DESIGN

Introduction
Proper nomenclature of floors and storey’s and also unified and improved
methods of designating the structural members eliminate the possible confusion
and led to less efforts and saving in time in the preparation of design calculation
and drawings.
There are two main methods to design the structural members, they are
working stress method and limit state method. Here, we adopt the limit state
method for designing all the structural members involved, in our project. The
structures are designed to its elastic limit in the working stress method, whereas in
the limit state method of design, the structural members are designed up to its
plastic limits.
Both the methods are having the safety value. But, the most economical
method is the limits state method, which is adopted in every constructional design
nowadays. Hence we planned to go for the limit state method of design. For our
project work we took only for important structural members to design they are
slab, beam, column and footing. The slab is designed by assuming it as simply
supported with four edges discontinuous, for easier design calculation.
The beam is designed by knowing its span and its location (inner and
outer). The beam has to carry the self-weight of slab and live load of 4KN on its
self-weight also. The live load on each beam will be calculated separately by
considering the load transmission diagram. In some beams where the wall is
constructed above it, the self-weight of wall has to be added. The column and
footing design are made by knowing the maximum axial load on each column. The
column alone is designed by following the SP – 16 codes.
4.1 DESIGN OF SLAB
4.1.1 SLAB 1: Two adjacent edges discontinuous
DATA
Dimension of slab = 4.72 m × 4.23 m fck = 20 N/m2
Support width = 230 mm fy = 415 N/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2
Floor finish = 1 KN/m2
DEPTH OF SLAB
Minimum depth = Span / B.V × M.F
B.V = 26 (For continuous slab)
M.F = 1.4
Minimum depth d = 4720/(26 × 1.2)
= 151.28 mm ≈ 150 mm
Assume effective cover = 25 mm, Using 10 mm diameter bars
Effective depth = d = 150 mm
Overall depth = D = 150 + 25 + (10/2)
= 180 mm
 d = 150 mm
 D = 180 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
The least value of:
(1) (Clear span + effective depth) = (4.72 + 0.15) = 4.87 m
(2) (Centre to centre of supports) = (4.72 + 0.23) = 4.95 m

Hence L = 4.87 m
LOADS
Self weight of slab = (0.15 × 25) = 3.75 KN/m2
Floor finish = 1 KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2
Total service load = w =8.75 KN/m2
Ultimate load = wu = 1.5 × 8.75 = 13.125 KN/m2
ULTIMATE MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES
Ly / Lx = 4.72/4.23 = 1.1 < 2
So it is a two way continuous slab
The coefficients for the positive and negative moments are taken from
IS 456– 2000
+αx = 0.035
_ αx = 0.047
+ αy = 0.035
_ αy = 0.047
Mux = αx wu xx2
Muy = αy wu Ly2
Vux = 0.5 W lx
(1) B.M along span ( +ve) = 0.035 × 13.125 × 4.872
Mux = 10.9 KN.m
(2) B.M along span ( -ve) = 0.047 × 13.125 ×4.872
Muy = 14.6 KN.m
(3) Shear force Vux = 0.5 × 13.125 × 4.87
= 31.96 KN
CHECK FOR DEPTH
Mmax = 0.138 fck b d2
d2 = 10.9 × 106 / (0.138 × 20 × 103)
d = 39.49 < 100mm
REINFORCEMENTS (SHORT AND LONG SPAN)
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 –( fy Ast / b d fck)]
10.9x106 = 0.87x415Astx150 [1-(415Ast/1000 x150x20)
10.9x106 = 54.16x103 Ast [1-1.383x10-4 Ast]
10.9x106 = 54.16x103 Ast – 7.5Ast2
7.5Ast2 - 54.16x103Ast+10.9x106
Ast = 207 mm2 ≈ 200 mm2
Adopt 10mm diameter bars at 400 mm centers (Ast= 200 mm2)
EDGE STRIP
Minimum area of steel = 0.12% Ag
= 0.12/100 x (bxd)
= 0 .12 / (100 × 1000 × 150)
= 180 mm2
Provide 10mm diameter bars
ast = π/4 × d
= 78.54 mm2
Spacing = ast/ Ast × 1000
78.54 /180 × 1000 = 436 mm
So adopt 10 mm bar @ 436 mm c/c
MIDDLE STRIP [+VE MOMENT]
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 –( fy Ast / b d fck)]
14.6x106 = 0.87x415Astx150 [1-(415Ast/1000 x150x20)
14.6x106 = 54.16x103 Ast [1-1.383x10-4 Ast]
14.6x106 = 54.16x103 Ast – 7.5Ast2
7.5Ast2 - 54.16x103Ast+14.6x106
Ast = 280.5 mm2
Provide 10mm diameter bars
ast = π/4 × d
ast = 78.54 mm2
Spacing = ast/ Ast × 1000
S = 280 mm
Provide 10 mm diameter bars @ 280mm c/c

TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT
Single torsional reinforcement =l×/5 × ly/5
Area of torsional steel = 4.72/5 × maximum mid span
= 4.72 /5 × 280
= 264.32 mm2
Provide 8mm bars
Spacing = 50.26/264.32 × 1000
= 190.17 mm c/c or 190 mm c/c.
CHECK FOR DEFLECTION
(Shorter span/depth)provided = 4.23/0.15 = 28.2 = 28
(Shorter span/depth)permissible = B.V × M.F
Fs = 0.58 × 415 × (229.58/102)
Fs = 541.76
% Ast = 100 Ast/ bd
= (100 × 156) / (100 × 150)
= 1.2%
M.F = 1.2
(Shorter span/depth) = 26 × 1.2
= 31.2
Hence safe in deflection
4.2DESIGN OF BEAM
Dimension:
Shear force = 135 KN
Moment Mu = 67 KN.m
Beam size = 0.3 × 0.4m
Limiting moment of resistance
Mu limit = 0.138 fck bd2
Mu limit = [0.138×20×300×4002] × 10-6
= 132.48 KN.m
Since Mu<Mu lim , section in under reinforced

Main Reinforcement:
Mu = 0.87fyAstd[1-(fyAstd/(bdfck))]
Ast = 920 mm2
Provide 4 bars of 16 mm diameter @ the top tension face near support
Provide 2 bars of 20 mm diameter @ the bottom tension face @ centre of span
section.
Actual Ast = 1017mm2

Shear Reinforcement:
= (Vu/bd)
= [135 × 103/(300 × 400)]
= 1.125 N/mm2
Ast min = [100Ast/bd]
= [(100 × 1017)/(300 × 400)]
= 0.84 N/mm2
Hence shear reinforcement are required
Balance shear = [135 - (0.84 × 300 × 400) × 10-3]
= 34.2 KN
Using 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups spacing
Sv = [0.87 × fy × Asv × d/Vus]
= [(0.87 × 415 × 400 × 2 × 50)/(34.2 × 103)]
= 221 mm
Sv > 0.75 d = 0.75 × 450
= 337.5mm
Adopt spacing of 200mm near support, gradually increasing to 300mm towards
center of span.
Check For Deflection:
pt = [100Ast/bd]
= [(100 × 920)/(300 × 400)]
= 0.76
Neglecting bar in compression side
[L/d]ma× = [L/d]basic × Kf
= [2.6 × 1.2 × 1.2 × 0.92]
= 34.44
[L/d]actual = [3600/400]
= 9 < 34.4
Hence deflection control is satisfied.
 4.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
4.3.1 COLUMN TYPE – 1
Column size = 230 mm x 300mm
Height = 3m
ASC = 4 NOS 22 mm ɸ
Concrete grade = M20
Steel grade = Fe500
Load of beam = 15.603KN/m
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Fy = 500 N/mm2
AREA OF COLUMN (Ag):
Ag = B x D
Ag = 230 x 300
Ag = 41.4 x 103 mm2
TO FIND (AC)
AC = Ag - ASC
AC = 41.4 X 103 - ASC
LOAD CALCULATION
Self weight of column = B x D x 25
= 0.23 x 0.3 x 25
= 1.725 KN/m
LOAD TRANSFER FROM BEAM TO COLUMN
d
(i) Left side = Beam load x 2

5.338
= 15.603 x 2
= 41.64 KN
 d
(ii) Right side = Beam load x 2

5.338
= 15.603 x 2
= 41.64 KN
TOTAL LOAD
Wu = 1.725 + 41.64 + 41.64
= 85 KN/m
= 85 x 3
= 255 KN
DESIGN LAOD
Pu = 1.5 x 255
= 382.523 KN
(ASC):
Pu = 0.4 fck Asc + 0.67 fy Asc
382.523x103 = 0.4 x 20 x (41.4x103 - Asc) + 0.67 x 500 Asc
382.523x103 = 8(41.4 x103 – Asc) + 335 Asc
382.523x103 = 331.2 x103 - 8 Asc + 335 Asc
382.523x103 = 331.2 x103 + 327 Asc
382.523 x 103−331.2 x 103
Asc = 327
Asc = 157
NO.OF BARS:
Assume 22 mm ɸ bars:
157
No. of bars = 380.13 x10

= 4.13 ≈ 4Nos
We use = 4 Nos
PROVIDE 4 BAR OF 22mm ɸ
π x d2
Actual Asc = x4
4
π x 222
= x4
4
Asc = 1521 mm2
% of Asc
100 x Actual A sc
% of Asc = ¿ column
100 x 1521
= 0.23 x 0.3

= 2.2 %
Min = 0.8 %
Max = 6 %
Hence ok
1 = 6 mm
1
2 = 4 x reinforcement diameter
1
= 4 x 22

= 5.5 mm

To provide 6 mm ɸ bars
PITCH:
1. Lateral dimension = 300 mm
2. 16 x ɸ
16 x 22 = 352 mm
3. 350 mm

To provide 6 mm ɸ bar @ spacing 350 mm.

DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
DATA:
Spanning parallel to landing slab (stair-1)
Type: dog-legged
Number of steps in the flight = 20 per flight
Thread T = 300 mm
Rise R = 150 mm
Width of landing beam = 300 mm
Width of landing slab = 2680 mm
M-20 grade concrete (fck = 20 N/mm2)
Fe-415 hysd bars (fy = 415 N/mm2)
Solution:
Design of first flight
Effective span = (20 x 300) + 300/2 + 2680/2
= 7490 mm = 7.49 m
Thickness of waist slab = (span/20) =7490 /20)
= 374.5 mm
overall depth (D) = 374.5 mm
Assume using 25mm cover and 10mm diameter bars
Effective depth (d) = 295.6 mm

LOADS:
Dead loads of slab on slope (ws) = (0.256x1x25)
= 7.4KN/m
Dead load of slab on horizontal span (w)
 =[ws√(R2 + T2)]/T
= [7.4√(1502 + 3002)]/300
= 8.27 KN/m

Dead load of one step = (0.5x0.15x0.3x25)

= 0.56 KN/m
Load of step per meter length =[(0.56x1000)/300]=1.875KN/m
Finishes etc, = 0.6 KN/m
Total dead load = (4.72+1.86+0.6)
= 10.73 KN/m
Service live load = 5 KN/m2
Total service load = (7.18+5) = 15.73 KN/m
Factored load (wu) = (1.5x12.18) = 23.6 KN/m
BENDING MOMENTS:
Maximum bending moment at centre of span ( (Mu) = 0.125wuL2
= 0.125x23.6x7.492
= 169.5 KNm
CHECK FOR DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB
(d) = √[Mu/(0.138fckb)]
= √[(169.5x106)/(0.138x20x103)]
= 247.82 mm < 295.6 mm hence safe.
MAIN REINFORCEMENTS
Mu = (0.87fyAstd)[1-(Astfy/bdfck)]
169.5x106 = (0.87x415Astx295.6)[1-(415Ast/103x295.6x20)
169.5x106 = 106.73x103 Ast [1-7.02x10-5 Ast2]
7.5 Ast2-106.73x103 Ast +169.5x106
Ast =1808.8 mm2
Provide 20 mm diameter bars at 300 mm centres (Ast = 1808.8 mm2) as main
reinforcement.
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 per cent of cross section
= (0.0012x1000x295.6)
= 354.72 mm2
Provide 10mm dia bars at 280 mm centres (Ast = 354.72mm2)
Design of second flight
The design of the second flight loading above the landing slab will be the
same as that of the flight below the landing slab and that design is shown above.
There is only one change the landing beam and landing slab will be reversed.
 DESIGN OF FOOTING

s = 652.18 x 1.5 / (230 x 300)

= 6.52 N/mm2< 18N/mm2
Data:
Axial service load P = 652.18 kN
Size of the column = 230 mm x 300 mm
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 140 N/mm2
fck= 20 N/mm2 & fy = 415N/mm2
Size of footing:
Load on column =652.18 kN
Weight of footing and backfill at 10% = 65.21 KN
Total load = 717.39 KN
717.39
Area of footing = [ 140 ] = 5.124

Side ratio of column = 300/230 = 1.3

L=1B
1B * B = 5.124
B = 2.26 m
L = 2.26 m
Size of the footing = 2.5x2.5m
Adopt 2.5x2.5m square footing
Net upward pressure at the base
qu = design load / area of footing
652.18 x 1.5
= [ 2.5 x 2.5 ]
= 156.52 kN/mm2

BENDING MOMENT:
Projection of footing
In long direction
= (4500 – 300)/2 = 2100mm
In short direction
= (1720 – 230)/2 = 745mm
In long direction
Mx1 = 181.16 x1.8 x 2.1x 2.1/2
= 719.02 kN-m
In short direction
Mx2 = 181.16 x 3 x 0.75 x 0.75/2
= 152.85 kN-m
DEPTH OF FOOTING REQUIRED:
For M20 grade concrete & Fe 415 grade steel
MR = 2.76 b d2
Maximum bending moment = 719.02x106N-mm
D = ((719.02x106)/(2.76x2500))1/2
= 328.2mm
Say 300mm.
Considering the effect of shear, provide an effective depth of 450mm for the
long direction bars. Assuming 12mm dia. bars to be used with a nominal cover of
50mm,
 Effective depth for the short direction bars=450-12=438mm
Total thickness of footing=450+8+50=508mm
Say 510mm.

Tension reinforcement
Long direction : Mx1 = 719.02kNm
Astfy
Mu = 0.87 fyAst d
[ 1−
fckbd ]
Astx 415
6
= 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 450
[ 1−
20 x 450 x 2500 ]
254.75x 10

254.75x 106 = 162.5x103 Ast[1-1.84x10-5Ast2]

2.98 Ast2-162.5x103+254.75x106
=1615.55mm2
Minimum area of steel to be provided = (0.12/100)x2500x510 =1530.6mm2
Provide 15 nos. of 12mm dia. Bars in long direction at uniform spacing
Short direction: Mx2 = 152.85kNm
Astfy
Mu = 0.87 fyAst d
[ 1−
fckbd ]
152.85x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 438[1-(Ast415/20x4500x438)
152.85x106 = 158.12x103Ast [1-1.053x10-5Ast2]

1.66 Ast2 - 158.12x103Ast+152.85x106

= 976.68mm2
Minimum area steel to be provided = (0.12/100)x 4500x510
=2754mm2
Long side/short side of footing, β =4500/1720
=2.62
Area of steel to be provided in the central band of 1.8m width in short direction.
2x2754/2.62 =2102.3mm2
Remainder of steel to be provided in the outer portion
2754-2102.3 =452mm2
Provide 12nos of 12mm dia bars at the central band and 4nos of 12mm
dia bar two each at the outer portion in the shorter direction.
CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
Development length for tension member,
Ld=(.87.fy/4Ԏbd)ϕ
= (0.87 x 415 x 12)/(4 x 1.2)
= 902.63 mm< 1250mm
Hence safe.
CHECK FOR TRANVERSE SHEAR
The critical sections for transverse shear will be at a distance 438mm from the
faces of the column.
Vy1 = (1.25-0.438)x1.72x181.6
= 253.63kN
Nominal shear stress in long direction,
τ v1 = (253.63x103/1720*438)
= 0.34N/mm2
Transverse shear stress in short direction,
Vy2 = (0.75-0.438)*4.5*181.16
= 169.56kN
Nominal shear stress in short direction,
τ v2 = (169.56*103 /3000*438)
 = 0.129N/mm2< 0.33N/mm2
Hence safe

CHECK FOR PUNCHING SHEAR:

The critical section for punching shear is at a distance of 219mm from the
base of the column around.
= (300 + 438)x(300 + 438)
= 1038 mm x 1038 mm
Punching shear
Vz = 181.16 (3x2.5 – 0.938x0.738)
= 1233.85 kN
Nominal shear
τ vz = 1233.85x103/[2(1038+1038)x438]
= 0.00678 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress in concrete =ksτ vz
Ks = 0.5 +( 300/300)
= 1.5 , restricted to 1
τ vz = 0.25√(20)
= 1.5 N/mm2
τ vz<ksτ cz

Hence safe.
.
CHECK FOR SAFE BEARING CAPACITY:
Column load = 652.18 kN
Weight of footing = 1.8 x 3 x 0.51 x 25 = 68.55 kN
Total load on soil = 721.03 kN
Pressure on soil = 721.03/(1.8 x 3)
 = 133.59 kN/m2<140 kN/m2
Hence safe.

DESIGN OF LINTEL

Clear span = 1.2m

Grade of concrete = M 20

Grade of steel = Fe 415

Assume over all depth D = 150 mm

Effective depth d = 130 mm

Effective span:

Clear span + d =1.3 + 0.13 = 1.43

LOADS:

Dead load of brick work above lintel = 1.350 x 0.20 x 19

Dead load of lintel = 5.13 kn /m

= 0.15 x 0.2 x 25

= 0.75 kn/m

Dead load of sunshade = 0.0625 x 0.20 x 25

= 0.3125 kn /m

Load from slab = 20 kn /m

Live load on sunshade = 2 x 0.6

= 1.2 kn /m
Total load on lintel w, = 27.3925 kn /m

Maximum BM = Mu = 1.5 x 27.3925 x (1.432).

= 6 kn /m

For fe 415 grade steel,

Mu lim = 0.138 fck bd2.

D2 = Mu lim / 0.138 fck b

= 6 x 106 / 0.138 x20x200

= 108.990 mm.

Provide d = 120mm & D = 150mm

Area of tensile steel, Ast = 0.36 fck b xumax / 0.87 fy

For fe 415 grade steel, xumax = 0.48d

= 0.48 x 120

= 57.60mm

Ast = 0.36 x 20 x 200 x 57.60 / 0.87 x 415

= 229.70mm2

Provide 3 bars of 12mm Φ of an area = 3 x 113.090

= 339.290mm2.
DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK FOR 250 USERS:

Assume average water = 160/litre/head/day

Assume whole quantity of water appears as sewage,

Quantity of sewage / day = 160 x 20 = 3200 litres / day

= 3.2 m3 / day

Assume detention period = 24 hours

Capacity of tank required = 3.2 x (24 / 24) = 3.2 m3.

Sludge capacity / head = 0.037 m3.

Therefore sludge storage capacity = 0.037 x 20

= 0.740 m3.

Total capacity = 3.2 + 0.740

= 3.940

Add 25% extra for future expansion = (25 / 100) x 3.940 + 3.940

= 4.925 m3.

Let depth of liquid = 1.5m.

Plan area of tank = 4.925 / 1.5 = 3.28 m2.

Let width to length ratio = 1:3

Width of tank = 3.28 / 3 = 1 m.

Length of tank =3m

Providing free board of 30cm,

Total depth of tank = 1.5 + 0.3

= 1.80 m

Hence provide a septic tank of size = (3 x 1 x 1.80)m

DESIGN OF SOAK PIT:

Flow of effluent to soak pit = 3.2 m2

Provide 25% for future expansion,

Total flow of sewage / day = 3.2 + 3.2 x (25 / 100)

= 4 m3

Assume absorption capacity = 1250 litres / m3

Volume of tank = 3.940 x 1000

= 3.940 m3

Let, diameter of soak pit = 1.20m

Area of soak pit = πd2 / 4 = 1.13 m3

Depth of soak pit = 4 / 1.13 = 3.53 ≈ 4 m

Provide a soak pit of size, 4m depth and 1.20m diameter.