[ G.R. No.

224849, June 06, 2018 ]

DECISION
REYES, JR., J:
While the Court could not hold the bonds of familial relationships together through force, it could hope to deter any
further degradation of this sacred tie through law.

The Case

Challenged before the Court via this Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court is the
Decision[1] of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No. 101991, promulgated on August 13, 2015, which affirmed
the Decision[2] of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 12 of Laoag City, in Civil Case No. 14438-12, dated
November 22, 2013. Likewise challenged is the subsequent Resolution[3] of the CA promulgated on April 21, 2016,
which upheld the earlier decision.

The Facts

The respondent, Astrid Morales Agustin, is a grandchild of Jayme Morales (Jayme), who was the registered owner of
a parcel of land with improvements, designated as Lot No. 9217-A, and located at Barangay Sto. Tomas, Laoag City.
[4]
 The subject property is covered by Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) No. T-37139, more particularly described as
follows:

A parcel of land (Lot 9217-A, Psd-01-062563, being a portion of Lot 9217, Cad. 195, Laoag Cadastre, L.R.C. Rec.
No. 1212), situated at Brgy. Sto. Tomas, City of Laoag, Prov. of Ilocos Norte, Island of Luzon. Bounded on the SE.,
along Line 1-2 by A.M. Regidor St. (8.00 m.w.); on the SW., along line 2-3 by Provincial Road (15.00 m.w.); on the
NW., along line 3-4 by Lot 9217-B of the subd. plan; on the NE., along line 4-1 by Lot 9218, Cad. 195, Laoag
Cadastre. Beginning at a point marked "1" of Lot 9217-A on plan, being N. 51 deg. 18' E., 154.84 m. from BLIM No.
2, Cad. 195, Laoag Cadastre.[5]

The respondent initiated the instant complaint, originally together with Lydia Morales,[6] another one of Jayme's
grandchildren and the respondent's cousin, for the partition of Jayme's property. They alleged that they, together with
the petitioners and their other cousins, were co-owners of the subject property by virtue of their successional rights as
heirs of Jayme.

For clarity of the discussion, the heirs of Jayme and his wife, Telesfora Garzon, who both died intestate, were their
four (4) children:

1. Vicente Morales, who was survived by his children: (a) herein deceased defendant Ernesto Morales
(substituted by his heirs who are now petitioners herein); (b) Abraham Morales (also deceased); (c) former
plaintiff and, eventually, defendant Lydia Morales (now also deceased); and (d) original defendant Angelita
Ragasa;

2. Simeon Morales, who was survived by his children: (a) herein respondent Astrid Morales Agustin; (b)
Leonides Morales; (c) Geraldine Morales-Gaspar; and (d) Odessa Morales;

3. Jose Morales, who was survived by his children: (a) Victoria Geron; (b) Vicente Morales; (c); Gloria
Villasenor; (d) Amalia Alejo; (e) Juliet Manuel; (f) Rommel Morales; and (g) Virgilio Morales (now deceased);

4. Martina Morales-Enriquez, who was survived by her children: (a) Evelina Lopez; (b) Emeterio Enriquez; (c)
Elizabeth Somera; and (d) Bernardita Alojipan.[7]
In response to the respondent's complaint, the heirs of Jose Morales filed an answer, which admitted the allegations
in the complaint, and interposed no objection to the partition, "provided that their present positions on the subject
property are respected."[8]

On the other hand, Ernesto Morales, as one of the heirs of Vicente Morales, filed an Answer with Motion to Dismiss
and Compulsory Counter-claims. He alleged that herein respondent has no cause of action against the petitioners
because: (1) the proper remedy should not be a complaint for partition but an action for the settlement of the intestate
estate of Jayme and his wife; and (2) herein respondent has no more right of participation over the subject property
because the same has long been conveyed to Ernesto Morales (as substituted by herein petitioners) by the
respondent's parents, Simeon and Leonila Morales.[9]

Meanwhile, per the Order of the RTC dated April 22, 2009, summons to the heirs of Martina Morales-Enriquez, who
were at that time residing abroad, were allowed to be served personally.[10] They were subsequently declared to be in
default.[11] In response, one of Martina Morales-Enriquez's heirs, Emeterio Enriquez, filed a Motion to Dismiss and
alleged that the RTC did not acquire jurisdiction over his person because he was not furnished with a copy of the
Amended Complaint.[12]

In the hearing dated February 8, 2012, the RTC heard the testimony of the respondent. There being no other
witnesses to be presented, the respondent manifested that she was ready to submit her formal offer of exhibits.[13]

After a protracted hearing on motions and other incidents of the case, the RTC rendered its decision on November
22, 2013 via a summary judgment in favor of herein respondent, the dispositive portion of which reads:

WHEREFORE, IN VIEW OF ALL THE FOREGOING DISQUISITIONS, the Court finds preponderance of evidence in
favor of the plaintiffs and judgment is hereby rendered:

(1) Decreeing the partition of Lot No. 9217-A above-stated in the following mannfer (sic) and proportion of one-fourth
(1/4) share each each (sic) of the direct heirs of the late spouses Jayme Morales and Telesfora Garzon, namely: (1)
Vicente Morales, who was succeeded by right of representation by his children Ernesto Morales (duly substituted by
his heirs), Abraham Morales, Angelina Ragasa and Lydia Morales; (2) Simeon Morales, who was succeeded by right
of representation by his children Odessa A. Morales, Geraldine Morales Gaspar, Leonides A. Morales and Astrid A.
Morales-Agustin; (3) Jose Morales who was succeeded by right of representation by his children, Ronnel Morales,
Morales, (sic) Victoria Morales, Vicente Morales, Manuel Morales, Gloria Morales, Virgilio Morales, Amelia Morales
and Juliet Morales; (4) Martina Morales, who was succeeded by right of representation by her children, Emeterio
Morales-Enriquez, Evelina Morales Enriquez-Lopez, Elizabeth Morales Enriquez-Somera and Bernardita Morales
Enriquez-Alojipan;

(2) Adjudicating in favor of the above-named heirs by right representation (sic) their respective one-fourth (1/4) share
each of the group of heirs by right of representation over the above-stated Lot No. 9217-A; and

(3) Ordering the parties to submit their common project of partition of the subject lot with utmost dispatch for approval
by the Court;

(4) To pay the cost of the suit.

SO ORDERED.[14]

The RTC ruled that: (1) the estate of a deceased who died intestate may be partitioned without need of any
settlement or administration proceeding;[15] and (2) the RTC properly and lawfully rendered summary judgment
despite the absence of any motion from any of the parties praying for the application of the rules thereon.[16]

Aggrieved, the petitioners elevated the case to the CA, which thereafter dismissed the appeal and affirmed the RTC
Decision on August 13, 2015.

The CA opined that the settlement of the entire estate of the late spouses Jayme and Telesfora is "of no moment in
the instant case of partition"[17] because the respondent was "asserting her right as a co-owner of the subject property
by virtue of her successional right from her deceased father Simeon Morales, who was once a co-owner of the said
property, and not from Jayme and Telesfora Morales."[18]
Further, the CA ruled that an action for partition under Rule 69 of the Rules of Court is an action quasi in rem, and
thus, "jurisdiction over the impleaded defendants-heirs is not required since the trial court has jurisdiction over
the res  or the subject property which is the subject matter of the action for partition."[19]

Finally, the CA ruled that summary judgment in this case is proper despite the absence of any motion from any of the
parties. In support hereto, the CA ratiocinated that the parties prayed for resolution of all "pending motions/incidents"
during the hearing on September 18, 2013, and acceded to the RTC pronouncement therein that its resolution "shall
be considered as a decision in the said case for partition."[20]

The fallo of the CA decision reads:

WHEREFORE, the instant appeal is DISMISSED. The Decision of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 12, Laoag City
dated November 22, 2013 is AFFIRMED.

Despite the petitioners' motion for reconsideration, the CA affirmed its decision via a Resolution dated April 21, 2016.
[21]

Hence, this petition.

The Issues

The petitioners anchor their prayer for the reversal of the CA decision and resolution based on the following grounds:

(1) THE [CA] SERIOUSLY ERRED IN NOT FINDING THAT THE PROCEEDINGS IN
THE TRIAL COURT WERE VOID CONSIDERING THAT NOT ALL THE
DEFENDANTS WHO ARE INDISPENSABLE PARTIES WERE EVER SERVED WITH
SUMMONS IN VIOLATION OF DUE PROCESS.

(2) THE [CA] MANIFESTLY ERRED IN FAILING TO CONSIDER THE NECESSITY OF

(3) THE [CA] MOST UTTERLY ERRED IN UPHOLDING THE SUMMARY JUDGMENT
OF THE TRIAL COURT ALTHOUGH IT WAS UNDISPUTABLY RENDERED
WITHOUT ANY PRIOR MOTION AND HEARING THEREFOR, AND IN THE FACE
OF PENDING INCIDENTS WHICH INCLUDE THE: (a) MOTION TO DISMISS OF
DEFENDANT EMITERIO ENRIQUEZ ON THE GROUND OF LACK OF
JURISDICTION OVER HIS PERSON ROOTED ON THE LACK OF SUMMONS
SERVED UPON HIM, (b) THE NON-SERVICE OF SUMMONS TO DEFENDANT
ANGELITA RAGASA, AND (c) THE MOTION TO WITHDRAW AS COUNSEL FOR
THE PLAINTIFF (HEREIN RESPONDENT).[22]

In essence, the Court is called upon to rule on the following issues: (1) whether or not the partition of the subject
property is proper despite the absence of the settlement of the estate of the deceased registered owner thereof; (2)
whether or not the RTC could motu proprio apply the rule on Summary Judgment; and (3) whether or not the RTC
could validly render a decision even in the absence of proof of proper service of summons to some of the real parties
in interest in a quasi in rem  proceeding.
 The Court's Ruling

After a careful perusal of the arguments presented and the evidence submitted, the Court finds partial merit in the
petition.

First, on the Procedural Issue of Improper Service of Summons

The petitioners question the acquisition by the RTC of the jurisdiction to decide on the instant case. After a judicious
study of the relevant factual antecedents, the Court rules against the petitioner and in favor of the findings of the RTC
and the CA.

The partition of real estate is an action quasi in rem.[23] Jurisprudence is replete with pronouncements that, for the
court to acquire jurisdiction in actions quasi in rem, it is necessary only that it has jurisdiction over the res. In the case
of Macasaet vs. Co, Jr.,[24] the Court stated that "[j]urisdiction over the defendant in an action in rem or quasi in rem is
not required, and the court acquires jurisdiction over an action as long as it acqmres jurisdiction over the res that is
the subject matter of the action."[25]

In the case of De Pedro v. Romansan Development Corporation,[26] the Court clarified that while this is so, "to satisfy
the requirements of due process, jurisdiction over the parties in in rem and quasi in rem actions is required."[27] Thus,
regardless of the nature of the action, proper service of summons is imperative and that a decision rendered without
proper service of summons suffers a defect in jurisdiction.[28]

According to De Pedro, the court may acquire jurisdiction over the thing by actually or constructively seizing or
placing it under the court's custody.[29] In the landmark case of El Banco Español Filipino vs. Palanca,[30] the Court has
already ruled that:

Jurisdiction over the property which is the subject of the litigation may result either from a seizure of the property
under legal process, whereby it is brought into the actual custody of the law, or it may result from the institution of
legal proceedings wherein, under special provisions of law, the power of the court over the property is
recognized and made effective. (Emphasis supplied)

In this case, the filing of the complaint before the RTC which sought to partition the subject property effectively placed
the latter under the power of the court. On this front, none of the parties challenged the RTC's jurisdiction.

But more than this, in compliance with De Pedro, there is in this case proper service of summons to the defendants.
In no uncertain terms, the CA found that: (1) the heirs of Vicente Morales received summons, filed an Answer, and
actively participated in the trial; (2) the heirs of Jose Morales filed their Answer and admitted to the allegations in the
complaint; and (3) the heirs of Martina Morales were duly served with summons, copies of the complaint, and actively
participated in the trial.[31]

Even the trial court authoritatively concluded the same in saying that:

As borne out from the record of the case, Summons and a copy of the Complaint was served upon and received by
defendant Emeterio Enriquez in Virginia Beach on June 25, 2009 as per verified Affidavit of Service of one Nancy G.
Wood. Defendant Bernardita Alojipan in Trenton, MI received on July 4, 2009 a copy each of Summons and
Complaint as per verified Affidavit of Service of one Herb Alexander. Defendant Elizabeth Somera received in
Hanover Dirk, Illinois on June 27, 2009 a copy each of the Summons and of the Complaint as per verified Affidavit of
Service of one George Pierce and defendant Evelina Lopez received in Trenton, Michigan on July 4, 2009 a copy
each of Summons and Complaint as per verified Affidavit of Service issued by Herb Alexander.[32]

None of the petitioners' submissions are sufficient to justify the Court's deviation from these factual findings by the
CA, which affirmed the jurisdiction of the RTC. By necessary implication, therefore, the Court must perforce rule
against the petitioners on this ground.

Second, on the Issue of Summary Judgment

A summary judgment in this jurisdiction is allowed by Rule 35 of the Rules of Court.[33] According to the case of Wood
Technology Corporation, et al. vs. Equitable Banking Corporation,[34] it is a procedure aimed at weeding out sham
claims or defenses at an early stage of the litigation. It is granted to settle expeditiously a case if, on motion of either
party, there appears from the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and affidavits that no important issues of fact are
involved, except the amount of damages.[35] Thus, said the Court in the case of Viajar vs. Judge Estenzo,[36] as cited
in Caridao, etc., et al. vs. Hon. Estenzo, etc., et al:[37]

Relief by summary judgment is intended to expedite or promptly dispose of cases where the facts appear
undisputed and certain from the pleadings, depositions, admissions and affidavits. But if there be a doubt as
to such facts and there be an issue or issues of fact joined by the parties, neither one of them can pray for a summary
judgment. Where the facts pleaded by the parties are disputed or contested, proceedings for a summary judgment
cannot take the place of a trial.[38] (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)

A reading of the foregoing would reveal that, in the application of the rules on summary judgments, the proper inquiry
would be whether the affirmative defenses offered by herein petitioners before the trial court constitute genuine
issues of fact requiring a full-blown trial.[39] In other words, the crucial question is: are the issues raised by petitioners
not genuine so as to justify a summary judgment?[40]

In Evangelista vs. Mercator Finance Corp.,[41] the Court has already defined a genuine issue as an issue of fact which
calls for the presentation of evidence, as distinguished from an issue which is fictitious or contrived,[42] set up in bad
faith and patently unsubstantial so as not to constitute a genuine issue for trial.[43] According to Spouses Pascual vs.
First Consolidated Rural Bank (Bohol), Inc.,[44] where the facts pleaded by the parties are disputed or contested,
proceedings for a summary judgment cannot take the place of a trial.

More, the propriety of issuing a summary judgment springs not only from the lack of a genuine issue which is raised
by either party, but also from the observance of the procedural guidelines for the rendition of such judgment. Thus,
in Caridao, the Court nullified the summary judgment issued by the trial court when the rules on summary judgment
was applied despite the absence of a motion from the respondent asking for the application thereof. The Court said:

And that is not all, The (sic) nullity of the assailed Summary Judgment stems not only from the circumstances that
such kind of a judgment is not proper under the state of pleadings obtaining in the instant case, but also from the
failure to comply with the procedural guidelines for the rendition of such a judgment. Contrary to the requirements
prescribed by the Rules, no motion for a summary judgment was filed by private respondent. Consequently,
no notice or hearing for the purpose was ever conducted by the trial court. The trial court merely required the parties
to submit their affidavits and exhibits, together with their respective memoranda, and without conducting any hearing,
although the parties presented opposing claims of ownership and possession, hastily rendered a Summary
Judgment. The trial court was decidedly in error in cursorily issuing the said Judgment.[45] (Emphasis supplied,
citations omitted)

Still, in the more recent case of Calubaquib et al. vs. Republic of the Phils.,[46] the Court once more was asked to
determine the propriety of the summary judgment rendered by the trial court judge in the absence of any motion filed
by the parties for that purpose. In that case, the trial court judge opined that "the basic facts of the case were
undisputed"[47] and that, even after the parties' refusal to file a motion for summary judgment, the trial court rendered a
judgment sans trial. In ruling for the nullity of such issued judgment, the Court said that:

The filing of a motion and the conduct of a hearing on the motion are therefore important because these
enable the court to determine if the parties' pleadings, affidavits and exhibits in support of, or against, the motion are
sufficient to overcome the opposing papers and adequately justify the finding that, as a matter of law, the claim is
clearly meritorious or there is no defense to the action.[48] (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)

Even in the pre-trial stage of a case, a motion for the application of summary judgment is necessary. In the recent
case of Spouses Pascual vs. First Consolidated Rural Bank (BOHOL), Inc.,[49] Justice Bersamin pointed out that:

To be clear, the rule only spells out that unless the motion for such judgment has earlier been filed, the pre-trial may
be  the occasion in which the court considers the propriety of rendering judgment on the pleadings or
summary judgment. If no such motion was earlier filed, the pre-trial judge may then indicate to the proper
party to initiate the rendition of such judgment by filing the necessary motion.  Indeed, such motion is required
by either Rule 34 (Judgment on the Pleadings) or Rule 35 (Summary Judgment)  of the Rules of Court. The pre-trial
judge cannot motu proprio render the judgment on the pleadings or summary judgment. In the case of the
motion for summary judgment, the adverse party is entitled to counter the motion.[50] (Emphasis and underscoring
supplied, citations omitted)
Indeed, Calubaquib  even proceeded further in saying that the "non-observance of the procedural requirements of
filing a motion and conducting a hearing on the said motion warrants the setting aside of the summary judgment."[51]

On the basis of the foregoing disquisitions, the Court now focuses its attention to the factual milieu surrounding the
present case. To begin with, the Court is of the opinion that the petitioners, from the beginning of the proceedings,
have already submitted an issue of fact that definitively calls for the presentation of evidence. They have, for all
intents and purposes, presented a genuine issue that should have foreclosed the rendition of a summary judgment.

Particularly, while the petitioners have not questioned the fact that the subject property belonged to their progenitor,
Jayme, they have, however, asserted that herein respondent has "no more right of participation" over the same.
[52]
 The Answer with Motion to Dismiss and Compulsory Counter-Claims claimed that:

7.4 Astrid Morales Agustin has no more right or participation – Plaintiff's supposed share in the property, together
with her siblings, have long been conveyed to herein defendant Ernesto Morales by said plaintiff's own parents, the
late Simeon Morales and Leonila Morales. Thus, plaintiff has no more footing to demand partition of the lot for her
benefit. x x x.[53]

In fact, the original respondent in this case, the father of herein petitioners, attached in his pleading "several
handwritten receipts showing payment of their share to the property, then called 'camarin.'"[54]

In the RTC decision, the trial judge hastily dismissed this argument and asserted that:

The alleged written documents of debt of plaintiffs' parents Simeon Morales and Leonila Albano Morales are not
genuine issue of material facts because these documents have no effect on the partition of the subject lot, not debts
of the intestate estate of the spouses Jayme Morales and Telesfora Garzon and they are not binding upon the
plaintiffs herein.[55]

In affirming this decision, the CA even opined that the issue raised by herein petitioners is "of no moment in the
instant case of partition"[56] because the respondent was "asserting her right as a co-owner of the subject property by
virtue of her successional right from her deceased father Simeon Morales, who was once a co-owner of the said
property, and not from Jayme and Telesfora Morales."[57]

These opinions, however, are reversible errors on the part of both the trial court and the CA. The question of who
shall inherit which part of the property and in what proportion is in the province of the partition of the estate of a
deceased. That an heir disposed of his/her aliquot portion in favor of another heir is a matter that should be fully
litigated on in a partition proceeding—as in this case.

In the case of Intestate Estate of Josefa Tangco, et al. vs. De Borja,[58] the Court has already ruled that an heir to an
inheritance could dispose of his/her hereditary rights to whomever he/she chooses. This is because:

[A]s a hereditary share in a decedent's estate is transmitted or vested immediately from the moment of the death of
such causante or predecessor in interest, there is no legal bar to a successor (with requisite contracting capacity)
disposing of her or his hereditary share immediately after such death, even if the actual extent of such share is not
determined until the subsequent liquidation of the estate.[59]

Further, still according to Intestate Estate of Josefa Tangco, this alienation by the heirs of their aliquot portion of the
inheritance is recognized by no less than the Civil Code, viz:

[A]nd as already shown, that eventual share she owned from the time of Francisco's death and the Court of Nueva
Ecija could not bar her selling it. As owner of her undivided hereditary share, Tasiana could dispose of it in favor of
whomsoever she chose. Such alienation is expressly recognized and provided for by article 1088 of the present Civil
Code:

Art. 1088. Should any of the heirs sell his hereditary rights to a stranger before the partition, any or all of the co-heirs
may be subrogated to the rights of the purchaser by reimbursing him for the price of the sale, provided they do so
within the period of one month from the time they were notified in writing of the sale of the vendor.
If a sale of a hereditary right can be made to a stranger, then a fortiori sale thereof to a coheir could not be
forbidden."[60] (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)

In yet another case, Alejandrino vs. Court of Appeals,[61] the Court has ruled that "when a co-owner sells his inchoate
right in the co-ownership, he expresses his intention to 'put an end to indivision among (his) co-heirs.' Partition among
co-owners may thus be evidenced by the overt act of a co-owner of renouncing his right over the property regardless
of the form it takes."[62] The Court based this assertion on Article 1082 of the Civil Code, which states that:

Art. 1082. Every act which is intended to put an end to indivision among co-heirs and legatees or devisees is deemed
to be a partition, although it should purport to be a sale, an exchange, a compromise, or any other transaction.
(Emphasis and underscoring supplied)

Thus, when the petitioners herein asserted that the respondent has "no more right of participation" over the subject
property because the successional rights of the respondent's parents over the same has already been conveyed to
the petitioners' father, the petitioners tendered a genuine issue. They were in fact stating that the respondent's
parents exercised their right to sell, exchange, or compromise their undivided inchoate share of their inheritance from
Jayme, and, as the Court ruled in Alejandrino, the respondent's parents intended a partition of the property as defined
in Article 1079 of the Civil Code.[63]

The truthfulness of this allegation, however, could only be ascertained through the presentation of evidence during
trial, and not in a summary judgment.

More, the RTC did not only commit reversible error by rendering a summary judgment despite the presence of a
genuine issue, it also committed reversible error by applying the rules on summary judgment despite the absence of
any motion from any of the parties that prayed for the rule's application.

In their Motion for Reconsideration on the RTC decision, the petitioners argued that none of the parties prayed for the
issuance of a summary judgment. They further averred that the "unilateral declaration of the trial court that the
resolution supposedly on the pending motions/incidents will also be considered as the resolution of the partition case
cannot take the place of the required motion and hearing."[64] In fact, they were adamant in clarifying that:

12.3. The supposed reiteration by the trial Court of its declaration that the "pending motions/incidents" were
considered submitted for resolution as embodied in its Order dated October 29, 2013 could not have warranted
the motu proprio summary judgment. To begin with, the appellee herself in her Appellee's Brief, concedes that what
were submitted for resolution during the October 29, 2013 hearing were the same pending motions as stated earlier,
and could not have been the case of partition itself. It can be culled even from the assailed Decision of the trial Court
itself that what were submitted for resolution were the then pending incidents and not the main case for partition itself.
[65]
 (Citations omitted)

In their petition, the petitioners reiterated this assertion, to wit:

27. To the clear understanding of the parties including Atty. Cortes, the pending incidents at the time were
the Motion to Dismiss filed by defendant Emeterio Enriquez questioning the jurisdiction of the trial court over him for
lack of service of summons; the Opposition thereto filed by herein respondent; the Reply of Emeterio Enriquez to
the opposition of the appellee; the Rejoinder to the reply; and the Motion to Withdraw filed by therein counsel
of herein respondent.

28. Unpredictably and beyond the expectation of the defendants including herein petitioners, the trial court
rendered a summary judgment as embodied in its Decision dated 22 November 2013. The presiding judge
and ponente  of said decision soon retired on March 2014.[66]

Even the respondent did not deny the petitioners' allegation that no motion was filed to apply the rules on summary
judgment. In addition, in its decision, the trial court itself admitted to having issued the same motu proprio, as none of
the parties herein moved for such summary judgment. It stated that:
x x x [S]ummary judgment maybe (sic) rendered in this case upon the own initiative of the Court as none of the
parties moved for such summary judgment to be rendered in this instant case despite the glaring and apparent
existence of no genuine issue on material facts, sham defenses had been put by the defense or mere general denial
of the cause of action for partition judicially demanded by the plaintiffs had been alleged by the defendants.
[67]
 (Emphasis supplied)

Thus, that the trial court rendered a summary judgment despite the absence of any motion calling for its application
was in clear contravention of the established rules of procedure. To be sure, on the strength of the Court's
unequivocal pronouncements in Caridao,[68] Viajar,[69] Calubaquib,[70] and Pascual,[71] which require the observance of
the procedural guidelines for the rendition of summary judgments, the RTC committed reversible error, and the RTC
and CA decisions must perforce be annulled and set aside.

On the Issue of Partition and the Settlement of Estate

On the basis of the discourse above, there should have been no further necessity to discuss the final issue herein
presented. Nonetheless, for the guidance of the RTC in resolving the instant case, a discussion of the nature of the
partition is in order.

The petitioners argue that an administration proceeding for the settlement of the estate of the deceased is a condition
that has to be met before any partition of the estate and any distribution thereof to the heirs could be effected.

While the Court does not agree with this assertion by the petitioners, the Court, nonetheless, agrees that the trial
court should have collated Jayme's other properties, if any, prior to the promulgation of any judgment of partition in
accordance with the laws on Succession.

Generally, an action for partition may be seen to simultaneously present two issues: first, there is the issue of whether
the plaintiff is indeed a co-owner of the property sought to be partitioned; and second, assuming that the plaintiff
successfully hurdles the first issue, there is the secondary issue of how the property is to be divided between the
plaintiff and defendants, i.e.,  what portion should go to which co-owner.[72]

The Court must emphasize, however, that this definition does not take into account the difference between (1) an
action of partition based on the successional rights of the heirs of a decedent, and (2) an ordinary action of partition
among co-owners. While oftentimes interchanged with one another, and although in many ways similar, these two
partitions draw legal basis from two different sets of legal provisions in the Civil Code of the Philippines (Civil Code).
[73]

To begin with, the laws governing the partition of inheritance draws basis from Article 777 of the Civil Code, which
states that the rights to the succession are transmitted from the moment of the death of the decedent. As such, from
that moment, the heirs, legatees, and devisees' successional rights are vested, and they are considered to own in
common the inheritance left by the decedent.

Under the law, partition of the inheritance may only be effected by (1) the heirs themselves extrajudicially, (2) by the
court in an ordinary action for partition, or in the course of administration proceedings, (3) by the testator himself, and
(4) by the third person designated by the testator.[74]

A reading of the enumeration set above would reveal instances when the appointment of an executor or administrator
is dispensed with. One is through the execution of a public instrument by the heirs in an extrajudicial settlement of the
estate.[75] Another, which is the focal point of this case, is through the ordinary action of partition.[76]

According to Rule 74 of the Rules of Court, the heirs may resort to an ordinary action of partition of the estate of the
deceased if they disagree as to the exact division of the estate, and only "[i]f the decedent left no will and no debts
and the heirs are all of age, or the minors are represented by their judicial or legal representatives duly authorized for
the purpose."[77]

The ordinary action for partition therefore is meant to take the place of the special proceeding on the settlement of the
estate. The reason is that, if the deceased dies without pending obligations, there is no necessity for the appointment
of an administrator to administer the estate for the heirs and the creditors, much less, the necessity to deprive the real
owners of their possession to which they are immediately entitled.[78]

Thus, an action for partition with regard to the inheritance of the heirs should conform to the law governing the
partition and distribution of the estate, and not only to the law governing ordinary partition. These pertinent provisions
of the law could be found in Title IV (Succession), Chapter 4 (Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate
Successions), Section 6 (Partition and Distribution of the Estate) of the Civil Code.[79]

Particularly, according to Article 1078 of the Civil Code, where there are two or more heirs, the whole estate of the
decedent is owned in common by such heirs, subject to the payment of debts of the deceased.[80] Partition, the Civil
Code adds, is the separation, division and assignment of a thing held in common among those to whom it may
belong.[81] Thus, every act which is intended to put an end to indivision among co-heirs and legatees or devisees is
deemed to be a partition, although it should purport to be a sale, an exchange, a compromise, or any other
transaction.[82]

In addition, and on account of this partition, Article 1061 of the Civil Code requires the parties to collate the properties
of the decedent which they may have received by way of gratuitous title prior to the former's death, to wit:

Article 1061. Every compulsory heir, who succeeds with other compulsory heirs, must bring into the mass of the
estate any property or right which he may have received from the decedent, during the lifetime of the latter, by way
of donation, or any other gratuitous title, in order that it may be computed in the determination of the legitime of each
heir, and in the account of the partition. (1035a) (Emphasis supplied)

On the procedural aspect, the partition of the estate based on the successional rights of the heirs, as herein
mentioned, is required by Rule 74 of the Rules of Court (Summary Settlement of Estate) to follow the rules on
"ordinary action of partition." This pertains to Rule 69 (Partition), Section 13 of the same rules, which states that:

Section 13. Partition of personal property. — The provisions of this Rule shall apply to partitions
of estates composed of personal property, or of both real and personal property, in so far as the same may be
applicable. (13) (Emphasis supplied)

Once legally partitioned, each heir is conferred with the exclusive ownership of the property, which was adjudicated to
him/her.[83]

In contrast, an ordinary partition of co-owned property, specifically of real property, is governed by Title III of the Civil
Code on Co-ownership.

Article 484 of the Civil Code provides that there is co-ownership whenever the ownership of an undivided thing or
right belongs to different persons.[84] It further provides that no co-owner shall be obliged to remain in the co-
ownership; each co-owner may demand at any time the partition of the thing owned in common, insofar as his share
is concerned.[85] This partition may be made by agreement between the parties, or by judicial proceedings,[86] which,
like the procedural aspect of the partition by virtue of successional rights, is governed by Rule 69 of the Rules of
Court.

Thus, while both partitions make use of Rule 69 as the procedural rule that would govern the manner of partition, the
foregoing disquisitions explicitly elaborate that the bases of the ownership are different, and the subject
matters concerned are also different—one speaks of the partition of the estate to distribute the inheritance to the
heirs, legatees, or devisees, whereas the other speaks of partition of any undivided thing or right to distribute to the
co-owners thereof.

In the case at hand, the parties are the heirs of the late Jayme Morales. The land being sought to be divided was a
property duly registered under Jayme's name. Necessarily, therefore, the partition invoked by the respondents is the
partition of the estate of the deceased Jayme.

As such, when the petitioners alleged in their answer that there is yet another property that needs to be partitioned
among the parties, they were actually invoking the Civil Code provisions, not on Co-ownership, but on Succession,
which necessarily includes Article 1061 of the Civil Code—the provision on collation. It is therefore proper for the trial
court to have delved into this issue presented by the petitioner instead of disregarding the same and limiting itself
only to that singular property submitted by the respondent for partition. As the case of Gulang vs. Court of
Appeals[87] said:

In case the defendants assert in their Answer exclusive title in themselves adversely to the plaintiff, the court
should not dismiss the plaintiff's action for partition but, on the contrary and in the exercise of its general
jurisdiction, resolve the question of whether the plaintiff is co-owner or not.[88] (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
Nonetheless, lest it be misunderstood, the law does not prohibit partial partition. In fact, the Court, in administration
proceedings, have allowed partition for special instances. But the Court should caution that this power should be
exercised sparingly. This is because a partial partition and distribution of the estate does not put to rest the
question of the division of the entire estate. In the case of Gatmaitan vs. Medina,[89] Justice J.B.L. Reyes warned:

The lower court, we believe, erred in rendering the order appealed from. A partial distribution of the decedent's
estate pending the final termination of the testate or intestate proceedings should as much as possible be
discouraged by the courts and, unless in extreme cases, such form of advances of inheritance should not be
countenanced. The reason for this strict rule is obvious — courts should guard with utmost zeal and jealousy the
estate of the decedent to the end that the creditors thereof be adequately protected and all the rightful heirs assured
of their shares in the inheritance.[90] (Emphasis supplied)

In this case, the Court is of the opinion that there is no cogent reason to render the partition of one of Jayme's
properties and totally ignore the others, if any. Absent any circumstance that would warrant the partial partition and
distribution of Jayme's estate, the prudent remedy is to settle the entirety of the estate in the partition proceedings in
the court a quo. Besides, as stated by the Court in Gulang, it is quite unnecessary to require the plaintiff to file
another action, separate and independent from that of partition originally instituted.[91] This would entail wastage of
additional time and resources, which could already be avoided through consolidated proceedings in the court a quo.

In sum, the factual milieu of this case presents questions of facts which are crucial in the complete resolution of the
controversy. The Court finds sufficiency in the trial court's decision with regard to the summons directed against the
warring heirs—as submitted by the respondent, but also finds error in the trial court's refusal to delve into the genuine
issue concerning the partition of the subject property—as submitted by the petitioners. In the end, only a full-blown
trial on the merits of each of the parties' claims—and not a mere summary judgment—could write finis on this family
drama.

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Decision and Resolution of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No.
101991 dated August 13, 2015 and April 21, 2016, respectively, are hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The case
is ORDERED REMANDED to the Regional Trial Court, Branch 12, of Laoag City for further proceedings. The trial
court judge is ORDERED to hear the case with dispatch.

SO ORDERED.

Carpio, (Chairperson), Perlas-Bernabe, Jardeleza,* and Caguioa, JJ., concur.