INSTRUMENTATION

INSTRUMENTATION DRAWINGS
 INSTRUMENTATION
INSTRUMENTATION DRAWINGS

CONTENTS

1. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 6
3. THE FUNCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 7
4. THE PRINCIPLE DIAGRAMS .................................................................................................................... 10
4.1. THE BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM ........................................................................................................ 10
4.2. THE PLOT PLAN ..................................................................................................................................... 11
5. THE PROCESS DIAGRAMS ...................................................................................................................... 12
5.1. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (P.F.D.) .......................................................................................... 12
5.1.1. Equipment coding ......................................................................................................................... 14
5.1.1.1. The project................................................................................................................................. 14
5.1.1.2. The Equipment class ............................................................................................................ 14
5.1.1.3. The section number .............................................................................................................. 21
5.1.1.4. The order number .................................................................................................................. 21
5.1.1.5. The series letter ...................................................................................................................... 22
5.1.2. Coding for fluids ............................................................................................................................. 22
5.2. P&IDs ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
5.2.1. Compilation of a PID .................................................................................................................... 25
5.2.1.1. The key ....................................................................................................................................... 26
5.2.1.2. The notes ................................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.1.3. Instrumentation and piping symbols ............................................................................. 28
5.2.1.4. The instrument connections .............................................................................................. 30
5.2.1.5. The equipment......................................................................................................................... 30
5.2.1.6. The effluent routings ............................................................................................................. 31
5.2.1.7. Regulation loops ..................................................................................................................... 31
5.2.1.8. Referrals between various PIDs ..................................................................................... 34
5.2.2. Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 35
6. THE DETAILED DIAGRAMS ...................................................................................................................... 36
6.1. REGULATION LOOP DIAGRAMS.................................................................................................. 36
6.1.1. Function ............................................................................................................................................. 36
6.1.2. General description ...................................................................................................................... 36
6.1.3. Principles of a regulation loop diagram............................................................................... 37
6.1.4. The loop diagrams ........................................................................................................................ 39
6.2. THE TRANSMITTER HOOK-UP DIAGRAMS ........................................................................... 52
6.2.1. Differential pressure process flow rate transmitter (gas)............................................ 52
6.2.2. Differential pressure process flow rate and safety transmitter (gas) .................... 53
6.2.3. Differential pressure flow rate transmitter (liquid) .......................................................... 54
6.2.4. Differential pressure process flow rate and safety transmitter (liquid) ................. 55
6.2.5. Pitot's tube flow rate transmitter (gas) ................................................................................. 56
6.2.6. Pitot's tube flow rate transmitter (liquid) ............................................................................. 57
6.2.7. Differential pressure level transmitter .................................................................................. 58
6.2.8. Differential level pressure transmitter with purge trap ................................................. 59
6.2.9. Hydrostatic pressure level transmitter on open tank .................................................... 60
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 6.2.10. Differential level pressure transmitter with steam trap .............................................. 61
6.2.11. Differential level pressure transmitter with membrane separator ........................ 62
6.2.12. Gauge glass .................................................................................................................................. 63
6.2.13. In-line pressure transmitter (gas) ........................................................................................ 64
6.2.14. In-line pressure transmitter with pressure gauge (gas) ............................................ 65
6.2.15. In-line pressure transmitter (liquid)..................................................................................... 66
6.2.16. Pressure transmitter with membrane separator ........................................................... 67
6.2.17. Pressure gauge (liquid and gas) ......................................................................................... 68
6.2.18. Pressure gauge (liquid and gas) on a tank..................................................................... 69
6.2.19. In-line differential pressure transmitter (gas) ................................................................. 70
6.2.20. In-line differential pressure transmitter (liquid) ............................................................. 71
6.2.21. Differential pressure transmitter on high pressure (liquid) ...................................... 72
6.2.22. Differential pressure transmitter with membrane separator ................................... 73
6.2.23. Differential pressure gauge on pressure below 150 bar relative (gas) ............. 74
6.2.24. Differential pressure gauge on pressure above 150 bar relative (gas) ............. 75
6.2.25. Differential pressure gauge (liquid) .................................................................................... 76
6.2.26. Temperature: ANSI thermowell rated up to 600#........................................................ 77
6.2.27. Temperature: thermowell rated from 900# to 2,500# ................................................ 78
6.2.28. Pneumatic transmission assembly diagram .................................................................. 79
6.2.29. Regulation vale assembly diagram .................................................................................... 80
6.2.30. Current / pressure (I/P) converter assembly diagram ............................................... 81
6.2.31. ON/OFF valve assembly diagram....................................................................................... 82
6.2.32. Explosion proof junction box assembly diagram ......................................................... 83
6.2.33. Intrinsically safe junction box assembly diagram ........................................................ 84
6.2.34. Multi-cable cabling diagram at the junction box entry ............................................... 85
6.2.35. Diagram showing the compliance with the cable markers ...................................... 86
6.2.36. Wiring diagram of a temperature probe with cable protection .............................. 87
6.3. ASSEMBLY RECOMMENDATION FOR IN-LINE FLOW METERS ............................... 88
6.3.1. Assembly of diaphragms and Pitot's probe....................................................................... 88
6.3.1.1. On steam .................................................................................................................................... 88
6.3.1.2. On gasses.................................................................................................................................. 89
6.3.1.3. On liquids ................................................................................................................................... 90
6.3.1.4. Straight upstream and downstream lengths.............................................................. 91
6.3.2. Assembly of Ultrasound flow meter ...................................................................................... 92
6.3.2.1. Vertical assembly ................................................................................................................... 92
6.3.2.2. Horizontal assembly.............................................................................................................. 92
6.3.2.3. Installation of a sensor on a pipe .................................................................................... 93
6.3.2.4. Straight upstream and downstream lengths.............................................................. 94
6.3.3. Assembly of the electromagnetic flow meter ................................................................... 95
6.3.3.1. Horizontal assembly.............................................................................................................. 95
6.3.3.2. Vertical assembly ................................................................................................................... 95
6.3.3.3. Ascending or descending bias assembly ................................................................... 96
6.3.3.4. Flow direction ........................................................................................................................... 96
6.3.3.5. Straight upstream and downstream length ................................................................ 97
6.3.4. Assembly of a Coriolis-effect flow meter ............................................................................ 97
6.3.4.1. Horizontal and vertical assembly .................................................................................... 97
6.3.4.2. Straight upstream and downstream length ................................................................ 98
6.3.5. Assembly of a Vortex effect flow meter .............................................................................. 98

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 6.3.5.1. Horizontal assembly.............................................................................................................. 98
6.3.5.2. Vertical assembly ................................................................................................................... 99
6.3.5.3. Straight upstream and downstream length ................................................................ 99
6.3.5.4. Pressure and temperature compensation .................................................................. 99
6.4. ISOMETRIC DIAGRAM ...................................................................................................................... 100
6.5. SAFETY LOGIC DIAGRAM.............................................................................................................. 104
6.6. DATASHEET ........................................................................................................................................... 105
1. OBJECTIVES

The aim of this course is to allow a future instrument technician to understand the
instrumentation bases on an industrial oil site.

At the end of the course, in the field of instrumentation and drawings, the participant will be
able to:

Identify the various instrumentation drawings that exist.

Be familiar with the drawings.

Know how to identify the process equipment and the regulation loops.

Know how to assemble a transmitter according to the standards.

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2. INTRODUCTION
There are many possibilities to "show" how a manufacturing procedure and its regulation
loops work. In all cases, this will be an instrumentation diagram (or drawing) using
(standardised) symbols and figures in order to show the entire installation in question or
a part thereof.

What is required for this existing or planned installation: you need a diagram to
create, understand, modify and repair this installation.

What type of diagram do you need? Let us take a look at the main types used:

The principle diagram

This diagram defines a logical flow of the various manufacturing phases. They
do not use symbolic representation

The process diagram

This is generally compiled for the definition or the study of a process and gives
a rather general view.

On this diagram, the equipment is shown as symbols or by a simplified figure.

The piping is limited to the main connections between instruments.

The measurement and control instruments are limited to the instruments

necessary for understanding.

The detailed diagram

It is compiled to define the equipment and for the creation of piping drawings and
their assembly and is accompanied by a nomenclature.

The chemical engineering instruments are shown by a simplified representation

and the other instruments by a symbol.

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3. THE FUNCTION
The aim of the diagrams is to make it possible to show all or part of a manufacturing entity
on a drawing in order to give a general view or details to assist in comprehension.

This representation of various drawings is standardised in compliance with the various

standards so that the drawings can be universally understood.

Principle:

Use of symbols for representation:

of chemical engineering, valves and fluid propelling devices,

of pipes,

of measuring, control and safety instruments.

In France there is a standard defining the rules for this schematic representation that
is compiled by AFNOR ( Association Française de NORmalisation - French Standards
Bureau).

Below are the definitions of the (main) types of diagrams used: defined according to
ISO standards (ISO - International Standard Organisation) to ensure uniformity on all
Total sites.

The Plot Plan

This document defines the placement (location) of the equipment on the

installations)

It is also the Lay-out diagram, which determines the geographical positioning of a

site's equipment. It also defines the installations on a horizontal and vertical plane.

The Block Flow Diagram

This defines the logical flow of the various manufacturing phases. It does
not use symbolic representation.

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The Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

Generally compiled for the definition or the study of a process and gives a rather
general view.

On this diagram the equipment, which justifies an instrument marking,

is represented symbolically or by a simplified figure.

The piping is limited to the main connections between instruments.

The measurement, control and regulation instruments are limited to the

instruments necessary for understanding the process.

In the case of a complex installation, the process diagram can be broken down
into several smaller diagrams in order to facilitate reading and comprehension.

The P&ID

The Piping and Instrument Diagram (P.I.D. ) This document, compiled in the
project phase, shows the principal process lines and capacities as well as their
main operating parameters in a much more complex format than the PFD.

It is the basic document (bible!) of the instrument technician.

The Isometrics Drawing

Compiled for the creation of an installation (during the study) and for the
comprehension of the routing of the various piping systems on a site.

The isometric drawing is a document (or a book or set of plans) showing the
routings in three dimensions on a single figure, making it possible to define
the placement of all the measuring instruments at the time of construction.

The detailed diagram or equipment diagram

The detailed diagram or the equipment diagram is compiled to define the

equipment and for the creation of piping drawings and their assembly, and is
accompanied by nomenclatures. (Data Sheets)

The chemical engineering instruments are shown by a simplified representation

and the other instruments by a symbol.

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 The Safety Diagram

The safety diagram makes it possible to define the logical flow of the various
phases of the activation sequence. It does not use symbolic representation.

It is the representation of the shut-down sequences with the various levels

(from 0 - 4) and the actions of the Fire & Gas system.

With regards to the representation:

General symbols: define a family of instruments. They are used on the process
diagrams when the exact nature of the instrument has not been defined.

Specific symbols: specify a type of instrument in each family. They are used on
detailed diagrams.

Simplified representation: These apply to the detailed or process diagrams for

the representation of chemical engineering instruments. It uses an image that
represents the general look of the instrument in question.

With regards to the formats and scales:

The process diagrams are compiled on paper with standardised width and
sufficient length.

The detailed diagrams are compiled on standardised formats and generally

limited to AO (840 x 1188).

The symbolic representation has no scale. In each case the size of the symbols
is chosen to facilitate reading. In the detailed diagrams it is sometimes preferable
to determine a scale to respect the levels and the relative position of the
instruments as much as possible.

In the broken-down diagrams the starts and stops of the communal piping must
be located at the same levels in order to be able to juxtapose them.

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4. THE PRINCIPLE DIAGRAMS

4.1. THE BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM

This diagram explains the entire installation's operating principle in a few blocks.

Below is an example of the principle diagram of the N'Kossa site in the Congo.

Figure 1: Example of block flow diagram of N'Kossa in the CONGO

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4.2. THE PLOT PLAN

Figure 2: Example of the Plot Plan of the GIRASSOL FPSO in ANGOLA

The Plot Plan defines the placement (location) of the equipment on the installations.

It is also the Lay-out diagram, which determines the geographical positioning of a

site's equipment and it defines the installations on a horizontal and a vertical plane.

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5. THE PROCESS DIAGRAMS

5.1. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (P.F.D.)

It allows for a logical reading in the direction that the process unfolds, generally from the
left to the right. Only the main equipment is represented. The operating parameters (Q, P,
T) are indicated.

It is also called the Fluid Circulation Drawing.

This document, compiled during the project phase, presents the principal process
lines and capacities as well as their principal operating parameters in a simple format.

On these drawings we can see the operational parameters of the process represented as
follows:

Liquid flow rate

Temperature (°C)
(m³/h)

Gas flow rate

Pressure (bar)
(Sm³/j)

Fluid number Mass flow (t/h)

Table 1: Presentation of operational parameters

The "PFD" shows the main process lines with the related equipment.

As we saw in the "Standards in Instrumentation course", the PFD, like the "PID" has
a coding for equipment and for fluids.

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Figure 3: Example of PFD

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5.1.1. Equipment coding

Figure 4: Coding principle of equipment

5.1.1.1. The project

It is determined by the project manager and can be a letter, a number or both.

Example:

AMENAM : 40

COBO : 8F

N ’KOSSA : D

5.1.1.2. The Equipment class

The equipment class is defined by one or two letters

It defines each type of equipment with an abbreviation as shown above.

Here is a list of equipment classification:

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C Columns

Packed column
Plate columns
CA
Packed columns
Plate column

Plates
CY
Internal column equipment

D Pressure vessels - Reactors - Separators - Scrubbers

Drums

Pressurised spheres
DA Pressurised container
Rounded base storage tanks

Purge vats

Agitated process reactors

DB
Packed process reactors

DC Tubular reactors

DD Lamp reactors

Fixed bed driers

DF
(excluding packages)

DG Pigging stations Pigging stations

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 Field Operations Training
Instrumentation
Instrumentation Drawings

Horizontal separator

Separators

Scrubbers Vertical separator

DS
including internal or external
equipment

Vertical scrubber

E Thermal exchange devices

EA Cooling tower Cooling tower

Cooling tower
EB Cooling tower
Air condenser

Tubular exchanger

Exchanger
Plate exchanger
Evaporator
EC
Re-boiler

Condenser Re-boiler (Kettle)

Electric heater

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F Furnaces - Heaters - Stoves - Burners

Tubular furnace
Furnaces
FA
Heaters
Reaction furnace

Burners
FB
Flare tip

Ovens
FC
Chimneys

FD Incinerators

G Pumps - Drives - Ejectors

GA Pumps

Injectors
GB
Ejectors

GC Special pumps (gas pump, etc.)

H Boilers

Steam boiler (package)

HA Boilers

Cooling liquid boiler

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 Driers
HB Industrial ovens
(excluding air driers)

T Storage

Cylindrical tank

Flat base storage tanks

TA Gas meters Spherical tank
(atmospheric pressure, tank)

Un-pressurised tank

Floating roof tank

TB Silos

TC Sump caisson

TD Sea storage

Tanks
TE
Reinforced concrete storage pits

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I Miscellaneous equipment

Agitators (stirrers)
IA
Mixers

Crushers

IB Granulators

Clod breaker

IC Centrifuges

ID Decanter

Extruder
IE Machine for transformation of
plastic materials

Filters
IF
Screens

IG Dust separators

IJ Decanters

U Compact units (Package)

Large pre-assembled units,

assembled on metal skids or
UA structures such as: separation /
drier / absorption units,
miscellaneous modules

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 Small standard construction units
UB such as: air compressor sets and
tanks, air driers, cooling units,
corrosion inhibitors, gas driers

UC Loading buoy

UD Miscellaneous units

K Compressors - Fans - Blowers

Fans
KA
Blowers

Compressors

KB Boosters

Self propelled compressors

X Driving engines

XA Asynchronous engines

XB Synchronous engines

XC Miscellaneous engines

Y Driving engines (thermal engines, turbo machines)

YA Diesel

YB Petrol engines

YC Gas engines

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YD Gas turbines

YE Process expansion turbines

YF Steam turbines

YG Hydraulic turbines

Table 2: The equipment categories

5.1.1.3. The section number

List of sections:

100 Wells and manifolds

200 Low-pressure gas

300 Oil processing and shipping - purge tanks - sump - drains

400 Processing of oil-field water

500 Gas compression

600 HP gas processing and distribution

700 Water processing and injection

800 Chemical products, gas fuel, compressed air

900 Related networks (drinking water, industrial water, steam, ...)

5.1.1.4. The order number

A 2-digit number that allows for the chronological identification of equipment identical
in nature. The numbers are restarted for each type of equipment.

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5.1.1.5. The series letter

A letter used for parallel numbering of identical types of equipment.

5.1.2. Coding for fluids

Each fluid is identified by two letters that are generally the initials of its English name.

Symbol French description English description State

AG gaz acide Acid gas gas

AM méthanol methanol liquid

AV Conduite gaz Vent gas gas

BC butane butane to be specified

BV vapeur BP (4 bars) LP steam (4 bar) gas

BW eau déminéralisée demineralised water liquid

CD gaz carbonique(CO2) carbon dioxide(CO2) gas

CG gaz à condensats condensate and gas feed diphase

CV condensats vapeur steam condensate liquid

CW eau de réfrigération cooling water liquid

DG gaz désulfuré De-sulphurised gas gas

EC éthane ethane to be specified

FG fuel gaz traité treated fuel gas gas

FS torche flare system gas

FW Eau de mer incendie Sea water fire Liquid

GC coupe essence gasoline cut liquid

GH effluent huileux oily effluent diphase

GN azote nitrogen to be specified

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HC coupe pétrolière petroleum cut liquid

HD drain hydrocarbures hydrocarbon drain liquid

HS hydrogène sulfuré(H2S) hydrogen sulphide(H2S) gas

HV vapeur HP (>40 bar) HP steam (>40 bar) gas

HW eau incendie traitée treated fire-water liquid

IA air instrument instrument air gas

LA amine (DEA) pauvre lean amine (DEA) liquid

LC Mélange LPG LPG Mixture liquid

lean selective amine
LE amine sélective (MDEA) pauvre (MDEA) liquid

LD diéthylène glycol (pauvre) lean diethylene glycol liquid

LT triéthylène glycol (pauvre) lean triethylene glycol liquid

MV vapeur MP (12-24 bar) MP steam (12-24 bar) gas

NC condensats bruts raw condensate liquid

NG gaz naturel brut raw natural gas gas

NH pétrole brut crude oil liquid

NW eau de gisement oil-field water liquid

PC propane propane to be specified

PW eau de procédé process water liquid

RG fuel gaz brut raw fuel gas gas

SA air service supplying air gas

SG gaz traité treated gas gas

SH Huile stabilisée Stabilized oil liquid

SW Eau de mer Sea water liquid

TW Eau traitée (vers injection) Treated water (to injection) liquid

UW Eau service Service water liquid

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Instrumentation Drawings

WD drain eaux polluées dirty water drain liquid

XA Anti-paraffine Wax inhibitor Liquid

XB Inhibiteur de corrosion Corrosion inhibitor Liquid

XC Bactéricide Bactericide Liquid

XD Désémulsifiant De-mulsifier Liquid

XE Anti-dépôt Scale inhibitor Liquid

XF Biocide Biocide Liquid

XG Anti-mousse Inhibitor foam Liquid

XX Produits chimiques (non défini) Special products liquid

Table 3: Fluid coding table

Do not forget that the "PFD" reads like a PID, with the same type of key, the same type
of notes and the same equipment and instruments.

The only difference between the "PFD" and the "PID" is that the PFD shows all
the process conditions on each pipeline.

But the "PID" is still much more detailed than the "PFD".

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5.2. P&IDs

In the course "Standards in Instrumentation" we saw all the symbols relating to the
instrumentation on a PID.

Now we are going to look at how to read this type of plan, which is the indispensable
tool of the instrument technician.

Figure 5: Presentation of the PID diagram

5.2.1. Compilation of a PID

The "Piping and Instruments Diagram" is made up of:

A margin combining the key and the notes, on the right-hand side of the drawing,

Instrumentation and piping symbols,

Instrument connections,

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 Equipment (example: tanks, separator, etc.

Regulation loops

Effluent routing lines (process lines).

5.2.1.1. The key

The key contains the necessary information concerning the following points:

The exploration plant in question,

The type of installation represented on the diagram,

The drawing number,

The revision of the drawing.

Figure 6: Example of a key

NB: the number of the plan changes according to the projects, since these are
not the same project numbers.

On the key we can also see all the revisions of the drawing with the revision dates and
the initials of the people who worked on the plan's compilation.

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5.2.1.2. The notes

Various notes are added onto a PID as additional information concerning the
measuring instruments, the equipment, the piping connections etc.

Each note is identified by a number.

Figure 7: Example of notes

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5.2.1.3. Instrumentation and piping symbols

Controllers Transmitters Primary Elements Indicators

Flow
Venturi Tube or Flow
Differential Pressure Transmitter
Nozzle

Flow Indicator
(Rotometer)

Weir

Orifice

Temperature

Filled-System
Thermocouple or Temperature Indicator
Filled Thermal Element and Resistance Bulb
Transmitter

Bimetallic Thermometer,
Thermowell or Glass Thermometer or
Converter coupled to Temperature Temperature Well other local unclassified
Element Temperature Indicator
NB: Symbol for element is often
omitted

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 Pressure

Usually part of
Transmitter Symbol

Pressure Indicator in a
Flow Line or Process
Vessel

Level

Level Glass Externally

Differential Pressure Transmitter Connected
Usually indicated by
Transmitter Symbol

Level Transmitter for Buoyancy Float Level Indicator Magnetic

– Window, Float or
or Displacer
Displacer

Table 4: Examples of Instrumentation and Piping symbols

The table above is an overview.

For more detail, consult the "Standards in Instrumentation" course material.

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5.2.1.4. The instrument connections

Here is a small "sample" of the instrument connections given in the table below. For
more detail, please consult the "Standards in Instrumentation" course material.

Instrument Air Supply or Signal Air

Electrical Supply or Signal

Capillary Tubing

Table 5: Overview of the instrument connections

5.2.1.5. The equipment

The main pieces required for the execution of the treatment process are shown on the
P&ID by an icon that represents the equipment in a simplified manner. They are
usually identified by their name and their equipment number.

Figure 8: The equipment on a P&ID

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5.2.1.6. The effluent routings

The process flows are indicated by flow lines. Wherever possible, the inlet of the flow
lines is placed to the left and the outlet to the right. Labels or title boxes placed at the
ends of these supply the information on the origins and the destinations of the flows.

The flows are routed by means of valves that are usually open. The normally open valves
have unfilled valve bodies, while the normally closed valves have full valve bodies.

Figure 9: Fluid routing on P&ID

5.2.1.7. Regulation loops

The regulation loops are the one of the most important parts of a P&ID.

The term "regulation loop" is a general term for all the elements linked to the control of
a process parameter, such as the level of the tank or the steam flow. This includes all
the equipment and the software linked to this regulation function.

The equipment components in a regulation loop are called instruments.

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It is important to remember that the majority of regulation loops have three sections:

the measuring element (pressure, flow measurement, etc.)

the controller (the regulator)

the control device (DCS)

A good understanding of the basic regulation loop makes it easier to understand

more complex regulation loops.

The measuring element produces a signal that represents the process variable being
controlled. Communal process variables are consistency, pressure, flow and
temperature. The measuring element is connected to a transmitter. The transmitter sends
a measurement signal to the controller. The control signal can take the shape of a
pneumatic aerial signal, an electric (milliampere) signal and even a remote radio signal,
depending on the situation.

The controller determines the re-adjustments required at the control point. This is done by
comparing the measured value to a set point (SP), which is the arrangement required for
a process variable. The controller adapts itself until the process variable value is equal to
the set point (we will study all the controller functions in the course "The regulator and its
functions".

A control device can be any type of equipment of the process that can be modulated to
change a measured parameter. The control device causes the actual change of the
variable measured. Valves are the most commonly used control devices. For temperature
control, for example, these valves control the steam flow.

They can also take the shape of circuit breakers, pumps, fans or electrical heating devices
and other control devices. The speed controllers of an engine are also control devices.

It is important to remember that the re-adjustments made at the control point will cause
a change in the measured variable.

Each regulation loop is given a unique number to distinguish it from other regulation loops.

A regulation loop can be made up of a single element (for example a local

pressure gauge), or it can have several different elements (for example an
automatic flow controller).

A regulation loop can include detectors, emitters, controllers, I/P converters, valves...

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 Figure 10: Regulation loop on P&ID

The diagrams above show a simple regulation loop and show the equipment of the
local fields in the process and the controller placed in the DCS.

NB:

As an instrument technician, I have often noted that the PIDs according to some plants
do not comply with the ISA standards. You will find PIDs with a mixture of French and
American annotations.

This is explained by a simplification of the drawing by no longer separating the

measurement element from its transmitter.

We will look at an example to understand it better.

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 Figure 11: Example of a simplified drawing

The figure on the left is perfect, since we can clearly distinguish the thermowell (TW), the
probe's sensitive element (TE) and the transmitter (TT). This figure complies well with ISA
standards.

However, on the figure on the right, we can clearly see that the drawing is fully simplified
by showing only the temperature transmitter. One must deduce that the thermowell finger
and the sensitive element are included.

I mention this so that you are not surprised upon reading a PID and do not wonder
where the measurement element is in relation to its transmitter.

Of course, in addition to this comment, you have already guessed that a regulation loop
is represented by a detailed diagram that we will study in the following chapter.

5.2.1.8. Referrals between various PIDs

The symbol for a drawing referral is as follows:

Figure 12: Drawing referral symbol

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There are three references to check during a drawing referral:

The project number (identical from one diagram to the next),

The type,

The order number.

Figure 13: Example of a referral between two PIDs

5.2.2. Summary

To ensure easy reading and a good understanding of a "PID" drawing, it is important to:

Know in which part of the plant we are operating, either for a modification or for
maintenance repairs → this ensures that we take the drawing that corresponds to
its number (also check the key carefully).

Identify the equipment (separators, columns, filters, tanks, pumps, etc...),

Identify the measurement instruments (temperature, pressure, flow rate, etc.),

Identify the process lines to know what fluid is running through the pipes (gas,
acids, steam, etc.).

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6. THE DETAILED DIAGRAMS

6.1. REGULATION LOOP DIAGRAMS

6.1.1. Function

One loop diagram for each measurement, safety, regulation loop etc., for
easier understanding of the working of these loops during phases of:

Construction,

Pre-acceptance,

Acceptance,

Start-up,

Maintenance.

Includes all the elements of the loop regardless of their position

In case of breakdown, it makes it easier to locate the faults by:

limiting the number of references to other documents,

showing all the circuits, the connection terminals and their location.

6.1.2. General description

They show:

Each instrument that belongs to the loop (with its graphic symbol and marking
similar to those of a P&ID),

The identification numbers for each terminal, conductor, cable, junction box,
distributor, etc...

The loop's power supply circuit (if not supplied by the systems),

The electrical protections (fuses, limitation resistances,...),

The intrinsic safety barriers,

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 The indication and signalling circuits,

The earth connections of the cable sheaths,

The connections on the systems' E/S boards,

The "software" addresses on the systems' E/S boards,

They are drawn in compliance with the following rules:

Idle power supplies,

Un-pressurised fluids.

6.1.3. Principles of a regulation loop diagram

The loop diagram is read from left to right, as if we are moving from the "origin"
towards the "destination".

The loop diagram is broken down into 3 main parts:

The unit: measurement instruments, actuator, limits of travel, etc... connected

onto a junction box or directly onto the terminal board of the marshalling
cabinet.

A junction box is practical because it allows for the collection of the various
signals on either side of a unit on a terminal board of this same box to thereby
feed into a multi-pair cable (we will study multi-pair cables in the
"Instrumentation Accessories" course).

The technical room (also called a marshalling cabinet): This is where all the
wires of the multi-pair cable from the junction box or directly from the
measurement instrument come together on a distribution terminal board that
leads all the measurement signals to the various automaton input/output boards.

The link between the distributor terminal and the automaton input/output boards
is created with a flat ribbon data cable.

The control room: here we find the control station (Digital Control-Command
System) that communicates by means of an Ethernet link (RS232) with the
automaton's communication board.

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Figure 14: Routing principles of a regulation loop

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6.1.4. The loop diagrams

In principle, each file with all the regulation loop diagrams must be located in the
corresponding marshalling cabinet.

For easy reference, we have one loop diagram file per production unit.

On each file header, there is a list of loop references as well as the related folio number.

Figure 15: Example of the loop diagram list

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Figure 16: Loop diagram with an analogue measurement

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With the help of this first example, I will explain the reading principle of this type
of diagram, which is an indispensable tool for the maintenance and
instrumentation technician.

The loop diagram can be broken down into the following 4 distinctive parts:

The measurement instrument: (e.g.: pressure, temperature, flow rate, etc...); it

also has an "instrument tag" and wire markers.

Figure 17: Measurement instrument on loop diagram

The junction box: groups measurements together at a point in an installation,

which avoids having one cable per sensor running towards the technical
instrumentation room.

The latter is made up of two cable references, a terminal name, wire markers and
also the terminal board numbers.

Figure 18: Junction box on loop diagram

The marshalling cabinet: All the multi-conductor cables from the junction box
arrive at this cabinet, which makes it possible to group all the measurements
together on one or even several terminal boards.

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It is made up of a terminal board, an image terminal board (the terminal boards
are also marked) and also a cable marker.

Figure 19: Marshalling cabinet on loop diagram

The system cabinet: this is where the automatons are. From our image terminal
board we enter this cabinet through a flat ribbon data cable to directly access the
automaton board in question.

This automaton board is therefore shown with a board marker, a rack number,
the slot number, the number of the channel used and the type of board.

Figure 20: System cabinet on loop diagram

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Figure 21: Loop diagram with "pump on" push button

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The loop diagram above shows us an example with an ON/OFF input.

We can clearly see in this case that the ON/OFF input of the automaton board is passive,
since we have to supply the contact with 24VCC from an external power supply.

Figure 22: Power supply on loop diagram

When we have to supply a contact switch from an external power supply, we say that the
automaton board is a "polarised contact" ON/OFF input board.

In the case to the contrary, we say that it is a "dry contact" board.

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Figure 23: Loop diagram with indicator light activation

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In the above example, we supply the automaton board's relay and the contact switch that
will switch on the indicator light.

Figure 24: Power supply on loop diagram

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Figure 25: Loop diagram with an analogue output (regulation valve)

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Figure 26: Loop diagram with a travel limit when open (ON/OFF valve)

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Figure 27: Loop diagram with a travel limit when closed (ON/OFF valve)

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Figure 28: Loop diagram with start control and return

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Figure 29: Loop diagram with pneumatic flow rate transmitter and regulation valve on local
control panel

This loop diagram is included, since there are still existing local pneumatic regulations.

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6.2. THE TRANSMITTER HOOK-UP DIAGRAMS

6.2.1. Differential pressure process flow rate transmitter (gas)

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6.2.2. Differential pressure process flow rate and safety transmitter (gas)

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6.2.3. Differential pressure flow rate transmitter (liquid)

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6.2.4. Differential pressure process flow rate and safety transmitter (liquid)

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6.2.5. Pitot's tube flow rate transmitter (gas)

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6.2.6. Pitot's tube flow rate transmitter (liquid)

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6.2.7. Differential pressure level transmitter

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6.2.8. Differential level pressure transmitter with purge trap

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6.2.9. Hydrostatic pressure level transmitter on open tank

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6.2.10. Differential level pressure transmitter with steam trap

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6.2.11. Differential level pressure transmitter with membrane separator

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6.2.12. Gauge glass

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6.2.13. In-line pressure transmitter (gas)

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6.2.14. In-line pressure transmitter with pressure gauge (gas)

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6.2.15. In-line pressure transmitter (liquid)

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6.2.16. Pressure transmitter with membrane separator

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6.2.17. Pressure gauge (liquid and gas)

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6.2.18. Pressure gauge (liquid and gas) on a tank

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6.2.19. In-line differential pressure transmitter (gas)

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6.2.20. In-line differential pressure transmitter (liquid)

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6.2.21. Differential pressure transmitter on high pressure (liquid)

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6.2.22. Differential pressure transmitter with membrane separator

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6.2.23. Differential pressure gauge on pressure below 150 bar relative (gas)

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6.2.24. Differential pressure gauge on pressure above 150 bar relative (gas)

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6.2.25. Differential pressure gauge (liquid)

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6.2.26. Temperature: ANSI thermowell rated up to 600#

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6.2.27. Temperature: thermowell rated from 900# to 2,500#

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6.2.28. Pneumatic transmission assembly diagram

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6.2.29. Regulation vale assembly diagram

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6.2.30. Current / pressure (I/P) converter assembly diagram

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6.2.31. ON/OFF valve assembly diagram

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6.2.32. Explosion proof junction box assembly diagram

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6.2.33. Intrinsically safe junction box assembly diagram

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6.2.34. Multi-cable cabling diagram at the junction box entry

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6.2.35. Diagram showing the compliance with the cable markers

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6.2.36. Wiring diagram of a temperature probe with cable protection

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6.3. ASSEMBLY RECOMMENDATION FOR IN-LINE FLOW METERS

6.3.1. Assembly of diaphragms and Pitot's probe

6.3.1.1. On steam

It is important that the (hot) steam never come into contact with the transmitter
membrane as it will damage it. The height of the steam column must be continuous to
avoid a resetting to zero (hydrostatic pressure of the liquid column). For these reasons,
we use steam traps on the steam applications.

Figure 30: Diaphragm assembly (steam)

These are assembled directly on a horizontal sampling tap, the same level on each side;
then they are filled with water by means of a filling plug.

Figure 31: Pitot's probe assembly (steam)

To do this, the transmitter must be located below the measurement point. The
condensation in the head of the steam traps makes it possible to keep the liquid columns
steady. The supernatant condensation returns in the conduit.

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6.3.1.2. On gasses

The transmitter must be assembled above the measurement point. This prevents the
pressure gauges from being covered in steam, which could lead to measurement errors.

If the gas is clean and dry, this setting can be used.

If the conduits (or pipes) are vertical, or the gas is wet or liquid, a measurement
system with a diaphragm should be used.

Figure 32: Diaphragm assembly (gas)

Figure 33: Pitot's probe assembly (gas)

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6.3.1.3. On liquids

The pressure gauges must face downwards and the transmitter must be placed below.

Figure 34: Diaphragm assembly (liquids)

Figure 35: Pitot's probe assembly (liquids)

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6.3.1.4. Straight upstream and downstream lengths

A precise measurement is only possible in the case of a regular flow profile.

If there are obstacles in the pipe (narrowings, elbows, etc...), the flow profile is modified.
By passing through a straight section of pipe - straight upstream length - the flow
calms down again. The same principle applies for obstacles after the measurement point:
the deceleration thus created results in a modification of the flow profile at the
measurement point.

Here it is also a good idea to install straight downstream lengths.

Diaphragm or nozzle
(indications for ß = 0.2... 0.8) Pitot's probe Venturi: take
the half length

Upstream Downstream Upstream Downstream

length length length length

90° elbow (10... 46) x D (4 ... 8) x D 7xD 3xD

2 x 90° elbow (14... 50) x D (4 ... 8) x D 7xD 3xD

3 x 90° elbow (34... 80) x D (4 ... 8) x D 18 x D 4xD

Convergent (5 ... 30) x D (4 ... 8) x D 7xD 3xD

Divergent (5 ... 30) x D (4 ... 8) x D 24 x D 4xD

Regulation
(18... 44) x D (4 ... 8) x D 30 x D 4xD
valve

D = Interior pipe diameter

D = diameter of orifice
ß = d/D

Table 6: Straight diaphragm length and Pitot's probe (gas)

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6.3.2. Assembly of Ultrasound flow meter

6.3.2.1. Vertical assembly

Figure 36: Vertical assembly of ultrasound flow meter

Recommended flow direction is top to bottom, in this way the solid particles are carried
along by the flow and cannot settle, and the gas bubbles escape from the
measurement section. On the other hand, the pipe can be completely drained and
protected against deposits.

6.3.2.2. Horizontal assembly

Figure 37: Horizontal assembly of ultrasound flow meter

If the pipe is horizontal, the sensors of the section recommended above must be fitted so
as to limit the influence of the gas in the top part of the pipe and the deposit of solid
particles in the bottom part.

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6.3.2.3. Installation of a sensor on a pipe

Figure 38: Installation of the Ultrasound flow meter on a pipe

The accumulation of air or the formation of gas bubbles can cause major
measurement errors.

Due to this, the following installation locations must be avoided:

Highest point of a pipe.

Outlet of a gravitational flow pipe

The diagram above suggests an assembly on a gravitational flow pipe.

The use of a reduction or a diaphragm with a cross section that is less than the
nominal diameter guarantees the loading of the pipe in the measurement section.

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6.3.2.4. Straight upstream and downstream lengths

Figure 39: Straight lengths ultrasound flow meter (clamp-on version)

Figure 40: Straight lengths ultrasound flow meter (inserted version)

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6.3.3. Assembly of the electromagnetic flow meter

6.3.3.1. Horizontal assembly

Figure 41: Horizontal assembly of the electromagnetic flow meter

6.3.3.2. Vertical assembly

Figure 42: Vertical assembly of the electromagnetic flow meter

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6.3.3.3. Ascending or descending bias assembly

Figure 43: Bias assembly of the electromagnetic flow meter

6.3.3.4. Flow direction

Figure 44: Indication of the flow direction on an electromagnetic flow meter

The flow meter must always be assembled so that the arrow points in the direction of
the flow (see figure above)

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6.3.3.5. Straight upstream and downstream length

Figure 45: Straight lengths electromagnetic flow meter

6.3.4. Assembly of a Coriolis-effect flow meter

6.3.4.1. Horizontal and vertical assembly

Figure 46: Horizontal and vertical assembly of a Coriolis-effect flow meter

NB:

If the sensor is fitted on a vertical line, the circulation must be ascending (see
figure above) if the fluid is a clean or charged liquid. For gasses, it can be
ascending or descending.

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6.3.4.2. Straight upstream and downstream length

This type of flow meter is not subject to straight upstream and downstream lengths
recommendations. However, it is important to take note of its spatial requirements and
its weight.

When installing a Coriolis-effect flow meter, provide piping supports, as it is rather heavy:
this will prevent the piping that supports it in the long term.

The example below shows a perfect assembly of a Coriolis-effect flow meter, with two
piping supports on either side of the sensors, as well as two block valves for resetting
the transmitter to zero.

Figure 47: Supported installation of the Coriolis-effect flow meter

6.3.5. Assembly of a Vortex effect flow meter

6.3.5.1. Horizontal assembly

Figure 48: Horizontal assembly of a Vortex effect flow meter

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6.3.5.2. Vertical assembly

Figure 49: Vertical assembly of a Vortex effect flow meter

NB:

For steam and fluids that contain solid particles, it is recommended that the flow meter
be installed with the electronics to the side of the pipe.

6.3.5.3. Straight upstream and downstream length

The vortex flow meter can be installed with 10D upstream and 5D downstream when we
have a "K-factor" correction, otherwise it must be installed at 35D upstream and 10D
downstream.

6.3.5.4. Pressure and temperature compensation

When we want to correct the flow rate with a

pressure and temperature compensation, it is
recommended that these two sensors be
installed at 4D downstream for the pressure
sensor and 6D downstream for the
temperature sensor (see figure).

Figure 50: Installation of temperature and

pressure correction Vortex effect flow
meter

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6.4. ISOMETRIC DIAGRAM

The isometric drawings make it possible to show the piping as it would be found on
the site.

This representation can be used by:

the refiners for the flooring drawings and line degassing

the maintenance and service personnel to geographically locate their service

area

the engineering office for the modification projects

The Isometrics drawing : compiled for the creation of an installation (during the study)
and for the comprehension of the routing of the various piping systems on a site.

The isometrics drawing is a document (or a book or a set of drawings) that shows
the three-dimensional routing on a single figure.

This type of diagram is used by the pipe fitters, but we as instrument technicians refer to
this type of drawing when a modification or a construction is planned.

It is very useful to talk about the isometrics drawing, because on a "revamping" project,
for example, if we want to add a flow meter with a regulation valve on a pipe, the pipe
fitter needs to contact us to find out what the spatial requirements and the process
connections of our instruments are in order to install them as best possible.

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Figure 51: Example of an Isometrics drawing

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The details of an isometrics drawing are the following:

The elbows,

The reductions,

The diameter of each pipe,

The type of each flange,

The material of each pipe,

The exact lengths of each pipe,

The type of valve system (globe valve or gate valve),

The electrical tracing,

The lagging (piping insulation),

NB:

On an existing installation, I would advise you to take the latest revision of

the MASTER drawings.

There is a key at the bottom of the diagram that I would like to study, as there are two
important things to remember.

Firstly the "specifications" block that corresponds to the piping category.

In our example, the isometrics drawing corresponds to the "B511" piping

category. What does this mean?

Most importantly, don't forget that this piping category is a TOTAL standard and that it
may be different on other sites.

B : Category = 150 lbs (pounds, i.e.. 1lbs equals 453 g) ASME category
51 : Low-corrosion gaseous liquid or hydrocarbon
1: Thickness of corrosion = 1.5 mm

Secondly, we also see that the isometrics drawing corresponds to a "PID Number".
Each piping line of a PID is shown in the isometrics drawing.

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We also have the material of the pipeline, which on our example is "Material CS"
which refers to Carbon Steel.

Lastly, there are the process conditions (Pressure, Temperature).

For more information on the piping category, please consult "Piping - Chapter on Tubes or
Pipes".

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6.5. SAFETY LOGIC DIAGRAM

Figure 52: Safety logic diagram

110 From safety logic diagram

Safety bar
110

115XXX

"OR" function To safety logic diagram 115

"AND" function T Time delay

XXX
Action ON "xxx" Pulse signal

Trip from "xxx"

Table 7: Safety logic diagram symbols

The "safety logic diagram" enables us to quickly identify the actions that will be put
in motion when we press the emergency stop button.

Page 104
6.6. DATASHEET

Figure 53: Equipment datasheet

Page 105
The "Datasheet" of a piece of equipment is important during construction. When we want
to install measurement instruments on a tank (e.g.: level transmitter sensor or temperature
probe), we need to know:

The type of flange (e.g.: raised face RF),

Diameter of the flanges (e.g.:DN80),

The series of flanges according to the piping category (e.g600 lbs),

The heights from the measurement point,

For a temperature sensor, we need the insertion length to determine the exact
length of the probe (e.g.: length of probe L=500mm),

The material of the equipment, to avoid placing a transmitter with a 316L

stainless steel flange on a flange of the carbon steel equipment.

The type of process liquid to know whether it will corrode a transmitter membrane
(e.g.: acid).

NB:

In Instrumentation, you are going to hear a lot about three types of flanges, which are
the following:

RTJ: Ring Type Joint,

RF: Raised Face,

FF: Flat Flange.

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