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Slope Inclinometers/indicators

The document discusses inclinometers, which are instruments used to measure slope and tilt. An inclinometer system consists of an inclinometer casing installed in the ground and an inclinometer probe used to measure the tilt of the casing. Changes in tilt measurements over time indicate ground movement such as landslides. Inclinometers are useful for monitoring the direction, rate, magnitude, and location of landslide movement. Accuracy of inclinometer measurements can be affected by sensor bias shift, sensitivity drift, rotation errors, and depth positioning errors.

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182 views11 pages

Slope Inclinometers/indicators

The document discusses inclinometers, which are instruments used to measure slope and tilt. An inclinometer system consists of an inclinometer casing installed in the ground and an inclinometer probe used to measure the tilt of the casing. Changes in tilt measurements over time indicate ground movement such as landslides. Inclinometers are useful for monitoring the direction, rate, magnitude, and location of landslide movement. Accuracy of inclinometer measurements can be affected by sensor bias shift, sensitivity drift, rotation errors, and depth positioning errors.

Uploaded by

senthilkumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

• A clinometer or inclinometer is an instrument


for measuring angles of slope (or tilt),
elevation or depression of an object with
respect to gravity.
• Slope inclinometers/indicators are used to
determine the magnitude, rate, direction,
depth, and type of landslide movement.
Illustration of inclinometer operation
(modified from Dunnicliff 1988 and Slope
Indicator 2005)
Fig: Principles of inclinometer configuration of
inclinometer equipments
Inclinometers

• Inclinometer Casing

• Digitilt Inclinometer Probe


Inclinometers
• Inclinometers are also known as slope gauge,
gradient meter, slope alert, tilt meter
• Their main function includes measurement of
the angle of depression as well as elevation
with reference to gravity and it also includes
measuring the angle of slopes that are positive
as well as negative.
In Landslide Monitoring
Slope inclinometers helps in measuring
• Direction of movement.
• Rate of movement.
• Magnitude and location of movement.

Instalation of Slope Inclinometer


First, the bottom of the inclinometer must be located well below the
potential zone of movement so the bottom of the inclinometer does not
translate. If the inclinometer is not located well below the zone of
movement, the inclinometer will not capture the total amount of
movement. In other words, the inclinometer that is too shallow can
yield too small of a movement, if any, when compared to sufficiently
deep inclinometers.
Inclinometer Casing

• An inclinometer system has two components:


• (1) inclinometer casing and
• (2) an inclinometer measurement system.
• Inclinometer casing provides access for subsurface
measurements. Grooves inside the casing control the
orientation of the inclinometer sensor and provide a
uniform surface for measurements.
• Inclinometer casing is usually installed in a borehole. It
can also be embedded in fill, buried in a trench
(horizontal inclinometers), cast into concrete, or
attached to a structure.
Digitilt Classic
Inclinometer System.
The Digitilt Classic system includes the Digitilt probe, heavy-
duty control cable, the DataMate readout, and DigiPro2
software. Other classic components include a horizontal
probe, aspiral sensor, anda portable tiltmeter.

Digitilt Probe
The classic Digitilt probe has earned a world- wide
reputation for durability, high precision, and rapid response.
It employs two force- balanced servo accelerometers
manufactured by Slope Indicator.

Classic Control Cable


Classic control cable is durable and easy to handle. It remains
flexible in cold weather, resists chemicals and abrasion, and
provides excellent dimensional stability. Flexible rubber depth
marks are permanently vulcanized to the cable jacket.
Operation
• The in-place inclinometer system consists of inclinometer casing and a chain
of inclinometer sensors. The inclinometer casing, which controls the
orientation of the sensors, is installed in a trench or horizontal borehole with
one set of grooves oriented vertically. The sensors are then positioned within
the casing.
• The sensors measure the inclination of the casing (tilt from horizontal).
Changes in the inclination readings indicate that the casing has been
displaced by ground movement. The amount of displacement is calculated by
finding the difference between the current inclination reading and the initial
reading and then converting the result to a vertical distance.
Applications
• Determining the angle of the Earth's magnetic field
with respect to the horizontal plane.
• Showing a deviation from the true vertical or horizontal.
• Surveying, to measure an angle of inclination or
elevation.
• Alerting an equipment operator that it may tip over.
• Measuring angles of elevation, slope, or incline, e.g. of
an embankment.
• Measuring slight differences in slopes, particularly for
geophysics. Such inclinometers are, for instance, used
for monitoring volcanoes, or for measuring the depth
and rate of landslide movement.
• Measuring movements in walls or the ground in
civil engineering projects.
Inclinometer accuracy
Bias-shift error
• The sensor bias is the reading of the probe when it is vertical. Initially, the
sensor bias is set close to zero in the factory, but it may change during field use.
If the sensor bias is zero, the readings of A0 and A180 should be numerically
identical but opposite in sign. Thus, the magnitude of the bias shift can be
evaluated using the checksum, which should be zero if there is no bias shift.
Sensitivity drift
• The causes of sensitivity drift are a drift in the operation amplifier in the pre-amplifier of
the probe. The sensitivity drift is directly proportional to the magnitude of the readings,
and it varies between data sets but is relatively constant for each data set
Rotation error
• The rotation error occurs when the inclinometer casing deviates significantly from
vertical. If the accelerometer sensing axis in the A-axis is rotated slightly towards the B-
axis, the A-axis accelerometer will be sensitive to inclination in the B-axis.
Depth positioning error
• The depth positioning error results from the probe being positioned at different depths
than the “zero” readings in the casing. The difference in the vertical position of the
probe is usually caused by a change in the cable reference, cable length, and/or
compression or settlement of the casing

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