Exercise 3E

1 a z 4 − 1 =0
z4 = 1
z 4 cos 0 + i sin 0
=

( r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) )
4
= cos ( 0 + 2kπ ) + i sin ( 0 + 2kπ ) , k ∈ 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives: r 4 ( cos 4θ + i sin 4θ ) = cos ( 0 + 2kπ ) + i sin ( 0 + 2kπ ) , k ∈ 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r =1
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
2kπ = 4θ ⇒ kπ = 2θ
When k = 0:
0 = 2θ ⇒ θ = 0 so z0 =cos 0 + i sin 0 =1
When k = 1:
π π π
π = 2θ ⇒ θ = so z1 =cos   + i sin   =i
2 2 2
When k = 2:
2π = 2θ ⇒ θ = π so z2 =+ cos π i sin π =
−1
When k = 3:
3π  3π   3π 
3π = 2θ ⇒ θ = so z3 =+ cos   i sin   = −i
2  2   2 
So z = 1, z = −1, z = i or z = −i

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1 b z 3 − i =0
z3 = i
Modulus = 1
π
Argument =
2
π π
So z 3 cos   + i sin  
=
2 2

( r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) ) = cos  π2 + 2kπ  + i sin  π2 + 2kπ  , k ∈ 

3

   
π  π 
r 3 ( cos 3θ + i sin 3θ ) = cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  , k ∈ 
2  2 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r =1
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
π π + 4kπ
+ 2kπ =3θ ⇒ π + 4kπ =6θ ⇒ θ =
2 6
When k = 0:
π π π 3 1
θ = so z0 = cos   + i sin   =+ i
6 6 6 2 2
When k = 1:
5π  5π   5π  3 1
θ= so z1 = cos   + i sin   = − + i
6  6   6  2 2
When k = 2:
3π  3π   3π 
θ= so z2 =+ cos   i sin   = −i
2  2   2 
3 1 3 1
So= z + i, z = − + i or z = −i
2 2 2 2

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1 c z 3 = 27
= z 3 27 ( cos 0 + i sin 0 )
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ=
)) 27 ( cos ( 0 + 2kπ ) + i sin ( 0 + 2kπ ) ) , k ∈ 
3

θ ) 27 ( cos ( 0 + 2kπ ) + i sin ( 0 + 2kπ ) ) , k ∈ 

Using De Moivre’s theorem gives: r 3 ( cos 3θ + i sin 3=
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r=3
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
2kπ
2kπ = 3θ ⇒ θ =
3
When k = 0:
θ = 0 so z0 = 3 ( cos 0 + i sin 0 ) = 3
When k = 1:
2π   2π   2π    1 3 
θ= so z1 = 3  cos   + i sin    = 3  − + i 
3   3   3   2 2 
When k = 2:
4π   4π   4π    1 3 
θ= so z2 = 3  cos   + i sin    = 3  − −
 i 
3   3   3   2 2 
3 3 3 3 3 3
So z = 3, z = − + i or z =− − i
2 2 2 2

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1 d z 4 + 64 = 0
4
z = −64
Therefore:
z2 = 8i or z2 = −8i
When z2 = 8i:
 π  π 
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ )=
)
2
8  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  
 2  2 
 π π 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives: r 2 ( cos 2θ + i sin 2θ= ) 8  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  
 2  2 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r2 = 8 ⇒ r = 2 2
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
π π + 4kπ
2θ = + 2kπ ⇒ θ =
2 4
When k = 0:
π  π  π 
θ = so z1 = 2 2  cos   + i sin    = 2 + 2i
4  4  4 
When k = 1:
5π   5π   5π  
θ= so z2 =2 2  cos   + i sin    =−2 − 2i
4   4   4 
2
When z = −8i:
 3π 3π 
) ) 8  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ=
2

  2   2 
  3π   3π 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives: r 2 ( cos 2θ + i sin 2= θ ) 8  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  
  2   2 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r2 = 8 ⇒ r = 2 2
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
3π 3π + 4kπ
2θ = + 2kπ ⇒ θ =
2 4
When k = 0:
3π   3π   3π  
θ= so z3 =2 2  cos   + i sin    =−2 + 2i
4   4   4 
When k = 1:
7π   7π   7π  
θ= so z4 = 2 2  cos   + i sin    = 2 − 2i
4   4   4 
So z= 2 + 2i , z =−2 − 2i , z =−2 + 2i or z= 2 − 2i

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1 e z4 + 4
z 4 = −4
z 2 = 2i or z 2 = −2i
When z2 = 2i:
 π  π 
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ )=
)
2
2  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  
 2  2 
 π  π 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives: r 2 ( cos 2θ + i sin 2= θ ) 2  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  
 2  2 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r2 = 2 ⇒ r = 2
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
π π + 4kπ
2θ = + 2kπ ⇒ θ =
2 4
When k = 0:
π  π  π 
θ = so z1 = 2  cos   + i sin    = 1+ i
4  4  4 
When k = 1:
5π   5π   5π  
θ= so z2 = 2  cos   + i sin    =−1 − i
4   4   4 
2
When z = −2i:
 3π 3π 
) ) 2  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ=
2

  2   2 
  3π   3π 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives: r 2 ( cos 2θ + i sin =2θ ) 2  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  
  2   2 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r2 = 2 ⇒ r = 2
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
3π 3π + 4kπ
2θ = + 2kπ ⇒ θ =
2 4
When k = 0:
3π   3π   3π  
θ= so z1 = 2  cos   + i sin    =−1 + i
4   4   4 
When k = 1:
7π   7π   7π  
θ= so z2 = 2  cos   + i sin    = 1− i
4   4   4 
So z = 1 + i , z =−1 − i , z =−1 + i or z = 1 − i

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1 f z 3 + 8i =
0
3
z = −8i
  3π   3π 
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ=
))
3
8  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  
  2   2 
  3π   3π 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives: r 3 ( cos 3θ + i sin = 3θ ) 8  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ  
  2   2 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r3 = 8 ⇒ r = 2
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
3π 3π + 4kπ
3θ = + 2kπ ⇒ θ =
2 6
When k = 0:
π  π  π 
θ = so z1 = 2  cos   + i sin    = 2i
2  2  2 
When k = 1:
7π   7π   7π  
θ= so z2 = 2  cos   + i sin    = − 3 −i
6   6   6 
When k = 2:
11π   11π   11π  
θ= so z3 = 2  cos   + i sin   = 3 −i
6   6   6 
z
So z = 2i , = 3 − i , or z =
− 3 −i

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2 a z7 = 1
Modulus = 1
Argument = 0
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) )
7
= cos ( 0 + 2kπ ) + i sin ( 0 + 2kπ ) , k ∈ 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives: r 7 ( cos 7θ + i sin 7θ ) = cos ( 0 + 2kπ ) + i sin ( 0 + 2kπ ) , k ∈ 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r =1
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
2kπ
7θ= 2kπ ⇒ θ=
7
When k = 0:
θ = 0 so= z0 cos 0 + i sin 0
When k = 1:
2π  2π   2π 
θ= = so z1 cos   + i sin  
7  7   7 
When k = 2:
4π  4π   4π 
θ= = so z2 cos   + i sin  
7  7   7 
When k = 3:
6π  6π   6π 
θ= = so z3 cos   + i sin  
7  7   7 
When k = 4:
8π  8π   8π   6π   6π 
θ= so z4 = cos   + i sin   = cos  −  + i sin  − 
7  7   7   7   7 
When k = 5:
10π  10π   10π   4π   4π 
θ= so z5 = cos   + i sin   = cos  −  + i sin  − 
7  7   7   7   7 
When k = 6:
12π  12π   12π   2π   2π 
θ= so z6 = cos   + i sin   = cos  −  + i sin  − 
7  7   7   7   7 

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2 b z 4 + 16i =
0
4
z = −16i
Modulus = 16
3π
Argument =
2
  3π   3π 
( r ( cos θ + i sin=
θ ))
4
16  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ   , k ∈ 
  2   2 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives
  3π   3π 
r 4 ( cos 4θ + i sin=
4θ ) 16  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ   , k ∈ 
  2   2 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r=2
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
3π 3π + 4kπ
4θ = + 2kπ ⇒ θ =
2 8
When k = 0:
3π   3π   3π  
θ == so z0 2  cos   + i sin   
8   8   8 
When k = 1:
7π   7π   7π  
θ= = so z1 2  cos   + i sin   
8   8   8 
When k = 2:
11π   5π   5π  
θ= so z=2 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
8   8   8 
When k = 3:
15π   π  π 
θ= so =
z3 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
8   8  8 

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2 c z 5 + 32 =
0
5
z = −32
Modulus = 32
Argument = π
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ=
)) 32 ( cos ( π + 2kπ ) + i sin ( π + 2kπ ) ) , k ∈ 
5

θ ) 32 ( cos ( π + 2kπ ) + i sin ( π + 2kπ ) ) , k ∈ 

Using De Moivre’s theorem gives: r 5 ( cos 5θ + i sin 5=
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r5 = 32 ⇒ r = 2
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
π + 2kπ
5θ = π + 2kπ ⇒ θ =
5
When k = 0:
π  π  π 
θ == so z0 2  cos   + i sin   
5  5  5 
When k = 1:
3π   3π   3π  
θ= = so z1 2  cos   + i sin   
5   5   5 
When k = 2:
θ = π= so z2 2 ( cos π + i sin π )
When k = −1:
π   π  π 
θ = − so z=−1 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
5   5  5 
When k = −2:
3π   3π   3π  
θ= − so z=0 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
5   5   5 

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2 d z 3= 2 + 2i

Modulus = 22 + 22 = 2 2
π
argument =
4
 π  π 
( r ( cos θ + i sin=θ ) ) 2 2  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ   , k ∈ 
3

 4  4 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives:
 π  π 
r 3 ( cos 3θ + i sin
= 3θ ) 2 2  cos  + 2kπ  + i sin  + 2kπ   , k ∈ 
 4  4 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r3 = 2 2 ⇒ r = 2
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
π π + 8kπ
3θ = + 2kπ ⇒ θ =
4 12
When k = 0:
π   π  π 
θ= = so z0 2  cos   + i sin   
12   12   12  
When k = 1:
3π   3π   3π  
θ= = so z1 2  cos   + i sin   
4   4   4 
When k = −1:
7π   7π   7π  
θ= − so= z1 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
12   12   12  

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2 e z 4 + 2i 3 =
2
z 4= 2 − 2i 3

( )
2
Modulus = 22 + −2 3 =4
 2 3 π
argument = tan −1  −  = −
 2  3
 π π 
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ=) ) 4  cos  − + 2kπ  + i sin  − + 2kπ   , k ∈ 
4

  3   3 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives:
  π   π 
r 4 ( cos 4θ + i sin =4θ ) 4  cos  − + 2kπ  + i sin  − + 2kπ   , k ∈ 
  3   3 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r4 = 4 ⇒ r = 2
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
π −π + 6kπ
4θ = − + 2kπ ⇒ θ =
3 12
When k = 0:
π   π  π 
θ = − so= z0 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
12   12   12  
When k = 1:
5π   5π   5π  
θ= = so z1 2  cos   + i sin   
12   12   12  
When k = 2:
11π   11π   11π  
θ= = so z2 2  cos   + i sin  
12   12   12  
When k = −1:
7π   7π   7π  
θ= − so= z1 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
12   12   12  

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2 f z 3 + 32 3 + 32i =0
3
z = −32 3 − 32i

( −32 3 )
2
+ ( −32 ) = 64
2
Modulus = =
 32  5π
Argument = − π + tan −1   =− 6
 32 3 
 5π 5π 
) ) 64  cos  − + 2kπ  + i sin  − + 2kπ   , k ∈  (
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ=
3
)
  6   6 
Using De Moivre’s theorem gives:
  5π   5π 
r 3 ( cos 3θ + i sin =
3θ ) 64  cos  − + 2kπ  + i sin  − + 2kπ   , k ∈ 
  6   6 
Comparing the modulus on both sides gives:
r3 = 64 ⇒ r = 4
Comparing the argument on both sides gives:
5π −5π + 12kπ
3θ = − + 2kπ ⇒ θ =
6 18
When k = 0:
2π   5π   5π  
θ= − so z=0 4  cos  −  + i sin  −  
9   18   18  
When k = 1:
4π   7π   7π  
θ == so z1 4  cos   + i sin   
9   18   18  
When k = −1:
8π   17π   17π  
θ= − so z−1= 4  cos  −  + i sin  − 
9   18   18  

3 a z 4 = 3 + 4i
Modulus = = 32 + 42 = 5
4
Argument = tan −1   = 0.927...
3
( re )
4
iθ
= 5e( 0.927...+ 2 kπ )
r 4 e 4iθ = 5e(
0.927...+ 2 kπ )

r 4 = 5 ⇒ r = 50.25
=4θ 0.927... + 2kπ
When k = 0:
θ = 0.231... , so z1 = 50.25 e0.23i
When k = 1:
θ = 1.802... , so z2 = 50.25 e1.80i
When k = −1:
θ = −1.338... , so z3 = 50.25 e−1.34i
When k = −2:
θ = −2.909... , so z4 = 50.25 e−2.91i

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 z3
3 b = 11 − 4i

( 11)
2
( −4 ) 3 3
2
Modulus
= +=
 4 
Argument = tan −1  − =−0.878...
 11 
( re )
iθ 3
= 3 3e(
−0.878...+ 2 kπ )

r 3e3iθ = 3 3e( −0.878...+ 2 kπ )

3
r= 3 3 ⇒ r= 3
3θ = −0.878... + 2kπ
When k = 0:
θ = −0.292... , so z1 = 3e−0.29i
When k = 1:
θ = 1.801... , so z2 = 3e1.80i
When k = −1:
θ = −2.387... , so z3 = 3e−2.39i

c z4 =
− 7 + 3i

(− 7 )
2
Modulus = = + 32 = 4
 3 
Argument = π − tan −1  =2.293...
 7
( re )
4
iθ
= 4e( 2.293...+ 2 kπ )
r 4 e 4iθ = 4e( + k ) 2.293... 2 π

r4 = 4 ⇒ r = 2
=4θ 2.293... + 2kπ
When k = 0:
θ = 0.573... , so z1 = 2e0.57i
When k = 1:
θ = 2.144... , so z2 = 2e2.14i
When k = −1:
θ = −0.997... , so z3 = 2e−1.00i
When k = −2:
θ = −2.568... , so z4 = 2e−2.57i

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 ( z + 1) =
3
4 a −1
( z + 1) = ( −1)
3 3

( z + 1) − ( −1) =0
3 3

( ( z + 1) − ( −1) ) ( ( z + 1)2 + ( −1)( z + 1) + ( −1)2 ) =0

( z + 2 ) ( ( z 2 + 2 z + 1) + ( − z − 1) + 1) =0
( z + 2 ) ( z 2 + z + 1) =0
( z + 2) = 0 has the solution z = −2
z2 + z +1 =0 has solutions;
−1 ± 1 − 4 (1)(1)
z=
2 (1)
−1 ± −3
=
2
−1 ± i 3
=
2
b

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  1 3  1 3
4 c The points ( −2, 0 ) ,  − ,  and  − , −  lie on a circle.
 2 2   2 2 
  
Substituting these values into the general form of a circle ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) =
2 2
r 2 gives:
For ( −2, 0 ) :
( −2 − a ) + ( 0 − b ) =r 2
2 2

4 + 4a + a 2 + b 2 =r2
a 2 + b 2 + 4a + 4 =r2 (1)
 1 3
For  − , :
 2 2 
 
2 2
 1   3 
 − − a  +  − b  =r2
 2   2 
1 3
+ a + a 2 + − 3b + b 2 = r2
4 4
a 2 + b 2 + a − 3b + 1 =r 2 (2)
 1 3
For  − , −  :
 2 2
 
2 2
 1   3  2
 − − a  +  − − b  =r
 2   2 
1 3
+ a + a 2 + + 3b + b 2 = r2
4 4
a + b + a + 3b + 1 =r 2
2 2
(3)
Subtracting (3) from (2) gives:
−2 3b = 0 ⇒ b = 0
Substituting b = 0 into (1) gives:
a 2 + 4a + 4 = r2 (4)
Substituting b = 0 into (3) gives:
a2 + a + 1 = r2 (5)
Subtracting (5) from (4) gives:
3a + 3 =0 ⇒ a =−1
Substituting a = −1 into (5) gives:
r 2 =1 ⇒ r =1
Therefore the circle has centre ( −1, 0 ) and radius 1

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5 a z 5 − 1 =0
z5 = 1
Modulus = 1
Argument = 0
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) ) = ( cos ( 0 + 2kπ ) + i sin ( 0 + 2kπ ) ) , k ∈ 
5

r 5 ( cos 5θ + i sin 5θ )= ( cos ( 2kπ ) + i sin ( 2kπ ) ) , k ∈ 

r 5 =1 ⇒ r =1
2kπ
5θ= 2kπ ⇒ θ=
5
When k = 0:
z1 = 1
When k = 1:
 2π   2π 
=z2 cos   + i sin  
 5   5 
When k = 2:
 4π   4π 
=z3 cos   + i sin  
 5   5 
When k = −1:
 2π   2π 
z4 = cos  −  + i sin  − 
 5   5 
When k = −2:
 4π   4π 
z5 = cos  −  + i sin  − 
 5   5 

b z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 + z5 =
0
 2π   2π   4π   4π   2π   2π   4π   4π 
1 + cos   + isin   + cos   + isin   + cos  −  + isin  −  + cos  −  + isin  −  =0
 5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5 
 2π   2π   4π   4π   2π   2π   4π   4π 
1 + cos   + isin   + cos   + isin   + cos   − isin   + cos   − isin   = 0
 5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5 
 2π   4π   2π   4π 
1 + cos   + cos   + cos   + cos   = 0
 5   5   5   5 
 2π   4π 
1 + 2cos   + 2cos   = 0
 5   5 
 2π   4π  1
cos   + cos   = − as required.
 5  5 2

6 a −2 − 2i 3

( )
2
( −2 )
2
Modulus = + −2 3 = 4
2 3 2π
Argument =− π + tan −1 
 2  =− 3
 

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6 b z 4 + 2 + 2i 3 =0
z 4 =−2 − 2i 3
 2π 
 − + 2 kπ 
( reiθ ) = 4e
4
3 

 2π 
4 4iθ  − + 2 kπ 
r e = 4e  3 

r4 = 4 ⇒ r = 2
2π
4θ = − + 2kπ
3
When k = 0:
π
π − i
θ = − , so z1 = 2e 6
6
When k = 1:
π
π i
θ = , so z2 = 2e 3
3
When k = 2:
5π
5π i
θ= , so z3 = 2e 6
6
When k = −1:
2π
2π − i
θ = − , so z4 = 2e 3
3

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 (
z4 2 1− i 3
7 = )
( )
2
Modulus= 22 + −2 3 = 4
π
Argument =
tan −1 (− 3) =
−
3
 π 
 − + 2 kπ 
( reiθ ) = 4e
4
3 

 π 
4 4iθ  − + 2 kπ 
r e = 4e  3 

r4 = 4 ⇒ r = 2
π
4θ = − + 2kπ
3
When k = 0:
π
π − i
θ= − , so z1 = 2e 12
12
When k = 1:
5π
5π i
θ= , so z2 = 2e 12
12
When k = 2:
11π
11π i
θ= , so z3 = 2e 12
12
When k = −1:
7π
7π − i
θ = − , so z4 = 2e 12
12

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8 a =
z 6 +i 2

( 6) +( 2)
2 2
Modulus = = 2 2
 2 π
Argument
= tan −1
=  
 6 6

( )
4
b =
z4 6 +i 2
= −32 + 32 3i
Since w3 = z4
w3 = −32 + 32 3i

( )
2
Modulus = ( −32 ) + 32 3
2
=64
 32 3  2π
Argument =
π − tan −1   =
 32  3
 2π 
 + 2 kπ 
( re )
iθ 3
= 64e  3 

 2π 
3 3iθ  + 2 kπ 
r e = 64e  3 

r 3 = 64 ⇒ r = 4
When k = 0:
2π
2π i
θ= , so w1 = 4e 9
9
When k = 1:
8π
8π i
θ = , so w2 = 4e 9
9
When k = −1:
4π
4π − i
θ = − , so w2 = 4e 9
9

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9 a 1 + z + z 2 + z3 + z 4 + z5 + z6 + z7 =
0
(1 − z ) = 0
8

1− z
z8 − 1 = 0 ⇒ z8 = 1
= z 8 1( cos 0 + i sin 0 )
( r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) )= 1( cos ( 0 + 2kπ ) + i sin ( 0 + 2kπ ) ) , k ∈ 
8

Using De Moivre’s theorem gives:

) 1( cos ( 0 + 2kπ ) + i sin ( 0 + 2kπ ) ) , k ∈ 
r 8 ( cos8θ + i sin 8θ=
Comparing modulus:
r 8 =1 ⇒ r =1
Comparing argument:
kπ
8θ= 2kπ ⇒ θ=
4
When k = 0: θ =0 ⇒ z1 =cos 0 + i sin 0 =1 ⇒ z1 =1
π π π 2 2
When k = 1: θ = ⇒ z2 = cos   + i sin   ⇒ z2 = + i
4 4 4 2 2
π π π
When k = 2: θ = ⇒ z3 = cos   + i sin   ⇒ z3 = i
2 2 2
3π  3π   3π  2 2
When k = 3: θ = ⇒ z4 =cos   + i sin   ⇒ z4 =
− + i
4  4   4  2 2
When k = 4: θ =⇒
π z5 =cos π + i sin π ⇒ z5 = −1
5π  5π   5π  2 2
When k = 5: θ = ⇒ z6 = cos   + i sin   ⇒ z6 = − − i
4  4   4  2 2
3π  3π   3π 
When k = 6: θ = ⇒ z7 = cos   + i sin   ⇒ z7 = −i
2  2   2 
7π  7π   7π  2 2
When k = 7: θ = ⇒ z8 = cos   + i sin   ⇒ z8 = − i
4  4   4  2 2

b Expressing as a product of the factors:

 2 2  2 2  2 2  2 2 
( z + 1)( z − 1)( z − i )( z + i )  z − − i   z − + i   z + + i   z + − i 
 2 2  2 2  2 2  2 2 
= ( )(
( z 2 − 1)( z 2 + 1) z 2 − 2 z + 1 z 2 + 2 z + 1 )
=( z 2 − 1)( z 2 + 1)( z 4 + 1)
So ( z 2 + 1) and ( z 4 + 1) are factors

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Challenge

a z6 = 1
Modulus = 1
Argument = 0
( re )
iθ 6
= e(
0 + 2 kπ )

r 6 e6iθ = e 2 kπ
r 6 =1 ⇒ r =1
kπ
6θ= 2kπ ⇒ θ=
3
When k = 0:
θ = 0 , so z1 = 1
When k = 1:
π
π i
θ = , so z2 = e 3
3
When k = 2:
2π
2π i
θ= , so z3 = e 3
3
When k = 3:
θ = π , so z4 = e πi
When k = −1:
π
π − i
θ = − , so z5 = e 3
3
When k = −2:
2π
2π − i
θ = − , so z5 = e 3
3

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 6
 z +1
b ( z + 1) = z ⇒ 
6 6
 =1
 z 
From part a
kπ
z +1 i z +1 kπ kπ
=e 3 ⇒ =cos + i sin
z z 3 3
 kπ kπ 
=z + 1 z  cos + i sin 
 3 3 
1
z=
kπ kπ
cos + i sin − 1
3 3
 kπ  kπ
 cos − 1 − i sin
1 3 3
× 
 kπ  kπ  kπ  kπ
 cos − 1 + i sin  cos − 1 − i sin
 3  3  3  3
 kπ  kπ
 cos − 1 − i sin
3 3
=  
2
 kπ  2 kπ
 cos − 1 + sin
 3  3
 kπ  kπ
 cos − 1 − i sin
 3  3
=
k π kπ kπ
cos 2 − 2 cos + 1 + sin 2
3 3 3
 kπ  kπ
 cos − 1 − i sin
3 3
= 
kπ
2 − 2 cos
3
 kπ  kπ
 cos − 1 − i sin
3 3
= 
 kπ 
−2  cos − 1
 3 
 kπ 
 sin
=− + 
1 1 3 

2 2  cos kπ − 1 
 3 
 kπ kπ 
2sin cos 
1 1 6 6
=− +  
2 2  1 − 2sin 2 k π
−1 
 6 
 kπ kπ 
2sin cos 
1 1 6 6
=− +  
2 2  −2sin 2 kπ 
 6 
1 1 kπ
=− − i cot , k = 0,1, 2,3, 4,5
2 2 6

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