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FLIGHT DYNAMICS AE3302

EXAMINATION

April 8th, 2010

Delft University of Technology

This exam contains 6 questions.

You may use the formulae on the given formula sheets.

Some answers need to be filled in on the Results Sheet.

Hand in your derivations and your Results Sheet!

PLEASE NOTE

Always write down the correct units for each computed parameter value. Be mindful
for any required conversion before making any computations. Always write down the
derivations of your answers. Use the Results Sheet when required.
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Question 1 (10 %)

Which of the following statements are true and which are false:

(a) Newtons laws of motion are only valid when expressed in an inertial reference
frame.

(b) When an aircraft is dynamically unstable it must be statically unstable.

(c) Cmq is the most important parameter for static longitudinal stability.

(d) The aerodynamic center is the point on the mean aerodynamic chord about which
the longitudinal aerodynamic moment is zero.

(e) Positive deflections of elevator, ailerons and rudder result in negative contributions
to pitch, roll and yaw moments.

(f ) The contribution of the fuselage to Cnβ is destabilizing.

(g) Most pilots will find an aircraft

(h) The linearized equations of motion describe exactly the true motions of an aircraft.

(i) The stability derivative Cmα̇ is used to account for the time delay of the wing
induced downwash to hit the horizontal tail.

(j) Both wing-sweep angle and dihedral affect the stability derivative Clβ .
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Question 2 (10 %)

Transformation matrices are used often in the field of flight dynamics. The most
commonly used transformation in flight dynamics is the 3-2-1 rotation. The 3-2-1
rotation transforms the vehicle carried earth reference frame FO to the body-fixed
reference frame Fb . Derive the transformation matrix TbO for the 3-2-1 rotation such
that Fb = TbO FO . You do not have to perform the matrix multiplications; write TbO
as a product of 3 matrices.

Question 3 (20 %): Static stability of an aircraft with a canard

The force and moment equilibrium for an aircraft with a canard configuration differs
significantly from that of an aircraft with a conventional horizontal tail plane.

(a) In Figure 5 of the Results Sheet, draw the non-dimensional forces and moments
necessary for longitudinal equilibrium for an aircraft with a canard configuration
and the given center of gravity. Make sure that the forces and moments have
the correct direction! Assume that for the canard, CTh and Cmach are negligible.
For the main wing, assume that the contribution of CTw to the aerodynamic
moment is negligible.

(b) Formulate the equilibrium equation for the pitching moment coefficient Cm . Note

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that for a canard configuration it is safe to assume that VVh = 1, while the
factor SSh must not be neglected.

(c) Derive from the moment equation the expression for the static stability Cmα .

(d) Derive an expression for the x-coordinate of the neutral point stick-fixed xnf ix .

(e) The situation in Figure 5 is not very efficient nor statically stable. Suggest a
configuration change in Figure 5 resulting in a more efficient, and stable design.
Mark the changed forces, moments, lengths and points with an asterisk (*).
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Figure 1: Northrop B-2 Spirit

Question 4 (20 %)

A flying wing is an aircraft without a tailplane, see Figure 1. As a result, the char-
acteristic modes of the flying wing differ significantly from those of a conventional
aircraft. In this question the dynamics of the short period mode of a flying wing will
be examined.

(a) From the full linearized longitudinal equations of motion, derive a simplified
form describing the short period motion. Assume that û = 0 and that θ = 0.
Additionally, the stability derivatives Cmα̇ , CZα̇ , Cmq and CZq are assumed to
be zero.

(b) Derive the characteristic equation of the simplified short period motion and de-
termine the non-dimensional eigenvalues. Does the flying wing have a stable
short period motion? Use the numerical data from Table 1.

(c) In order to improve the flying qualities of the flying wing, a simple pitch-rate
feedback controller is integrated with the flight control system. This feedback
controller has the following definition: δe = kq qc̄
V . Derive the new characteristic
equation for the simplified short period motion from part (b).

(d) For what range of the feedback gain kq is the short period both stable and
periodic? Use the numerical data from Table 1.

V = 180[ms−1 ] µc = 205 KY2 = 0.98 CX0 = 0 CXu = −0.22 CXα = 0.465

CZ0 = −1.14 CZu = −2.72 CZα = 0.5 CZq = 0 CZα̇ = 0 CZδe = −0.44

Cmα = −0.45 Cmu = 0 Cmα̇ = 0 Cmδe = −1.28 Cmq = 0

Table 1: Aircraft data for question 4

Question 5 (20 %) : Fligth test data analysis

During the flight test phase of a new aircraft, the characteristic modes of an aircraft
are investigated. In this case the pilots excite the three lateral characteristic modes.
The results from the flight tests are shown in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4

(a) Based on the results from Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4, calculate the nondi-
mensional eigenvalues λb1 , λb2 , λb3 , λb4 corresponding with the characteristic mo-
tions. Use the numerical data from Table 2. Plot your results on the Results
Sheet.
Hint: Remember that for the lateral case, nondimensional time is given by
2π
sb = Vb · t. Additionally, the period of the oscillation is given by P = Im(λ b
b) V
.

(b) Based on the results you obtained in part (a), calculate the undamped (ω0 ) and
damped (ωd ) natural frequencies, as well as the damping ratio (ζ) corresponding
with each eigenvalue. Fill in your results on the Result Summary Sheet.
Hint: The damping ratio (ζ) is given by the equation:

−Re(λb )
ζ=p
(Re2 (λ b) + Im2 (λb ))

(c) Given the eigenvalues calculated in part (a), qualitatively describe the behavior
of the aircraft over time after the pilot gives a positive pulse input on the ailerons.
In your answer include the sideslip angle β and the roll angle φ.

(d) The lateral stability derivatives Clr and Cnr are important for the lateral stability
of an aircraft. Explain why we have for the signs of these derivatives:

• Clr > 0 and

(e) The design team is not happy with the flying qualities of the aircraft, and after
some research finds that the parameter E has an incorrect sign: E < 0 with E
given by:

E = CL Clβ Cnr − Cnβ Clr (1)

Name 2 structural changes that can be made to the aircraft to improve the flying
qualities by changing E such that E > 0? Which of the parameters in Equation
1 are affected by the structural changes?

(f) Bonus Question: While the natural frequencies and damping ratios can be
calculated analytically, they can also be derived geometrically from the plot of
the eigenvalues in the complex plane. On the Results Sheet, clearly show for
1 eigenvalue how the undamped (ω0 ) and damped (ωd ) natural frequencies and
the damping ratio ζ can be derived geometrically.
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0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3
Response

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time [s]

Figure 2: First lateral eigenmode

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
Response

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time [s]

Figure 3: Second lateral eigenmode

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1
Response

0.05

−0.05

−0.1

−0.15

−0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time [s]

Figure 4: Third lateral eigenmode

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V = 125[ms−1 ] b = 13.36[m] µb = 15.5 KX = 0.012 KXZ = 0.002

KZ2 = 0.037 CL = 1.136 CYβ = −0.9896 CYp = −0.087 CYr = 0.43

CYβ̇ = 0 Clβ = −0.0772 Clp = −0.3444 Clr = 0.28 Cnβ = 0.1638

Cnp = −0.0108 Cnr = −0.1930 Cnβ̇ =-0.15

Table 2: Aircraft data for question 5 and 6

Question 6 (20 %)

The linearized equations of motion can be significantly simplified without loosing too
much of their accuracy for predicting the characteristic modes. In this Question, the
linearized asymmetric equations of motion will be simplified for the Dutch roll motion.
(a) Starting with the full, linearized asymmetric equations of motion, derive the
simplified set of equations describing the Dutch roll motion assuming that the
roll angle φ and roll rate p can be discarded. Also assume that CYβ̇ can be
neglected and that CYr is insignificant relative to 4µb . Note that in this case
Cnβ̇ will not be neglected.
(b) Using the numerical data in Table 2, calculate the eigenvalues corresponding
with the simplified set of equations of motion from part (a).
(c) Calculate the range of values of Cnβ for which the Dutch roll mode becomes
non-periodic.
(d) Is the range of values for Cnβ you found in part (c) beneficial for static lateral
stability? Explain your answer.
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Results Sheet AE3302 - April 8th, 2010

Name:
Student number:

Figure 5: Answer to Question 3a and 3e

Figure 6: Answer to Question 5a and 5f