PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

FIRST SHIFTING
08/17/18

INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACY

PHARMACY
- Art and science
- Preparing from natural and synthetic source
Ex:

Willow bark- aspirin

Senna- Senakot
- Suitable materials for distribution
- Use in the treatment and prevention of diseases

Embraces the knowledge of:

1. Identification and selection

- Selects ingredients
2. Pharmacological Action
- The effect of the active ingredient.
3. Preservation
- Proper storage condition
4. Analysis and Standardization of drugs and medicines that includes:
- Proper and safe distribution or use of drugs
- Dispense of prescription
- Sell directly to patients.

RA 10918- Philippine Pharmacy Act

- An act regulating and modernizing the practice of pharmacy in the Philippines
- repealing RA 5921
DRUG
- from the Greek word pharmakon
- pharmaceutical products
- chemical compounds or biological substances other than food
- used in TREATMENT, PREVENTION, MITIGATION, PREVENTION and CURE of disease process
in humans and animals.
- DOCTORS, DENTISTS, VETERINARIANS are authorized to prescribe drugs to patients.
-
From RA 9502- Universally Accessible Cheaper Quality Medicines Act of 2008

(1) Articles recognized in the official:

- United states pharmacopoeia (USP)
 More comprehensive
- National Formulary
- Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States
- Philippine Pharmacopoeia
 We also have our own pharmacopoeia
- PNDF: Drugs Prescribed in the Government Hospitals
 List of drugs in the Philippines
- British Pharmacopoeia
- Japanese Pharmacopoeia
- European Pharmacopoeia

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Note:
 Pharmacopoeia means safety and purity of drugs
 USP 41 NF36
a. Latest volume of the USP
b. Drug excipients
i. Increases bulk, improve the flavoring and does not contribute to the
efficacy and effectivity of the drugs
 USP and NF
i. Book of public pharmacopoeia standards
ii. Standards of medicines, dosages, and labelling requirements
iii. Ensures the identity and purity of the products
 USP
i. Monographs for tall manufacturers for raw materials and process control/
trouble shoot
(i) Monographs: ingredient or preparation, packaging, storage, labelling
requirements; and specifications (test procedures and acceptance
criteria
(ii) Testing of the final product

(2) Articles used in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man
or other materials

(3) Articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of
man and animals.

(4) Articles intended for use as a component of any article specified in (1), (2), and (3) but
does not include devices, or component parts of accessories.
 DEVICES: instruments, apparata, contrivances, components
 HERBAL/ TRADITIONAL DRUGS: which are article of plants or animal origin used in
medicine (RA 9502)
HERBAL DRUG
- Recognized in the Philippine National Drug Formulary
- In finished or ready to use dosage form, and as a component of any of the article
specified in clauses (1) (2) (3) (4)

MEDICINE
- Drug as the active ingredients
- With excipients.
- Formulated into a suitable dosage form, with complete packaging

FIELDS OF PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES

1. COMMUNITY PHARMACY
- Botica
- Drugstore
- Pharmacy
- Retail Pharmacy
 Retail Outlets for Non Prescription Drugs (RONPD)
i. Convenience stores
ii. Groceries
iii. Do not sell Rx drugs/ prescription drugs

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iv. Not considered as drugstores because they do not have an on call

pharmacist, however a pharmacist checks on them from time to time.
v. Also registered in FDA

(1) Independent Drugstore

 Vary in size and merchandise
(2) Chain Drug store/ Multiple Pharmacy
 Profitable, more than two branches
 1966

2. INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY
- Research and Development: Practice batches/ smaller batches
 Formulation
 Reformulation
 Drug excipient compatibility testing
 Determine proper route of administration of drug
 Products stability including the proper packaging material innovation

3. PRODUCTION
- Conversion of the raw materials to finished products
- Supervises the operation (Current Good Manufacturing Practice) must be observed,
planning for production.
 Quality Control
(1) Raw materials, intermediate and finished product undergo QC to assure the
quality and purity of the product
(2) Packaging components
(3) Qualitative/ Quantitative Tests
(4) Assay (Confirming label claim)
 Range of perception
 Ensures to conform to specification or drugs

4. MARKETING/ DRUG DISTRIBUTION

- Responsible for contacting drug distributors
 REGULATORY AFFAIRS OFFICER
(1) Participates in the development and implementation of Regulatory Strategy
(2) Assembles a regulatory file/ dossier
(3) Monitors products files in the developmental phase
(4) Conducts regulatory, monitoring of approved products
(5) Provides counselling to internal and external unless with regulatory issues

5. HOSPITAL
- Drug consultant to doctors, nurses, patients and other hospital personnel
- Compounding prescriptions in a hospital setting
- Member of the pharmacy therapeutic committee
- Pharmacist as a member makes sure drugs are really used in the hospital

6. CLINICAL PHARMACY
- Patient-oriented
- Makes the rounds with doctors
- Monitors drug therapy
- Advises the patient on drug use

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7. DRUG WHOLESALING
- Products of hundred manufacturers in a single store

8. PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION
- Most important field of pharmacy because it produces more pharmacists

9. RESEARCH
- New drugs (discover)
- Development/ improvement of existing drug products

10. CLINICAL RESEARCH

- Branch of healthcare science that determines the safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of
medication

11. COSMETIC INDUSTRY

- Make and sell things like make ups, lotion, shampoo, nail polish
- Regulated by the FDA: they ensure the ingredients if beauty products are safe for
humans

12. PHARMA JOURNALISM

- serves as written, editor and publisher of drug and health related magazines, brochures,
and newsletter

13. GOVERNMENT
- Civil service employee
 FDA: drug inspector, licensing
 DOH and DOST: researches
 NBI and DDB: prevention and rehabilitation
 PRC: board exams

BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY

BELIEFS

- sickness is caused by evil forces

- Punishment from the gods.
- The have superstitions and untested theories

REMEDIES

- offer sacrifices like food and prayer

- Use of natural resources like plants, mud

ANTIQUITY: BCE

CLAY TABLETS OF MESOPOTAMIA ( 800 tablets)

- medical texts
- Record of the symptoms of illness, the prescription amd directions for compounding then
an invocation to the gods.

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CHINA

SHEN NUNG ( 2000)

- father of Chinese pharmaceutics

- Emperor who investigated the medicinal value of herbs
- Podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, ma huang, ephedra
- Wrote pwn t sao (Botanical basis of pharmacy, or native herbals.)
-

LAO TZU( 500 BC)

- Taoist and natural philosopher

- Aithor od the way
- Promotes conspt o& health and prosperity through awareness and observance of
natural cosmic cycles
- QI (energy)- balanced of yin yang

PAPYRU EBERS (1500 BC)

- oldest, best known and most important pharmaceutical record

- 21 yards ( 60 ft) long, contains 800 rx mentioning of 700 drugs
- Egypts preparations such as gargles, suppositories, inhalations, poultices, ointments

BIBLICAL RECORDS (1200 BC)

- book of sirach- creation of medicines by God
- Genesis- myrrh as astringent

ANCIENT GREECE

HIPPOCRATES (460 BC)

- Father of Medicine
- Sought the rationalization of treatment ( used scientific method)
- Shows the fundamentals of scientific method

THEOPHRASTUS (300BC)

- father of botany
- Philosopher and natural scientists
- Observations and writings dealing with the medical qualities and lecularities of herbs are
accurate, even in the light of the present knowledge
 Atropa belladoma / deadly night shade
 atropine- regulate heart rate
 Hyosine-N- butylbromide

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ANCIENT TURKY

MITHRIDATES V1 (100 BC)

- king of pontus
- Father of toxicology
- Studied the art of poisoning and ad5 of preventing and counteracting poisoning
MITHRIDATUM: famed formula for alleged pan antidotal powers; popular for over
thousands of years

ANCIENT MEDITERRRANEAN

TERRA SIGILLATA (sealed earth)

- one of the( first therapeutic agents t9 bear a trademark as a means of identification of

source and gaining costumers’ confidence
- A clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean island of lemnos before 500 BC
- One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemninan hillside in the presence of
governmental and religious signatories
- Washed refined rolled into pastilles

MIDDLE AGES

PEDANIOS DIOSCORIDES ( 1ST AD)

- father of pharmacology
- De materia medica ( 600 plants and 90 minerals)
- Recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for collection of drugs, their
storage and use
- His texts where considered as basic science as late 16th century
 First defnition of cannabis and other elements such as mercury and arsenic.

CLAUSIUS GALEN ( 140-200 AD)

- first pharmacista nd botany

- Practiced and taught noth pharmacy and medicine in rome
- His principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the western world for
1500 years
 Galenicals: any product tat is compounded by mechanical means
 Class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means
 Originator of the formula for a cold cream
 Galens medical writings: basis of treaties on simple drugs

LATIN COMPILATIONS

ANTIDOTARIA

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- Similar to dispensatories

RECEPTERIA

- More modest formularies

DAMINA AND COSMAS

- damian apothecary
- Cosmas physician
- Twinship of health professions
- Arabian descent
- Their careers were cut short in the year 303 by nartyrdomd
- After cannonization, they become patron saints of pharmacy and medicines

MONASTIC PHARMACY

- practice of pharmacy and medicine passed from lay practitoners to te clerics

- Monasteries ( 5-12 centiry) center of intellectual life
- MonKs: collected and cultivated medicial plants
- Distilled aromatic
- Famous manuscripts
- De viribus herbanum ( herbs used by ppl): holistic healing
- Causae et curae

THE ARAB

- separated the arts of apothecary and physician

- Established in bagdad (late 8th century) the first privately owned drugstore

- Treaties were more influential and authoritative in Europe

- More refined and elegant of administering drugs

ARABIAN ERA (980-1037 AD)

IBN SINA:

- Known as Aricenna by the western world

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- Pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher, diplomat

- Pharmaceutical teachings: contribution to sciences of pharma en med

MAGNACARTA OF 1240

- issued by Frederick II head of the holy empire

- Edict creating pharmacy as an independent branch f public welfare service
- Pharmacy was separated from medicine in Sicily and Southern Italy
- Limitation of the numbers of pharmacy
- Fixed the price of remedies
- Required official supervision to pharmaceutical practice
- Made used of prescriptions

FIRST OFFICIAL PHARMACOPOEIA

- gloren e italy
- Nuovo receptario in intalian
- Published and became the legal standard for the city state 1498

MODERN EUROPE

PARACELSUS (1943-1541 A.D)

- Revolutionized pharmacy
- Medical active ( quintessences” from natural resources
- Led to important discoveries in drug therapy
- Transformed pharmacy from botanical science to chemical science
- Holistic approach: physicac spiritual mental health

ITALY

Cradle of Europe professional pharmacy

- 1st professional European apothecary shop

- 1st post-antique antidotary
- 1st pharmacopoeia
- 1st real botanical garden

Ricetterio Florentino

- 1st pharmacopoeia of the European world

The society of Apothecaries of London

- Francis bacon formed a separated company

- First of
- Organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-saxon world

CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL

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- Established am apothecary In Philadelphia

- Pioneered pharmaceutical enterprise
- Practical training schools for pharmacists

MODERN AGE

JONATHAN ROBERTS
- First Hopsital pharmacist in Pennsylvania Hospital
(First Hospital in colonial America)

JOHN MORGAN
- Advocated prescription writing.
- Founder of public medical instruction in America.

ANDREW CRAIGIE
- America’s first apothecary General in the army
- he managed in an army hospital

WILIAM WILTHERING
- digitalis - digoxin (drug) congesting heart failure. ( brand: Lanoxin)
- Foxglove. D.purpurea- digoxin is extracted

CARL WILLIAM SCHEELE

- arsenic, chlorine. Glycerin, organic acid.
- Discovered citric acid.
- First isolated citric acid from lemon.

EDWARD JENNER
- Responsible for eradicating small pox.
- He developed a vaccine for it.
Small pox: Transferred by airborne virus (Variols Virus)

FRENCH PHARMACISTS

BERNARD COURTOIS
- Accidentally discovered iodine in algae, bromine in sea water.
He noticed a purple vapor- purple crystal — Iodine

JOSEPH CAVENTOU AND PIERRE PELLETIER

- Quinine for malaria from cinchona plant
- Caffeine from coffee

PIERRE ROBIQUET

- Codeine from opium

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- Isolated codeine from morphine

- Before Opium was used as a raw plant.
- OPIUM ELIXIR: PAREGONIC— ANTITUSSIVE for coughl
- Today elixir is from morphine

HENRI MOISSAN

- Fluorine by elctrolytic methods

GERMAN

FRIEDRICH WILHEM ADAM SERTURNER

- Morphine

JOHANNES BUCHNER

- Salicin from willow bark, nicotine from tobacco, aspirin and nicotinic acid production

RUDOLF BRANDES AND PHILLIP GEIGER

- Hyoscyamine and atropine.

- Muscarinic blockers- act on autonomic nervous system.

20TH CENTURY SCIENTISTS

PAUL EHRLICH

- chemoTx, Arsphenamine- syphilis ( Salvarsan)

- Research for killing microbes without killing the person

FREDERICK BANTING & CHARLES BEST

- insulin
- Drug for diabetes

GERHARDT DOMAGK

- Prontosil ( Sulf drug) for hemolytic streptococci.

- Useful for killing hemolytic stretococci.
- The active part of Prontosil is sulfanilamide.

ALEXANDER FLEMMING

- Discovered pennicilin , pennicilin G/ benzyl pennicilin from a Mold

- P. notatum

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SELMAN WAKSMAN

- Streptomycin
- Anti microbial drug
- Streptomyces griseus.

JONAS SALK

- Injection Vaccine for polio

- Polio targets the digestive system and other motor skills
- He killed the virulent part of the virus, and injected it to people to develop anti bodies.

ALBERT SABIN

- Oral vaccine
- Not from the killed virus
- Weakened values. Atenuated virus

PHARMACY IN THE USA

DRUGGIST

- Man who imported drugs

- Developed small scale manufacturing
- Operated a dispensing shop
- Distributed drugs wholesale to physicians and to general scores

FIRST USP

- 1820
- Accepted as the first book for drug standards.

AMERICAN SCIENTISTS

THE SHAKERS
- first US industry medicinal herbs

DANIEL B SMITH
- American pharmaceutical association

WILLIAM PROCTOR JR-

- Father of American pharmacy

STANISLAS LIMOUSIN
- medicine dropper, oxygen apparatus, glass ampules

BTEHRING AND ROUX

- diptheria antitoxin

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ERNEST FRANCOIS AUGUSTE FORNEAU

- chemotherapy

PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES

UST: 1st pharmacy school

Groups working for the sick

- Mediquillos

DON LEON MA. GUERRERO

- First filipino to study pharmacy in UST

- A dispensing pharmacist, botanist and educator
- Father of Philippine Pharmacy

ESCUELA DE PRACTICANTES DE MEDICINA Y FARMACIA

- 4 semesters
- After, general examination
- Three semesters of drugstore practice
- Candidate to a diploma of Practitioner of Pharmacy

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