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Pressure Cylinder Design and Its Application

The document discusses the design and application of pressure cylinders. It begins by defining pressure vessels as containers used to store fluids under pressure. Pressure vessels are then classified based on dimensions, end construction, and stresses. Thin cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure experience circumferential (hoop) stress and longitudinal stress. An equation is provided to calculate the minimum wall thickness of a thin cylindrical shell based on these stresses. Finally, common applications of pressure vessels are mentioned such as in steam boilers, chemical plants, fuel storage, and engine cylinders.

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141 views10 pages

Pressure Cylinder Design and Its Application

The document discusses the design and application of pressure cylinders. It begins by defining pressure vessels as containers used to store fluids under pressure. Pressure vessels are then classified based on dimensions, end construction, and stresses. Thin cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure experience circumferential (hoop) stress and longitudinal stress. An equation is provided to calculate the minimum wall thickness of a thin cylindrical shell based on these stresses. Finally, common applications of pressure vessels are mentioned such as in steam boilers, chemical plants, fuel storage, and engine cylinders.

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‫‪Pressure Cylinder design and its Application‬‬

‫عباس وهبي رسن‬ ‫‪:‬االسم‬


‫تصميم ميكانيكي‬ ‫‪:‬المادة‬
‫الثالثة ‪ /‬تكييف وتجميد‬ ‫‪:‬المرحلة‪/‬الفرع‬
‫د‪ .‬نجم الدين يوسف‬ ‫‪:‬المشرف؛‬

‫‪1|Page‬‬
Introduction
The pressure vessels (i.e. cylinders or tanks) are used to store fluids under pressure.
The fluid being stored may undergo a change of state inside the pressure vessel as in
case of steam boilers or it may combine with other reagents as in a chemical plant.
The material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as
mild steel.

3.2 Classification of Pressure Vessels


The pressure vessels may be classified as follows:
1. According to the dimensions. The pressure vessels, according to their
dimensions, may be classified as thin shell or thick shell. If the wall thickness of
the shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell (d), then it is called a thin
shell. On the other hand, if the wall thickness of the shell is greater than 1/10 of
the diameter of the shell, then it is said to be a thick shell. Thin shells are used in
boilers, tanks and pipes, whereas thick shells are used in high pressure cylinders,
tanks, gun barrels etc.

Note: Another criterion to classify the pressure vessels as thin shell or thick shell is
the internal fluid pressure (p) and the allowable stress (σt). If the internal fluid
pressure (p) is less than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is called a thin shell. On
the other hand, if the internal fluid pressure is greater than 1/6 of the allowable stress,
then it is said to be a thick shell.

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2. According to the end construction. The pressure vessels,
according to the end construction, may be classified as open end or closed end. A
simple cylinder with a piston, such as cylinder of a press is an example of an open
end vessel, whereas a tank is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of vessels
having open ends, the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid
pressure, whereas in case of closed ends, longitudinal stresses in addition to
circumferential stresses are induced.

3.3 Stresses in a Thin Cylindrical Shell due to an Internal Pressure The analysis of
stresses induced in a thin cylindrical shell are made on the following assumptions:
1. The effect of curvature of the cylinder wall is neglected.
2. The tensile stresses are uniformly distributed over the section of the
walls. 3. The effect of the restraining action of the heads at the end of the
pressure vessel is neglected.

When a thin cylindrical shell is subjected to an internal pressure, it is likely to fail in


the following two ways:
1. It may fail along the longitudinal section (i.e. circumferentially) splitting the
cylinder into two troughs, as shown in Fig. 7.1 (a).
2. It may fail across the transverse section (i.e. longitudinally) splitting the
cylinder into two cylindrical shells, as shown in Fig. 7.1 (b).

3|Page
Fig. 3.1. Failure of a cylindrical shell

Thus the wall of a cylindrical shell subjected to an internal pressure has to withstand
tensile stresses of the following two types:
(a) Circumferential or hoop stress, and (b) Longitudinal stress.
These stresses are discussed, in detail, in the following articles.

3.4 Circumferential or Hoop Stress


Consider a thin cylindrical shell subjected to an internal pressure as shown in Fig. 7.2
(a) and (b). A tensile stress acting in a direction tangential to the circumference is
called circumferential or hoop stress. In other words, it is a
tensile stress on * longitudinal section (or on the cylindrical walls).

Fig. 3.2. Circumferential or hoop stress.

Let p = Intensity of internal pressure,


d = Internal diameter of the cylindrical shell, l = Length of the
cylindrical shell, t = Thickness of the cylindrical shell, and
t1 = Circumferential or hoop stress for the material of the cylindrical shell .
4|Page
We know that the total force acting on a longitudinal section (i.e. along the diameter
X-X) of the shell
= Intensity of pressure × Projected area = p × d × l ...(i) and the total
resisting force acting on the cylinder walls
=σt1 × 2t × l ...(∵ of two sections) ...(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we have

The following points may be noted:

The following points may be noted:


1. In the design of engine cylinders, a value of 6 mm to 12 mm is added in
equation (iii) to permit reboring after wear has taken place. Therefore

2. In constructing large pressure vessels like steam boilers, riveted joints or


welded joints are used in joining together the ends of steel plates. In case of riveted
joints, the wall thickness of the cylinder,

3. In case of cylinders of ductile material, the value of circumferential stress (σt1)


may be taken 0.8 times the yield point stress (σy) and for brittle materials, σb t1
may be taken as 0.125 times the ultimate tensile stress (σu).

4. In designing steam boilers, the wall thickness calculated by the above equation
may be compared with the minimum plate thickness as provided in boiler code as
given in the following table.

5|Page
Table 7.1. Minimum plate thickness for steam boilers.

The boiler code also provides that the factor of safety shall be at least 5 and the steel
of the plates and rivets shall have as a minimum the following ultimate stresses.
Tensile stress, σt = 385 MPa
Compressive stress, σc = 665 MPa
Shear stress=308 MPa
Applications of pressure vessels
Are used fluid to store such as liquid vapors and gases under pressure. Major uses of
pressure vessels are as
 Pressure vessels are used in steam boilers
 Pressure vessels are also used in storage of chemical in chemical plants
 Use in storage of petroleum products (petrol, diesel… etc)
 It is also used in engine cylinders.

Example3.1. A thin cylindrical pressure vessel of 1.2 m diameter generates steam at


a pressure of 1.75 N/ . Find the minimum wall thickness, if (a) the longitudinal
stress does not exceed 28 MPa; and (b) the circumferential stress does not exceed 42
MPa.

6|Page
Q/The hydraulic cylinder 100 mm bore operates at a maximum pressure of U.2
piston rod is used for controlling the valve system through the motion to the right or
left by action of pressure which enters the cylinder from inlet 1 or 2. Design the
cylinder and the flat end cover. The allowable tensile stress for cylinder and end
cover is 6 MPa. Design the four bolts which are connected the head with cylinder if
the clamping force is 1200 N. The deflections of members and bolt are 0.1 and 0.15
mm respectively. Find the final force on bolt and the force on bolt which is caused to
opening the connection.

7|Page
Solution:
0.2
𝒕 𝒅=𝒑 𝟐𝒅= 2∗6 =0.017< 0.1

So
it is thin
So
t=0.017d=0.017*0.1=1.7 mm
Cylinder out side diameter =d+2t=100+2(1.7) =103.4 mm
Fe
P= A = 0.2 ∗ 106 ∗ 𝜋 4∗ 0.12 = 1570.8 𝑁

For fastener :
p
Kb= b =𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎/ 𝟎.𝟏𝟓= 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑵/𝒎

p
Kc= c =1200/ 0.1= 12000 𝑁/𝑚

Kb 8000
Fb=p+ Kb+ Kc ∗ 𝐹𝑒 = 1200 + 8000+12000 ∗ 1570.8 = 1828 𝑁

Kc
Fc=p- Kc+ Kb ∗ 𝐹𝑒 = 0

12000
≫≫ 𝑃 = 8000+12000 ∗ 1570.8 = 942.5 𝑁

Kb 8000
Fb=p+ Kb+ KC ∗ 𝐹𝑒 = 942.5 + 8000+12000 ∗ 1570.8 = 1570.8 𝑁

The connections opens

8|Page
 Conclusion
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that circular cylinder under internal and
external pressure made up of transversely isotropic material (beryl) is on the safer
side of the design as compared to the cylinder made up of isotropic material (steel) as
well as of transversely isotropic material (magnesium). The main reason is that the
percentage increase in effective pressure required for initial yielding to become fully
plastic is high for beryl as compared to steel and magnesium which leads to the idea
of “stress saving” that reduces the possibility of collapse of thick-walled cylinder due
to internal and external pressure.

9|Page
REFRENCES

 A.C. Ugural, S.K. Fenster, Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity, 4th ed.

 E.P. Popov, Engineering Mechanics of Solids, 1st ed.

 Megyesy, Eugene F. "Pressure Vessel Handbook, 14th Edition." PV Publishing,


Inc. Oklahoma City, OK

 Images from (www.wikimedia)

 www.slideshare

 Engineering pdf books

 Mechanical design hand book (3rd edittion)

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