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Solid State Physics

The document discusses band theory of metals, specifically explaining that when atoms are brought together in a crystal, their discrete energy levels split into allowed energy bands that appear continuous. These energy bands include the valence band (highest occupied band), conduction band (above the valence band), and a band gap between them. The size of this band gap determines whether the material is a metal, insulator, or semiconductor.

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Mariam Ashfaq
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140 views10 pages

Solid State Physics

The document discusses band theory of metals, specifically explaining that when atoms are brought together in a crystal, their discrete energy levels split into allowed energy bands that appear continuous. These energy bands include the valence band (highest occupied band), conduction band (above the valence band), and a band gap between them. The size of this band gap determines whether the material is a metal, insulator, or semiconductor.

Uploaded by

Mariam Ashfaq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solid State Physics-I

Assignment # 1 Band Theory of Metals


SSubmitted To:
u Dr. Hafiz Tariq Masood
b
mSubmitted By:
i Muhammad Ramzan Zeshan
tRoll no.
t
MSCPHY-E-07
e
dClass:
M.Sc Physics (evening) 2 nd Semester
T
oDepartment:
: Department of Physics UOSahiwal
OBJECTIVES

 To Understand Energy Band Theory

 To understand Band Gap

 To Understand The Concept Of Band


Theory In Metals
History

 In 1927, Walter Heitler and Fritz London


discovered bands- very closely spaced
orbital with not much difference in energy

 In 1928, Felix Bloch had the idea to take


the quantum theory and apply it to solids.
Energy Band Theory
The energy level of an isolated single atom
are well defined and usually represented as
a series of horizontal lines on an energy
level diagram.

When two identical atoms are close together,


Their electrons move under the influence of
combined E.F of the two atoms and single
energy level splits into two atoms.
Energy Band Theory

When large number of atoms are brought together,


as in a crystal, then the energy level of the atom
splits up into ‘N’ number of sub-levels.

These allowed energy state are discrete but are soo


closely spaced that they appear to form a
continues energy band.
Energy Band Theory
Band Gap

There are three types of energy bands


1. Valence E.Band:
It is the highest occupied energy
band in an atom. It is either completely filled or
partially filled. This band can never be empty.

2. Conduction E.Band:
The energy band above the
valence energy band is called conduction energy
band. This band maybe either empty or partially
filled.
Band Gap

3.Completely filled E.Band:


The band below the
valence energy band are normally filled is called
completely filled energy band.
They do not take part in the conduction process.
Therefore, we consider valence and conduction
band for electric conductivity.
Band Gap
The gap between Valence energy band and Conduction
energy band is known as band gap.
This gap is different for Metals, Insulator and
semiconductors.

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