Chapter 9: Digital Modulation – Tomasi Review

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October 11, 2014

(Last Updated On: March 17, 2020)

This is the summary notes of the important terms and concepts in Chapter 9 of the book
"Electronic Communications System" by Wayne Tomasi. The notes are properly
synchronized and concise for much better understanding of the book. Make sure to
familiarize this review notes to increase the chance of passing the ECE Board Exam.

CHAPTER 9 DIGITAL
MODULATION

Items Definitions Terms

1 Is the transmission, reception, and Electronic

processing of information Communication
with the use of electronic circuits.

2 Is defined as knowledge or intelligence that is Information

communicated
between two or more points.

3 Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog Digital Modulation

signals
(carriers) between two or more points in a
communication system.

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4 System involving the transmission of digital Digital Transmission
pulses.

5 The information signal is digital and the Amplitude Shift Keying (

amplitude (V) of the ASK )
carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.

6 The information signal is digital and the Frequency Shift Keying (

frequency (f) of the FSK )
carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.

7 The information signal is digital and the Phase Shift Keying ( PSK )
phase (θ) of
the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.

8 A modulation where both the amplitude and Quadrature Amplitude

the phase are varied Modulation ( QAM )
proportional to the information signal.

9 Performs level conversion and then codes the Pre-coder

incoming data
into groups of bits that modulate an analog
carrier.

10 Is a highly theoretical study of the efficient Information Theory

use of bandwidth
to propagate information through electronic
communications systems.

11 Is a measure of how much information can be Information Capacity

propagated through
a communications system and is a function of
bandwidth and transmission time.

12 The most basic digital symbol used to Binary Digit / Bit

represent information.

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13 In 1928, _________ of Bell Telephone R. Hartley
Laboratories developed a
useful relationship among bandwidth,
transmission time, and information
capacity.

14 In 1948, mathematician _________ (also of Claude E. Shannon

Bell Telephone
Laboratories) published a paper in the Bell
System Technical Journal relating
the information capacity of a communications
channel to bandwidth and
signal-to-noise ratio.

15 Simply represents a digit that corresponds to M

the number of
conditions, levels, or combinations possible
for a given number of binary
variables.

16 Refers to the rate of change of a digital Bit Rate

information signal,
which is usually binary.

17 Refers to the rate of change of a signal on a Baud

transmission
medium after encoding and modulation have
occurred.

18 Sometimes called a symbol and could be Signaling Element

encoded as a change in
the amplitude, frequency, or phase.

19 The minimum theoretical bandwidth Nyquist Bandwidth

necessary to propagate a
signal.

20 According to ________, binary digital signals H. Nyquist

can be
propagated through an ideal noiseless
transmission medium at a rate equal to
two time the bandwidth of the medium.

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21 The carrier is either “on” or “off” which is why On-Off Keying
amplitude-
shift keying is sometimes referred to as
________.

22 A logic 1 frequency (fm) for FSK. Mark

23 A logic 0 frequency (fs) for FSK. Space

24 The mark and space frequencies are Peak Frequency Deviation

separated from the mark and (Δf)
space frequencies are separated from the
carrier frequency by the _________
and from each of by 2 Δf.

25 _______ is the peak frequency deviation of Δf

the carrier and is
equal to the difference between the carrier
rest frequency and either the
mark or space frequency.

26 A type of FSK detection wherein there is no Noncoherent Detection

frequency involved
in the demodulation process that is
synchronized either in phase, frequency,
or both with the incoming FSK signal.

27 A type of FSK detection wherein the incoming Coherent Detection

FSK signal is
multiplied by a recovered carrier signal that
has exact same frequency and
phase as the transmitter reference.

28 Is binary FSK except the mark and space Continuous-Phase FSK (

frequencies are CP-FSK )
synchronized with the input binary bit rate.

29 A signal state-space diagram, is similar to a Constellation Diagram

phasor diagram
except that the entire phasor is not drawn.
Only the relative positions of
the peaks of the phasors are shown.

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30 Is a product modulator; the output signal is Balanced Modulator
the product of
the two input signals.

31 Detect and regenerates a carrier signal that is Coherent Carrier

both frequency Recovery Circuit
and phase coherent with the original transmit
carrier.

32 Also known as quadrature PSK that is Quaternary PSK ( QPSK )

another form of
angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital
modulation.

33 A group of two bits. Dibit

34 It modulates the carrier that is in phase with I Bit

the reference
oscillator.

35 It modulates the carrier that is 90 out of Q Bit

phase or in
quadrature with reference carrier.

36 Is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel. QPSK Modulator

37 The highest fundamental frequency present 1/4

at the data input to
the I or the Q balanced modulator is equal to
_______ of the input data rate.

38 The fastest output rate of change (baud) is 1/2

also equal to
________ of the input bit rate.

39 The outputs of the product detectors are fed Bit Combining Circuit
to the ________,
here they are converted from parallel I and Q
data channels to a single
binary output data stream.

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40 Is a modified for of QPSK where the bit Offset QPSK
waveforms on the I and ( OQPSK )
Q channels are offset or shifted in phase from
each other by one-half of a
bit time.

41 The advantage of OQPSK is the _________ Limited Phase Shift

that must be imparted
during modulation.

42 With ________, three bits are encoded, 8 PSK

forming tribits and
producing eight different output phases.

43 Group of 3 bits. Tribit

44 Also known as maximum distance code used Gray Code

to reduce the number
of transmission errors.

45 Converts the I/C and Q/C bit pairs to serial, Parallel-to-Serial

Q, and C output Logic Circuit
data streams.

46 Group of 4 bits. Quadbits

47 16-PSK can undergo only a _______ phase 11.25°

shift during
transmission and still retain its integrity.

48 Is an M-ary encoding technique where M = 8. 8 – QAM

The output signal
from this modulator is not a constant-
amplitude signal.

49 The process of introducing transitions Scrambling

(pulses) into the
binary signal using a prescribed algorithm.

50 It uses the same algorithm for scrambling to Descrambler

remove the
transitions.

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51 Is an alternative form of digital modulation Differential Phase-Shift
where the binary Keying ( DPSK )
input is contained in the difference between
two successive signalling
elements rather than the absolute phase.

52 Data transmission rates in excess of 56 kbps Trellis Code Modulation (

can be achieved, TCM )
over standard telephone circuits using an
encoding technique called ________.

53 __________ at IBM Zuerich Research Dr. Ungerboeck

Laboratory developed TCM,
which involves using convolutional (tree
codes, which combines encoding and
modulation to reduce the probability of error,
thus improving the bit error
performance.

54 Defines the manner in which signal-state Trellis Coding

transitions are
allowed to occur, and transitions that do not
follow this pattern are
interpreted in the receiver as transmission
errors.

55 The distance between symbols on the Euclidean Distance

constellation of the TCM
coding scheme on standard QAM.

56 Is the ratio of the average carrier power (the Carrier-To-Noise Power

combined power Ratio
of the carrier and its associated sidebands) to
the thermal noise power.

57 Is simply the energy of a single bit of Energy Per Bit

information.

58 The phase relationship between signalling Antipodal Signaling

elements for BPSK
(i.e., 180° out of phase) is the optimum
signalling format, referred to as
________.

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 59 Two types of FSK systems. Noncoherent (
Asynchronous ) And
Coherant (
Synchonous )

60 The transmitter and receiver are not Noncoherent FSK

frequency or phase
synchronized.

61 Local receiver reference signals are in Coherent FSK

frequency and phase
lock with the transmitted signals.

Complete List of Reviewers in Electronic Communications System per

Chapter
Reviewer in Electronic Communications System by Wayne Tomasi

Important List of Communications Engineering Materials

Communications Engineering Coaching Materials
Series of Communications Engineering Exams: ECE Pre-Board
Series of Questions and Answers in Communications Engineering
Multiple Choice Questions in Data Communications and Networking

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