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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Disease-a-Month

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/disamonth

Dental care and personal protective measures

for dentists and non-dental health care
workers
Shankargouda Patil, PhD a, Ibtisam Hussain Moafa, MDS b,
Shilpa Bhandi, MDS c, Mohammed Abdurabu Jafer, PhD d,
Samar Saeed Khan, MDS e, Shahrukh Khan, PhD f,
William B. Carroll, DDS g, Kamran Habib Awan, PhD g,∗
a
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of
Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
b
Maastricht University, Care and Public Health Research Institute, the Netherlands
c
Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
d
Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
e
Health Promotion Department, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
f
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
g
College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

As a pathogen spread primarily by the respiratory route

Article history: COVID-19 infection not only poses significant risks to health
Available online xxx care workers, but to dentists and dental health care workers,
owing to the potential prolonged exposure and proximity to
Keywords:
patients. This holds true for non-dentist health care workers
COVID-19
who often in the setting of emergency departments and ur-
SARS-COV-2
Dental gent care centers are tasked with addressing oral symptoms
Infection control including abscesses, damaged teeth, jaw injuries and other
Clinical decision making dental urgencies. Infection control practice guidelines were
Risk factor evaluated for COVID-19 infection prevention in a dental set-
ting. In this brief review, protective measures to reduce the
risk of COVID-19 infection for dentists and non-dentist health
care providers will be introduced. This includes patient eval-

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kamranhabibawan@gmail.com (K.H. Awan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101056
0011-5029/© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: S. Patil, I.H. Moafa and S. Bhandi et al., Dental care and personal protective measures for
dentists and non-dental health care workers, Disease-a-Month, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101056
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uation, personal and patient protective equipment use, ster-

ilization and disinfection protocols.
© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

One of the critical steps in preserving the safety and health of medical professionals, health
care workers, including dentists, and non dental providers of oral care is the use of effective in-
fection control measures, and consistent use of appropriate levels of personal protective equip-
ment (PPE).
Towards that end, the following is a brief introduction of important concepts and guidelines
for dental health care providers, and non-dental medical practitioners who may be faced with
treating oral illness in the context of COVID-19, although the information can be considered for
general preparedness.
The oral cavity is a natural reservoir of both opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms.
Due to the invasive nature of the dental procedures, dental staffs are directly exposed to poten-
tially pathogenic microorganisms, posing an occupational risk. This makes treating oral problems
of increased concern owing to exposure time and proximity to the respiratory tract that dental
and non-dental health care workers will be faced with in the treatment of dental, and other
medical/dental issues involving the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract that can afflict pa-
tients – whether as from trauma, infection, or neglect resulting in abscess or cavities.
Studies have confirmed this occupational risk, demonstrating bacterial and viral transmission
in dental practice,1 , 2 which also includes respiratory viruses like influenza, despite the use of
mask and spectacles.3 , 4 SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through respiratory droplets and bio-
aerosols produced as a result of drilling. Saliva also has high load of viruses. This increases the
risk for dental staff contracting COVID-19 within a dental setting. The mode of transmission in-
volves face-face communication with the infected patient who might cough or sneeze, direct
exposure to oral and upper respiratory fluids, along with blood, inhalation of these fluids that
were aerosolized by the use of high speed rotatory and ultrasonic instruments in dental treat-
ments, and contact transmission with contaminated instruments and fomites.
As of now questions remain in terms of how long SARS-CoV-2 can survive on various fomites.
However, considering some preliminary information and the fact that it behaves similar to other
coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 may have persistent survival, perhaps a few hours, or longer depend-
ing on the type of surface, temperature and humidity of the environment, adding to the contin-
ued risk of contact transmission, as specified above Fig. 1.

Advice for dental professionals for patient evaluation during and post-COVID time period

Upon initial presentation of the patient to the practice or facility it is recommended to record
the temperature of the patient, and the staff, using a contact free thermometer. If found febrile,
the patient should be immediately quarantined and the same should be informed to the con-
cerned health authorities.
If without fever, then the patient and the attender, if any, should be screened with a ques-
tionnaire, if possible, in an isolated triage, with medical masks on. The questions can be framed
primarily to elucidate the possibilities of a recent SARS-CoV-2 transmission, which could make
the unaware patient an active spreader. Peng X et al., have recommended some reasonable ques-
tion5 , which we list here with slight modification: (i) nature of the patient’s work to help to
assess the high risk of contracting COVID-19. Important question is in the past 14 days has the
patient: (a) Experienced fever/respiratory issues/diarrhea/vomiting, (b) traveled to COVID-19 ac-
tive zone, (c) has been in contact with a person who has traveled to COVID-19 active zone, (d)
has been in contact with a COVID-19 positive patient, (e) has been in contact with a person
who had fever &/or cough, (f) been using public transport or have attended a public gather-
ing. The patients who answer “No” to 2nd question with a satisfying answer to 1st question are

Please cite this article as: S. Patil, I.H. Moafa and S. Bhandi et al., Dental care and personal protective measures for
dentists and non-dental health care workers, Disease-a-Month, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101056
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Fig. 1. Process of managing a COVID-19 Patient in a dental setting.

considered for treatment. Otherwise, the patient should be educated on the importance of, and
asked to, self-quarantine and reporting to health authorities of any fever or respiratory issues
that may develop during the period. The dentist can defer the treatment to such patients, up
until the quarantine period, unless it is a dental emergency, in which case the patient has to be
treated with proper precautions.

Infection control in dental settings

Personal hygiene - Staff

With a known risk of contact transmission, it is extremely important for the dental staff
to maintain personal hygiene. Hand hygiene is a well-known critical measure to reduce cross-
contamination in healthcare settings (6), which is routinely followed in dental practice as well.
The best way to maintain hand hygiene is to clean the hands with clean water and soap before
and after treatment, after touching the contaminated devices/instruments and the surroundings,
and after any contact with biological tissues/fluids. A thorough cleaning with alcohol based rubs
is also recommended by centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), USA (7). It is advised
against touching one’s eyes, nose and mouth, and is recommended to clean the hands again
if done. Further, the dental staffs are advised to equip with personal protective gears before
handling any dental patients. With the known knowledge of simple masks unable to prevent
respiratory viral transmission in dentists (4), the dental staff are advised to fortify their primary
protective gears like disposable surgical mask, cap, gloves and scrubs with protective eye/face
shield and impermeable shoe cover, or upgrade to secondary or tertiary protective gears as nec-

Please cite this article as: S. Patil, I.H. Moafa and S. Bhandi et al., Dental care and personal protective measures for
dentists and non-dental health care workers, Disease-a-Month, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101056
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
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essary. If a need arise to treat a COVID-19 positive patient, it is highly recommended to use the
special protective wear, which are used in general healthcare settings to treat such patients.

Procedural hygiene

Considering the low number of patient inflow in this pandemic era, it is advisable to treat the
patients in isolated and well-ventilated rooms or even better in a negatively pressurized room,
if available. A preoperative mouth rinse with 0.2% povidone iodine is advised before the oral
examination of the patients, which is known to reduce the number of microorganisms in oral
cavity, including SARS-CoV-2.8 The procedures that may induce cough/gag reflex and saliva se-
cretion, like dental impressions and other prosthodontic procedures and intraoral X-rays, should
be avoided. Following a four-handed dentistry increases the efficiency of the procedure and thus
reduces the chances of cross contamination. With the fact that SARS-CoV-2 is found in saliva,
it is recommended to get rid of the contaminant using a high-volume saliva ejector. In case
where a high-speed hand piece or ultrasonic device needs to be used, it is safer to isolate the
operating area with rubber dams, which can reduce the saliva or blood contaminants in the
resultant aerosol. Using high-speed hand piece with anti-retraction valves will prevent the as-
piration of biological fluids/microbes into dental air and water tubes, thus preventing the cross-
contamination of the dental unit (9). In case of extraction or other minor surgeries, absorbable
sutures are preferred to prevent the need for the patient’s short-term follow-up visit for suture
removal.

General hygiene

Where possible, disposable instruments must be used in the treatment procedures. The
reusable instruments should be pretreated with spirit, washed well to get rid of any adher-
ing debris and autoclaved before storing, as per the applicable standards. Similarly, the dental
clinics/settings should be cleaned and disinfected as per the applicable regulatory standards.
Considering the contact mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, a frequent disinfection of every
part of the clinics should be followed without any reservations. All the instruments/equipment’s
and tissues disposed after the treatment of COVID-19 patient are considered infectious medical
waste. They should be marked and properly/responsibly disposed into the respective containers,
as per the requirements of the applicable standards.

Conclusion

A single possible animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China has pro-

fusely turned into a pandemic across the globe, threatening >160 countries. Unlike SARS-CoV
(2003) and MERS-CoV (2012), Novel SARS-CoV-2 is more aggressive in its spread, given its abil-
ity to transmit rapidly during its incubation period. This turns an asymptomatic person into a
COVID-19-spreader, making it a challenge to locate and quarantine such people. With its ability
for both direct and contact transmission, healthcare workers are at a great risk of contracting the
disease. Despite the strict infection control and preventive measures followed, several healthcare
workers are reportedly infected with SARS-CoV-2, while some of them died as well.10 The rea-
sons for this failure need to be assessed and addressed in future to lower such issues in future.
As per the recent analysis dentists are at the highest possible risk of contracting COVID-19. Al-
though, dental treatments have been called off, several emergency conditions continue to be
treated across many dental settings.
Dental staff, including non-dental health care workers who may treat dental emergencies,
needs to follow several steps, from patient evaluation to infection control at personal, procedural
and clinical levels, to prevent any possible COVID-19 cross-contamination in dental clinics.

Please cite this article as: S. Patil, I.H. Moafa and S. Bhandi et al., Dental care and personal protective measures for
dentists and non-dental health care workers, Disease-a-Month, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101056
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
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Please cite this article as: S. Patil, I.H. Moafa and S. Bhandi et al., Dental care and personal protective measures for
dentists and non-dental health care workers, Disease-a-Month, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101056