~ r + 1 ∂φ [t]φ+∂  N  (N↑ N↓ ok)

N  N
∇t=∂ r [t]b z [t]z

Cylindrical coords 1+N↓/N↑ ↑ 1+N↑/N↓ ↓
phys. formulae – August 28, 2014 Thompson: Compton, Eγ mc2 . (Elastic: {→{).
b
• r
b
eN ↑
dV =rdrdφdz d~
l=dr r
b+rdφφ+dz z Ω≈ √ ⇒ Ω≈ N N↓ N↑ 1
SI Base Units
b b
2 2R 2πN ↑
∇2 t= 1 ∂r [r∂r [t]]+ 12 ∂φ 2 [t]+∂ 2 [t]
2 Hard-sphere: dΩ
dσ
= R4 ⇒ σ = R4 sinθdθdφ = πR2.
Length L⁄metre: path length of light in vacuum during r z
• ∂z for polar/planar k
S(U,B,N)=−N kB 1−z ln 1−z +1+z ln 1+z • 1 = B ln 1−z
h    i  
r
dt = 1/299792458s. Mass M⁄kilogram: mass of an inter-
~
∇·~ v = 1 ∂ [rv ]+ 1 ∂ [v ]+∂ [v ] Rutherford: (|+{→|+{). Elastic, Heavy target, 2 2 2 2 T 2µB 1+z
r r r r φ φ z z
U =µB(N↓−N↑) U(T,B)=−N µB tanh(µB/kBT)

national prototype. Time T⁄second: dt of 9192631770 x=rcφ • z=z • x=cφb (q1 q2 )2 •z=U/(N µB) •
Coulomb. dΩ  T = mc2 (γ −1).
dσ

r −sφφ φ=atan(y/x)
• r=√x·x+y·y • rbb=cφx+sφ y =
b
M =µ(N↑−N↓) µB 2
b b b    
(16π◦ T sin2 θ )2  µB
133
Cs (hyperfine split, @ 0 K) ground state oscilla- y=rsφ z= b z b y=sφb
b r +cφφ b φ=−sφx+cφ
b y
b 2 (incoming kinetic) U(T,B)=−BM(T,B)
CB =N kB
kB T
/cosh2
kB T
tions. Elec. Current I⁄ampere: produces 2E−7 N⁄m Delta Function/Distrib. Thermo./Stat. Mech. Einstein Solid
between two L = ∞, A = 0 wires 1 m apart in vac- ~ r d
N indep. oscil.’s, q quanta total: N bins & q stars.
δ d (~r ) = 1 d eik·~
R
d k heat
work R V compression (other)
cum. Thermo. Temp. Θ⁄kelvin: 1⁄273.16th the T of (2π)
1. ∆U = Q + W • W = V f P (V )dV + Wo QQQQQ → (1, 1, 1, 2)
)(
 = bin dividers,
triple point water. Amount of Substance ⁄mole: as N
∞
Transforms ∞
i
QQQQQ → (1, 3, 1, 0) q +(N −1) symbols,
many entities (atoms, molecules, e− , etc.) as there are f(~ r ) = 1d/2 F(~
R ~ r d~
k)eik·~ d k • F(~ k) = 1d/2 f(~
R ~ r d
r )e−ik·~ d~ r 2. S ≡ kB ln Ω grows. Equilib. ⇒ ∂...
∂S
= 0 {N,U,V,...}. ......... choose q to be quanta.
atoms in 12 g of ground state C. Luminous Inten-
12 (2π) −∞ (2π) −∞ 3. T→0 ⇒ CV →0; dS 0 (S6=0 b/c of ∆E=0 config.s!) 1 V = 21q k s x2
Combinatorics −1 • E = ~ω(n+ 2 ) •
 
sity J⁄candela: directional intensity of a monochromatic Thermo. Identity. Ω(N, q) = q +N
P
dU = T dS −P dV + i µi dNi . q N ks
(remaining possible) N choose n U = ~ω(q +  ) ω =
(f = 5.40E12 Hz) source with directional radiant inten- N N   µi
  2 m
1 ∂S
• P ∂S
• ∂S
N·(N−1)···(N−n+1)



N!
•
P N =2N . = = T = − ∂N
sity 1⁄683 watt per steradian. n = n! " = n! (N −n)! n T ∂U V,N i T ∂V U,N i i U,V
 q
q N high-T
ln Ω ≈ ln 1+ N


(order unimportant) q +ln 1+ +...
n=0 eq
N 
Constants & Units H = U + P V. Enthalpy: Eassemble & put in enviro. N Ω ≈ q N 1
Stirling’s Approx. N q 

i

Value(s) Base Reversible dV ⇒ quasistatic. (Note: H (1+N/q)q (1+q/N)N 
√
n! ≈ nn e−n √2πn (1 + 1/12n) ⇐⇒ n  1
⇐⇒H !) •

Q 6= 0 ⇒ irreversible. But if ∆T → 0 then ∆S ≈ 0
 Ω≈ √  q, N  1
 eN
Ω ≈ q N q  1

me− 9.11E−31 kg (5.48E−4) · u M 2πq(q+N )/N low-T
mp− 1.67E−27 kg (1.01) ·u m M n! ≈ n e n −n
2πn (sqrt sometimes needed) so “infinitesimal” Q is ∼reversible. • Quasistatic µ ≈ −kBT log(1+ q/N).
m RT C
≈ 43 N2 + 14 O2 M n −n
⇒ dS = Q ∆S = T f TV dT . High-T : U ≈ N kB T • CV ≈ N kB
T ; if dV = dN = 0 then:
mair (29.0) · u n! ∼ n e =⇒ ln n! ≈ n ln(n) − n
m⊗ 5.97E24 kg M Integrals – (a,b > 0)
i  2
(3.60E51) · u
b√
RT C Low-T : U ≈ ~ωN e−~ω/kBT • CV ≈ N kB k~ωT e−~ω/kBT
m 1.99E30 kg (3.33E5) · m⊗ M R 1 (x−a)(b−x)dx= π (√b−√a)2
πR 2n 2m 1 1 If dN = 0 and W = −P dV then: ∆S = T f TP dT . B
kB 1.38E−23 J⁄K 8.62E−5 eV⁄K M L2/T 2 Θ ax 2 • 0sin (x)cos (x)dx=β(n+2,m+2) i
Barometric Eqn.
R 8.31 J⁄mol K NA kB M L2/T 2 ΘN ∞ Degrees of Freedom f
∞ 2 Γ((n+1)/2)  Air slab: dz thick, m avg. molecule mass:

xne−bx dx= 1
 R
R n −bx
dx=n!/bn+1 n≥0 n≥0
NA 6.02E23 1⁄mol ≈ 279 1⁄mol 1⁄N x e [Total at STP]=(trans, rot, spring{-vib, -pot}). Spring DOF
• 0
2 b(n+1)/2
are ‘frozen out’ in gases at STP. Monatomic gas [He, Ar]
mgz
h 6.23E−34 J·s 4.14E−15 eV·s M L2/T
0
∞ N mg ideal gas −mg
R xn dP
= =⇒ dP
= kB T P ⇒ N(z) = No e−kB T

e 1.60E−19 C 1 eV IT
1 dx=−ln(1+e−x) 3 =(3,0,{0,0}). Diatomic gas [O2 , N2 , CO] 5 =(3,2,{1,1}).
R
dx=Γ(n+1)ζ(n+1)n≥1 dz −V dz
ex −1 • ex +1
Polyatomic (>2) gases: linear [CO2 ] 5 =(3,2,{4,4}), nonlin-
α ≈ 1/137.036 e2/4π◦ ~c – 0
∞ n ∞ 2
Heat Eqn.
ear [NO2 , H2 O] 6 =(3,3,{3,3}). Elemental solids [Al, Pb]

µB 5.79E−5 eV/T IL2 dx=(1−1/2n)Γ(n+1)ζ(n+1)n≥1 e−ax dx= 1 π
q
e~/2me
R x R
mk
• −∞ ∂t T = K∇2 T  K = ρm TC & T (~
ex +1

2 a 6 =(0,0,{3,3}). Einstein solids 2 =(0,0,{1,1})/osc.. Adiabatic r ; 0) = g(~r ).
G 6.67E−11Nm2/kg2 – L3/T 2 M 0
∞ R −ax2−2bx 2/a ∞ 2 exponent: γ ≡ 1 + 2/f .
σB 5.67E−8J/sm2K4 π2kB/60c2~3 xe−a(x−b) dx=b π − 2/4Kt g ~
q q
dx= 1 π eb 0
R
1
R
0
e T (~
r ; t) = e r d~
r
−∞
2 a • −∞
a Equipartition Theorem n/2 Rn
1 N 1kg m/s2 1(P a)m2 M L/T 2
∞ At temp. T the avg. energy of any quadratic DOF is
(4πKt)
2
1 J 1kg m /s 2 1N m,1C V 2
M L /T 2 R 2π R π
a·br)(~ a·~
R 2 −ax2
x e dx= 1
q
π Partition Functions
• −∞ 2 kB T . For N entities with only f quadratic DOF
0 0 (~ b·br) sin θdθdφ=4π(~ b)/3 2 a3 1
Bltzmn/Can’cl Gibbs/Grnd can’cl (r,N)→rth state of
1 W 1kg m2/s3 1J/s,1V A,1ΩA2 M L2/T 3 • • sys. of N particles.
2 2 R sinθ cosθdθ zR
√ cosθ − R 2−z 2
b√ each: Uthermal = N f 12 kB T . P(s)= 1 e−E(s)β P(r,N)= 1 e−(E(r,N)−µN)β
1 VJ2 ,1 CJ ,1 sH
R
1 F 1s4 A2/m2 kg T 4 I 2/L2 M = 2 Z Z
(R2+z2−2zR cosθ)3/2 z2 R2+z2−2zRcosθ • a2−x2 dx= πa Ideal Gas
R
Z(T) = s e−βE(s) • F(T) = −kBT ln(Z(T)) • hEi = −∂β[ln Z]
4
P
1VA ,1 C 2 ,1 F
Js s
1 Ω 1kg m2/s3 A2 M L2/T 3 I 2 
a
P V = nRT =N kBT (Hard indist. spheres; low ρN ; elas-
∞ Γ(n−q)|b|2(q−n) 
1 V 1kg m2/s3 A 1ΩA,1J/C ,1W/A M L2/T 3 I
R xm dx 1 −βE(s)
• 2 2

m+1
P P
2 2 n = π sin(πq)Γ(1−q)Γ(n) q≡ 2 , 2n−m>1, m even. tic coll’s) • U = Nf 21kBT • CP = CV +kBN. hQi = s PsQ(s)= Z s Q(s)e σE = ∂β [ln Z]
1 T 1kg/s2 A 1 mJ2 A ,1 Ckg M/T 2 I −∞(x +b ) P βµN
3   P −(E(r,N)−µN)β
s √ Z(T,µ) =
  
(r,N) e = N e Z(T,V,N)
2
1 AJ2 ,1Ωs,1 mAT M L2/T 2 I 2
dx √x √ dx =ln[x+ z 2+x2] S(N,V,U) = N kB ln NV 4πmU 2
+ 52  monatomic.
R R
1 H 1kg m2/s2 A2 =
3N h2
 3/2
(z 2+x2)3/2 z 2 z 2+x2 z 2 +x2 −βmv2/2
• Maxwell speed: D(v)dv q = (4πv ) 2π e
2 mβ
dv
Math q  √ ∞ √
 
bq R −ar 3 3/2
sin(br)dr= 2 b 2 2kBT
 
Most prob’bl: vp = m •hvi = 2vp/ π •vrms = vp 3/2
 p
R b −1dx=b π −arcsin a − a(b−a) e 2+mgz
µ=−kBT ln V 4πmU Ztr(T,N=1)=V 2πm =V = V
Shape Def. As Circumference Area a x 2 b • 0 b +a 2
N 3h N  h2 β l3 vQ
•
∞ Q 3/2 2
Circle x2 +y 2 =r 2 √ πr 2
2πr
Maxwell velocity: D(3)(v)d3~ v = mβ e−βmv /2d3~
R1
Ellipse 2 2 2 2
x /a +y /b =1 ≈π[3a+3b− (3a+b)(a+3b)] πab sin(±|b|r)dr=±π/2
r 2π v
0 Z(T,V,N)= 1 [Z1(T,V)]N= 1 [Zint(T)Ztr(T,N=1)]N Ideal quantum gas Zi(T,µ)=Z(i,T,µ) P(i,n)=
Shape n-Area
n-Vol.
Misc
N! N! •
Z(T,µ)=Π∞ Zi(T,V,µ) Z( ,T,µ)=P e−β(i−µ)n
• P (n)= e−β(i−µ)n
3-sphere 2 4πr 3/3 mixing gases i=1 i n i Z(i,T,µ)
4πr √ Γ(1)=1 Γ(n)=(n−1)! ζ(3)≈1.202 β(1, 1)=π β(1, 5)= 3π  b&c 
cone⊥ πhr 2/3 √ • • • 2 2 • 23 23 π8 Nc monatomic•Pb=Pc Fermi-Dirac: n=0,1→Z(,T,µ)=1+e−β(−µ) →hni(,T,µ)=
  1
πr 2 [1+ 2 N N
√ 1+(h/r)√]
ab[2+ 1+(2h/a)2 + 1+(2h/b)2 ] Γ(1)= π ζ(2)=π2/6 ζ(4)=π4/90 β(1, 3)= π β( , )= ∆S=−NkB Nb ln Nb + N c
N ln N  T =T •N +N =N e+β(−µ)+1
pyramid⊥ abh/3 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 b c b c
1 1
2 Bose-Ein: n=0,1,...→Z(,T,µ)=
π n/2 r n/Γ(1+n/2) Γ(x)=(x−1)Γ(x−1)= 0∞tx−1e−tdt Free Expansion (Quasistatic+irreversible+vacuum) →hni(,T,µ)=
R
n-sphere 2π n/2 r n−1/Γ(n/2) • β(x,y)=β(y,x)=Γ(x)Γ(y)/Γ(x+y) 1−e−β(−µ) e+β(−µ)−1
Vf 2k2
Trigonometry Identities Classical Mech. W = 0. But ∆S = N kB ln Q
E(~ ⇒ kx= 2πL nx
• L 3 3~

R
(6= 0, 6=
P P
∆U =
Q+ Vi T ). k)= ~2m ... = ... → 2π d k...
sin(x)=(eix−e−ix)/2i sinh(x)=(ex−e−x)/2 One part’cl in a box nx,ny,nz ~
•
sin(2x)=2sin(x)cos(x)
• ~ Gm1 m2 b
F= ~=m1 ~
R
r1+m2 ~
r2 mm
µ= 1 2 s2=x2+y 2
Isothermal (Quasistatic+slow+thermal equil.) ∆T = k
cos(x)=(eix+e−ix)/2 cosh(x)=(ex+e−x)/2 − 2
cos(2x)=1−2sin2(x)
• ds=√1+(∂xy)2 dx
m1+m2 m1+m2 R∞
• •~ D.O.S’s:
P P P ~
f((k)) → 0 g()f()d
~=∂ ~ r ×~ ~
r ×F r1−~
r=~ r2 0 ⇒ = Q+W = 0 • ∂(PNV ) = 0 • ∆S = Q
∆U i f(i) = spin ~
k
sin2(x)=(1−cos(2x))/2 sin(x±y)=sin(x) cos(y)±cos(x) sin(y) L t τ =~ p ~
τ=~ T √ √
• ∂L = d ∂L If ∆N = 0 then Wcomp. = N kB T ln Vi/Vf . BE: g() = αV /2•FD: g() = αV •α = 4π(2m/h ) 2 3/2
.
cos2(x)=(1+cos(2x))/2 cos(x±y)=cos(x) cos(y)∓sin(x) sin(y) m
∂qi dt ∂[∂t qi] L=T−V = 2 (∂t ~r)2−V(~
r ) T=m[(∂t ~r)2+r 2 (∂t φ)2]
Conserv. F’s., • & Inertial Frm. • Polar
2
Adiabatic (Fast+(
quasistatic) Q+W • ∆S 6= 0 N = 0∞ hni()g()d•U = 0∞ hni()g()d
R R
cosh2 (x) − sinh2 (x) = 1 Kinetic.
h h
(h (
(h ∆U =
Series and Sums  Pendulum   If ∆N = 0 then ∂(V T f/2 ) = 0, ∂(V γ P ) = 0, and Fermi gas@T=0:•F = µ(T=0)•kF3 = 3π2n
P∞ (−1)k+1 xk −1<x≤1 Project F~g along Tb to cancel Tb ⊥ θb . Now Fnet =
 n
lim 1+ x =ex Wcomp. = f2 (Pf Vf − Pi Vi ). 3/2
U
n→∞ n  
• ln(1+x) = k=1 k n = 2αF /3• N = 3F/5•PPV P = 2U/3
R
n n
 −mg sin θ ≈ −mgθ. So ma =p−mgθ. Since sp= Lθ, L 3 3~
∞
lim 1+ x = x ln(x)+P∞ (−1)k+1 |x|>1 Black body • µ = 0 • d k → πV 2
R
g Isentropic (Adiabatic+Quasistatic) ∆S = Q → 2 2π 2c3 ω dω
x→∞ n n k=1 kxk solve θ̈=− L θ → θ(t) = A sin( g/Lt) + B cos( g/Lt).
= 0. Reversible.
T ∞ ∞ polariz~ 0 3
p k
U 1
Then, f = 2π g/L and T = 2π L/g .
∞ N
  p p R R
ω 1
vrms = 3kB T /m from toy piston/P
wall .
p ~ω
if = 2ω v2 = V = uω(ω,T)dω = u(,T)d• = ~ω•uω(ω,T) = π 2c3 β~ω
zn N−1
ez = • xn = 1−x
P P 1

=⇒ 1−x  |x| < 1 e −1
n! 1−x 0 0
Light Interference: A cos(kr+ωt)
q
N→∞ −V ∂P
csound = γkB T /m [Adiabatic; expand
 p
n=0 n=0 = 3 4σB
Coordinates, Vector Calculus Double slit: (I=2A)max: sin θ=nλ/d⇔n=0,±1,±2,..
ρm ∂V u(,T) = 1
• ~ω max ≈ 2.82k B T • U = VT 4

R~ ∼ 2 point sources • (I=0)min: sin θ=nλ/2d⇔n=±1,±2,.. ∂(P V γ ) = 0, rearrange for bulk modulus.] π 2 (~c)3 eβ−1 c
b (∇ 16σB
~ f)·d~l=f(~b)−f(~
a) ~ AdV
~ ~ a 3
• P V = U/3 • Rad.E-flux: eσB T4
R H
∇· = A·d~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Heat (Energy) Capacity S = 3c VT
R H
~
a • • ∇×A·d~a= A·dl Single slit: (I=0)min: sin θ=nλ/d⇔n=±1,±2,..
~ b/ 2)=4πδ (3)(~) ∇2 (1/)=−4πδ (3)(~) d = slit width • phon ω
∇( General: I(θ)=A(j0(dπ sin(θ)/λ))2 Q −W P BZ RD k3 T3 6π2Nv3
= ∆U • c≡ m •
C ∂U 

C≡ CV = Debye • → 9N dωω 2 ... • ωD
3
= B~3D = V s
P
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
A·(B×C)=B·(C×A)=C·(A×B) ~ ~ ~
•
~ ~ ~
∇·(∇×A) = 0 = ∇×(∇ ~ ~ f) Special Relativity ∆T ∆T ∂T V,N,W
ω3
~×(B×
~ C)=(
~ ~ C)~ B−(
~ ~ B)
~ C~ ~ ×(∇
~ ×A~)=∇~ (∇·
~ A ~)−∇2A ~
  polariz~k D 0
A A· A· ∇  = ∂U  +P ∂V  − ∂Wo  Q
• •
  
T = [γ(v)−1]mc2 CP = ∂H
p ω
γ(v) = 1/ 1−v 2/c2 L≡ RD~ω3dω 9N(kBT)4TD R/T
x3dx 9NkBT3 D
TR/T
x3exdx
r + 1 ∂θ [t]θ+ 1 ∂T P ∂T P ∂T P ∂T m
ex−1 • CV =
~
Spherical coords ∇t=∂ r [t]b b ∂φ [t]φ b
v · d/c)) with v
P P,W U= 9N = (k T )3
• r r sin θ fobs = fstat/(γ(v)(1−~ b · d = cos θ. ω3 eβ~ω−1 T3 (ex−1)2
Virial Expansion / Van der Waals
b b
dV =r 2 sin θdrdθdφ d~ D0 BD 0 D 0
l=dr r
b+rdθ θ+r sin θdφφ
Scattering
b b
h i T<Tc i3R
∞√ h i3 h i3
∇2 t= 12 ∂r r 2 ∂r [t] + 2 1 ∂ [sin θ∂θ [t]]+ 2 1 2 ∂φ 2 [t] P V = nRT (1 + B(T)/(V/n) + C(T)/(V/n)2 + . . .)
h
2 2πmkBTc 2 xdx Nnorm N
r r sin θ θ r sin θ
0
Compton: (γ+{→γ +|) Inelastic, but ∼elastic. BEC• NV = π
√
ex−1 • = TTc 2• cond =1− TTc 2
~ 1 2
v = 2 ∂r [r vr ]+ 1 1 Qual. OK for gases, dense fluids. a : intermolecular h2 N N
r sin θ θ [
∇·~ ∂ sin θvθ ]+ ∂ [v ] 0
q
r sin θ φ φ 1) E-cons.: mc2 + hc hc
m2 c4 + p2m0 c2 . attr., b : occupied V •(P + an2/V2) (V −nb) = nRT h i3 h i3 ∞ ∞ 
λ = λ0 +
r R 3/2 R
5γNk x1/2dx
x=sθcφb
r +cθcφθ−sφ φ r
b=sθcφx+sθsφy+cθ z U = γNkBT TTc 2•CV = 2 B TTc 2•γ = xex−dx ex−1 ≈0.77
x=rcφsθ
2-State Paramagnet ∼ Spin 1/2 1
b b
2) P -cons.: p pm0 . Isolate p~m0 , square.
b b b b
y=rsφsθ ~γ +
p
~
m =p ~γ 0 +~ 0 0
• y=sθsφb
r +cθsφθ+cφφ θ=cθcφx+cθsφ
•b y−sθ z (symmetric!)  
b b b b b b b
z=rcθ b−sθ ∼ Coins. • B b • Ω(N, N↑ ) = N
~ || z N • Ω N
z=cθ r √θ φ=−sφx+cφ y
Substitute for p~ 0 : λ0−λ = 2 h sin2 θ θ ← p p 0. total = 2


~γ·~
b
√
b b b
φ=atan(y/x) m mc 2 γ ↑
θ=atan( x·x+y·y/z) r= x·x+y·y+z·z
 √ √
Non-Rel. Quantum Mech. • hn|T |ni = 1 En Hydrogen Atom – Bound States  Variational Principle
p
hn|p|qi = i mω~/2( nδq,n−1 − qδn,q−1 )
2  √
2≡h(j−hji)2 i=hj 2 i−hji2 " −e2 1 −m e2 2 n∈N>0 , Egs ≤ hψ|H|ψi for any normalized |ψi. Simply minimize!
  
hn|x2 |qi = (~/2mω) (2q+1)δn,q + n(q+1)δn,q+2 + q(n+1)δn,q−2 −2mE
4π◦ r • κ ≡ • En = 2~
p p
σj
P
hf (j)i= j f (j)Prob(j) V(r) =
• √   ~ 2n2 4π◦  n2 -deg.
V∝x: ∂x 2
ψ = α3xψ → ψ = CAi(x)+DBi(x) (Airy’s)
j σj ← std.dev. •↑ var hn|p2 |qi = (mω~/2) (2q+1)δn,q − n(q+1)δn,q+2 − q(n+1)δn,q−2
R
hf (x)i= f (x)ρprob (x)dx
p p
σj = σ 2
iλA −iλA (iλ)2 2 ψ = ψa(x)ψb(y)ψc(z) • En=~ω(n+ 2) • dn=(n+1)(n+2)/2
3
~
a◦ = αmec
= 4π ◦~ = 1 ≈ 0.529Å
mee2 nκn • m∈−l,..0,1,..l
l∈0,1,..,(n−1) 2
− x √3/2  √
• e
[AB,C]=A[B,C]+[A,C]B Qe =Q+iλ[A,Q]+
2!
[A,Q] +...
Ai(x0)∼e 3 /(2 πx1/4) Ai(x0)∼sin 2(−x)3/2+π /( π(−x)1/4)
1D Free Particle
r h i3 −rh il • 3 4
√
Schrödinger Eqn.
 
(n−l−1)! (2l
+ 1) +2x3/√ 2 2 3/2 π
Bi(x0)∼cos (−x) + /( π(−x)1/4)
2 ψnlm= na◦ 2n[(n+l)!]3 ena◦ na◦ L(n+l)−(2l+1) na◦ Ylm(θ, φ)
2 2r 2r
Bi(x0)∼e 3 /( πx1/4) 3 4
V (x) = 0 • ∂x 2
ψ = −k2 ψ • p = ~k • λ = |k|2π
• ωk = ~k
 2 
i~ ∂Ψ
∂t = −~ 2
2m ∇ +V(~r , t) Ψ(~r , t) (= H(~ r, p~, t)Ψ). √
2m

2 T.D. Perturbation Theory: H ≡ H +λH 0(t>0) 0
 k > 0 moves → e−r/na◦
Lqp−p(x) = (−1)p∂x
p
Lq(x) • Lq(x) = ex∂xq −x q
e x • ψn00= √
n  o ~k

Time-Indep. Schrödinger Eqn. k ≡ ± 2mE  k < 0 moves ← • Ψk ∝ ei kx− 2m t H 0 ψn0=E 0 ψ 0
Ψ(t)= cn(t)ψn e−iEn t/~ • ∆mn ≡Em−En
P
π(na◦)3
0 ≡hψ 0 |H 0 |ψ 0i • ∂ c n
~ n n
If ∂tV = 0, using Ψ(~ r )φ(t) (‘sep of vars’)
r, t) = ψ(~ (stationary states)  2 1P 0 −i∆mnt/~ (exact)
∞ 2 hVi=2E Hm t m = i~ cn Hmn e
leads to General sol’n is  Ψ  = n m n
Ψ(x, t) = √12π φ(k)ei kx− 2m t dk ← “Wave packet.” |nlmi ⇒ hTi=−En • hr1i = a 1n2 • hr12 i= a2n3(1l+1/2) • hp2i= a◦~n


H(~
r, p
~)ψ = Eψ. R ~k n
r, t) with Ψn r )exp iEnt & Rt 0 0 Rt 0
P
n cn Ψn(~ = ψn φn = ψn (~
−~ General sol’n, n ◦ ◦ (F.O.) cn(t)≈1+ 1 0 cm6=n(t)≈ 1 Hm 0 −i∆mnt0/~dt0
Hnn(t )dt
• n(t )e
R ∗ 
cn = hψn|Ψt=0i = ψn (~
r )Ψ(~
r , t = 0)d~r  En∈R, cn∈C. −∞ s+1hrsi−(2s+1)a hrs−1i+ s[(2l+1)2−s2 ]a2hrs−2i=0 i~ i~
a 0 0
with ∼weights: φ(k) = √12π −∞ Ψ(x, t = 0)e−ikx dx. hri= ◦ [3n2−l(l+1)] ◦ ∂t H 0 =0: sin2(∆ t/2~)
R
1. Ψn ← stationary states; only phase evolves in t.
∞ 2 • n 2 4 ◦
nm
0
H =V cosωt: sin2((∆ ±ω~)t/2~)
nm
2. If V is symmetric ⇒ each ψn (can be) even or odd. q Pn→m = 2 /(4|H 0 |2) Pn→m =
(&classical)dω q hz 2i=a2 (1+(−1)q)(q+2)!a◦ ∆n
• iff ∆nm =±~ω (∆nm±ω~)2/(|Vmn|2)
q q
(q+2)!a◦ Most q m mn
vphase = |k| = 2m = 2m •
ω E
vgroup = dk = m = 2E ◦
~|k| ~|k| q
3. Each En>Vmin . (Else Ψ is not normalizeable.) hr i= q+1 hz i=
4. E > V(−∞) or E > V(∞) ⇒ scatter state(s).
m |100i ⇒ 2 • prob
r=a◦ •
hzi=0 • (q+1)2q+2
Spon. emi-
3 |P|2
ω0 Life- τ = 1
5. ψn ← an orthonormal set. (Completeness assumed.) 1D Delta Well/Barrierbound scatter Angular Momentum, Intrinsic Spin ssion rate:
A=
3π◦ ~c3 • P=qhψb|~
r |ψai
• time: A1+A2+...
R +
6. ψ continuous. ∆(∂xψ) = 2m
~2
lim→0
−
V(x)ψ(x)dx. V(x) = −αδ(x) • 2
∂x ψ = − 2mE ψ ≡ κ2 ψ ≡ −k2 ψ. ~ r ×~
L=~ p L2=L·
•S
~ L~ [L ,L ]=i~L
• [Sx,Sy]=i~S z
[L ,L ]=i~L
• [Sy,Sz]=i~S x
[L ,L ]=i~L
• [Sz,Sx]=i~S y WKB(J) – (Classical endpoints a, b; L → R)
7. ψn+1 has one more zero-crossing than ψn . √ ~2  2 ~ ~~
S= σ
2=S·
~ S~ x y z y z x z x y √
mα mα|x|
Bound → κ • ψ(x) = ~ exp −~2 • E = − mα ψ(x)≈C exp ±i a b p(x0)dx0 / p(x)
 R
im 2
8. i~∂tQ(t) = [Q(t),H(t)] ⇒ p~= [H(t),~
r] Assume ψ=A(x)eiφ(x)
~
h  2~
2 ~,r2]=0
[L ~,S]=0
[L ~ [L2,L]=0
~ L± ≡Lx±iLy [Lz,L±]=±~L± • √ ~
Interpretation, Requirements, Misc. h  2 i−1
mα2
i−1 • • • • 2 2 2 2
& ∂x [A]/A((∂xφ) & p /~ ) p(x)= 2m(E−V◦) “classical” p.
∗
Scatter → k • R = 1+ 2~ mα2
E
• T = 1+ 2~ 2E
~,p2]=0
[L [L2,S]=0
~ [S2,S]=0
~ S± ≡Sx±iSy
[Sz,S±]=±~S±
Rb√
r• ~ ~ • [x,px]=i~ • [f(x),px]=i~∂xf • hg|fi=hf|gi
~~
~ → ~i ∇
p r→i~∇ ~p [Lz,x]=i~y [Lz,y]=−i~x [Lz,z]=0 [L~·S,
~ L]=i~
~ ~×S
L ~ [L
~·S,
~ J]=0
~
2 2
Tunneling a → b: T =|F| /|A| ≈e −2γ • γ~≡ a |p(x)|2 dx
V(x) = αδ(x) •
No bound • Same scatter as δ-well. • • •~~ ~ •~~ 2
Eigen-funcs: x b: x|ψy(x)i = y|ψy(x)i ⇒ |ψy(x)i = δ(x−y). 1D Double Delta√Well
[Lz,px]=i~py [Lz,py]=−i~px [Lz,pz]=0 [L
√
~ L
·S,S]=i~S× ~ [L·S,L ]=0 Rb
2 |walls: a p(x)dx=nπ~
Rb
no |walls: a p(x)dx=(n−1)π~
√ √ L± Ylm=~ (l∓m)(l±m+1)Y
m±1 • w/n=1,2,.. • Best when: 2
p
bx : i~∂x|ψpx(x)i = px|ψpx(x)i ⇒ |ψpx(x)i = eipx x/~/ 2π~. ~ 2 ]=0
~·S,S L2 Y m=~2 l(l+1)Ylm Rb 1
1 |wall @a: a p(x)dx=(n− )π~ n1
V(x) = −α(δ(x+a)+δ(x−a)) • κ ≡ −2mE • k ≡ 2mE [L
• 2l • √ l 4 (semi-classical regime)
~ ~ ~ 2 ]=0
~·S,J S |smi=~2s(s+1)|smi
So: Φ(px, t) ≡ hψpx(x)|Ψ(x, t)i and Ψ(y, t) ≡ hψ−px(y)|Φ(px, t)i ( 2
[L S±|smi=~ (s∓m)(s±m+1)|sm±1i 1 1
hT i= ∂n[En](n− ) when there are no |walls.
Even: e−2κa = ~mακ −1  Sol’n: always Lz Ylm=~mYlm
2 2
 o
Lz=−i~∂φ
[hΨ|Q†] |Ψi = n qn|cn|2  Bound: s=0,1/2,1,...
P
hQi = hΨ| [Q|Ψi] = −2κa ~2 κ Sol’n: sometimes • (Ym)∗ xyY m =0 • ms =−s,..,0,1,..,s Scattering: Partial wave, Born
Odd: e

R ∗  ~  3 = 1− mα Sz|smi=~m|smi
l l
~~ r = Φ∗Q i~∇ ~p ~ Φd3 p
R
hQ(~ r, p
~)i = Ψ Q ~ r, i ∇ r Ψd ~ ~, p ~ (with z=αm/~2k)
h   i       P (123) D(θ)= dσ =|f(θ)|2 ψ(r,θ)≈A[eikz+f(θ)e
ikr
Scatter: T = 1
σ = 01 10 , 0i −0i , 10 −01 → ±1
~ 1 1
, ±i , 10 / 01 • σjσk= δjk+i njknσn R dΩ • (1) ix (1) r
] u(r)=Arj (kr)+Brn (kr)
• Use u near
l l
Spectral decomp.: Q = nqn Pn if Q|ni = qn |ni
P
1+2z 2 [(1+z 2)+(1−z 2)cos(4ak)−2zsin(4ak)] σ= D(θ)dΩ origin,
h0 = e •h ≡jl(x)+inl(x) match with expansion.
1D Finite Square Well / Barrier P j1j2j P j1j2j ix l
R∞
ρprob (x, t) = |Ψ(x, t)|2 ⇐⇒ |Ψ(x, t)|2 dx = 1 √
|j1m1i|j2m2i= Cm
1m2m
|jmi |jmi= Cm m m |j1m1i|j2m2i
eikz = ∞
P∞
−∞ m1,m2 1 2 l 2
i=0 i (2l+1)jl(kr)Pl(cosθ) • σ=4π i=0(2l+1)|al|
P
j
√
•

V(x) = 0,0 , |x| ≤ a • ` ≡
−V
n
(but a |Ψ(x, t)| dx is time-dep. in general.)
Rb 2 2m(E+V0)
• κ ≡ −2mE Jz →m≡m1 +m2 2
J →j∈|j1−j2|,..(++1)..,(j1+j2) P∞ l (1)
i (2l+1)[jl(kr)+ikal h (kr)]Pl(cosθ) ←impose b.c.’s.
prob. prob. |x| > a ~ ~ ψ(r,θ)=A
i=0 l
cn = hΨn |Ψi =⇒ |cn |2 • c(z) = hΨz |Ψi =⇒ |c(z)|2 dz If s1= 1/2 then: |smi=A|1 1i|s2 (m−1)i+B|1 −1i|s2 (m+1)i 1. V(~
r0) is localized about ~
r0 2. incoming wave ∼ not altered.
Even: tan z = q • 22 2 r2 2 2
 p  
prob. (z/z0)2−1  z ≡ `a, & (with s = s2 ±1/2)
• √
n |cn(t)| = 1P • hHi =
2 2
|cn |2En
r
Bound:
P P s2 ±m+1/2 s2 ∓m+1/2
En←→|cn | a A= •B=±
nR
Odd: tan z = −1/ (z/z0)2−1 z0 ≡ ~ 2mV0
 2s2 +1 2s2 +1 ψ(~ r )− m2 e
r )=ψ0(~
R ik|~ r−~r0|
V(~r0)ψ(~r0)d3~r0 s.t. (∇2+k2)ψ0 =0
Proj. op.: Pn ≡ |nihn|/|hn|ni|2 • Pn =1 • Pz dz=1 π 2 ~2 Corrections to hydrogen 2π~ |~
r−~r0|
n Sol’ns: •Even: always, finite# •Odd: iff V0 ≥ 8mα 2. k0−~
i(~ r 0 V(~
Schwarz ineq.: ha|aihb|bi ≥ |ha|bi|2 ≥ ((ha|bi−ha|bi∗)/(2i))2 Born→f(θ,φ)≈ −m k)·~ 0)d3~ 0 s.t. ~ k0 =kz
b,~
R
e r r k=kr
V02 En∼α2 4 5 4
• Fine struc.∼α
• Lamb∆ ∼α Hyperfine∼α me/mp
~ •µ 2π~2
 p b
−1
Scatter: 2 2a
T = 1+ 4E(E+V ) sin ~ 2m(E+V0) ~
γ(v)6=1 & S↔ quant’zd E ~ ⇒µ
~p →B ~p
~e ↔B
Uncertainty: σA 2 2 1
σB ≥(2ih[A,B]i)2 • σx σpx ≥ ~ 2 • σt σE ≥ 2
~ 0 Fine struc: 0    Low-E: −m R Spherical sym: κ=2k sin(θ/2)
E0 r 0)d3~
r0 f(θ)≈ −2m

4 2 n •
R
The 1D Finite Square Well, but −V(x). No bound. 0 +H 0 = −p + ~α S·
H 0=Hrel ~L
~ 1+ α −3 f(θ,φ)≈ V(~ rV(r)sin(κr)dr
Correspondence principle → “classical” limit agrees. s−o 8m3c2 2m2 r 3
Enj = 2
n n j+1/2 4 1. V(~
2π~2
r0) is localized about ~
κ~2
r0 2. incoming wave ∼ not altered.
V02 •
~ J 2−L2−S 2)/2•p2 ψ=2m(E−V)ψ Good #’s: n,l,s,j,mj
Schrö. Pict.: hQ(t)i = hΨ(x, t)|Q|Ψ(x, t)i iHt
 p 
−1 ~ L=(
iHt Scatter: TE< V0= 1+ 4E(V0−E) sinh
2 2a
2m(V0−E) S· Electrodynamics
Zeeman: H 0=−(µ
~ e ~ ~ ~
ext=2m(L+2S)·Bext •conflicts w/ fs
~
Heisen. Pict.: hQ(t)i = hΨ(x, 0)|e ~ Qe −~ |Ψ(x, 0)i V02
 p  ~ l+µ
~ s)·B
General In matter Aux. & Pot.s
−1 −1
V =1+ ~2 a • TE>V =1+ 4E(E−V ) sin
(no-degen or ψ is a 2mE 2 2 2a
If: Bext Bint ⇒fine struc domn8’s⇒E 1 =hnljmj|H 0|nljmji
Feyn-Hllmn: ∂λEn = hψn|∂λH|ψni proper lin. comb.) TE= ~ 2m(E−V0) Gauss’ ∇
~ ·E=ρ/
~ ~ ·D=ρ
∇ ~
f
~
D= ~ P
◦ E+ ~
0 0 0 ◦ 1 B−
~~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 2 2 2 1 ~
H= ~ M ~
Ehrenfest’s Theorem / Virial Theorem 1D Sudden Step Up / Drop Down use: S
~
t-avgd =J(S·J)/J •S·J=(J −L +S )/2•Egs ∼±µB Bext . Faraday’s ∇~ ×E=−∂
~
tB
~
•
~ ×E=−∂
∇ ~ ~
tB • µ◦
If: Bext Bint ⇒zeeman domn8’s⇒non-pert with|nlml msi No monopoles ∇ ~ ·B=0
~ ~ ·B=0
~ ~ ~ V−∂ A ~
1
∂t hQi= i~ h[Q,H]i+h∂t Qi • h...i’s obey classical laws. ∇ E=− ∇ t
V(x) = V0,, x ≤0
n o
• Reminder: ∆vgroup |x=0 6= 0. align ||z⇒E 1 =µ B Ampere’s ∇×B=µ◦(J+◦∂tE)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
∇×H=Jf +∂t D ~ ~ ∇×
B= ~ A ~
0 x>0 B ext (ml+2ms).(note: can also pert the fs,
1
h~
pi=h~ r i • ∂th~
v i=∂th~ ~
pi=h−∇Vi=h ~ • ∂thLi=h
Fi ~ ~ ~
r×(−∇V)i E−V0 4E √ √
q 2 b
1 B.

m use: hS·
~L~i=hSxihLxi+hSyihLyi+hSzihLzi=~2 m ms if including H 0 .) Linear media: P ~ =◦ χe E~ so D=~ ~ & M
E ~ =χm H ~ so H= ~ ~
•
TE<V0= 0 TE>V0= E − E −V0
 
  l fs µ
If V (λ~ r2 , ...) = λν V (~
r1 , λ~ r2 , ...) for N particles
r1 , ~ E 2 V0
If: Bext ∼Bint ⇒use full-blown degen pert (→ W eigenprob)
Enrg: U = 1 (◦E 2+ 1 B 2)dV Poynting: S= ~ 1 (E×
~ B)~
R
then hn|T |ni = ν2hn|V |ni (& En = hn|T |ni+hn|V |ni). Like Step Up, but −V(x) • T = 4( 1+V0/E)/(1+ 1+V0/E)2
p
2 µ◦ µ◦ C≡Q/V
• •
p
Linear Stark: H 0=E ~ pe . If E
ext ·~
~ ~ b then H 0=ezE
ext =|E|z ext= Momntm: P ~ =◦ (E×
R
~ B) ~ dV µ
Larmor: P = ◦ q 2 a2 W=CV 2/2
∂th~
r ·~
pi = 2hT i−h~ ~
r · ∇Vi • ∂thψn|Q|ψni = 0 if ∂t Q = 0 3D Spherical Symmetry & ∂t V = 0 eEext r cos θ. Use degen pert. Most integrals→0. 6πc
~ =q(E+~
F ~ v ×B) ~ W=Q[V(~ r )−V(O)] ~ nσ 2/2
1D Scatter (L−∞ → R+∞ ) • R+T = 1 ψ ≡ R(r)Y(θ, φ) • u(r) ≡ rR(r) • Yl −m = (−1)m(Ylm)∗ Hyperfine: H =−~0 1
~ p ⇒E =Ah[3(S
µe·B ~p·b ~e·b
r)(S ~p·S
r)−S 3
~e ]/r i+
−σ =n·
 • • P =E 2 ◦/2 •
F= b ◦
W= 1 V dq
R
group b∇ ~V
C|ψ(0)|2hS ~ei • C=µ◦ gp e2/3mp me =8πA/3 • S
~p·S ~e=(S 2−S 2−S 2)/2
~p·S @surf 2 surf. press.
ψL = AeikL x +Be−ikL x |B|2 v |F |2
R∞ 2 2
|R| r dr = 1 •
R 2πR π m∗ m0 e p ◦
x • R ≡ |A|2 • T ≡ v group |A|2
ikR x −ik  R
0 0 0 l
(Y ) Yl0 sinθdθdφ = δl,l0 δm,m0 0
Spherical image: |rq|=a→q =−qR/a & |r 0|=R2/a•V(~ r )=k((q/)+(q0/ 0))
If: l = 0 ⇒ A term→0 ⇒ E 1 =(S2−3~2/2)2gp ~2/3mp m2 2 4
ψR = F e +
Ge
R q
e c a◦ .
 L q  n
−∇2V=ρ/◦ solve via sep.vars: V≡X(x)Y(y)Z(z)→ 1 ∂x 2 X=C→B.c.’s!
Pl (cosθ) = 1(−1if)mmelse.
(2l+1) (l−|m|)! imφ m
1D Infinite Square Well m <0,
 X
Breaks spin degen of the gs: S2 = 0 for singlet, 2~2 triplet.
Yl (θ, φ) =  4π (l+|m|)! e

(Laplace) N

~ a= Qenc R~
r

√ Pqi b  H
d2 ψ Stationary e −
in Magnetic Field r )= 1
~ ~ dq={λdl , E·d~ r )=− E·d~ ~
 E(
0, 0 ≤ x ≤ L V(~ l
n o

V (x) = ∞, =⇒ = −k2 ψ  k ≡ 2mE . |m| 4π◦ 2 ~V ◦
 
~
else dx2 ~ Plm(x) =(1−x2)2 ∂|x
m|
Pl(x) • Pl(x) = ∂xl(x2−1)/
l l!2l • ∂ hLi
t
~ =0
~ ~
~ ·B E± =∓γB◦~/2 hSxi∝cos ω ~ 1
i i
R 1
 σda,ρdV}, E=−
0 • ∇
(∞
• O
1 R1
r −~
µ
~ =γ S H=T−µ ω=γB◦
 ~=~ r ,
~2 kn
2
~2 n2 π 2
q
−~2 2
h
~2 l(l+1)
i
[H,L2]=[H,Lz]=0 • • • • Larmor
E(~r )=
4π◦ 2
bdq 
 q at ~r0 .
~ σn
E= b
2◦ plane)
V(~
r )=
4π◦
dq
En = 2m = 2mL2 • ψn = L sin L • n ∈ N>0
2 nπx

~


if B=B
~ hSyi∝sin ω
2m ∂r u+ V + 2m r 2 u = Eu • m∈−l,...0,1,...l
~ µ ×B
τ =~ ◦zb hSzi= ~ cos α
2
V V

L2 2
3D Rigid ing Circle with N Masses e− Stern-Gerlach: B(x,y,z)→
~ ~ ∇(~
F= ~ µ ·B)6
~ =0 Geometry – 4π◦V(~ ~~
r )•4π◦E(r)
hn|x|ni = L
2 • hn|x2 |ni = 3 − 2πL2 n2 • hn|p|ni = 0
E±=∓γ(B◦+αz)~/2 • pz=αγ~/2 • q≡iγB◦/2 1D wire. ||b
x. Len: L
q
q(λL)
 
~ −αxb
B= i+(B◦+αz)k • λ ln L + 1+(L/z)2 •
N about ~
r◦ at r=a • H = T+
V = 12M v 2 • |L|
~ = aM v  • z
b
⊥ above cent.
q z
b
π 2 ~2 n2 π 2 n2 −6 L z z2+L2/4
2
• σx,n = •
 
~ t∈[0,T]
σp,n = ~ πn
 
hn|p |ni = ~ ·B
µ
H(t)= 0 aχ+ +bχ− 
t<0
i
L2 12 πn L L2 ~2l(l+1) else

χ(t)=
1D Harmonic Oscillator / 3D H= 2a2M
⇒ El = 2a2M
• ψlm = Ylm • m∈−l,..0,1,..l
l∈0,1,2,... ae(qT+ipzz)(χ+) + be−(qT+ipzz)(χ−)t>T
 2D ring. x−b
b y.
⊥ above cent.
•
(λ2πR)
•
z(λ2πR)
z
(R2+z 2)1/2 (R2+z 2)3/2
b

= ~ω(a†a+
V(x) = 12kx2 = 12mω 2 x2 • H  1 1 3D Inf. Spherical Well  T.I. Perturbation Theory: H ≡ H +λH 0 0
2D disk. x−b 2
 2) = ~ω(N+ 2)
q 
b y. q (σπR ) −|z|
 
√ • 2 2
z +R −|z| • 2 1+ q z
0, r ≤ a =⇒ ∂ 2 u = l(l+1) −k2 u k ≡ 2mE .
n o h i
P hψ0 0 0 0 0 0 2 ⊥ above cent. R2 R2
b
ip † pmω
• a = 2~ x− mω ip †
• [a, a ] = 1 V (x) = ∞, H 0|ψ0 0 0
m|H |ψni|ψ0 i 2 = P |hψm|H |ψni| z 2+R2
pmω
a = 2~ x+ mω else r r2 ~ ni=En|ψni |ψ1ni= m En
1 =hψ0 |H 0|ψ0 i 0−E 0
En En0−E 0
√

En n • m6
= n m • m6
= n m 3D sph. shell. 2
(σ4πR )  r>R,
∂x l sinx n q q

† †
[N,a ] = a • [a,N] = a • N |ni = n|ni • a|ni = n|n−1i jl(x) = (−x)l x1


u(r) = Arjl(kr)+Brnl(kr) • (out), (in) • r
• x At origin. r R r2  0else
b
We need to determine the α, β that will
√ j0 = sin x
• n0 = − cos x
nl(x) = −(−x)l x 1
∂x l cosx


If: H 0|ψ0 0 0
q q
ai=E |ψai split the degen. ψ’s into distinct e-val’s
   
x = 2mω ~
a†+a • p = i mω~ a†−a • a†|ni = n+1|n+1i x x x
0 Magnetic Dipoles (~ µ – proton, electron)
2 l l 
 and H |ψ i=E |ψ i cleanly when H is applied. There are two
0 0 0 0
gp e ~
jl(x) ≈ 2(2ll!x b b
~e = −eS
Sp • µ ~µ = µ0 [3(~
~e • B 2µ
~ δ 3(~
1 π

[H,a†]=~ωa† ~ 2 j (x) ≈ cos(x− (l+1)) and maybe more... ways. [1] find A =A† s.t. [A,H 0] = [A,H 0] = 0 µ
~p = µ ·b
r)b µ]+ 0 µ
r −~ r)
[H,a]=−~ωa
• • [H,x]=im p • [H,p]=i~mω x • l

+1)!
−(2l)! x1
x 2 x1 • 2mp me 4πr3 3

1
2 nl(x) ≈ l l+1  nl(x) ≈ x sin(x− π2 (l+1))
 so H 0|ψ0i=E 0|ψ0i which are NOT degen. for the ψ’s in E0 s
En = ~ω(n+ 12) • 1 mω 4

1 mωx
e −2~ Hn mω
p
2 l!x © ©
sub-space (ψ0 0 Electric Dipoles (±|q| sep. by d~ ⇒ p ~
~e = −q d)
ψn = √ n
2 n! π~ ~ x w/ |ψ0i=α|ψ0ai+ a,ψb, ...) and use non-degen.
(hermite poly’s) 2 ∂x jl(x) = xl jl(x)−jl+1(x) • ∂x nl(x) = l
x nl(x)−nl+1(x)
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[2] solve W eigenprob for α, β and E 1 (s). p
R 0 0 3 0 V
~e= ~
rρ(~
r )d ~ ~·b
r • k = q− q ≈ p r E
•
~
= 1
[3(~
p ·b
r)b
r −~
p]− 4π 3
0 3p
~δ (~
r)
 2 +β|ψ i+... r2 k r3
ψn = √1 (a†)nψ0 • n ∈ N≥0 • Hn(x) = (−1)nex ∂x n −x b You hopefully get N E’s and req’d α, β. + −

e ~2βnl
2 
n! Enl = 2ma jl(βnl)=0 (n roots/l) • ψnlm = jl(βnl r/a)Ylm h i W =hψ0|H 0|ψ0i
√ √ 2 Enl →(2l+1)-degen.  h i
• hn|V |ni = 1 En Waa Wab α ij Solve N×N:
p
hn|x|qi = ~/2mω( nδq,n−1 + qδn,q−1 ) 1α  i j
2 Wba Wbb β = E β  |ψ0i=α|ψ0i+β|ψ0i+... ⇒ det(W−λ)=0
© a b