Special Publication 09-11

(Replaces Special Publication 00-21)

CHILD ABUSE
RECOGNITION AND
REPORTING
A self-study guide for people
working with children
by
Jackie Reilly, M.S.
Sally Martin, PhD., CFLE
 CHILD ABUSE
RECOGNITION AND
REPORTING

A self-study guide for people

working with children

by
Jackie Reilly, M.S., Area Extension Specialist, Children Youth and Families
Sally Martin, PhD., CFLE, State Extension Specialist, Human Development and Family Studies

The authors wish to thank George Hill for his work on the first Child Abuse Recognition and Reporting
self-study guide. He shared his expertise in educational methodology and helped shape the instructional
approach to this topic at a time when self-study was far less common than it is at present. We appreciate
his contribution.

Formatting by Mara Lea Wright & Sam Mitchell

University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Copyright © 2009, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

This document is accessible online at www.unce.unr.edu

Click on 1) Publications
2) Children, Youth & Families
3) Child Abuse Recognition and Reporting – Reilly, Martin

All rights Reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, modified, published, transmitted, used,
displayed, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical,
photocopy, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher and authoring agency.

The University of Nevada, Reno is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer and does not discriminate on the basis of race,
color, religion, sex, age, creed, national origin, veteran status, physical or mental disability, and in accordance with University policy,
sexual orientation, in any program or activity it operates. The University of Nevada employs only United States citizens and aliens
lawfully authorized to work in the United States.
Copyright © 2009, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

1
 Child Abuse Recognition and Reporting:
A Self-Study Guide for People Working with Children

Goal: The goal of this self-study guide is to help people who work with youth gain an
understanding of child maltreatment and related implications.
Objectives: After reading and completing the quizzes in each section of this guide you will:

„ Be able to list and define four general types of child maltreatment

„ Be aware of potential indicators of child abuse and/or neglect
„ Know where to call to report suspected child abuse and neglect
„ Know what information to include in a report of suspected child maltreatment
„ Know University of Nevada Cooperative Extension’s policies and procedures for reporting
suspected child abuse and neglect and client confidentiality
„ Understand how to respond when a child discloses abuse or neglect
„ Know more about how to interact with children in a manner that helps you and them be safer
„ State why background and criminal checks are necessary

If you have questions about this curriculum, you can contact:

Jackie Reilly, M.S.
Youth Development Specialist
University of Nevada Cooperative Extension
5305 Mill St.
Reno, Nevada 89502
(775) 784-4848
reillyj@unce.unr.edu

2
 Contents

Instructions for users of this study guide .......................................................4

Lesson 1: Child abuse and neglect: An overview .........................................7

Lesson 2: Noticing possible signs of child maltreatment and

responding to a disclosure.............................................................25

Lesson 3: Reporting child abuse and neglect................................................35

Lesson 4: Guidelines for interacting with children.......................................45

Lesson 5: Cooperative Extension policies and protocol ...............................51

References ......................................................................................................56

Evaluation .....................................................................................................57

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 Instructions for Users of this Guide

We at Cooperative Extension welcome you and thank you for your commitment to working with
youth. The topic of child abuse and neglect is an important part of your training. This self-study
guide covers child abuse and neglect issues of special importance to you and anyone who works
with children, youth and families. To get the most from this guide:
„ Read everything carefully and thoroughly.
„ After each section, complete the quizzes.

If you work or volunteer for University of Nevada Cooperative Extension:

„ Read the five lessons and complete all five quizzes, then schedule a meeting with
your supervisor.
„ Review any questions you may have and fill in a printed copy of the Course
Completion Checklist on the following page.
„ Keep a copy of your completed checklist.
„ Your supervisor will send the completed checklist to our administrative offices to
verify that you have completed this training.
„ If you still have questions after meeting with your supervisor, you can call one of the
authors, Jackie Reilly (775) 784-4848.

If you do NOT work for University of Nevada Cooperative Extension, you may want to
check with your supervisor regarding your agency’s training requirements for recognizing and
reporting suspected child maltreatment.

4
 Completion Checklist - for your personnel or employment file

________________________________ has satisfactorily completed the following quizzes:

(print name of individual completing course)

Supervisor and staff/volunteer should initial indicating each quiz completed and agreement with
statements.

Staff/Volunteer Supervisor

Review Quiz #1 - Child abuse and neglect: An overview

Review Quiz #2 - Responding to a disclosure

Review Quiz #3 - Reporting child abuse and neglect

Review Quiz #4 - Guidelines for interacting with children

Review Quiz #5 - Cooperative Extension policies and protocol

I know where to report suspected child maltreatment.

I understand the University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Child Abuse Reporting policies and procedures.

Date Signature
staff/volunteer

Date Signature
supervisor

5
6
 Lesson 1: Child Abuse and Neglect: An Overview
Why should I learn about child abuse and neglect?

This self-study guide focuses on the early detection of child abuse and neglect - a widespread,
insidious problem. In 2006, over 3.3 million referrals involving allegations of maltreatment of 6
million children were reported in the United States; approximately 30 percent of these were
substantiated. In 2006, “an estimated 1,530 children died due to child abuse or neglect; the
overall rate of child fatalities was 2.04 deaths per 100,000 children.” (Child Maltreatment 2006)
The very youngest children, newborn to 3 years old, are at the highest risk of child maltreatment,
with 78 percent of fatalities due to maltreatment being children 3 and younger. (Child
Maltreatment, 2006)

Child abuse and neglect, however, are much more than a set of statistics on a page. Long after
maltreatment has occurred, children may continue to be hurt by abuse and neglect. Abused
children are likely to have other problems - difficulties in school, substance abuse, teen
pregnancy, acting out or even violent behavior. Child abuse and neglect are costly not only to
the victims and their families but also to society. The physical pain and emotional suffering are
often reflected in the extra dollars needed to pay for emergency treatment, foster care, therapy,
special education and even prison facilities. This program is about what we, as people who work
with children, can do to help put a halt to child abuse in our communities. This job is not easy,
but it is one of the most important tasks we can perform.

In Nevada, with very few exceptions, the number of reports of suspected child abuse and neglect
has increased each year. In 2007, 15,812 cases of suspected child abuse or neglect were reported
in Nevada (Nevada Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics, 2007). Nevada ranks among the highest
in the nation in the number of reported cases of child abuse and neglect per capita. The next two
pages provide you with information about the changing number of calls received in Nevada from
1990 to 2007 and number of reports received in each county of Nevada during 2007 (Nevada
Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics, 2007).

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Nevada Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics 1990 - 2007

The child abuse and neglect statistics for each calendar year 1990-2007 reflect reports entered
into the central registry by state and local child protective agencies as required by law and the
State of Nevada Regulations for Child Protective Services.

Questions concerning this report can be directed to the Social Service Specialist in charge of
child abuse statistics with the Division of Child and Family Services, 4126 Technology Way,
Carson City, NV, 89706. Phone (775) 684-4483.

Number of Reports: State of Nevada

Year Unknown Unsubstantiated Substantiated Total

1990 3,130 4,402 4,754 12,286
1991 2,967 5,294 4,597 12,858
1992 2,806 6,403 4,705 13,914
1993 1,941 6,219 4,408 12,568
1994 1,844 6,561 4,924 13,329
1995 1,097 6,890 4,729 12,716
1996 927 7,677 4,954 13,558
1997 938 8,543 5,204 14,685
1998 909 8,053 4,743 13,705
1999 647 8,754 3,983 13,384
2000 620 8,736 3,441 12,797
2001 424 9,494 2,759 12,677
2002 283 10,037 2,875 13,195
2003 30 10,969 2,909 13,908
2004 19 10,566 2,789 13,374
2005 45 11,211 2,903 14,159
2006 3 11,726 3,130 14,859
2007 30 12,745 3,037 15,812

Glossary of Terms
Types of Reports

• Unknown: The receiving/investigating agency was unable to locate the alleged

perpetrator and/or interview the child; there was insufficient information or
evidence; or the information was too old to pursue.

• Unsubstantiated: No maltreatment was found through the investigation/assessment

process.

• Substantiated: The reported abusive or neglectful situation/incident was confirmed

through the investigation/assessment process.

Source: Nevada Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics 2007. State of Nevada, Division of Child and Family Services.

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Nevada Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics 2007
The table below presents the numbers of child abuse/neglect reports received by county in the
2007 calendar year.
Number of Reports: Nevada Counties

COUNTY UNKNOWN UNSUBSTANTIATED SUB- TOTAL

STANTIATED REPORTS
Carson City 0 423 60 483
Churchill 1 263 58 322
Clark 9 8,079 1958 10,046
Douglas 0 211 15 226
Elko 4 334 56 394
Esmeralda 0 5 1 6
Eureka 0 18 2 20
Humboldt 5 134 26 165
Lander 0 57 6 63
Lincoln 0 24 3 27
Lyon 1 406 61 468
Mineral 0 28 9 37
Nye 1 268 115 384
Pershing 0 54 16 70
Storey 0 12 2 14
Washoe 8 2,284 631 2,923
White Pine 1 143 18 162
Total Rural NV 13 2,382 448 2,843
NEVADA 30 12,745 3037 15,812
Source: Nevada Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics 2007. State of Nevada, Division of Child and Family Services.

Not all reported cases are substantiated. As you can see from the definitions for “unknown” and
“unsubstantiated” on page 8, there are many reasons for this. A 30 to 40 percent substantiation
rate occurs in Nevada and across the nation.

9
The following charts list types of abuse that occurred repeatedly in Nevada in 2007 and who the
perpetrators were. Children may experience multiple forms of abuse and/or neglect. Because
some children are maltreated more than one time and in more than one way, the number of
incidents exceeds the number of substantiated cases. In the first table below, note that neglect is
the most prevalent form of maltreatment in Nevada, followed by physical abuse.

Type of Maltreatment for Substantiated Cases Only

Number of Incidents Percentage of

Type of Maltreatment to Children Total Incidents
Neglect 8,204 78.08
Physical Abuse 1,316 12.52
Emotional Abuse/Neglect 651 6.19
Sexual Abuse/Exploitation 340 3.23
Fatal 6 0.06
Total 10,511 100.00

You may notice in the table before that natural parents are the most frequent perpetrators of child
abuse and neglect. This is not the case, however, with regard to sexual abuse. More
nonbiological caregivers are perpetrators of sexual abuse than parents or relatives.

Perpetrator’s Relationship to Child

Relationship to Victim(s) % of Total Relationships to Victims

Natural Parent (mother/father) 86.78
Other 5.41
Stepparent 3.53
Boyfriend/Girlfriend 0.87
Foster Parent 0.64
Adoptive Parent 0.49
Other Relative 0.29
Unknown 0.15
Babysitter 0.10
Institution Staff 0.10
Parent Teen 0.01

Child maltreatment is usually categorized as one of four types: Physical Abuse, Emotional
Abuse, Sexual Abuse or Neglect. We will be defining and explaining each of these in further
detail later in this study guide.

10
If you are uncomfortable.
Because child abuse and neglect are widespread, it is quite possible that some of the people
reading this may be survivors of child abuse and/or neglect. We know that this topic may not be
easy for anyone who has been a victim nor is it easy for others. We acknowledge and respect
that and hope this training will not be too uncomfortable for you. But if you do find this
experience evoking feelings of sadness, pain or anger about being a survivor, please take the
steps necessary to take care of yourself by seeking the help of a trained professional therapist. If
you need to talk with someone, you can call one of the following Crisis Call Center lines: in
Nevada 1-800-992-5757 or, if you can’t get through on the 800 number, you can call 775-784-
8090.

If you feel frustrated.

We also realize that you may be aware of a suspected case that was reported, and it seemed as
though nothing happened. This can occur due to human errors, lack of substantiation following
investigation, or legal complications. Such an experience can be frustrating and heartbreaking.
Additionally, you may be aware of people who have been falsely accused of child abuse and
neglect. This can be devastating to a person and his or her family. It is important to know,
however, that false reports made by children are rare. Nevertheless, adults will sometimes use
children to "get back at" or "get even with" another adult by having the child lie about abuse.
Despite occasional problems, we need to report suspected abuse or neglect and let the
professional investigators do their job.

He or she?
As you read this guide, we will refer to "he" or "she.” We like to be fair, so we will alternate
between using he and she, but remember, when we use either one, we are referring to all people.

11
Global and historical perspective.
Child abuse and neglect is a global concern and problem. Although there are different
definitions of child abuse and sexual practices across the world, child abuse and neglect happen
in all the countries of the world.

Additionally, what we now define as child abuse has not always been seen as inappropriate. In
the past, children and women were considered property of their fathers and husbands. Use of
physical force was considered appropriate and, in fact, expected to “make” them do what the
man wanted. That is, it was not considered wrong to beat children or women into “proper”
behavior.

12
Defining Child Abuse and Neglect

According to Nevada State law NRS 432B.020:

1. “Abuse or neglect of a child” means, except as otherwise provided in subsection 2:

(a) Physical or mental injury of a non-accidental nature;
(b) Sexual abuse or sexual exploitation; or
(c) Negligent treatment or maltreatment as set forth in NRS 432B.140,
of a child caused or allowed by a person responsible for his welfare under circumstances which
indicate that the child's health or welfare is harmed or threatened with harm.
2. A child is not abused or neglected, nor is his health or welfare harmed or threatened for the
sole reason that his:
(a) Parent delivers the child to a provider of emergency services pursuant to NRS 432B.630, if
the parent complies with the requirements of paragraph (a) of subsection 3 of that section; or
(b) Parent or guardian, in good faith, selects and depends upon nonmedical remedial treatment
for such child, if such treatment is recognized and permitted under the laws of this state in lieu of
medical treatment. This paragraph does not limit the court in ensuring that a child receive a
medical examination and treatment pursuant to NRS 62.280.
3. As used in this section, “allow” means to do nothing to prevent or stop the abuse or neglect of
a child in circumstances where the person knows or has reason to know that a child is abused or
neglected.
(Added to NRS by 1985, 1368; A 2001, 1255; 2003, 1149)

Child maltreatment can be categorized and defined in one of four major areas: physical abuse,
emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. There are two kinds of indicators of child
maltreatment: physical and behavioral. Both physical signs and behavioral symptoms can be
used to help identify potential victims. Physical indicators, such as injuries, can be easier to
detect, but injuries are not always visible or external. The child’s behavior also can be an
important clue. In some cases, behavior may be the only indication of abuse or neglect.

NOTE: When reviewing lists of indicators for abuse and neglect, keep in mind that these are
indicators. If a child exhibits a behavior or symptom, it does not automatically mean that she
has been abused or neglected. For example, a child with a new baby in the family may start
acting like a baby due to the changes in the family structure. In this case, abuse is not the
cause of the behavior. Adults need to be alert to the presence of a combination of indicators
over a period of time. Research also suggests that there are a number of other symptoms
displayed by children that may indicate abuse or neglect. The presence of a single indicator
does not automatically mean abuse or neglect has occurred. However, a single indicator may
warrant your attention, depending on what it is. For example, if the single indicator suggests a
serious problem — such as unexplained burn marks — you should report. On the other hand,
if the single indicator could easily be the result of something other than child maltreatment —
such as speech delays — then you could observe and try to get more information.

13
Physical Abuse is any act which results in a nonaccidental physical injury (intentional, deliberate
assault such as burning, cutting, twisting of limbs, hitting, biting, poking, shaking or excessive
corporal punishment). Physical abuse also includes any permanent or temporary disfigurement
or impairment of the body. “Nonaccidental” means an injury resulting from an event that a
person responsible for a child could reasonably predict, even if the person did not intend to abuse
or neglect the child.

Some physical indicators of physical abuse include unexplained:

„ bruises, bites and welts
„ fractures
„ cuts, scratches or abrasions
„ burns

Some behavioral indicators of physical abuse are present when a child:

„ is wary of adult contacts
„ is apprehensive when other children cry
„ exhibits behavioral extremes, such as aggression or withdrawal
„ is afraid to go home
„ reports injury

A special case of physical abuse is Shaken Baby Syndrome. Shaken Baby Syndrome is a severe
form of head injury that occurs when a baby is shaken forcibly enough to cause the baby’s brain
to bounce against his or her skull (National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome, n.d.). This may
cause bruising, swelling and bleeding (intracerebral hemorrhage) of the brain which may lead to
permanent, severe brain damage or even death. It usually occurs in children younger than 2 years
old, but may be seen in children up to the age of 5.

Some behavioral indicators of Shaken Baby Syndrome may include:

• Lethargy, sluggishness or nonresponsiveness
• Loss of consciousness
• Pale or bluish skin
• Vomiting
• Convulsions

14
Emotional abuse includes excessive verbal assaults on a continuous basis, such as: put downs,
threats, sarcasm, screaming or blaming. It also includes chronically ignoring and/or rejecting a
child. Emotional or mental abuse includes an injury to the intellectual or psychological capacity
or the emotional condition of a child as evidenced by an observable and substantial impairment
of his ability to function within his normal range of performance or behavior.

Some physical indicators of emotional abuse:

„ speech disorders
„ delays in physical development
„ failure to thrive
„ poor appetite
„ daytime toilet accidents

Some behavioral indicators of emotional abuse:

„ sucking, biting or rocking
„ has antisocial behavior
„ exhibits developmental lags
„ seems depressed
„ attempts suicide
„ has poor social skills
„ has problems with peers
„ exhibits extremes in behavior, such as overly
aggressive or overly passive

15
Sexual abuse is sexual activity between a child and another person and usually includes an
element of unequal power or coercion. Children, 16 years of age or younger, are not considered
consenting participants. Sexual assault happens when one person uses threats or bribes to
engage the other person in sexual activity or when one of the persons exploits the other.
Exploitation occurs when individuals use a situation to their own advantage without regard for
the other person. Sexual assault includes, but is not limited to: rape, oral sex, anal intercourse,
incest, fondling or obscene remarks. Sexual exploitation includes, but is not limited to: taking
pornographic pictures or movies of minors, promoting prostitution by minors, obscene phone
calls or inappropriate exposure of genetalia. Normal exploration between young children of the
same age, such as "playing doctor," is not considered sexual abuse.

Some physical indicators of sexual abuse include:

„ difficulty in walking or sitting
„ torn, stained or bloody underclothing
„ painful, itching, bruised, bleeding or inflamed genital or anal areas
„ Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
„ pregnancy
„ unusual or foul odor

Some behavioral indicators of sexual abuse include:

„ withdrawal, fantasy or infantile behavior
„ depression
„ bizarre, sophisticated or unusual sexual knowledge
„ delinquency or running away
„ excessive masturbation
„ report of sexual assault
„ act out sexual behavior
„ aggression

16
Neglect is lack of care or attention to a child by a parent or caregiver that endangers a child's
health or welfare, including: failure to provide food, clothing or shelter, lack of medical care,
education, supervision or failing to protect a child from abuse. It is considered negligence when
lack of care is due to the behavior, faults or habits (such as illegal drug use) of the person
responsible for the child's welfare or when adults refuse to provide the care and attention, and
they are able to do so. Living in poverty does not automatically mean that parents are neglectful.

Some physical indicators of neglect:

„ is consistently hungry
„ has poor hygiene
„ is underweight or exhibits other signs of malnutrition
„ has developmental delays
„ lack of consistent supervision
„ has speech problems
„ is not dressed appropriately
„ has unattended physical problems or medical abandonment

Some behavioral indicators of neglect:

„ begs or steals food
„ is overly passive
„ stays at program for extended periods
„ is easily frustrated or angry
„ exhibits constant fatigue
„ asks for lots of help
„ abuses alcohol or drugs
„ is inattentive or impulsive
„ is delinquent
„ states there is no caregiver
„ is overly dependent on leader or teacher

17
Effects of child maltreatment
In summary, we have focused on four types of child maltreatment: physical abuse (any act that
results in a nonaccidental physical injury), emotional abuse (injury to the intellectual or
psychological capacity or the emotional well-being of the child), sexual abuse (sexual assault or
any sexual exploitation), and neglect (lack of care which endangers the child's health or welfare).

The long-term effects of all types of maltreatment can be devastating. They can include
substance abuse, psychological problems, and suicide. Reporting suspected abuse or neglect can
help to stop the destructive process and start the healing process.

Characteristics of people who abuse or neglect children

Abused and neglected children are found in families at all economic levels, from all racial and
ethnic backgrounds and from every geographic location. People are more likely to behave in
ways that can hurt children or lead to child abuse and neglect when they are unable to take good
care of themselves. When children fail to live up to parents’ expectations, parents may become
frustrated and lash out at their children. By participating in parenting, prevention or therapy
programs, parents can take better care of themselves and their children.

18
The following tables provide information about the characteristics of people who abuse children.

Child maltreatment is more likely to occur in homes in which there is:

„ stress of poverty and unemployment
„ lack of social support to help parents do a good job of parenting
„ conflict and/or violence between spouses or partners
„ limited child development knowledge
„ a child who has special needs, is hard to comfort, or challenging to raise

Additionally, abuse and neglect are more likely to occur when parents or caregivers:
„ abuse alcohol or other substances
„ have mental health problems
„ are highly vulnerable to the stress of caring for children
„ have low self-esteem and feel isolated
„ use more physical punishment than positive guidance
„ were abused themselves as children
„ have unrealistic expectations or their children’s abilities and behavior

Note the characteristics of child sexual abusers:

„ more nonbiological caregivers (like step or adoptive parents, baby-sitters, boyfriends
or girlfriends) sexually abuse than do birth parents and relatives
„ more males than females sexually abuse
„ children are sexually abused more often by people they know than by strangers

19
In summary, research suggests that abusive or neglectful families are usually experiencing stress
of some kind. However, not all families experiencing stress are abusive or neglectful. Being
supportive of a family during stressful times may be a successful prevention method.

QUIZ TIME: Complete REVIEW QUIZ #1 on the next page now. After completing the quiz
check your answers on the page following the quiz. Review the information in the guide if
necessary and note any questions for your supervisor.

20
 REVIEW QUIZ #1

Child Abuse and Neglect: An Overview

Name: ____________________________________ Date: _________________________

1. What are four types of child maltreatment? From the list below please circle those four.
a. Physical abuse d. Emotional abuse
b. Sexual abuse e. Nutritional abuse
c. Alcohol abuse f. Neglect

2. Emotional abuse can be defined as: (circle one)

a. Any behavior which physically harms a child
b. Excessive verbal assaults on a continuous basis, ignoring and/or harming the
psychological capacity of a child
c. Any sexual activity between a child and an adult
d. Any behavior which results in the child being neglected

3. What are two indicators of emotional abuse?

4. Physical abuse can be defined as: (circle one)

a. Any sexual activity between a child and an adult
b. Any behavior which emotionally harms a child
c. Any behavior which causes injury to a child and is nonaccidental
d. Any behavior which results in the child being neglected.

5. What are two indicators of physical abuse?

6. Sexual abuse can be defined as: (circle one)

a. Any behavior which physically harms a child
b. Any behavior which emotionally harms a child
c. Sexual activity between a child under age 16 and another person, usually
involving coercion
d. Any behavior which results in the child being neglected

7. What are two indicators of sexual abuse?

8. Neglect can be defined as: (circle one)

21
 a. Lack of attention by the primary caregiver to the child’s welfare
b. Any behavior which physically harms a child
c. Any behavior which emotionally harms a child
d. Any behavior which supports the child

9. What are two indicators of neglect?

10. Which of the following are characteristics of people more likely to abuse or neglect children?
(circle all that apply)
a. Little child development knowledge
b. Abuse alcohol or other substances
c. Older parents
d. A lot of conflict between parents
e. Have children who are very demanding
f. Take care of themselves

11. True or False Children are most often sexually abused by strangers.

12. True or False Abuse is more likely to occur in families that use more physical
punishment than positive guidance.

13. True or False Physical abuse is the type of child maltreatment most often
occurring in Nevada.

22
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUIZ #1

Child Abuse and Neglect: An Overview

1. The four types of child maltreatment are:
Physical abuse Emotional abuse
Sexual abuse Neglect

2. Emotional abuse can be defined as:

a. Excessive verbal assaults on a continuous basis, ignoring and/or harming the
psychological capacity of a child. See page 15 for more information.

3. What are two indicators of emotional abuse?

See page 15 for a list of behavioral and physical indicators.

4. Physical abuse can be defined as:

Behavior which intentionally causes physical injury to a child. See page 14 for more
information.

5. What are two indicators of physical abuse?

See page 14 for a list of behavioral and physical indicators.

6. Sexual abuse of a child can be defined as:

Any sexual activity between a child and another person. See page 16
for a detailed definition.

7. What are two indicators of sexual abuse?

See page 16 for a list of behavioral and physical indicators.

8. Neglect can be defined as:

Lack of attention by the primary caregiver to the child’s welfare. See page 17 for a definition.

9. What are two indicators of neglect?

See page 17 for a list of behavioral and physical indicators.

23
10. The following are characteristics of people more likely to abuse or neglect children
a. Little child development knowledge
b. Abuse alcohol or other substances
d. A lot of conflict between parents
e. Have children who are very demanding

The following two characteristics DO NOT indicate an increased risk for child maltreatment:
c. There is no evidence that an older parent is more likely to abuse or neglect a child.
f. Parents who take care of themselves, such as getting enough sleep and asking friends to
help out, are less likely to abuse or neglect their children.

11. True or False Children are most often sexually abused by strangers.

This statement is false. The correct statement would be: Children are most often
sexually abused by people they know. Sexual assault by strangers does occur, but most
often children are sexually abused by someone they know.

12. True or False Abuse is more likely to occur in families that use more physical
punishment than positive guidance.

This statement is true.

13. True or False Physical abuse is the type of child maltreatment most often
occurring in Nevada.

This statement is false. There are more incidents of neglect than any other type of
maltreatment. Physical abuse is second in frequency.

24
 Lesson 2: Noticing Possible Signs of Child Maltreatment
And
Responding to a Disclosure

In Lesson 1, you learned about the incidence of child maltreatment as well as some physical and
behavioral indicators of physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. In Lesson 2,
you will have the opportunity to read about a particular situation, look for indicators of abuse or
neglect and think about what the signs that you are noticing might mean. You also will learn
what to do if a child begins to tell you — either very directly or somewhat indirectly — that she
is being abused or neglected. Keep in mind that most children won’t realize that what is
happening to them is called child abuse or neglect; they may just be frightened or in pain. It is
our responsibility to notice and report possible abuse and neglect and know how to respond to a
child who approaches us for help.

Scenarios: Pick Two

Select two of the four scenarios below. For each of the two that you pick: 1) Identify what type
of abuse or neglect you think might be occurring. 2) Write down the indicators that you see. 3)
Write down what you would do. After you have completed two scenarios, turn to the end of the
chapter to see how your answers compare with the analysis of the scenarios. If your answers are
very different from those provided at the end of the chapter, think about why that may be. Talk
with your supervisor or one of the faculty members listed on page 53 if you have any questions
or concerns.

Scenario 1: The Preschool Teacher Asks for Your Advice

You are providing food safety training to a group of preschool teachers. On the break, one of the
teachers asks if he could talk to you. He says that he is worried about a 4-year-old in his
classroom who never wants to eat anything. He also tells you that this little girl often has toilet
accidents during the day and that all the other children call her a baby. She reacts by sucking her
thumb and sitting in a corner or by hitting the other children. She is small for her age. The
teacher doesn’t know how to get her to eat and is worried about these other behaviors as well and
hopes that you will have some suggestions for him.

1) What type of abuse/neglect might this be?________________________________

2) List the indicators or symptoms that you see:
____________________________ _________________________

____________________________ _________________________

____________________________ __________________________

3) What would you do?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

25
 Scenario 2: 4-H Member Shows Photos at Meeting

You are a 4-H leader and you notice that one of the children in your group has brought photos to
the meeting and is showing them to the other children. You look over her shoulder and are
surprised to see that, in the photos, she is posing in a skimpy bikini and in one photo, she has
taken off her top even though her back is to the camera. You ask if she took the pictures while
on vacation and she says, “Oh no, my uncle took the pictures while I was at his house. He calls
me his little sweetie and says that I will grow up to be a model. He’s helping me practice. He
takes my picture all the time!

1) What type of abuse/neglect might this be?________________________________

2) List the indicators or symptoms that you see:
____________________________ _________________________

____________________________ _________________________

____________________________ __________________________

3) What would you do?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Scenario 3: The Challenging Child in Your After School Program

Jan is in your after-school program and can be pretty challenging. He often gets frustrated when
trying to do his homework and seems to be asking for help all the time. Even though he is thin,
he often begs for more snack and sometimes sneaks it when you aren’t looking. He has shown
up today wearing shorts and a short-sleeved T-shirt even though snow is predicted. You ask him
why he didn’t wear warmer clothes, and he says that his dad was asleep this morning, and his
mom was gone. He couldn’t find the rest of his clothes that his dad took to the laundromat. As
usual, it is time to go home, and whoever is supposed to pick Jan up is late.

1) What type of abuse/neglect might this be?________________________________

2) List the indicators or symptoms that you see:
____________________________ _________________________

____________________________ _________________________

____________________________ __________________________

3) What would you do?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

26
 Scenario 4: The Kid Having Trouble with the Challenge Course

You are developing a challenge course for preteens and have invited a group to try it out. When
it’s time to cross a make-believe stream by hanging from a bar, one of the boys winces and drops
from the bar. You ask if he hurt himself and he replies, “No, I pinched my fingers in a door last
night, and it still hurts.” You ask to see and notice that it looks like he has burn marks on his
fingers. When you ask if he burned his hand as well, he says, “Well, no, my dad got a little
careless with a cigarette. I think he drank too much beer.”

1) What type of abuse/neglect might this be?________________________________

2) List the indicators or symptoms that you see:
____________________________ _________________________

____________________________ _________________________

____________________________ __________________________

3) What would you do?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Disclosure: Sometimes a child will tell you

Once in awhile, children will tell a teacher or other adult that someone has hurt them. They may
reveal that they are afraid of an adult or afraid to go home. They may say that they are left alone
or that there is no food at home. How you respond when a child discloses possible maltreatment
is very important. Many children find it very difficult to tell someone about abuse or neglect
that is occurring to them. Often children will wait a long time before disclosing. Children may
not realize that they are being treated differently than other kids. Frequently, children love and
want to be loved by the person who is treating them inappropriately. Additionally, they may
start to tell someone and, if the person reacts with disgust or doesn't believe them, they will stop
disclosing the events and won't confide in anyone until they feel brave enough or until some
major event happens. Because of this, it is important to respond in a calm, supportive and
appropriate manner.

27
 Suggestions regarding responding to a disclosure of abuse include:

ƒ Be on the same eye level as the child; be tactful and have no physical barriers
between you and the child.

ƒ Assess the child's safety needs and the urgency of the situation.

ƒ Don't interrogate or interview the child.

ƒ Listen to the child.

ƒ Don’t comment on the child’s situation as being bad or good; let the child tell her
own story; leave out your own assumptions and value judgments.

ƒ Be calm and in control of your responses and emotions.

ƒ Find out what the child wants from you.

ƒ Validate the child's feelings.

ƒ Believe the child and be supportive.

ƒ Assure the child that you care, you are still her friend, and she is not to blame.

ƒ Don't react with disgust.

ƒ Let the child know what you will do. Do not make promises you cannot keep.

ƒ Tell the child you're glad she told you.

ƒ Tell the child you will try to get him some help.

ƒ Tell the child you will have to tell someone whose job it is to help kids with these
kinds of situations.

ƒ Do not talk about the disclosure to other children or adults other than to report
suspicions.

Remember, it is important to build trust. Do not talk about the disclosure to other children or
adults, except when you are reporting to the authorities. Tell the child that you will be reporting
this to someone who will try to help. Telling the child this will help build a sense of trust, and
she will not be surprised when she finds out that you told someone. The effects of child abuse or
neglect can last a lifetime and affect all parts of a person's life. As soon as possible after a
28
disclosure, when you are not with the child, write down what the child said. This will help you
remember details that may be easily forgotten.

Again, remember we are not expecting you to be an investigator. Your job is to report any
suspicions of child abuse and neglect that you may have. Check your agency’s policy regarding
informing supervisors about suspected child maltreatment. If you suspect child abuse or neglect
you must report your suspicions to the appropriate agency. Telling your supervisor does not
fulfill that requirement.

Compare Your Answers on the Scenarios

Find the two scenarios that you read below and compare your answers to those given. It is not
easy to report suspected child abuse and neglect. Learning what to look for and providing
information can help the investigator determine what the problem is and how to help the child
and family. When reporting, you do not have to indicate what type of abuse you think may be
occurring. You can simply say that you are concerned and report, as accurately as possible, what
you have seen, how the child has behaved, and any comments the child has made that may
indicate a problem with child maltreatment.

Scenario 1: The Preschool Teacher Asks for Your Advice

You are providing food safety training to a group of preschool teachers. On the break, one of
them asks if he could talk to you. He says that he is worried about a four year old in his
classroom who never wants to eat anything. He also tells you that this little girl often has toilet
accidents during the day and that all the other children call her a baby. She reacts by sucking her
thumb and sitting in a corner or by hitting the other children. She is small for her age. The
teacher doesn’t know how to get her to eat and is worried about these other behaviors as well and
hopes that you will have some suggestions for him.

1) What type of abuse/neglect might this be? Emotional Abuse

2) List the indicators or symptoms that you see:
___Poor appetite ___Daytime toilet accidents
___Sucking her thumb ___Problems with peers
___Poor social skills ___Delays in physical development

3) What would you do?

Besides emotional abuse, there could be other reasons for the problems that you are
observing. This little girl could have special needs; there might be major changes at home that
are related to these behaviors. You could talk with the preschool teacher to see if the teacher
had talked with the parents about this little girl or knows of any others reasons for these
behaviors. However, it sounds as though the teacher also is concerned about the child. Because
you have been told about this child, you have a responsibility to report suspected emotional
abuse. The preschool teacher is also a mandated reporter. In this situation, you and the
preschool teacher might be able to report together what the teacher has seen along with your
concerns about this little girl. However, you have a responsibility to report even if the preschool
teacher does not do so.

29
 Scenario 2: 4-H Member Shows Photos at Meeting

You are a 4-H leader and you notice that one of the children in your group has brought photos to
the meeting and is showing them to the other children. You look over her shoulder and are
surprised to see that, in the photos, she is posing in a skimpy bikini and in one photo, she has
taken off her top even though her back is to the camera. You ask if she took the pictures while
on vacation and she says, “Oh no, my uncle took the pictures while I was at his house. He calls
me his little sweetie and says that I will grow up to be a model. He’s helping me practice. He
takes my picture all the time!

1) What type of abuse/neglect might this be? Sexual abuse

2) List the indicators or symptoms that you see:
___Inappropriate photos ___Exploitation by the uncle
___Coercion

3) What would you do?

You should report what you have seen and heard along with your concerns.

Scenario 3: The Challenging Child in Your After School Program

Jan is in your after-school program and can be pretty challenging. He often gets frustrated when
trying to do his homework and seems to be asking for help all the time. Even though he is thin,
he often begs for more snacks and sometimes sneaks it when you aren’t looking. He has shown
up today wearing shorts and a short-sleeved t-shirt even though snow is predicted. You ask him
why he didn’t wear warmer clothes, and he says that his dad was asleep this morning, and his
mom was gone. He couldn’t find the rest of his clothes that his dad took to the laundromat. As
usual, it is time to go home, and whoever is supposed to pick Jan up is late.

1) What type of abuse/neglect might this be? Neglect

2) List the indicators or symptoms that you see:
___Easily frustrated ___Asks for lots of help
___Hungry, begs for food ___Inappropriate dress
___Lack of supervision

3) What would you do?

You should make a list of what you have observed, your concerns, and report possible neglect.
This family may need help in obtaining adequate food and clothing, or in providing appropriate
supervision and care for this child.

30
 Scenario 4: The Kid Having Trouble with the Challenge Course

You are developing a challenge course for preteens and have invited a group to try it out. When
it’s time to cross a make believe stream by hanging from a bar, one of the boys winces and drops
from the bar. You ask if he hurt himself and he replies, “No, I pinched my fingers in a door last
night, and it still hurts.” You ask to see and notice that it looks like he has burn marks on his
fingers. When you ask if he burned his hand as well, he says, “Well, no, my dad got a little
careless with a cigarette. I think he drank too much beer.”

1) What type of abuse/neglect might this be? Physical Abuse

2) List the indicators or symptoms that you see:
___Injuries including burns ___Child reports injury

3) What would you do? You need to write down what happened and what this boy said, and
report it. Even if the adult did not intend to injure this child, the boy does seem to have
sustained burns. It is possible that the child is being neglected as well as physically abused.

QUIZ TIME: Complete REVIEW QUIZ #2 now. After completing the quiz, check your
answers on the page following the quiz. Review the information in the guide if necessary and
note any questions for your supervisor.

31
 REVIEW QUIZ #2
Noticing Possible Signs of Child Maltreatment and Responding to a Disclosure

Name: ____________________________________ Date: _________________

1. The list below contains several statements that may or may not assist an adult in building a sense of
trust with a child who has made a disclosure. Please circle all that will help the child who is telling
you about maltreatment.

a. Do not interrogate or interview the child.

b. Tell the child the person who hurt them is bad and disgusting.
c. Validate the child’s feelings.
d. Let your emotions show to the child.
e. Tell the child that you will have to tell someone whose job it is to help kids with these
kinds of problems.
f. Don’t believe anything the child tells you.
g. Find out what the child wants from you.

2. True or False When talking with a child about being abused you should be as calm and
relaxed as possible and sit without any barriers between you and the child.
3. True or False You should tell the child you will try to get him some help.

4. True or False You should tell the child that you will take care of everything.

5. True or False You should be certain that the child was abused before you report.

6. True or False You should tell the child that you care about her and you are glad she
talked with you.

32
 ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUIZ #2
Responding to a Disclosure

1. The following responses to a child’s disclosure of maltreatment can help build a sense of trust and
support the child.
a. Do not interrogate or interview the child.
c. Validate the child’s feelings.
e. Tell the child that you will have to tell someone whose job it is to help kids with these kinds
of problems.
g. Find out what the child wants from you.

2. True or False When talking with a child about being abused you should be as
calm and relaxed as possible and sit without any barriers between you
and the child.

This statement is true.

3. True or False You should tell the child you will try to get him some help.

This statement is true.

4. True or False You should tell the child that you will take care of everything.

This statement is false. The correct statement would be: Tell the child that you will try
to get her some help and that you are going to talk with someone who helps children with
problems like this. Only commit to what you can do.

5. True or False You should be certain that the child was abused before you report.

This statement is false. The correct statement would be: You must report suspicions of
child maltreatment. It is not your job to investigate.

6. True or False You should tell the child that you care about her and you are glad she
talked with you.

This statement is true.

33
34
 Lesson 3: Reporting Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect

Legal Considerations
There are certain legal considerations regarding reporting suspected child abuse and/or neglect.
Nevada Revised Statute 432B.220 requires that any person who is employed by or
volunteers for any agency that provides care for children (for example, at camp, club
meetings, etc.) must report any suspected child abuse or neglect within 24 hours of
becoming aware of such a concern. You may be charged with a misdemeanor if it is
discovered that you had reason to believe that a child was being abused or neglected and you did
not make a report.

In Washoe County, if you work for a child care facility, regulations require you to report
suspicions of child maltreatment within one hour.

Persons making a report of suspected child abuse or neglect can't be prosecuted or sued if the
report is made without malicious intent. According to Nevada law, the person and agency
receiving the report must maintain the anonymity of the person making the report.

Do not investigate; to do so may jeopardize the child's safety as well as any legal action pending
as a result of the abuse (Nelson and Clark, 1986). Reporting can and does help many children
and their families. The initial process may be painful, but it can be productive. Generally, the
child likes and/or loves the person who is abusing her; she just wants the abusive behavior to
stop. And most parents love their children and want to be good parents, but some may need help
and support to be good parents.

35
Who Must Report
Any person can make a report. Any mandatory reporter who suspects that a child is suffering
from any type of maltreatment is legally required to report that suspicion to appropriate
authorities. There are numerous types of mandatory reporters, including “any adult person who
is employed by an entity that provides organized activities for children.” (NRS 432.B121 (1)
(K))
Nevada Revised Statue 432B.220 requires that “reports must be made by the following persons
who, in their professional or occupational capacities, know or have reason to believe that a
child has been abused or neglected.
a. A physician, dentist, dental hygienist, chiropractor, optometrist, podiatric physician, medical
examiner, resident intern, professional or practical nurse, physician assistant licensed
pursuant to chapter 630 or 633 of NRS, psychiatrist, psychologist, marriage and family
therapist, clinical professional therapist, clinical alcohol and drug abuse counselor, alcohol
and drug abuse counselor, clinical social worker, athletic trainer, advanced emergency
medical technician or other person providing medical services licensed or certified in this
state;

b. Any personnel of a hospital or similar institution engaged in the admission, examination, care
or treatment of persons or an administrator, manager or other person in charge of a hospital
or similar institution upon notification of suspected abuse or neglect of a child by a member of
the staff of the hospital;

c. A coroner;
d. A clergyman, practitioner of Christian Science or religious healer, unless he has acquired the
knowledge of the abuse or neglect from the offender during a confession;

e. A social worker and an administrator, teacher, librarian or counselor of a school;

f. Any person who maintains or is employed by a facility or establishment that provides care for
children, children’s camp or other public or private facility, institution or agency furnishing
care to a child;

g. Any person licensed to conduct a foster home;

h. Any officer or employee of a law enforcement agency or an adult or juvenile probation officer;

i. An attorney, unless he has acquired the knowledge of the abuse or neglect from a client who is
or may be accused of the abuse or neglect; and

j. Any person who maintains, is employed by or serves as a volunteer for an agency or service
which advises persons regarding abuse or neglect of a child and refers them to persons and
agencies where their requests and needs can be met.”

k. Any person who is employed by or serves as a volunteer for an approved youth shelter. As used
in this paragraph, “approved youth shelter” has the meaning ascribed to it in NRS 244.422.

36
l. Any adult person who is employed by an entity that provides organized activities for children.
Any person required to report under this section who has reasonable cause to believe that a child
has died as a result of abuse or neglect shall report this belief to the appropriate medical
examiner or coroner.

Anyone required to make a report who knowingly and willfully violates the provisions of
NRS432B.220 is guilty of a misdemeanor. Persons required to report may not invoke any of the
privileges granted under Chapter 49 of NRS relating to patient or client confidentiality.

What to Report
According to NRS432B.230, a child abuse or neglect report may be made verbally by telephone
or otherwise. The report must contain the following information if obtainable:
a. The name, address, age and sex of the child;
b. The name and address of the child’s parents or other person responsible for his care;
c. The nature and extent of the abuse or neglect of the child;
d. Any evidence of previously known or suspected abuse or neglect of the child or the child’s
siblings;
e. The name, address and relationship, if known, of the person who is alleged to have abused or
neglected the child; and
f. Any other information known to the person making the report that the agency which
provides protective services considers necessary.
Don't fail to make a report even if you don't have all of the information.

Reporting Practice
Take a few minutes to practice reporting a suspicion of child maltreatment. Using the scenarios
in Lesson 2, select one or two of the scenarios and complete the following form as if you were
making a report. Practicing this will make it a bit easier if you need to make a report at some
time. You’ll want to think about how you tell the caseworker about your concerns and the report
can help you with that process. If you use a form such as the following form for an actual report
of concern, be sure that you either keep it in a confidential location or shred it.

37
 Suggested Information Form
Information that will be helpful in making a report of suspected child maltreatment

Date of report _____________ Time of report _____________

Your name __________________ Name of program _______________________________

How you know child: ________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Program Phone __________________________

Child’s name ___________________________ Age ____ Gender __ M __ F

Child’s home address _____________________________________________________

Phone ____________________________ School _______________ Grade _______

Name of parent or guardian ________________________ Phone ________________

Address (if different than child’s) __________________________________________

Parent’s workplace ____________________________ Work Phone ______________

Name of suspected abuser ________________________________________________

Address ______________________________________________________________

Phone ____________________ Relationship to child _________________________

Type of suspected abuse __ Physical __ Emotional __ Neglect __ Sexual

Notes (Why do you believe there is a reason to suspect child abuse or neglect has occurred? List
facts, such as what was seen or heard, when, where, etc.)

Agency that suspected abuse was reported to ___________________________________

Name of person taking report _______________________________________________

The University of Nevada, Reno is an equal opportunity affirmative action employer and does not discriminate on
the basis of race, color, religion, sex, age, creed, national origin, veteran status, physical or mental disability, or
sexual orientation. The University of Nevada, Reno employs only those United States citizens and aliens lawfully
authorized to work in the United States.

38
Where to Report
According to NRS 432B220, persons are required by law to report within 24 hours to the local
office of the Nevada Division of Child and Family Services, to the county agency authorized by
the juvenile court to receive such reports, or to any police department or sheriff’s office when
there is reason to believe that a child under 18 years of age has been abused or neglected.

39
If you need to make a report of suspected child maltreatment, you can call the Nevada Child
Abuse Hotline at 1-800-992-5757 or you can call the Nevada Division of Child and Family
Services District Office in your county.

County Phone Number

Carson City (775) 687-4943
Churchill (775) 423-8566
Clark (702) 399-0081
Douglas (775) 687-4943
Elko (775) 738-2534
Esmeralda (775) 482-6626
Eureka (775) 289-1640
Humboldt (775) 623-6555
Lander (775) 635-8172 or (775) 738-2534
Lincoln (775) 289-1640
Lyon (775) 687-4943
Mineral (775) 945-3602
Nye - Tonopah (775) 482-6626 or (702) 486-7813
Nye - Pahrump (775) 727-8497
Pershing (775) 273-7157
Storey (775) 687-4943
Washoe (775) 785-8600
White Pine (775) 289-1640

The legal responsibility of the professional or volunteer is to report. The person making the
report is usually not informed of results of an investigation. Should the person making the report
feel the situation has not been investigated and is not able to remedy the situation with the local
agency, contact can be made with:

Systems Advocate Unit

775-684-4453

40
Some Tips About Reporting:

„ Think clearly and objectively about making a report.

„ Try to keep emotion out of it and give factual information about what you have observed or
heard - doing this will help you clarify in your mind why you are reporting and that your
goal is to help the child be safe as well as to be safe yourself.

„ Do not tell anyone about the report or show it to anyone other than a supervisor when
required.

As we stated earlier, it is illegal for child protective services to reveal the name of a person
reporting child abuse or neglect. However, it is not too difficult sometimes to figure out who
reported. Many families that are involved in abusive behavior are isolated, and there are a
minimal number of people with whom their children have contact. It is sometimes easy to guess
who might have reported. This can happen and may cause some stressful situations. If a parent
thinks you made a report and becomes angry with you:

• it is helpful not to become defensive or angry with the parent;

• simply state that you are a mandated reporter by law; and
• tell the parent that if his/her family is having difficulty, you hope they can get
the services they need.
A very small percentage of cases become criminal cases with a trial. In these cases there is a
possibility that witnesses may be called, including the person who reported suspicions. In these
rare cases, you may be called to testify.

Child abuse and neglect can result in loss of life or permanent and serious damage to physical,
emotional and mental development of the child. You may suspect that a child is being abused,
but may not want to get directly involved. You can help by reporting the suspected case to
proper authorities who have the responsibility to guard the child’s immediate physical safety,
determine if abuse or neglect is present, stop abuse and neglect, offer appropriate treatment and
strengthen the family whenever possible.

Dealing with Feelings About Reporting

Take care of yourself. Recognizing and responding to an incident of abuse is stressful. Realizing
that a child may have been abused can be challenging, difficult and painful. If you want or need
support, seek it out.

41
Reporting suspected child abuse or neglect can be confusing and traumatic. Keep in mind the
objectives and purpose of reporting: that is, to help the child and her family. If it will help, you
may want to have an Extension staff person or someone from your agency sit with you for moral
support when you call. After making a report, keep in mind that your program can still be a
source of support for the child and family.

To remain anonymous or not?

When you call to report a suspicion of child maltreatment you do not have to give your
name; you can make an anonymous report. However, you may want to give your name for
a couple of reasons. First, if you are a mandatory reporter, giving your name will provide
a record of your report. Second, if you give your name and contact information, child
protective services will be able to contact you to get further information to help in their
investigation. They may also contact you regarding the status of the case.

QUIZ TIME: Complete REVIEW QUIZ #3 now. After completing the quiz, check your
answers on the page following the quiz. Review the information in the guide if necessary and
note any questions for your supervisor.

42
 REVIEW QUIZ #3

Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect

Name: ____________________________________ Date: _________________

1. Any suspected child maltreatment must be reported within: (circle one)

a. One week.
b. 72 hours.
c. 48 hours.
d. 24 hours.

2 Persons can be held criminally liable for reporting suspected child maltreatment only if they
are: (circle one)

a. Making a report that cannot be substantiated.

b. Making a report about something that happened more than five years ago.
c. Making a report with malicious intent
d. Making a false report that is intended to harm someone.

3. The list below contains several statements of the information you should provide if
applicable and/or possible to authorities when making a report of suspected child abuse.
(Please circle all those that apply).

a. The name, age, address and sex of the child

b. The grade that the child is in school.
c. Your name and address.
d. The nature and extent of the suspected abuse or neglect of the child.
e. As much information as possible about the suspected abuser.
f. The name and address of the child’s parents.
g. The school that the child attends.

4. The primary purpose of reporting suspected child maltreatment is: (circle one)

a. To legally protect yourself.

b. To help the child and her family.
c. To get perpetrators of child abuse off the streets.
d. To protect Cooperative Extension.

43
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUIZ #3
Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect

1. Any suspected child maltreatment must be reported within:

24 hours

2. Persons can be held criminally liable for reporting suspected child maltreatment only if they are:

Making a report with malicious intent.

3. When making a report of suspected child maltreatment:

You should provide as much pertinent information as possible. All listed statements

could be circled. (See page 37 for more details.)

4. The primary purpose of reporting suspected child maltreatment is:

To help the child and her family.

44
 Lesson 4: Guidelines for Appropriate Interactions with Children
What can you do to keep everyone safe?
Working with children is a rewarding and challenging job. In the past few years it has become
even more challenging as reports of alleged child abuse and neglect have risen. Statistics show
that the majority of abusers are parents, although the public perception is that abuse in child care
settings or by strangers is common. This false perception creates a very real challenge for child
care providers and youth leaders. People who work with children have become increasingly
concerned about false allegations and about providing a safe environment for themselves and the
children in their care.

General Guidelines

There are some things that caregivers and youth leaders can do to help prevent child abuse and
protect themselves from false allegations.

General policies should include:

„ Encourage parents to join in activities whenever they can.

„ Check references before hiring a volunteer or staff person. Check for any past concerns
regarding guidance techniques or child abuse and neglect.
„ Require qualifications that include experience and education related to child
development.
„ Have policies that do not put staff at risk of being falsely accused or allow for possible
abuse (such as being alone with one child).
„ Provide and attend ongoing training for staff (parents, too, when possible) to learn
current information about the care, development and guidance of children and child abuse
issues.
„ Maintain equipment in good order and proper repair.

„ Design play and other areas so that children can be viewed at all times. Children
sometimes assault other children.
„ Help protect everyone. Have the children use the buddy system – they don't go anywhere
without their "buddy."

45
Staff Behavior:

„ Never hit or strike a child - even in so-called “play.”

„ Do not use physical punishment of any kind.

„ Avoid being alone with one child.

„ It is advisable to always have at least two adults present. This prevents abuse and the
potential for allegations. It also ensures children’s safety in the event of an injury or other
emergency.
„ Hugs are OK if they are appropriate and if both people are comfortable with them. Take
clues from the body language of the child or simply ask “Is it okay for me to hug you?”
Likewise, if you do not feel comfortable with a hug from a child, tell her in a gentle way and
suggest an alternative, such as holding her hand or putting your hand on her shoulder or arm.
„ Be aware of children’s personal boundaries and respect them. For example, some people like
being close and getting or giving hugs, while others don’t like a lot of close contact with
other people. The amount of space between people that is comfortable is different for
everyone. Sometimes we forget that children have those preferences, too.

Special Consideration for Older Children and Youth

Those working with older youth may face some different challenges. For example, when taking
young children on a field trip you would never think of them going to a restroom or somewhere
else by themselves. With older children you might consider letting them go to a restroom or
snack bar alone. However, it is best to use the buddy system for responsible older youth by
having them stay with another youth at all times.

Additionally, as children get older they need to have some privacy. They may need a quiet area
to read or write. Create quiet areas where children can be seen by staff. The exception to that is
the bathroom. You may want to have a policy stating that only one child uses the bathroom at a
time. If your program area bathroom is in another building, one staff person could take a small
group of children. Learning to take precautions is a good lesson for children. You can help them
learn to plan ahead and think about their safety. Talk with staff and the youth in your program
about safety. Have them help identify safety hazards and suggest solutions.

One of the goals of this training is to provide a safe, healthy environment for all children and
adults involved in Cooperative Extension programs. False reports happen rarely; however,

46
adults working with children should keep their own safety as well as children’s safety in mind.
Next, we will discuss some tips to help protect you and the children.

Interacting With Children

There is nothing magical or mysterious about interacting with children; the best thing to do is
use common sense. Responsible adults automatically limit their physical exchanges with
children, showing respect for children and at the same time maintaining warm, healthy,
affectionate relationships (Nelson and Clark, 1986).

QUIZ TIME: Complete REVIEW QUIZ #4 now. After completing the quiz, check your
answers on the page following the quiz. Review the information in the guide if necessary and
note any questions for your supervisor.

47
 REVIEW QUIZ #4
Guidelines for Appropriate Interactions with Children

Name: ____________________________________ Date: _________________

1. List four ways that you can reduce your risks related to false accusations of child maltreatment
when working with children.

a) _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

b). _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
c). _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
d). _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. List four ways that you can reduce a child’s risk related to child maltreatment.

a). _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
b). _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
c). _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
d). _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

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 ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUIZ #4
Guidelines for Appropriate Interactions with Children
1. List four ways that you can reduce your risks related to false accusations of child
maltreatment when working with children.

An adult’s risk of false report can be reduced by:

1). not being alone with one child

2). having two adults with the group

3). never hitting a child, even in play
4). never using physical punishment of any kind

2. List four ways that you can reduce a child’s risks related to child maltreatment.
Adults can reduce children’s risk of being maltreated by:

1). Encouraging parent participation

2). Checking references of volunteers

3). Using the buddy system for outings, for example: everyone stays with a buddy or
partner

4). Allowing only one child in the bathroom at a time

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50
 Lesson 5: Cooperative Extension Child Abuse and Neglect Training
Requirement and Reporting Protocol
University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (UNCE) Policy. UNCE wants to create an
environment for its educational programming that is safe for adults and youth. Staff and
volunteers working with youth are mandatory reporters of child abuse and neglect. In order to
fulfill that requirement we must know what constitutes child abuse and neglect, as well as how
and where to report. Additionally, staff and volunteers must be aware of the legal considerations
and how they can obtain support in their role as a mandatory reporter. Thus, the policy of
University of Nevada Cooperative Extension is:
“Any child who participates in educational programs conducted under the auspices of
University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (UNCE) is entitled to a safe environment.
In addition, employees are entitled to information related to the laws pertaining to child
abuse and neglect and sexual offenses. All employees will receive training in order to
take steps to ensure that neither they nor children are in situations which place them at
risk under various Nevada Statutes related to child and sexual abuse.” August 1998

Child abuse and neglect prevention training requirement. As a reminder, the child abuse and
neglect prevention training requirement of University of Nevada Cooperative Extension is:

1. All Cooperative Extension paid staff must complete Child Abuse and Neglect Recognition
and Reporting Training within 30 days of hire. In addition, trained Cooperative Extension
volunteers who work as unpaid staff in programs which involve youth must complete Child
Abuse and Neglect Recognition and Reporting Training within 30 days of beginning
volunteer assignments. Individuals cannot work with youth until this requirement is met.
2. It is the responsibility of the immediate supervisor to inform new staff or volunteers of the
training requirement and to ensure that each person receives the self-study guide or attends a
training session.
3. Supervisors should keep documentation that staff and volunteers have completed the
training, including a copy of the completed checklist. Additionally, the supervisor is
responsible for submitting a copy of the completed checklist to the statewide administrative
office for inclusion in a state master list of trained individuals.

51
Protocol in cases of suspected child abuse or neglect.
University of Nevada Cooperative Extension protocol for reporting suspected child abuse and
neglect is:

1. In any case of suspected child abuse or neglect, all Extension personnel, including
volunteers, must comply with the law. The law states that “where there is reason to
believe that a child has been abused or neglected, a report must be made.” If you
become aware that abuse may have occurred in the past, even many years ago, you
must report.

2. Reports of suspected child abuse and neglect must be made within 24 hours of
gaining knowledge of such information.

3. Reports must be made directly to the appropriate local agency (the local Nevada State
Division of Child and Family Services office or the local law enforcement office
where the alleged abuse occurred) by the person who has reason to believe or suspect
that abuse or neglect has occurred.

4. Your supervisor should be notified that a report has been filed. Your supervisor is
responsible for notifying the Extension Educator, Area Director and the Dean and
Director of the action, without revealing the details of the report.

Effective as of Aug. 18, 1998

Why do we take fingerprints?

Chapter 179a of the Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) allows employers to conduct fingerprint
checks of employees having access to children or information maintained on the children.
Adult volunteers 18 and over are considered employees for the purposes of this policy.
Fingerprinting is a screening process to identify those who have a recorded history of child abuse
or neglect crimes. Fingerprinting is a way to help create a safe environment for our youth and
adults.

52
Support from Cooperative Extension:

You can talk with one of the identified Extension faculty regarding your concerns. This can be
accomplished without using names of the family/child that you are concerned about. The faculty
member can act as a sounding board for you and help support you in the process.

Any faculty with youth appointments may be contacted for support or questions regarding child
maltreatment. Here are some specific faculty you may call.

Bill Evans, State Extension Specialist, in Reno, at (775) 784-7013.

Jackie Reilly, Youth Development Specialist in Reno at (775) 784-4848.
Marilyn Smith, Area Youth Development Specialist in Elko at (775) 738-1990.
Eric Killian, Area Specialist in Las Vegas at (702) 222-3130.
Nora Luna, Area Specialist in Las Vegas at (702) 222-3130
Walter Barker, Area Specialist in Las Vegas at (702) 222-3130
Teresa Byington, Area Specialist in Las Vegas at (702) 222-3130

Your Extension office is here to support you. Remember though, that you must make a report
if you have reason to suspect that child maltreatment is occurring. Talking to an Extension
staff person does not relieve you of the responsibility to report.

In summary, it is important to remember that our primary goal with this training is to look out
for the best interests of the child and the safety of staff. In keeping with this goal, it is important
to remember to respect confidentiality and talk about situations in the appropriate manner and
locations. This may require some persistence and patience. While we do have a system to try
and stop the cycle of abuse, it is far from perfect. We thank our volunteers and staff for their
commitment to youth and to improving lives.

QUIZ TIME: Complete REVIEW QUIZ #5 now. After completing the quiz check your
answers on the page following the quiz. Review the information in the guide if necessary and
note any questions for your supervisor.

53
 REVIEW QUIZ #5

Cooperative Extension policies and protocol

Name: ____________________________________ Date: _________________

1. Why does Cooperative Extension fingerprint all staff and volunteers who work with youth?

2. True or False If I tell the Extension Educator or my supervisor about suspected child
abuse, I have fulfilled my responsibilities regarding reporting.
3. True or False I must make any report of suspected child abuse within 24 hours.

4. If I have questions about reporting suspected child abuse or neglect I can call the following
person(s):

54
 ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUIZ #5
Cooperative Extension policies and protocol

1. Why does Cooperative Extension fingerprint all staff and volunteers who work with youth?
To “screen out” people with a child abuse related criminal record.

2. True or False If I tell the Extension Educator or my supervisor about suspected

child abuse, I have fulfilled my responsibilities regarding reporting.

This statement is false. The correct statement would be: You must report to the child
abuse agency for your community. See page 41.

3. True or False I must make any report of suspected child abuse within 24 hours.

This statement is true.

4. If I have questions about reporting suspected child abuse or neglect I can call the following
person(s):

Bill Evans, State Extension Specialist, in Reno, at (775) 784-7013.

Jackie Reilly, Youth Development Specialist in Reno at (775) 784-4848.
Marilyn Smith, Area Youth Development Specialist in Elko at (775) 738-1990.
Eric Killian, Area Specialist in Las Vegas at (702) 222-3130.
Nora Luna, Area Specialist in Las Vegas at (702) 222-3130
Walter Barker, Area Specialist in Las Vegas at (702) 222-3130
Teresa Byington, Area Specialist in Las Vegas at (702) 222-3130

Or you may contact the reporting agency in your community. See page 41 in this guide.

Or in rural Nevada you may contact the Crisis Call Center 1-800-992-5757.

In Clark County call (702) 399-0081

In Washoe County call (775) 785-8600.

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 References

2006 National child maltreatment statistics. (April 2008). National Center on Child Abuse
Prevention Research Prevent Child Abuse America. Retrieved October 10, 2008
http://member.preventchildabuse.org/site/DocServer/Child_Maltreat_Fact_Sheet_2005.pdf?docI
D=221.
The National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome. (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 2009
http://dontshake.org/.

Besharov, D.J. (1990). Recognizing child abuse: A guide for the concerned.
NY: The Free Press.

Child abuse and neglect. (2007). American Humane Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 28,
2008 www.americanhumane.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nr_fact_sheets_childabusedata.

Child abuse and neglect statistics: State fiscal year 2007. (2008). State of Nevada Division
of child and family services.

Child maltreatment 2006: Summary. Retrieved October 10, 2008

http://www.acr.hhs.gov/programs/cb/publs/cm06/summary.htm.

The National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome. (n.d.). All about SBS/AHT & glossary.
Retrieved September 17, 2009 from httb://dontshake.org/sbs.php?t

Nelson, M. & Clark, K. (Eds.). (1986). The educators guide to preventing child sexual
abuse, Santa Cruz, CA: Network Publications.

Nevada Revised Statues: Chapter 432B – Protection of children from abuse and neglect.
(2008). Retrieved December 9, 2008 http://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-432B.html.

Patterson, J., Tremper, C. & Rypkema, P. (1995). Child abuse prevention primer for your
organization. Washington, D.C.: Non-profit Risk Management Center.

Rockwell, S. K. & Kohn, H. (Summer, 1989). Post-then-pre evaluation: Measuring

behavior change more accurately. Journal of Extension, 27(2), 19-21.

State data trends for Nevada. (January 30, 2008). Child Welfare League of America. Retrieved
October 28, 2008 http://ndas.cwla.org.

56
 RECOGNIZING AND REPORTING CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
SELF-STUDY GUIDE EVALUATION
The information requested on the next two pages will allow us to improve the study guide, as
well as keep it current and in the most useful format. Information you provide will be held in
confidence and only be used to evaluate and improve the self-study guide. Thank you for
providing the information requested. You may skip any questions that you do not wish to
answer.
SECTION A.
1. What was the most helpful information in the guide?

2. What was the least helpful information in the guide?

3. Have you been concerned about the possible maltreatment of a child? YES ____ NO ____
If yes, did this guide help you figure out what to do? For example, did the guide give you
information about how to report or what to say to the child? (Circle the number that indicates
how helpful the guide was to you.)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
not helpful neutral extremely helpful

SECTION B.
This evaluation asks you about your knowledge of child abuse and neglect before and after
completing the self-study guide. Please circle two responses to each statement. The first
response is your knowledge before using the guide and the second is about your knowledge
after using the guide. Please circle the numbers which most clearly describe your level of
information.
The numbers range from 1 to 5. Number 1 indicates that you knew none of the information that
was presented and number 5 indicates that you knew all of the information that was presented.

For example: Before reading After reading

the guide the guide
A. Knowledge about the reported numbers
of children abused or neglected in Nevada 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
If you did not know anything about the numbers of children abused before the workshop, then
you would circle 1 in the "Before the workshop" column.
If you learned all about the numbers of abused children while reading the guide, then you would
circle a 5 in the "After reading the guide" column.

Please continue to the next page to complete the evaluation. Thank you.

57
Now, please complete the following questions. Thank you for your participation!
1 = knew none of the information presented
2 = knew little of the information presented
3 = knew about 1/2 of the information presented
4 = knew most of the information presented
5 = knew all of the information presented

GENERAL INFORMATION
Before reading After reading
the guide the guide
1. Know what information to include in a report. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
2. Know where to call to make a report of suspected 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
maltreatment.
3. Legal reporting requirements related to child
maltreatment. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
4. Common indicators of child maltreatment. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
5. Legal agencies which deal with child maltreatment 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
6. Ways to protect yourself from false accusations and
children from harm. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
7. The four major classifications of child maltreatment. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
8. How to react to a child who tells you about abuse
and neglect. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

If you do not live in Nevada, please stop at this time and mail the evaluation to us using the pre-
addressed page. See directions at the bottom of the page.
NEVADA INFORMATION: If you live in Nevada, please complete this section.
9. Requirement to report within 24 hours. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
10. Option to report without giving your name. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
11. Confidentiality of names of those reporting
suspected child maltreatment. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
If you do not work for Nevada Cooperative Extension, please stop at this time and mail the
evaluation to us using the pre-addressed page. See directions at the bottom of the page.
NEVADA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION INFORMATION: If you work for Nevada
Cooperative Extension, please complete this section.
12. Reporting and documentation requirements of
Nevada Cooperative Extension. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
13. The reasons for fingerprinting all Extension employees. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
14. Extension employees I can talk with about suspected
cases of abuse or neglect and feelings about reporting. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
AGAIN, THANK YOU FOR COMPLETING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

After completing this two-page evaluation of the guide, place the address page behind the two
evaluation pages. Fold these evaluation pages and the business reply page in half so that the
address is on the outside. Tape the pages over the open end where indicated and mail to us. No
stamp is necessary.

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