bl)Steve Cole/CORBIS, (bc)Artville, (br)Achim Zschau
Why make elements? Figure 21 shows when some of the
elements were discovered throughout history. The processes
used to discover these elements have varied widely. The most
recently discovered elements are synthetic. By studying how the
synthesized elements form and disintegrate, you can gain an
understanding of the forces holding the nucleus together. When
these atoms disintegrate, they are said to be radioactive.
Radioactive elements can be useful. For example, technetium’s Topic: Synthetic Elements
radioactivity makes it ideal for many medical applications. At this Visit gpscience.com for Web links
to information and an online
time, many of the synthetic elements last only small fractions of update about synthetic elements.
seconds after they are constructed and can be made only in small
amounts. However, the value of applications that might be dis- Activity Find what some of
the latest developments are in
covered easily could offset their costs. synthetic elements. Collect infor-
mation on the one that interests
Seeking Stability Element 114, discovered in 1999, appears to you most and explain what you
be much more stable than most synthetic elements of its size. It think is the most intriguing prop-
lasted for 30 s before it broke apart. This may not seem like long, erty of this element.
but it lasts 100,000 times longer than an atom of element 112.
Perhaps this special combination of 114 protons and 175 neutrons
allows the nucleus to hold together despite the enormous repul-
sion between the protons.
In the 1960s, scientists theorized that stable synthetic elements
exist. Finding one might help scientists understand how the forces
inside the atom work. Perhaps someday you’ll read about some of
the everyday uses this discovery has brought.

Summary Self Check

Properties of Metalloids 1. Explain why Groups 14 and 15 are better representa-
• Metalloids are elements that can form ionic
and covalent bonds with other elements and
tives of mixed groups than Groups 13 and Group 16.
2. Describe how allotropes of silicon differ in appearance.
can have metallic and nonmetallic properties. 3. Explain how an element is classified as a transuranium
Carbon Group element.

• The elements in Group 14 have four electrons

in their outer energy levels.
4. Describe what type of structure a diamond has. How
would you build a model of this?
Nitrogen Group 5. Think Critically Graphite and a diamond are both

• The elements in Group 15 tend to share elec-

trons and form covalent bonds.
made of the element carbon. Why is graphite a lubri-
cant and diamond the hardest gem known?
Synthetic Elements

• Synthetic elements are elements that are not

typically found on Earth.
6. Calculate Element 114 lasted 30s before falling apart.
It lasted 100,000 times longer than element 112. How
• By synthesizing elements, scientists may under-
stand how the forces inside the atom work.
long did element 112 last?

gpscience.com/self_check_quiz SECTION 3 Mixed Groups 591

 Design Your Own

Slippery Carbon
Goals Real-World Question
■ Make a model that Often, a lubricant is needed when two metals
will demonstrate the touch each other. For example, a sticky lock
molecular structure of sometimes works better with the addition of
graphite. a small amount of graphite. What gives this
■ Compare and contrast allotrope of carbon the slippery property of a
the strength of the lubricant? Why do certain arrangements of
different bonds in atoms in a material cause the material to feel
graphite. slippery?
■ Infer the relationship
between bonding and Form a Hypothesis
physical properties.
Based on your understanding of how carbon
Possible Materials atoms bond, form a hypothesis about the rela-
thin spaghetti tionship of graphite’s molecular structure to
small gumdrops its physical properties.
thin polystyrene sheets
flat cardboard
scissors

Safety Precautions

Use care when working

with scissors and
uncooked spaghetti.

592 CHAPTER 19 Elements and Their Properties

(t)Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers, (b)Richard Hutchings
 Test Your Hypothesis
Make A Plan
1. As a group, agree upon a logical hypothesis statement.
2. As a group, sequence and list the steps you need to take to test your
hypothesis. Be specific, describing exactly what you will do at each step to
make a model of the types of bonding present in graphite.
3. Remember from Figure 18 that graphite consists of rings of six carbons bonded
in a flat hexagon. These rings are bonded to each other. In addition, the flat
rings in one layer are weakly attached to other flat layers.
4. List possible materials you plan to use.
5. Read over the experiment to make sure that all steps are in logical order.
6. Will your model be constructed with materials that show weak and strong
attractions?

Follow Your Plan

1. Make sure your teacher approves your plan before you start.
2. Have you selected materials to use in your model that demonstrate weak and
strong attractions? Carry out the experiment as planned.
3. Once your model has been constructed, list any observations that you make and
include a sketch in your Science Journal.

Analyze Your Data

1. Compare your model with designs and results of other groups.
2. How does your model illustrate two types of attractions found in the graphite
structure?
3. How does the bonding of graphite that you explored in the lab explain
graphite’s lubricating properties? Write your answer in your Science Journal.

Conclude and Apply

1. Describe the results you obtained from your
experiment. Did the results support your
hypothesis? Explain to a friend why graphite makes a
2. Describe why graphite makes a good lubricant. good lubricant and how the two types of
3. Explain what kinds of bonds you think a bonds make a difference.
diamond has.

LAB 593
Richard Hutchings
 SCIENCEAND SCIENCE
CAN CHANGE

HISTORY THE COURSE

OF HISTORY!

A neon sign in the making. Workers carefully

twist the light tubes into different shapes.

Neon has made the world a more colorful place

Nothing in the world gave a glow such as we first neon sign. The chemist took the air out of a

“ had seen.” With these words, two British

chemists recorded their discovery of neon in
1898. Neon is a noble gas that emits a spectacu-
glass tube and replaced it with neon gas. When
the gas was jolted with electricity, it glowed like
a fiery sunset. The chemist sold the light to a
lar red-orange glow when an electric current is barber, who hung it over his storefront. By the
passed through it. It also makes up a tiny portion 1920s, neon lights were used to advertise every-
of the air we breathe. thing from cars to diners.
But neon’s presence remained undetected When a touch of mercury is added to neon,
until a technology called spectroscopy allowed it glows a tropical blue. The other colors seen in
the chemists to view that “blaze of crimson “neon lights” actually come from other noble
light” in their lab—a light that soon lit up the gases. Krypton, for instance, glows yellow. Xenon
world in fantastical ways. shines like a bluish-white star.

Signs of Change Other Uses for Neon

Pink flamingos, cowboys on bucking bron- The vivid light emitted by neon can pene-
cos, deep-sea fish afloat in the air—neon signs trate the densest fog, making it a natural choice
make any building or billboard come alive in a for airplane beacons. Neon also is used to manu-
kaleidoscope of colors. Barely a decade after facture lasers and television tubes. Neon defi-
neon was discovered, a chemist developed the nitely helps light up our lives!

Identify As a group, brainstorm a new product or business, then

design a neon sign to advertise your idea. See if other groups can
For more information, visit
correctly guess what your sign represents.
gpscience.com/time

Lynn Johnson/Aurora
 Metals 4. The noble gases, Group 18, are elements
whose properties and uses are related to
1. A typical metal is a hard, shiny solid their chemical stability.
that, due to metallic bonding, is
malleable, ductile, and a good
conductor. Mixed Groups
2. Groups 1 and 1. Groups 13 through 16 include metals, non-
2 are the alkali metals, and metalloids.
and alkaline
earth metals,
which have
some similar and
some contrasting
properties.
3. The iron triad,
the coinage met-
als, and the ele-
ments in Group
12 are examples
of transition
elements.
4. The lanthanides and actinides have atomic
2. Allotropes are forms of the same element
numbers 58 through 71 and 90 through
having different molecular structures.
103, respectively.
3. The properties of three forms of carbon—
graphite, diamond, and buckminster-
Nonmetals fullerene—depend upon the differences in
1. Nonmetals can be brittle and dull. They are their crystal structures.
also poor conductors of electricity. 4. All synthetic elements are short-lived. Except
2. As a typical nonmetal, hydrogen is a gas for technetium-43 and promethium-61, they
that forms compounds by sharing electrons have atomic numbers greater than 92 and
with other nonmetals and by forming ionic are referred to as transuranium elements.
bonds with metals. These elements are found toward the bot-
tom of the periodic table.
3. All the halogens, Group 17, have seven
outer electrons and form covalent and ionic
compounds, but each halogen has some Use the Foldable that you made at the begin-
properties that are unlike each of the others ning of this chapter to help you review elements and their
properties.
in the group.

gpscience.com/interactive_tutor CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE 595

(cw from left)Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers, Stephen Frisch/Stock Boston, Charles E. Zirkle, Doug Martin,
Karl Hartmann/Sachs/PhotoTake NYC, Russ Lappa/Science Source/Photo Researchers, George Hall/CORBIS
 9. Which set of elements makes up the most
reactive group of all metals?
allotrope p. 585 radioactive element p. 572 A) iron triad
diatomic molecule p. 579 salt p. 580 B) coinage metals
ductile p. 570 semiconductor p. 585 C) alkali metals
malleable p. 570 sublimation p. 581
metal p. 570 transition element p. 574
D) alkaline earth metals
metallic bonding p. 571 transuranium element 10. Which element is the most reactive of all
metalloid p. 584 p. 589
nonmetal p. 578
nonmetals?
A) fluorine C) hydrogen
B) uranium D) oxygen
Complete each sentence with the correct vocabu-
lary word(s). 11. Which element is always found in nature
combined with other elements?
1. The _________ are located to the left of the A) copper C) magnesium
stair–step line on the periodic table. B) gold D) silver
2. Different structural forms of the same 12. Which elements are least reactive?
element are called _________. A) metals C) noble gases
3. Positively charged ions are surrounded by B) halogens D) actinides
freely moving electrons in _________. 13. What element is formed when neptunium
4. A(n) _________ is a molecule comprised of disintegrates?
two atoms. A) ytterbium C) americium
B) promethium D) plutonium
5. The _________ are in Groups 3 through 12
on the periodic table.
Interpreting Graphics
14. Copy and complete the concept map using
the following: transition elements, hydrogen,
Choose the word or phrase that best answers the metals, inner transition metals, noble gases.
question.
6. When magnesium and fluorine react, what Elements
type of bond is formed?
A) metallic C) covalent Nonmetals
B) ionic D) diatomic are are

7. What type of bond is found in a piece of Alkali metals

and alkaline
pure gold? earth metals and
A) metallic C) covalent
and Halogens
B) ionic D) diatomic
except
8. Because electrons move freely in metals, astatine
which property describes metals? and and
A) brittle C) dull
B) hard D) conductors

596 CHAPTER REVIEW gpscience.com/vocabulary_puzzlemaker

 22. Compare and Contrast Explain why aluminum
is a metal and carbon is not.
15. Concept Map Copy and complete the concept 23. Explain What is metallic bonding? Explain
map using the following: Na, Fe, Actinides, how this affects conductivity.
Hg, Ba, Alkali, and Inner transition.
24. Describe the geometric shapes of the carbon
Metals allotropes.

Transition

Ag
Use the following table to answer question 25.

Lanthanides Gas Analysis

Gas Volume %
16. Make and Use Tables Use the periodic table CO 6.8
to classify each of the following as a H2 47.3
lanthanide or actinide: californium,
CH4 33.9
europium, cerium, nobelium, terbium,
and uranium. CO2 2.2
N2 6
17. Explain why mercury is rarely used in ther-
Other 3.8
mometers that take body temperatures.
18. Explain The density of hydrogen is lower 25. Interpret Data When coke-oven gas is
than air and can be used to fill balloons. burned in an industrial process, several
Why is helium used instead of hydrogen? gases are produced in the reaction. If
19. Explain Copper is a good choice for use in 385 grams of coke-oven gas are con-
electrical wiring. What type of elements sumed in this reaction, how many
would not work well for this purpose? grams of CH4 (methane) are produced?
Why? 26. Use Percentage Chloroform has the
chemical formula, CHCl3, and a molec-
20. Explain why various silver compounds are
ular weight of 119.39 g. What is the
used in photography.
percentage of Cl (chlorine) present in
21. Describe Like selenium, chromium is poi- this compound?
sonous but is needed in trace amounts in 27. Use Numbers Calculate the molecular
your diet. How would you apply this weight of gallium bromide (GaBr3).
information in order to use vitamin and
mineral pills safely?

gpscience.com/chapter_review CHAPTER REVIEW 597

Record your answers on the answer sheet Use the illustration below to answer questions 5 and 6.
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper.
Elements in the Human Body
1. Which of these elements is the main com- 70
ponent of steel, and the most widely used 60
of all metals? 50

Percent
A. iron C. cadmium 40
B. aluminum D. magnesium 30
2. What term describes the Group 1 elements 20
10
lithium, sodium, and potassium?
0
A. alkali metals en n en en m rs
xyg arbo rog rog lciu Othe
B. radioactive elements O C d it Ca
Hy N
C. lanthanides Elements
D. transition metals
Use the illustration below to answer questions 3 and 4. 5. Which of these is a property of the ele-
26 27 28 ments that make up 98 percent of the
Fe Co Ni human body?
A. malleability
B. poor electrical and heat conductivity
C. shiny appearance
D. ductility

6. In which of these phases does the element

3. What name is given to these three elements present in the highest percentage in the
which are used in processes that create steel human body exist?
and other metal mixtures? A. gas C. liquid
A. halogens C. actinides B. solid D. plasma
B. the coin metals D. the iron triad
4. To which major group do these elements 7. Which element is present in all organic
belong? compounds?
A. nonmetals C. transition elements A. silicon C. nitrogen
B. noble gases D. alkali metals B. oxygen D. carbon

8. Which of these is NOT a property of

transuranium elements?
Eliminate Choices If you don’t know the answer to a A. occur naturally
multiple-choice question eliminate as many incorrect choices B. have greater than 92 protons
as possible. C. are synthetic
D. are unstable

598 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Record your answers on the answer sheet Record your answers on the answer sheet
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper. provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper.
9. Define the general properties of metals 16. Recent Federal Drug Administration state-
which make them useful and versatile ments advise limiting consumption of tuna
materials. and salmon. Which transitional element is
the source of the problem? Explain why
10. Use the electron configuration of the ele-
this element poses a potential risk.
ments sodium and potassium to explain
why these elements do not occur in nature 17. Use the properties of metallic bonds to
in elemental form. explain why metal hammered into sheets
Use the illustrations below to answer questions 11 does not break, as well as why metals con-
and 12. duct electricity.
18. Based on its electron configuration and
position in the periodic table, explain why
fluorine is the most chemically active of
all elements.
Use the illustration below to answer question 19.

11. Define the term allotrope, and identify

these allotropes of carbon.
12. Compare the structures of these carbon
allotropes and relate the structures to the
properties of these materials.
19. Identify the gas which enables this blimp
13. Describe some unique properties of to remain suspended in the atmosphere.
hydrogen. Why would it be dangerous to use hydro-
14. Identify and describe the uses of some of gen for this purpose?
the halogens obtained from seawater. 20. Explain the importance of organisms that
15. Compare the two types of bonds which convert nitrogen from its diatomic form
nonmetals can form. into other compounds.

gpscience.com/standardized_test STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 599

George Hall/CORBIS