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Psychology - Article 9

Biological psychology studies the biological bases of behavior and mental processes. It examines topics like comparative psychology, perception, and how mental functions may be localized in the brain. Modern neuropsychology originated in the late 19th century with discoveries linking speech production and comprehension to specific brain regions. Contemporary biological psychology includes fields like behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology which investigate the neural mechanisms underlying behaviors and cognitive processes using animal models and neural imaging tools in humans. The biopsychosocial model also takes an integrated approach to understanding consciousness, behavior, and social interaction through biological, psychological, and social factors.

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38 views1 page

Psychology - Article 9

Biological psychology studies the biological bases of behavior and mental processes. It examines topics like comparative psychology, perception, and how mental functions may be localized in the brain. Modern neuropsychology originated in the late 19th century with discoveries linking speech production and comprehension to specific brain regions. Contemporary biological psychology includes fields like behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology which investigate the neural mechanisms underlying behaviors and cognitive processes using animal models and neural imaging tools in humans. The biopsychosocial model also takes an integrated approach to understanding consciousness, behavior, and social interaction through biological, psychological, and social factors.

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9/15/2020 Psychology - Wikipedia

claims to scientific objectivity obscure the values and agenda of (historically mostly male)[37]
researchers. Jean Grimshaw, for example, argues that mainstream psychological research has advanced
a patriarchal agenda through its efforts to control behavior.[68]

Major schools of thought

Biological

Psychologists generally consider the organism the basis of the


mind, and therefore a vitally related area of study.
Psychiatrists and neuropsychologists work at the interface of
mind and body.[69] Biological psychology, also known as
physiological psychology,[70] or neuropsychology is the study
of the biological substrates of behavior and mental processes.
Key research topics in this field include comparative
psychology, which studies humans in relation to other animals,
and perception which involves the physical mechanics of
sensation as well as neural and mental processing.[71] For
False-color representations of cerebral
centuries, a leading question in biological psychology has been
fiber pathways affected, per Van Horn
whether and how mental functions might be localized in the
et al.[V]:3
brain. From Phineas Gage to H.M. and Clive Wearing,
individual people with mental issues traceable to physical
damage have inspired new discoveries in this area.[70] Modern
neuropsychology could be said to originate in the 1870s, when in France Paul Broca traced production of
speech to the left frontal gyrus, thereby also demonstrating hemispheric lateralization of brain function.
Soon after, Carl Wernicke identified a related area necessary for the understanding of speech.[72]

The contemporary field of behavioral neuroscience focuses on physical causes underpinning behavior.
For example, physiological psychologists use animal models, typically rats, to study the neural, genetic,
and cellular mechanisms that underlie specific behaviors such as learning and memory and fear
responses.[73] Cognitive neuroscientists investigate the neural correlates of psychological processes in
humans using neural imaging tools, and neuropsychologists conduct psychological assessments to
determine, for instance, specific aspects and extent of cognitive deficit caused by brain damage or
disease. The biopsychosocial model is an integrated perspective toward understanding consciousness,
behavior, and social interaction. It assumes that any given behavior or mental process affects and is
affected by dynamically interrelated biological, psychological, and social factors.[74]

Evolutionary psychology examines cognition and personality traits from an evolutionary perspective.
This perspective suggests that psychological adaptations evolved to solve recurrent problems in human
ancestral environments. Evolutionary psychology offers complementary explanations for the mostly
proximate or developmental explanations developed by other areas of psychology: that is, it focuses
mostly on ultimate or "why?" questions, rather than proximate or "how?" questions. "How?" questions
are more directly tackled by behavioral genetics research, which aims to understand how genes and
environment impact behavior.[75]

The search for biological origins of psychological phenomena has long involved debates about the
importance of race, and especially the relationship between race and intelligence. The idea of white
supremacy and indeed the modern concept of race itself arose during the process of world conquest by
Europeans.[76] Carl von Linnaeus's four-fold classification of humans classifies Europeans as intelligent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology 9/47

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