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Metrology and Quality Control

This document defines limits, fits, and tolerances for metrology and quality control. It discusses that limits define the permissible size range for a dimension, fits describe the relationship between mating part sizes before assembly, and tolerances represent the difference between high and low limits. It classifies fits as clearance, interference, or transition and tolerances as unilateral, bilateral, compound, or geometric. The document emphasizes considering functional requirements, interchangeability, economics, and process when deciding limits and discusses using allowance to achieve the desired fit between mating parts.

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Deepak Misra
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106 views13 pages

Metrology and Quality Control

This document defines limits, fits, and tolerances for metrology and quality control. It discusses that limits define the permissible size range for a dimension, fits describe the relationship between mating part sizes before assembly, and tolerances represent the difference between high and low limits. It classifies fits as clearance, interference, or transition and tolerances as unilateral, bilateral, compound, or geometric. The document emphasizes considering functional requirements, interchangeability, economics, and process when deciding limits and discusses using allowance to achieve the desired fit between mating parts.

Uploaded by

Deepak Misra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Metrology and Quality Control

Limits, Fits and Tolerance

Name: Deepak Kumar Misra


Reg. No.: PA1711002010001
Section: ‘A’
DEFINITIONS

Limits: These are two extreme permissible sizes for any dimension [High and Low]

Fits: When two parts are to be assembled, the relation resulting from the difference between their sizes
before assembly is called a fit.

Tolerances: It is the difference between the high and low limits of size.

Nominal size: It is the size of a dimension or part by which it is referred to as a matter of convenience .

Actual size: This is the measured size of a physical part.

Allowance: This is an intensional difference between the hole dimension and the shaft dimension.
Limits of Size

Some necessary considerations while deciding limits of size are:

→ Functional requirement.
(Function and purpose of the component, what it is required to
do)

→ Interchangeability
(Ease of replacement in the event of failure, possibility to roll
back)

→ Economics
(Higher limits decrease the manufacturing cost while closer
limits increase the cost.)
Gauge cost

→ Process
(To minimise the production time)
Allowance
→ An allowance is the intentional difference between the maximum material limits, that is, Lower limit and
Higher Limit (minimum clearance or maximum interference) of the two mating parts. It is the prescribed
difference between the dimensions of the mating parts to obtain the desired type of fit.

→ Allowance may be positive or negative. Positive allowance indicates a clearance fit, and an interference
fit is indicated by a negative allowance.

Allowance = LLH - HLS


Fits
Types of Fits:
1. Clearance Fit: In this fit, the largest permitted shaft diameter is smaller than the diameter of the
smallest hole, so that the shaft can rotate or slide through with different degree of freedom according
to the purpose of the mating members.
Fits
2. Interference Fit: In this type of fit, the minimum permitted diameter of the shaft is larger than the
maximum allowable diameter of the hole. Interference exist between high limit of the hole and low limit of
the shaft.

It is used in components where motion power has to be transmitted.


Fits
3. Transition Fit: In this type of fit, the diameter of the largest allowable hole is greater than that of the
smallest shaft, but the smallest hole is smaller than the largest shaft, so that small positive or negative
clearance between the shaft and hole members are employable.

“Occurs when two toleranced mating parts are sometimes and interference fit and sometimes clearance fit
when assembled”

Condition:
● LLH > LLS
● HLH < HLS
TOLERANCE
“Tolerance is equal to the algebraic difference between the upper and lower deviations and has and
absolute value without sign.”

Tolerance = Maximum Limit - Minimum Limit


Classification of Tolerance
Tolerance can be classified under the following categories:
1. Unilateral tolerance
2. Bilateral tolerance
3. Compound tolerance
4. Geometric tolerance

Unilateral Tolerance: When the tolerance distribution is only on one side of the basic size, it is known as
unilateral tolerance. In other words, tolerance limits lie wholly on one side of the basic size, either above or
below it.

Bilateral Tolerance: When the tolerance distribution lies on either side of the basic size, it is known as
bilateral tolerance. In other words, the dimension of the part is allowed to vary on both sides of the basic size
but may not be necessarily equally disposed about it.
Classification of Tolerance
Compound Tolerance: When tolerance is determined by established tolerances on more than one
dimension, it is known as compound tolerance.

For example, tolerance for the dimension R is determined by the combined effects of tolerance on 40 mm
dimension, on 60º, and on 20 mm dimension. The tolerance obtained for dimension R is known as
compound tolerance (Fig. 3.4). In practice, compound tolerance should be avoided as far as possible.
Classification of Tolerance
Geometric tolerances: They are used to indicate the relationship of one part of an object with another.
Consider the example shown in Fig. 3.5.

Geometric tolerance is classified as:


1. Form tolerance ( Straightness, Flatness, Cricularity, Cylindricity)
2. Profile tolerance (Profile of a line/surface)
3. Orientation (Angularity, Perpendicularity, Parallelism)
4. Location (Position, Concentricity, Symmetry)
5. Runout (Circular/Total Runout)
Engineering application of tolerance
Thank You !!!
For your patience and attention

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