FAC

ULTY OF ENGINEERING AND QUANTITY

SURVEYING (FEQS)
CVE 3303
FLUID MECHANICS

EXPERIMENT 1:
{INVESTIGATING THE FORCE STRIKING FLAT
AND CURVED PLATES}

Name Student ID
DAYANGKU MUNIRAH I17013402
MALVIN I18015865
SANDRA LAM I18016064
 TEAH KAI TZEN I18016354
Lab Report Rubrics

Criteria Description Weightage Marks

Awarded
Objectives/Introduction/ Good coverage of the theories on the subject and demonstrate
Theory the ability to relate its significance to the experiment.
0-5: Theories are copied from the lab manual/no theories 15
6-10: Small amount of research is completed
11-15: Comprehensive research relevant to the topic is done
Methodology/Procedure The ability to report the procedures/method in completing the
s experiment.
0-5: Procedures are copied from the lab manual
10
6-8: Limited elaboration of the procedures of the experiment
9-10: Complete description of the procedures with figures or
other form of illustrations.
Results/Calculations Results to be presented professionally and relevant calculations
are shown. Graphs are drawn professionally where necessary.
0-5: Minimum presentation of results 15
6-10: Basic results are shown with necessary calculations.
11-15: Further analysis of the results using graphs, tables, etc
Discussions Demonstrate the ability of analyzing the results in an
independent and critical way. In-depth discussion is presented
on the variance of the results with theory, or the effect of the
changing of any parameters to the results. Further discussion is
presented on the improvements of the accuracy if there is any
discrepancy.
30
0-5: Reiteration of the results.
6-10: Discuss the analysis of the results
11-15: Discuss the graphs and tables, etc.
16-20: Provide constructive suggestions for improvement
21-25: Error analysis of the results
26-30: Comments based on the existing research literature
Format/Presentation The ability of presenting the neat and tidy report in the format
stated.
0-5: lack of standard format, structure and incomprehensible.
10
6-8: basic structure and format is presented.
9-10: professional report with standard format and complete
structure and presentation
Reference/Citations / The ability to cite the referenced author’s work
Evidences 0:no citation, no references
1-2: no citation, only references / no evidences 5
3: minimum citations and references / evidences
4-5: citations and references with correct format / evidences
Conclusion The ability to draw conclusions
0-5: Provide summary of key results
6-8: Highlight the key indication of the results
15
9-11: Provide suggestion for further analysis
12-15: Relevancy of the experiment to the real-life engineering
problems.
Total 100
1.0 Objective

To investigate the validity of theoretical expressions for the force exerted by a jet on targets of
various shapes. [2]

2.0 Introduction and Theory

Introduction

When applied on a plate surface, the water jet from a small hole with a high velocity generates
force that provides the energy to move a system. The concept of jet impact is the foundation to
acknowledge liquid flow in turbines. Therefore, it is possible to implement the purpose of this
experiment on hydraulic machines such as impulse turbine.

Theory [3]

The momentum of a particle or object is defined in mechanics as the product of its mass m and
its velocity v:

momentum=mass ( m ) × velocity (v ) (Eq. 1)

The particles of a fluid flow will have momentum and the momentum of the fluid particles will
change accordingly when the velocity of the flow is changed in magnitude or direction. In order
to comply with Newton's second law, a force is needed to create this change, which will be
approximately equal to the speed at which the change of momentum takes place. The force can
be obtained by contact between both the fluid and a solid boundary or by one part of the fluid
flow acting on a another. By the third law of Newton, the fluid will therefore exert an equal and
opposite force on the solid boundary or body of the fluid generating a velocity change. These
forces are considered as dynamic forces although they arise from fluid movement and are in
addition to static forces due to fluid pressure; happens even when the fluid is at rest.
 Figure 1: Momentum in a flowing fluid [3]

First, consider a control volume ABCD (Figure 1) to find the rate of momentum change in a fluid
flow. Since the fluid flow is expected to be consistent and un-uniform in nature, the continuity of
mass flow can be expressed through the volume of control as:

p1 A 1 v 1 ( v 2−v 1 ) =m ( v 2−v1 ) (Eq. 2)

Next, consider a jet of fluid that strikes a flat plate that could be perpendicular or inclined
towards the direction of the jet or could move in the jet's initial direction (Figure 2). It is possible
to establish a control volume encapsulating the approaching jet and the plate, this control
volume being fixed relative to the plate and thus moving with it. Consideration of velocity
components and force vectors perpendicular and parallel to the plate surface is useful.
 Figure 2: Force applied on flat plate [3]

The mass flow that enters the volume of the control is also influenced by the overlap of a
velocity equivalent to and opposite to the velocity of the plate as:

m= pA ( v−u ) cosθ (if plate is constant) (Eq. 3)

Thus, the rate of change of momentum normal to the plate surface is given by:

dMomentum/dt = pA ( v−u ) ( v −u ) cosθ (Eq. 4)

Both velocity and momentum are vector quantities and thus, unless the velocity magnitude
remains constant, a change in the direction of a fluid flow will result in a change in momentum.
When a curved plate (Figure 3) deflects the flow, entering and exiting tangentially without effect,
a force will be applied between the fluid and the plate's surface to cause momentum change. By
calculating the rate of momentum change, it is suitable to calculate the components of this force
parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the incoming flow. Then the elements can be
combined to give the magnitude and direction of the resulting force applied by the plate on the
fluid, and the fluid's equal and opposite reaction on the plate.
 Figure 3: Force applied on curved plate [3]

3.0 Procedure

1.All the apparatus are positioned as in figure 1 connecting to the power supply.

Figure 1

2.Prepare three different types of target with 90˚ (flat target),120˚ and 180˚ (hemisphere target)
and the weight of 100g, 150g, 200g as well as the stopwatch to measure the t (time) as in figure 2

Figure 2
3.Insert the first flat target as in figure 3 and figure 4 on to the nozzle (9) by undoing the

screw (3).

Figure 3 Figure 4

4.Add 50g of weight onto the weight pan (5) and adjust the height until the mark on the weight
pan correspond with the level gauge (6).

5.Turn on the power supply as in figure 5and emptied the water storage tank.

Figure 5
6.Start the stopwatch when the water level reaches 0 liter.

7.Mark the time taken for the water level to reach 5 liters.

8.Repeat the experiment by add 100g,150g and 200g of weight onto the weight pan.

9.Change the target to 120˚ and 180˚ and repeat the experiment with recorded results.

4.0 Results and Calculation

V
Flow Rate, Q=
t

Calculation of the water flow rate by using the flat target plate (90º) and 0.05kg of weight:

V
Q=
t

0.005
Q=
34.4

Q=1.4535 ×10−4 m3s-1

Q2=(1.4535× 10− 4)2

Q2=2.1123 x 1 0−8 m6s-2

Table 1: Actual data of water flow rate for flat target plate (90º)

Mass of Time, t (s) Volume, V Flow Rate, Q (Flow Rate)2,

Weights, m (kg) (m3) (m3s-1) Q2 (m6s-2)
0.05 34.40 5 x 10-3 1.4535 ×10−4 2.1123 × 10−8
0.1 24.67 5 x 10-3 2.0267 x 10-4 4.1077 x 10-8
0.15 16.70 5 x 10-3 2.9940 x 10-4 8.9641 x 10-8
0.2 15.21 5 x 10-3 3.2873 x 10-4 1.080 x 10-7
0.25 13.40 5 x 10-3 3.7313 x 10-4 1.3923 x 10-7
 ACTUAL DATA FOR FLAT TARGET PLATE (90º)
0.3

0.25
Mass of Weights, m (kg)

0.2

0.15
Y= 1,715,916.9706X+ 0.0226
0.1
R2=0.9829
0.05

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Flow Rate)2, Q2 (m6s-2)

Figure 1: Actual data graph for flat target plate (90º)

Calculation of the water flow rate by using the 120º target plate and 0.05kg of weight:

V
Q=
t

0.005
Q=
39.91

Q=1.2529 x 1 0−4m3s-1

Q2=(1.2529 x 1 0−4 )2

Q 2=1.5699 x 1 0−8m6s-2

Table 2: Actual data of water flow rate for 120º target plate

Mass of Time, t (s) Volume, V Flow Rate, Q (Flow Rate)2,

Weights, m (kg) (m3) (m3s-1) Q2 (m6s-2)
 0.05 39.91 5 x 10-3 1.2529 x 10-4 1.5699 x 10-8
0.1 28.16 5 x 10-3 1.7755 x 10-4 3.1525 x 10-8
0.15 28.02 5 x 10-3 1.7844 x 10-4 3.1842 x 10-8
0.2 22.66 5 x 10-3 2.2065 x 10-4 4.8688 x 10-8
0.25 19.59 5 x 10-3 2.5515 x 10-4 6.5103 x 10-8

Actual data of water flow rate for 120º target plate

0.3

0.25
Mass of Weights, m (kg)

0.2

0.15

0.1
Y= 4,157,247.3157X+ 0.0080

0.05 R2=0.9955

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Flow Rate)2, Q2 (m6s-2)

Figure 2: Actual data graph for 120º target plate

Calculation of the water flow rate by using the hemispherical target plate (180º) and 0.05kg of
weight:

V
Q=
t
 0.005
Q=
45.93

Q=1.0886 x 10−4 m3s-1

Q2=(1.0886 x 1 0−4 )2

Q2=1.1850 x 1 0−8 m6s-2

Table 3: Actual data of water flow rate for hemispherical target plate (180º)

Mass of Time, t (s) Volume, V Flow Rate, Q (Flow Rate)2,

Weights, m (kg) (m3) (m3s-1) Q2 (m6s-2)
0.05 45.93 5 x 10-3 1.0886 x 10 -4
1.1850 x 10-8
0.1 30.92 5 x 10-3 1.6170 x 10-4 2.6149 x 10-8
0.15 27.09 5 x 10-3 1.8457 x 10-4 3.4066 x 10-8
0.2 22.87 5 x 10-3 2.1862 x 10 -4
4.7797 x 10-8
0.25 21.59 5 x 10-3 2.3159 x 10-4 5.3633 x 10-8

Actual data of water flow rate for hemispherical target plate (180º)
0.3

0.25
Mass of Weights, m (kg)

0.2

0.15

0.1
Y= 4,839,537.5969X- 0.0090
0.05 R2=0.9894

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Flow Rate)2, Q2 (m6s-2)

Figure 3: Actual data graph for hemispherical target plate (180º)

Diameter , d=0.008 m

π d2
Area , A=
4
 π ( 0.008)2
¿
4

¿ 5.0265 ×10−5 m2

Calculation the square of water flow rate, Q2 by using the flat target plate (90º) and 0.05kg of
weight:

ρ Q2
mg=
A

mgA
Q 2=
ρ

2(0.05)(9.81)(5.0265 ×10−5)
Q=
1000

Q2=2.4655 ×10−8 m6s-2

Table 4: Theoretical data of water flow rate for flat target plate (90º)

Mass of Gravity of Density of Area of (Flow Rate)2,

Weights, m (kg) Earth, g (ms- water, ρ (kgm-3) water, A (m2) Q2 (m6s-2)
2
)
0.05 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 2.4655 x 10-8
0.1 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 4.9310 x 10-8
0.15 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 7.3966 x 10-8
0.2 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 9.8621 x 10-8
0.25 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 1.2328 x 10-7
 Theoritical data for flat target plate
0.3

0.25
Mass of Weights, m (kg)

f(x) = 2027961.53 x + 0
R² = 1
0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(Flow Rate)2, Q2 (m6s-2)

Figure 4: Theoretical data graph for flat target plate (90º)

Calculate the square of water flow rate, Q2 by using the 120º target plate and 0.05kg of weight:

3 ρ Q2
mg=
2A

2 mgA
Q 2=
3ρ

2(0.05)(9.81)(5.0265 ×10−5 )
Q 2=
3(1000)

Q2=1.6437 ×10−8 m6s-2

Table 5: Theoretical data of water flow rate for 120º target plate

Mass of Gravity of Density of Area of (Flow Rate)2,

Weights, m (kg) Earth, g (ms- water, ρ (kgm-3) water, A (m2) Q2 (m6s-2)
2
)
0.05 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 1.6437 x 10-8
0.1 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 3.2874 x 10-8
0.15 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 4.9310 x 10-8
0.2 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 6.5747 x 10-8
0.25 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 8.2184 x 10-8
 Theoritical data for 120 target plate
0.3

0.25
Mass of Weights, m (kg)

f(x) = 3041973.15 x − 0
R² = 1
0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(Flow Rate)2, Q2 (m6s-2)

Figure 5: Theoretical data graph for 120º target plate

Calculate the square of water flow rate, Q2 by using the hemispherical target plate (180º) and
0.05kg of weight:

2 ρQ 2
mg=
A

mgA
Q 2=
2ρ

(0.05)(9.81)(5.0265 ×10−5)
Q 2=
2(1000)

Q2=1.2328 ×10−8 m6s-2

Table 6: Theoretical data of water flow rate for hemispherical target plate (180º)
 Mass of Gravity of Density of Area of (Flow Rate)2,
Weights, m (kg) Earth, g (ms- water, ρ (kgm-3) water, A (m2) Q2 (m6s-2)
2
)
0.05 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 1.2328 x 10-8
0.1 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 2.4655 x 10-8
0.15 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 3.6983 x 10-8
0.2 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 4.9310 x 10-8
0.25 9.81 1000 5.0265 x 10-5 6.1638 x 10-8

Theoritical data for hemispherical target plate

0.3

0.25
Mass of Weights, m (kg)

f(x) = 4055972.42 x − 0
R² = 1
0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(Flow Rate)2, Q2 (m6s-2)

Figure 6: Theoretical data graph for hemispherical target plate (180º)

Table 4: Comparison between actual slope and theoretical slope

Type of Target Plate Actual Slope ( Theoretical Slope (

kg s 2 m−6) kg s 2 m−6)
Flat Target Plate (90º) 1913895.13 2027961.53
120º Target Plate 3888891.77 3041973.15
Hemispherical Target Plate 4322891.15 4055972.42
(180º)
Calculate percentage of error between actual slope and theoretical slope for flat target plate (90º):

|Theoritical Slope−Actual Slope

Theoritical Slope |×100 %
¿|2027961.53−1913895.13
2027961.53 |×100 %
¿ 5.6247 %

Table 5: Percentage of error results of different target plates

Type of Target Plate Percentage of Error Result (%)

Flat Target Plate (90º) 5.6247
120º Target Plate 27.841
Hemispherical Target Plate (180º) 6.5809

5.0 Discussion

Discussion and data analysis

As per continuation from the results we obtained through this experiment, we can conclude as
below:

Mass of (Flow Rate)2 Q2 (m6s-2), sorted by

Weights, m Angle (º)
90 120 180
(kg)
0.05 2.1123 × 10−8 1.5699 x 10-8 1.1850 x 10-8
0.10 4.1077 x 10-8 3.1525 x 10-8 2.6149 x 10-8
0.15 8.9641 x 10-8 3.1842 x 10-8 3.4066 x 10-8
0.20 1.080 x 10-7 4.8688 x 10-8 4.7797 x 10-8
0.25 1.3923 x 10-7 6.5103 x 10-8 5.3633 x 10-8

1.6

1.4
With
1.2 weight
1 of

0.8
0.05kg,
all
0.6
three
0.4
type of
0.2 target

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

plate requires relatively similar force to overcome the weight acting on it. The difference of the
waterflow started at weight 0.15kg where 90 º target plate requires greater waterflow. By means
of the waterflow, it shows that the force needed is larger at the same time. Up until weight
0.25kg, there is noticeable difference at three of the target plates. Given that, water volume
collected over the period can be calculated as the amount of the force. Hence, by comparing all
the target plate, the 90 º trade plate requires highest amount of force, followed by the 120 º target
plate, lastly the 180 º target plate.

With all the evidence collected from the experiment, our results obtained is nothing different to
the theoretical values. By eliminating the errors calculated as below,

1. 90 º - 5.6247%
2. 120 º - 27.841%
3. 180 º - 6.5809%

The results can be said to have fulfilled the theoretical explanation.

There are few aspects that we should look into when recording the readings such as human errors
and the errors in the equipment itself. Human errors such as parallax error happens when taking
down the reading. The person who is taking the reading on the scale must as well accurately
press the start/stop button on the stop watch to avoid any delay or advance in timing.
Next, the pointer that is pointing on the alignment mark of the connecting shaft must also lies
right in between of the marker which is relatively hard to obtain during the experiment and that
caused error in our results. On the other hand, the connecting shaft which is not lubricated but its
resistance to slide is said to be eliminated during the experiment may affected the alignment of
the connecting shaft when measuring the water flow.

Questionable errors such as the distance between the target plate and the nozzle jet that may have
affected the reading due to the distance travel by the water before it hits the target plate may be
different. The further the distance, the weaker is the force. This is because, when the water was
shot upright, at the furthest point, the speed of the water may be reduced due to gravitational
force. Hence, more water flow is needed to overcome the weight acting on the target plate.
Furthermore, the opening diameter of the nozzle that is used over the period may have worn at
the slightest also contributed to the error itself. Lastly, the water in the volumetric tank must be
emptied before proceeding to the next weight to avoid fluctuating water level that may have
affected the sights on the measuring tube.

Come to the end of our discussion, there are a few recommendations in our mind that should be
applied in the experiment. First of all, the person that is taking the reading must always face 90 º
from the scale and the alignment mark on the connecting shaft. Next, the measured water volume
should be larger to improve accuracy as in the experiments, 5 litres of water are not sufficient to
create accurate results. A narrower volumetric tank may benefit in accurate reading because the
narrower tank may provide a smaller scale to reduce the error of the time count and it may cancel
out the waves on the water by its wall that caused the fluctuating water level. Besides, a less
sensitive water control valve should be installed on the equipment that can allow us to control the
water flow with ease.

6.0 Conclusion

From our experiment we can conclude that 90˚ plate required the greatest amount force
followed by 120˚ plate and lastly 180˚ plate. As the angle increases the vertical impact force
decreases. Spray height can another factor of affecting the impact force as distance may change
the speed and the velocity. [1] Overall the plates with higher degrees generate lower force
compared to the lower degrees and the further the distance of the target plate to the nozzle jet,
the weaker is the force. In further analysis, we suggest using 30˚plate or 60˚plate as they have
more significant results and has minor errors. Next, we also suggest using stainless steel target
plate instead of plastic type as plastic is easily deformed from a period of time. After using for
years, the angle may be slightly different from the previous year’s whereas stainless steel which
is more durable compare to steel can provide us a higher accuracy of results with lower rate of
errors.

In the industry, nozzle has been used in different field. Different types of nozzles are used in
pesticide application. The selection nozzles are crucial in determining the amount of spray
ejected to an area uniformly with full coverage on the targeted area and potential drift. [4] The
nozzle act as a breaker to separate the liquid into droplets and thus easier to aim to the desired
area. The amount of spray volume with a given pressure, travel speed and spacing can be
determined by the nozzle especially herbicides to kill certain targets while leaving the desired
crop relatively unharmed. [5] Flat-fan nozzle is a type of nozzle used widely in the pesticide
industry. The common angle used are 65˚,80˚ and 110˚.Flat-fan nozzle will produce patterns with
more spray uniform droplets from the center and these types of nozzle are commonly used in
herbicides, fungicides and insecticides.

On the other hand, full cone nozzle is used widely in mines. [6] This nozzle is well-adapted in
mining due to its depth of spray that covered the entire area and the dust particle cannot pass
through unless it is extremely large and heavy. Other than that, full cone nozzle is used to slash
coal, crush and drills rocks.

7.0 References

[1] Brown GA and Chiang KC, Tools for Hydraulic Descale Nozzle Evaluation, 34th
Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference Proceedings-1992

[2] CVE3303 Laboratory Manual (BCEGI), INTI IU.

[3] J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield and L. B. Jack, Fluid Mechanics 5th Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2005.
[4] Robert D. Grisso, Monte P. Johnson, Entomology, and Larry D. Swetnam, Agricultural
Engineering, Sprayer Nozzles:Selection and Calibration

[5] Shannah M Whithaus,The Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides,3rd Edition-2016

[6] Virgil Miller, F.B Petermann,J.A.Pike and R.G. Peterson,Sintering or Nodulizing of

Ferrograde Manganese Mill Product and Fine Ores for smelting Purposes-1942