MEM503 : MECHANICS OF SOLIDS - II

SYLLABUS

UNIT - I
Analysis of Stress and Strain
The 3-dimensional state of stress and strain. Stress tensor. Stress invariants. Principal stresses.
Differential equations of equilibrium. Plane stress in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Strain tensor.
Principal strains. Plane strain state in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Generalized Hooke's law,
application to isotropic materials.

UNIT - II
Theories of Failure
Theories of failure (Maximum normal stress, maximum normal strain, maximum shear stress, octahedral
shear stress, maximum strain energy, maximum distortion energy) and their significance.
Axisymmetric Problems
Thick-walled cylinders. Compound cylinders. Rotating discs of uniform thickness. Discs of variable
thickness. Rotating shafts and cylinders.

UNIT - III
Inelastic Behavior in Bending and Torsion
Deformation, stresses and residual stresses in the Inelastic range in bending of beams and in torsion of
circular bars.
Energy Methods
Strain energy in uniaxial and biaxial loading. Principle of superposition. Maxwell's reciprocal theorem.
Castigliano's theorems.

UNIT - IV
Bending of Beams
Asymmetrical bending of straight bars. Bending of curved beams. Winkler-Bach formula for
circumferential stresses.
Torsion
Torsion of bars of non-circular cross-sections. Membrane analogy. Thin rectangular sections.
Thin-walled tubes.

UNIT - V
Introduction to Fiber Reinforced Composites
Introduction, Classification, Difference in behavior from conventional materials, Manufacturing processes,
materials used, Advantages, disadvantages.
Lamina and Laminate Behavior
Stress-strain relations, Engineering constants, Restrictions on constants, Micro-mechanical behavior,
Rule of mixtures. Constitutive relations, [A], [B] and [D] matrices.

SUGGESTED READING
Srinath LS Advanced Mechanics of Solids TMH
Cook RD, Young WC Advanced Mechanics of Materials Macmillan
Boresi, Sidebottom Advanced Mechanics of Solids Wiley
Herakovich, CT Mechanics of Fribrous Composites Wiley
Jones, RM Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2/E Taylor and Francis
  fd
f()
from 0 to  from 0 to /2 from 0 to  from 0 to 3/2 from 0 to 2
sin  1  cos  1 2 1 0
cos  sin  1 0 1 0
sin2  ½(  ½sin 2) /4 /2 3/4 
cos 
2
½( + ½sin 2) /4 /2 3/4 
sin cos  ½ sin 
2
½ 0 ½ 0
1 - cos  sin  /2  1  3/2 +1 2
(1 - cos ) 2
3/2  2 sin  3/4  2 3/2 9/4 + 2 3
+ ¼sin 2
(1 - cos ) sin  cos  ½sin2  ½ 2 ½ 0
(1 - cos ) cos   /2 + sin  /4 /2 1  3/4 
¼sin 2
 sin  sin  cos  1  1 2
 cos  cos  sin  1/2 2 1 - 3/2 0
1 UNIT I
Analysis of Stress and Strain
1.1 a. Define body force, surface force. Give examples.
b. Distinguish clearly between internal and external forces.
c. The components of stress at a point are x = 10, y = -6, z = 0, xy = 2, yz = -4, and zx = 0 MPa.
Determine the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose normal has the following
direction cosines: nx=0.112, ny=0.35, nz=0.93. 5 2 1
2 3 4
1.2 The components of stress at a point are given by the array shown on the right. Determine
1 4 2
the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose direction cosines are 1/3 , 2/3 , 0.
1.3 At a point P in a body x = 10.20, y = -5.10, z = 0.51, xy = yz = zx = 10.20 MPa. Determine the
normal and shear stresses on a plane that is equally inclined to all the three axes. Prove the
formula used.
1.4 The stress components at a point in a body are x = 0, y = 3, z = 1, xy = zx = 0, and yz = 3 MPa.
Determine the principal stresses and the orientation of the principal axes. Check that the principal
directions are mutually perpendicular. Also determine the normal and shearing stresses on the
octahedral plane.
1.5 With respect to the frame of reference OXYZ, a state of stress exists as shown in the 1 2 1
tensor alongside. Determine the principal stresses and the associated directions. Also 2 1 1
check the invariance of I1, I2 and I3.
1 1 1
1.6 a. At a point P the rectangular stress components are x = 1, y = 2, z = 4, xy = yz = 3,
and zx = 1 kPa. Find the principal stresses and the position of their planes.
b. Derive equilibrium equations in three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. State the
assumptions which are made in the derivation.
1.7 The state of stress at a point is shown in the tensor on the right. Resolve the state into a
10 4 6
hydrostatic state and a pure shear state. Determine the normal and shearing stresses on
4 2 8
an octahedral plane. Compare these with oct and oct calculated for the hydrostatic and
pure shear states. Are the octahedral planes of the given state, the hydrostatic state and 6 8 6
the pure shear state the same or are they different? Explain why.
1.8 Prove that oct = (1/3)[(x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2 + 6 {xy2 + yz2 + zx2} ]1/2 and oct=(1/3)(x+y+z)
where x, y, z, xy, yz, and zx are the six rectangular stress components at a point.
1.9 The state of stress at a point is characterized by the tensor shown at right. Determine T T 2 1
such that there is at least one plane passing through the point in such a way that the 2 0 2
resultant stress on that plane is zero. Determine the direction cosines of the normal to that 1 2 0
plane.
1.10 Derive the equations of equilibrium of a three dimensional stress system in cylindrical coordinates.
1.11 The following displacement field is imposed on a body: u  xyiˆ 3xzjˆ 4k̂  102. Consider a point
P and a neighboring point Q where PQ has direction cosines (0.228,0.8,0.555). Point P has
coordinates (2,1,3). If PQ=s, find the components of P'Q' after deformation.
1.12 Consider the displacement field u  yiˆ 3yzjˆ 4  6xk̂  102 . What are the rectangular strain
components at the point P(1,0,2)? Use only linear terms.
1.13 A displacement field is given by ux=kxy, uy=kxy, uz=2k(x+y)z, where k is a constant small enough
to ensure applicability of the small deformation theory. (a) Write down the strain matrix. (b) What
is the strain in the direction nx=ny=nz=1/3.
1.14 A displacement field is given by ux=k(x +2z), uy=k(4x+2y +z), uz=4kz , where k is a very small
constant. What are the strains at (2,2,3) in the directions : a. (0, 0.5, 0.5 ), b. (1, 0, 0),
c. (0.6, 0, 0.8)

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1.15 For the rectangular component small strain tensor shown on the right, determine the 1 0 0
principal strains and the direction cosines of the maximum unit extension. p=10-4. p 0 0 4
1.16 A displacement field for a body is given by u  x  yˆ i  3  zjˆ x  2yk̂. Determine 0 4 3
the principal strains at (3,1,-2) and the direction of the minimum principal strain.
1.17 For steel the following data is applicable: E=207 GPa, G=80 GPa. The strain 1 0 2
tensor at a point is shown on the right. Determine the stress matrix. p=10-4. p 0 3 3
1.18 The cantilever beam shown in the figure is loaded by a constant traction  (force 2 0.3 0
per unit area) that acts tangent to its upper surface only. In terms
of the length L, depth 2c, and thickness t of the cantilever, find the
principal stresses and the maximum shear stress at the top and
bottom surfaces near the support.
2 UNIT II
Theories of Elastic Failure
2.1 A piece of material is subjected to three mutually perpendicular tensile stresses of 50, 60 and
80 MPa. Calculate the strain energy per unit volume. Calculate also the maximum shear strain
energy per unit volume. =0.30, E=200 GPa.
2.2 At a point in a steel member the major principal stress is 200 MPa and the minor principal stress is
compressive. If the tensile yield point of the steel is 250 MPa find the value of the minor principal
stress at which yielding will commence according to each of the following criteria of failure:
a. maximum shear stress, b. maximum total strain energy, c. maximum shear strain energy. =0.28
2.3 In a two dimensional stress system, normal stresses of 20 and 120 MPa act on two mutually
perpendicular planes in conjunction with a shear stress of 40 MPa. The stress intensity judged by
the shear strain energy is excessive. As it was found impossible to reduce the applied stresses, the
severity of the shear strain energy condition was reduced by increasing the normal stress of 20 MPa
to some higher tensile value X. Find the value of X at which shear strain energy is least.
2.4 A solid circular shaft is required to carry a torque of 6 kNm and a bending moment of 2 kNm.
Determine the diameter of the shaft assuming that the maximum total strain energy per unit volume
is not to exceed that in the material under a pure shearing stress of 30 MPa. E=200 GPa. =0.285
2.5 A MS hollow shaft of 100 mm external diameter and 50 mm internal diameter is subjected to a
torque of 8 kNm and a bending moment of 2.5 kNm. Calculate the principal stresses and find the
direct stress which, acting alone, would produce the same – a. maximum elastic strain energy,
b. maximum elastic shear strain energy – as that produced by the principal stresses acting together.
=0.25
2.6 A circular shaft 100 mm diameter is subjected to combined bending and torsion, the BM being 3
times the twisting moment. If the direct tension yield point of the material is 360 MPa and the factor
of safety on yield is to be 4, calculate the allowable twisting moment by the following theories of
elastic failure: (a) maximum principal stress, (b) maximum shear stress, (c) maximum shear strain
energy.
2.7 A direct tension test on a specimen of steel gave elastic breakdown at 300 MPa. A shaft made of
this material is of 50 mm diameter. Determine according to the following theories the torque
required to produce elastic breakdown when the shaft also carries a BM of 2.5 kNm: a. maximum
principal stress theory, b. maximum total strain energy theory. =0.30
2.8 A specimen of steel has a yield point stress in simple tension of 320 MPa. A shaft made of this
material is of 50 mm diameter and is subjected to a twisting moment of 2.5 kNm. Assuming the
criterion of elastic failure is the reaching of a definite value for the maximum shear strain energy per
unit volume, calculate what additional bending moment will cause the material to pass the yield
point.

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2.9 A hollow cylindrical brass beam of inner and outer diameters 50 and 85 mm respectively sustains on
a certain cross-section a pure bending moment of 2 kNm and an axial torque. If the factor of safety
3 is required, what is the maximum torque that may be transmitted along the shaft, if failure is
reckoned to have occurred when the maximum shear strain energy per unit volume has reached a
value corresponding to that under a simple tensile stress of 200 MPa.
2.10 A torque of 1.5 kNm is transmitted by a cylindrical tube 100 mm external diameter and of uniform
thickness 2.5 mm. If the elastic limit of the material under simple tension is 250 MPa, calculate the
factor of safety when the criterion of failure is (a) maximum shear stress, (b) maximum shear
strain energy.
2.11 A bending moment M applied to a solid round shaft causes a maximum direct stress y at elastic
failure. Determine the numerical relationships between M and a twisting moment T which, acting
alone on the shaft, will produce elastic failure according to each of the following theories:
a. maximum principal stress, b. maximum principal strain, c. maximum strain energy, d. maximum
shear stress, e. maximum shear strain energy. =0.30
2.12 The principal stresses at a point in an elastic material are 2 tensile,  tensile, and /2 compressive.
Calculate the value  at failure according to five different theories of failure. The elastic limit in
simple tension is 325 MPa. =0.30
2.13 A solid bar, 40 mm diameter, carries an axial tensile load of 240 kN and its lateral surface carries a
fluid pressure of 80 MPa. These loads initiate yielding in the material. Another shaft made of the
same material carries a bending moment of 350 N-m. How much torque can be added before failure
occurs. Use the octahedral shear stress theory.
Axisymmetric Problems
2.14 a. State the assumptions made in the analysis of rotating disks.
b. Derive the expressions for the radial and circumferential stresses in a rotating disc
i. with hole, and ii. without a hole. Find the maximum values of these stresses and plot.
2.15 a. A C.I. pipe has 200 mm internal diameter and 50 mm metal thickness and carries water under a
pressure of 5 MPa. Calculate the maximum and minimum intensities of circumferential stress and
sketch the distribution of circumferential stress intensity and intensity of radial pressure across the
section.
b. Calculate the thickness of metal necessary for a cylindrical shell of internal diameter 80 mm to
withstand an internal pressure of 25 MPa, if the maximum permissible tensile stress is 125 MPa.
2.16 A compound cylinder, formed by shrinking one tube on to another, is subjected to an internal
pressure of 60 MPa. Before the fluid is admitted, the internal and external diameter of the
compound cylinders are 120 mm and 200 mm and the diameter at the junction is 160 mm. If after
shrinking, the radial pressure at the common surface is 8 MPa, calculate the final stresses set up by
the section.
2.17 The cylinder of a hydraulic ram is 160 mm internal diameter. Find the thickness required to
withstand an internal pressure of 60 MPa, if the maximum tensile stress is limited to 90 MPa and the
maximum shear stress is 80 MPa.
2.18 The cylinder of a hydraulic press has an internal diameter of 300 mm and is to be designed to
withstand a pressure of 10 MPa without the material being stressed over 20 MPa. Determine the
thickness of the metal and the stress on the outside of the cylinder. Sketch a diagram showing the
variation of radial and hoop stresses across the thickness of the wall of the cylinder.
2.19 Two thick steel cylinders A and B closed at the ends have the same dimensions, the outside
diameter being 1.6 times the inside. Cylinder A is subjected to internal pressure only and B to
external pressure only. Find the ratio of these pressures a. when the greatest circumferential stress
has the same numerical value, and b. when the greatest circumferential strain has the same
numerical value. =0.30.

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2.20 A steel shaft originally 100 mm diameter is subjected to a uniform radial compressive stress of
20 MPa. If the radial stress remains constant, find the uniform longitudinal stress required to reduce
the initial diameter by 0.012 mm and calculate the alteration of volume for a 150 mm length of shaft.
E=210 GPa,  = 0.30
2.21 A steel cylinder has a length of 250 mm and internal and external diameters of 100 mm and 140 mm
respectively. a. Determine the circumferential and longitudinal stresses at the inner surface when
the cylinder is filled with water under a pressure of 10 MPa. b. How much more water does the
cylinder contain than that required to fill it at atmospheric pressure? For steel, E=200 GPa,  = 0.30,
and for water K=2 GPa.
2.22 A solid steel shaft of 20 mm diameter is pressed into a steel sleeve. Find the initial difference of
diameters when the common radial pressure is 10 MPa and the circumferential stress is 20 MPa at
the inside of the sleeve. Find the axial compressive load that should be applied to the shaft to
increase the radial pressure to 14 MPa. E=200 GPa,  = 0.30.
2.23 A circular hollow disc of external radius R and internal radius half the external revolves at a constant
speed rad/s. Starting from first principles find the expressions for maximum values of radial and
circumferential stresses.
2.24 A circular saw 5 mm thick, 0.9 m diameter, is secured upon a 100 mm shaft. The steel of which the
1
saw is composed has a density of 8100 kg/m3, and   3.5 . Determine the permissible speed if the
allowable hoop stress is 250 MPa, and find the minimum value of the radial stress.
2.25 A DeLaval steam turbine rotor is 160 mm diameter below the blade ring, and 6 mm thick, the running
speed being 30000 rpm. If the material has a density of 78 kg/m3, and the allowable stress is
150 MPa, what is the thickness of the rotor at a radius of 40 mm and at the center? Assume uniform
strength.
2.26 A steel turbine disc is to be designed so that between radii of 250 mm and 400 mm the
circumferential and radial stresses are to be constant and equal to 60 MPa when running at
3000 rpm. If the axial thickness is 12 mm at the outer edge of this zone, what should it be at the
inner edge? Assume = 7800 kg/m3.
2.27 A steel plug of length 10 mm and radius 6 mm has been forced into a sleeve of length 10 mm and
outer radius 12 mm. If the greatest circumferential stress in the sleeve is 80 MPa, what torque is
required to turn the plug in the sleeve? Assume coefficient of static friction to be 0.06.
2.28 A thin Aluminium ring, 20 mm thick, is shrunk onto a solid disk of steel, 210 mm radius. If the
contact pressure is 8 MPa at 20oC, to what temperature must the entire assembly be raised to
loosen the ring? Take ESt=200 GPa, St=12*10-6/Co, St=0.27, EAl=70 GPa, Al=24*10-6/Co, Al=0.33.
2.29 Consider a compound cylinder of steel (E=200 GPa) for which inner, outer and contact radii are 25,
75 and 50 mm respectively. The interference (difference in radii at the contact radius) is 0.01 mm.
What is the contact pressure? What internal pressure will produce the same max at the inner radii of
both the cylinders?
2.30 A flat disk of thickness h is shrunk onto a shaft of the same material, causing a contact pressure p c ,
when   0. Assume that the shaft behaves as a solid disk of thickness h. The coefficient of friction
between the disk and the shaft is .
a. At what angular velocity  o does the interface pressure fall to zero?
b. At what angular velocity  can the greatest power be transmitted to the disk? Express your
answer in terms of . o . (Hint: Power  T  , T  normal reaction    radius
2.31 Do stresses in a compound cylinder double if the internal pressure is doubled? Explain.

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3 UNIT III
Inelastic behavior in Bending and Torsion
3.1 a. Discuss the distribution of deformations and stresses in a shaft subjected to a uniform torque if
the material is stressed beyond the yield point. Assume the material to be elastic-plastic.
b. Show that the fully plastic moment of a circular shaft is 33% greater than the moment at the point
when yielding just starts at the surface of the shaft.
300 mm Prob 3.2 3.2b 3.2c
3.2 Determine the ratio of the plastic
moment to the maximum elastic 3.2a
moment for beams of elasto- plastic

250 mm
material having the cross sections
shown in the figure. In all cases
assume the loading to be in the
vertical plane of symmetry. thickness = 50 mm

3.3 A torque of 3200 N·m is transmitted

.
twisted so that only an 8 mm diameter elastic Prob 3.4
160
core remains inside. If the normal material 25 mm
properties can be idealized as shown in the
figure, what residual stress and residual angle of B
twist (per unit length of shaft) will remain upon
removal of the applied torque?

200 mm
2e-3 
3.5 A beam having the T cross section shown in the
figure is made of elastoplastic steel (E=200 GPa) with a proportional limit
(equal to the yield point) of 240 MPa. Determine – (a) the bending moment
applied in the vertical plane of symmetry that will produce a longitudinal
strain of -0.0012 m/m at point B on the lower face of the flange, (b) the
bending moment required to produce completely plastic action in the beam.
3.6 A solid circular steel shaft 100 mm in diameter is subjected to a pure torque of 30 kNm. Assume the
steel is elastoplastic having a yield point y in shear of 120 MPa and a modulus of rigidity G of
80 GPa. Upon removal of the load determine the maximum shearing stress in the shaft and the
magnitude of the angle of twist in a 3 m length.
3.7 A hollow shaft with an outside diameter of 100 mm and an inside diameter of 50 mm is twisted
through an angle of 8o in a 3 m length. The shaft is made of an elastoplastic steel (G=80 GPa) that
has a yield point in shear of 140 MPa. Determine the maximum shearing strain in the shaft, the
magnitude of the applied torque, and the shearing stress at a point on the cross section at the inside
surface of the shaft.
Energy Methods
3.8 State and prove the principle of superposition.
3.9 State and prove Maxwell's reciprocal theorem.
3.10 State and prove Castigliano's first and second theorems and describe their applications.
3.11 A steel ring of rectangular cross-section 8 mm wide by 5 mm thick has a mean radius of 150 mm. A
narrow radial saw cut is made and tangential separating forces of 25 N each are applied at the cut in
the plane of the ring. Find the separation due to these forces. E=200 GPa.

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3.12 A steel spring ABC of P=20N t 2.5a
120 C
dimensions shown in B mm
figure is firmly clamped at E D
A. If a load of 20 N is C
R=60 mm Prob 3.12 Prob 3.13
supported at C, find the
vertical deflection at this thickness = 4 mm
point. Neglect the effect A breadth = 20 mm 2a
of shear. E=200 GPa.
A
3.13 Obtain an expression for the vertical and horizontal displacement at A of the B
beam shown if a=50 mm, t=6 mm. Find the displacements when W=250 N. a
E=210 GPa.
t
2t
3.14 The figure shows a steel rod of 12 mm diameter with one end fixed into a Prob 3.14
horizontal table. The remainder of the rod is bent into the arc of a circle and
the free end is constrained to move vertically. Determine the vertical 150
mm
deflection of the free end for a load of 200 N. E=210 GPa.
3.15 A steel bar 60 mm diameter is bent to the shape shown and
P
the lower end is firmly fixed in the ground in a vertical position.
A load of 800 N is applied at the free end. Calculate the
R=1m
vertical and horizontal deflections of the free end. 200 N
E=200 GPa. Prob 3.15 1.5m
3.16 A bar of diameter d is bent as shown in the figure. Prove that
3Ed 4 /32
the stiffness S is given by S  
P
. P
 4L 6L 2 R24R 2 L3R 3
3
P
If S=1500 N/m, d=6 mm, R=40 mm, find the length L.
E=200 GPa.
R Prob 3.16
3.17 If a ring of mean radius R is acted upon by equal and
opposite forces P along a diameter, find the expressions for L
P Prob 3.17
the maximum bending moment and the deflection along the line
of action of the force P. Assume a rectangular cross-section b by t for the
ring.
3.18 A steel tube having outside and inside diameters of 40 mm and 30 mm
respectively is bent into the form of a quadrant 1.5 m radius. One end is rigidly
attached to a horizontal base plate to which a tangent to that end is perpendicular, and the free end
supports a load of 200 N. Determine the vertical and horizontal deflections of the free end under this
load. E=200 GPa.
P
3.19 Determine the reactions at the supports for
the structure shown in figure.

3.20 A circular steel hoop of rectangular cross
section is used as the controlling element of a Prob 3.20
Prob 3.19
high-speed governor (see figure). Determine
the vertical deflection caused by an angular
velocity . Take E = modulus of elasticity of the material,  = mass density
of the material, R = radius of the hoop, t = thickness of the section. 
free to slide
4 UNIT IV
Bending of Beams
4.1 Find the position of the principal axis and values of the principal moments of inertia for an unequal
angle 125 mm by 75 mm by 12.5 mm. If the angle is used as a cantilever with the 75 mm leg
horizontal and cantilever length of 1.25 m and a vertical load of 4 kN applied at the free end,
determine the position of the neutral axis.

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4.2 A 125 mm x 75 mm x 12.5 mm angle is used as a cantilever of length 1.25 m with 75 mm leg
horizontal. A vertical load of 4.5 kN is applied at the free end. Determine the position of the neutral
axis and the maximum stress set up. The following are given: x̄ = 18.75 mm, ȳ = 43.75 mm,
Ix = 369.271*10-8 m4, Iy = 100.71*10-8 m4, Ixy = 109.88*10-8 m4.
4.3 Prove that the stress in a bar of large initial curvature can be given by the expression
My
  Ae R o1y , where M, y, A, e and Ro have their usual meanings.
4.4 A curved bar of square section 75 mm sides and mean radius of curvature 112.5 mm is initially
unstressed. If a bending moment of 7.5 kNm is applied to the bar tending to straighten it, find the
stresses at the inner and outer faces. Prove the formula for determining e, the distance between the
neutral axis and the centroidal principal axis.
4.5 A crane hook whose horizontal cross-section is trapezoidal, 50 mm wide at the inside and 25 mm
wide at the outside, thickness 50 mm, carries a vertical load of 10 kN whose line of action is
62.5 mm from the inside edge of this section. The center of curvature is 50 mm from the inside
edge. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses set up.
4.6 A steel bar of rectangular section 60 mm x 30 mm is arranged as a cantilever projecting horizontally
600 mm beyond the support. The broad face of the bar makes 30o with the horizontal. A load of
100 N is hung from the free end. Find the neutral axis and the maximum tensile stress.
4.7 A 250 mm x 125 mm I beam having Ix = 3717.8*10-8 m4 and Iy = 193.4*10-8 m4 is used as a purlin on
a roof truss. The angle of inclination of the main rafter of the roof is 30o to the horizontal and the
rafters are placed 4 m apart. If the vertical load on the purlin is 10 kN uniformly distributed,
determine the maximum stress (purlins may be taken as simply supported at the ends).
4.8 A roof is formed of rafters spaced 3 m apart at 30o. Purlins of channel section, 300 x 100 x 12 mm
are fixed to the rafters at intervals of 2 m. The wind load is 1 kN/m2 normal to plane of the rafters
and the dead load is 0.75 kN/m2 of the same plane but acting in a vertical direction. Find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the purlins.
4.9 A 300 mm I-beam with the flanges 150 mm wide, is subjected to a bending moment in a plane
inclined at 30o to the major principal axis. Find the position of the neutral axis and the magnitude of
the bending moment if the allowable stress is 80 MPa. The moments of inertia about the two
principal axes are 7332.9*10-8 m4 and 376.2*10-8 m4.
4.10 A 150 mm x 100 mm x 15 mm unequal angle-bar is placed with the long leg vertical and used as a
beam supported at each end, the span being 3 m. What central load can be placed on the angle-bar
in order that the maximum stress due to bending may not exceed 10 MPa.
4.11 A 90 mm x 90 mm x 10 mm steel angle is used as a cantilever of length 800 mm and carries an end
load. One leg of the angle is horizontal and the load at the end is vertical with its line of action
passing through the centroid of the section. Determine the maximum allowable load if the bending
stress is not to exceed 120 MPa. Assume all corners of the angle to be left square.
4.12 A curved bar of rectangular section, initially unstressed, is subjected to a bending moment of
1.5 kNm which tends to straighten the bar. The section is 40 mm wide by 50 mm deep in the plane
of bending and the mean radius of curvature is 100 mm. Find the position of the neutral axis and
magnitudes of the greatest bending stresses and draw a diagram to show approximately how the
stress varies across the section.
4.13 A bar 40 mm diameter, curved to a mean radius of 200 mm, is subjected to a bending moment of
500 Nm tending to open out the bend. Plot the stress distribution across the section.
Torsion
4.14 Explain membrane analogy for torsion with a few examples.
4.15 Show by membrane analogy that a multiply connected section (e.g. a hollow tube) is much stronger
and stiffer than a simply connected section (e.g. a tube with a longitudinal cut) of the same
cross-sectional area.

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4.16 The section of a square shaft has 50 mm sides. A torque of 500 Nm is applied. Find the maximum
shear stress and twist per unit length.
4.17 Derive the formula for stresses and deformations in a thin hollow section under torsion using the
principle of shear flow as  = T/(2tA). Hence find the stress and deformation in a rectangular tube of
mean size 50 mm × 100 mm and a wall thickness of 5 mm under a torque of 5 kNm. Length of the
tube is 8 m. G=80 GPa.
4.18 A rectangular bar 50 mm x 100 mm is to be replaced by a solid circular shaft so that neither stresses
nor deformations are exceeded. Find the diameter of the shaft and percentage saving of material
compared to the rectangular shaft.
4.19 A screw driver has a shank of soft steel with a yield point of 240 MPa. Its diameter is 4 mm. The tip
is hardened to a yield strength of 420 MPa and has a size of 1.6 mm x 7 mm. Find the maximum
torque that can be transmitted without yielding.
4.20 A long steel plate of thickness t and width D (where t<<D) is bent into the form of a cylinder of
diameter D. Find the expressions for the shear stresses and the twist per unit length if a torque T is
applied axially. Consider the two cases when (a) the edges are welded to form a closed section,
and (b) the edges are free.
4.21 In the above problem if D=100 mm, t=2 mm, T=100 Nm, and the pitch of the rivets is 50 mm, find the
shear force on each rivet.
4.22 The cross section shown is an isosceles triangle for Prob 4.22
a
which b>>a. Find expressions for max and  in terms of
T, b, a, and G. How much error is produced if the b
average thickness is used?
4.23 What should R be if the torsional stiffness of the narrow
rectangular section (dimensions b by t) is to be doubled t t Prob. 4.23
by adding the two closed circular tubes shown? Assume
R>>t. Is the result accurate for b=40t? Explain. b
R R
4.24 A bar consists of a square thin walled closed cell with four
triangular fins projecting out as shown in the figure. The length of each fin is b while its
width at the base in contact with the square cell is t. Assume b >> t. Determine the
length a of the side of the square thin walled closed cell so that the torsional stiffness
of the cross section is 5 times that of the fins. Assume: thickness of square
cell = t. Comment about the validity of your result.
Prob 4.24
5 UNIT V
Introduction to Fiber Reinforced Composites
5.1 What is a composite? Give examples of naturally occurring fibrous composites.
5.2 List materials that are used in fiber form in fibrous composites. In each case describe the process of
manufacture of the fiber.
5.3 Describe monoclinic, orthotropic, and transversely orthotropic material. In each case determine the
number of independent elastic constants required to describe its behavior.
5.4 Discuss advantages and disadvantages of fibrous composites over conventional materials.
5.5 What is a lamina? What can you say about the mechanical behavior of a lamina? Give the
stress-strain relations applicable to a unidirectional fiber composite.
5.6 Derive the constitutive relations for plane stress. Why are these normally used for the analysis of
composites?
5.7 Show that the 3-D stiffness matrix, C̄ij, is symmetric by taking the second derivatives of the strain
energy density, W, with respect to i and j in reverse order, and using the fact that the final result is
independent of the order of differentiation.

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5.8 Write a computer program to read the engineering constants for a composite material and calculate
the 3×3 plane stress matrices [S], [S̄], [Q], and [Q̄] corresponding to any value of . Use your
program to generate the values of Q̄11, Q̄12, Q̄22, Q̄16, Q̄26, and Q̄66 for values of  ranging from 90o to
+90o in 1o increments and plot these.
5.9 Given the strain vector shown on the right, compute the corresponding  0.001 
stress vector  1 for T300/5208 carbon/epoxy. Use this result to compute    
1  0.002 
vector  1 , which should be the original strain vector. 0.0005 
 
5.10 What is the Rule of Mixtures? Derive the expressions for the effective axial
modulus (E1) and the effective axial Poisson's Ratio (12). What are the assumptions involved in the
derivations?
5.11 Determine the upper and lower bounds on the axial modulus (E1) on the basis of the principles of
minimum potential energy and minimum complementary energy.
5.12 What are the assumptions of the Classical Lamination Theory? Using the classical lamination
theory derive the strain-displacement relations.
5.13 Derive expressions for the in-plane forces and moments per unit length in terms of the mid-plane
 N  A B  o 
strains and curvatures, i.e. derive the relation    .
M  B D   
5.14 What are symmetric laminates, cross-ply laminates, Angle-ply laminates, balanced laminates and
Quasi-isotropic laminates. Discuss their behavior.
5.15 Write a computer program to compute the [A], [B] and [D] matrices for an arbitrary composite
material.

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