Indian Army

The Indian Army is the land-based branch

and the largest component of the Indian
Armed Forces. The President of India is
the Supreme Commander of the Indian
Army,[4] and its professional head is the
Chief of Army Staff (COAS), who is a four-
star general. Two officers have been
conferred with the rank of field marshal, a
five-star rank, which is a ceremonial
position of great honour. The Indian Army
originated from the armies of the East
India Company, which eventually became
the British Indian Army, and the armies of
the princely states, which were merged
into the national army after independence.
The units and regiments of the Indian
Army have diverse histories and have
participated in a number of battles and
campaigns around the world, earning
many battle and theatre honours before
and after Independence.[5]
 Indian Army

Crest of the Indian Army

Founded 1 April 1895

Country  India

Type Army

Role Land warfare

Size 1,237,117 active

personnel[1]
960,000 reserve
personnel[2]

Part of Indian Armed Forces

Headquarters Integrated Defence

Headquarters,
Ministry of Defence,
New Delhi

Motto(s) Service Before Self

Colours Gold, red and black

             
March Quick: Qadam Qadam
Badhaye Ja (Keep
stepping forward)
Slow: Samman Guard
(The Guard of
Honour)

Anniversaries Army Day: 15

January

Aircraft 315[3]

Website indianarmy.nic.in

Commanders
Commander-in-Chief President Ram Nath
Kovind

Chief of Defence General Bipin Rawat

Staff (CDS) PVSM, UYSM, AVSM,
YSM, SM, VSM, ADC

Chief of the Army General Manoj

Staff (COAS) Mukund Naravane,
PVSM, AVSM, SM,
VSM, ADC
Vice Chief of the Lieutenant General
Army Staff (VCOAS) Satinder Kumar Saini,
AVSM, YSM, VSM
Notable Field Marshal K. M.
commanders Cariappa, OBE
Field Marshal Sam
Manekshaw, MC
General K. S.
Thimayya, DSO

Insignia
Flag

Aircraft flown
Attack HAL Rudra, HAL LCH

Helicopter HAL Dhruv, HAL

Chetak, HAL Cheetah

The primary mission of the Indian Army is

to ensure national security and national
unity, to defend the nation from external
aggression and internal threats, and to
maintain peace and security within its
borders. It conducts humanitarian rescue
operations during natural calamities and
other disturbances, such as Operation
Surya Hope, and can also be requisitioned
by the government to cope with internal
threats. It is a major component of
national power, alongside the Indian Navy
and the Indian Air Force.[6] The army has
been involved in four wars with
neighbouring Pakistan and one with China.
Other major operations undertaken by the
army include Operation Vijay, Operation
Meghdoot, and Operation Cactus. The
army has conducted large peace time
exercises such as Operation Brasstacks
and Exercise Shoorveer, and it has also
been an active participant in numerous
United Nations peacekeeping missions,
including those in Cyprus, Lebanon,
Congo, Angola, Cambodia, Vietnam,
Namibia, El Salvador, Liberia, Mozambique,
South Sudan, and Somalia.

The Indian Army is operationally and

geographically divided into seven
commands, with the basic field formation
being a division. Below the division level
are permanent regiments that are
responsible for their own recruiting and
training. The army is an all-volunteer force
and comprises more than 80% of the
country's active defence personnel. It is
the largest standing army in the world,
with 1,237,117[7][8] active troops and
960,000 reserve troops.[9][10] The army has
embarked on an infantry modernisation
program known as Futuristic Infantry
Soldier As a System (F-INSAS), and is also
upgrading and acquiring new assets for its
armoured, artillery, and aviation
branches.[11][12][13]
History

British Indian Army

No. 4 (Hazara) Mountain Battery with RML7 pounder

"Steel Gun" Mountain Gun in Review Order. Left to
right Naick, Havaldar, Subadar (Sikhs) and Gunner
(Punjabi Musalman) circa 1895.

In 1776, a Military Department was

created within the government of the East
India Company at Kolkata. Its main
function was to record orders that were
issued to the army by various departments
of the East India Company for the
territories under its control.[14]
With the Charter Act of 1833, the
Secretariat of the government of the East
India Company was reorganised into four
departments, including a Military
Department. The army in the presidencies
of Bengal, Bombay and Madras functioned
as respective Presidency Armies until 1
April 1895, when they were unified into a
single Indian Army.[15][16][17][18] For
administrative convenience, it was divided
into four commands, namely Punjab
(including the North West Frontier),
Bengal, Madras (including Burma), and
Bombay (including Sind, Quetta and
Aden).[19]

The British Indian Army was a critical force

for maintaining the primacy of the British
Empire, both in India and throughout the
world. Besides maintaining the internal
security of the British Raj, the Army fought
in many other theatres: the Anglo-Burmese
Wars; the First and Second Anglo-Sikh
wars; the First, Second, and Third Anglo-
Afghan wars; the First and Second opium
wars, and the Boxer Rebellion in China; and
in Abyssinia.

World wars

French postcard depicting the arrival of 15th Sikh

Regiment in France during World War I. The postcard
reads, "Gentlemen of India marching to chasten the
German hooligans."
A Sikh soldier of the 4th Division (the Red Eagles) of
the Indian Army, attached to the British Fifth Army in
Italy. Holding a captured swastika after the surrender
of German forces in Italy, May 1945. Behind him, a

fascist inscriptions says "VIVA IL DUCE", "Long live the

Duce" (i.e. Mussolini).

In the 20th century, the British Indian Army

was a crucial adjunct to British forces in
both world wars. 1.3 million Indian soldiers
served in World War I (1914–1918) with
the Allies, in which 74,187 Indian troops
were killed or missing in action.[20] In 1915
there was a mutiny by Indian soldiers in
Singapore. The United Kingdom made
promises of self-governance to the Indian
National Congress in return for its support
but reneged on them after the war,
following which the Indian Independence
movement gained strength.
The "Indianisation" of the British Indian
Army began with the formation of the
Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military
College at Dehradun, in March 1912, with
the purpose of providing education to the
scions of aristocratic and well-to-do Indian
families and to prepare selected Indian
boys for admission into the Royal Military
College, Sandhurst. Cadets were given a
King's commission, after passing out, and
were posted to one of the eight units
selected for Indianisation. Because of the
slow pace of Indianisation, with just 69
officers being commissioned between
1918 and 1932, political pressure was
applied, leading to the formation of the
Indian Military Academy in 1932 and
greater numbers of officers of Indian origin
being commissioned.[21]
In World War II Indian soldiers fought
alongside the Allies. In 1939, British
officials had no plan for expansion and
training of Indian forces, which comprised
about 130,000 men (in addition there were
44,000 men in British units in India in
1939), whose mission was internal
security and defence against a possible
Soviet threat through Afghanistan. As the
war progressed, the size and role of the
Indian Army expanded dramatically, and
troops were sent to battlefronts as soon
as possible. The most serious problem
was lack of equipment.[22] Indian units
served in Burma, where in 1944–45, five
Indian divisions were engaged along with
one British and three African divisions.
Even larger numbers operated in the
Middle East. Some 87,000 Indian soldiers
died in the war. By the end of the war it
had become the largest volunteer army in
history, rising to over 2.5 million men in
August 1945.[23][24]

In the African and Middle East campaigns,

captured Indian troops were given a
choice to join the German Army, to
eventually "liberate" India from Great
Britain, instead of being sent to POW
camps. These men, along with Indian
students who were in Germany when the
war broke out, made up what was called
the Free India Legion. They were originally
intended as pathfinders for German forces
in Asia, but were soon sent to help guard
the Atlantic Wall. Few who were part of the
Free India Legion ever saw any combat,
and very few were ever stationed outside
Europe. At its height, the Free India Legion
had over 3,000 troops in its ranks.[25]
Indian POWs also joined the Indian
National Army, which was allied with the
Empire of Japan. It was raised by a former
colonel of the British Indian Army, General
Mohan Singh, but was later led by Subhas
Chandra Bose and Rash Bihari Bose. With
the fall of Singapore in 1942, about 40,000
Indian soldiers were captured. When given
the choice, over 30,000 joined the Indian
National Army. Those who refused
became POWs and were mostly shipped to
New Guinea.[26] After initial success, this
army was defeated, along with the
Japanese; but it had a huge impact on the
Indian independence movement.

Indian independence

Upon the Partition of India and Indian

independence in 1947, four of the ten
Gurkha regiments were transferred to the
British Army. The rest of the British Indian
Army was divided between the newly
created nations of India and Pakistan. The
Punjab Boundary Force, which had been
formed to help police the Punjab during
the partition period, was disbanded.[27]
Headquarters Delhi and the East Punjab
Command were formed to administer the
area.

The departure of virtually all senior British

officers following independence, and their
replacement by Indian officers, meant
many of the latter held acting ranks
several ranks above their substantive
ones. For instance, S. M. Shrinagesh, the
ground-forces commander of Indian
forces during the first Indo-Pak War of
1947–49 (and the future third COAS), was
first an acting major-general and then an
acting lieutenant-general during the
conflict while holding the substantive rank
of major, and only received a substantive
promotion to lieutenant-colonel in August
1949.[28] Gopal Gurunath Bewoor, the
future ninth COAS, was an acting colonel
at his promotion to substantive major from
substantive captain in 1949, while future
Lieutenant General K. P. Candeth was an
acting brigadier (substantive captain) at
the same time.[29] In April 1948, the former
Viceroy's Commissioned Officers (VCO)
were re-designated Junior Commissioned
Officers, while the former King's
Commissioned Indian Officers (KCIO) and
Indian Commissioned Officers (ICO), along
with the former Indian Other Ranks (IOR),
were respectively re-designated as Officers
and Other Ranks.[30]

Army Day is celebrated on 15 January

every year in India, in recognition of
Lieutenant General K. M. Cariappa's taking
over as the first commander-in-chief of the
Indian Army from General Sir Francis
Butcher, the last British commander-in-
chief of India, on 15 January 1949. With
effect from 26 January 1950, the date
India became a republic, all active-duty
Indian Army officers formerly holding the
King's Commission were recommissioned
and confirmed in their substantive
ranks.[31]

Conflicts and operations

First Kashmir War (1947)

Immediately after independence, tensions

between India and Pakistan erupted into
the first of three full-scale wars between
the two nations over the then princely
state of Kashmir. The Maharaja of
Kashmir wanted to have a standstill
position. Since Kashmir was a Muslim
majority state, Pakistan wanted to make
Kashmir a Pakistani territory. As a result,
Pakistan invaded Kashmir on 22 October
1947, causing Maharaja Hari Singh to look
to India, specifically to Lord Mountbatten
of Burma, the governor general, for help.
He signed the Instrument of Accession to
India on 26 October 1947. Indian troops
were airlifted to Srinagar from 27 October
dawn onwards.[32] This contingent
included General Thimayya who
distinguished himself in the operation and
in the years that followed became a Chief
of the Indian Army. An intense war was
waged across the state and former
comrades found themselves fighting each
other. Pakistan suffered significant losses.
Its forces were stopped on the line formed
which is now called the Line of Control
(LOC).

An uneasy peace, sponsored by the UN,

returned by the end of 1948, with Indian
and Pakistani soldiers facing each other
across the Line of Control, which has since
divided Indian-held Kashmir from that part
held by Pakistan. A number of UN Security
Council resolutions were passed, with
Resolution 47 calling for a plebiscite to be
held in Kashmir to determine accession to
India or Pakistan, only after Pakistan
withdrew its army from Kashmir.[33] A
precondition to the resolution was for
Pakistan and India to return to a state of
"as was" prior to the conflict. Pakistan
would withdraw all tribesmen and
Pakistani nationals brought in to fight in
Kashmir. Pakistan refused to pull back,
and there could be no further dialogue on
fulfilling the UN resolution.[34][33] Tensions
between India and Pakistan, largely over
Kashmir, have never been entirely
eliminated.

Annexation of Hyderabad (1948)

Major General El Edroos (at right) offers his surrender

of the Hyderabad State Forces to Major General (later
Army Chief) J.N. Chaudhuri at Secunderabad

After the partition of India, Hyderabad

State, a princely state under the rule of the
Nizam of Hyderabad, chose to remain
independent. The following stand-off
between the Government of India and the
Nizam ended on 12 September 1948,
when India's then Deputy Prime Minister
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel ordered Indian
troops to secure Hyderabad State. During
five days of fighting, the Indian Army,
backed by an Indian Air Force squadron of
Hawker Tempest aircraft, routed the
Hyderabad State forces. Five Indian Army
infantry battalions and one armoured
squadron were engaged in the operation.
The following day, Hyderabad was
proclaimed part of India. Major General
Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri, who led the
operation, and accepted the surrender of
the Nizam's forces on 18 September 1948,
was appointed the military governor of
Hyderabad, to restore law and order, and
served until 1949.

Assistance during the Korean War (1950–

1953)
During the Korean War, although deciding
against sending combat forces, India sent
its 60th Parachute Field Ambulance unit to
aid the UN troops fighting against the
North Korean invasion of South Korea, as
part of the 1st Commonwealth Division. In
the aftermath of the war, an Indian infantry
brigade formed the Custodian Force of
India, some of whose soldiers were also
part of the Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission, which assisted in the
exchange of prisoners of war and was
headed by Lieutenant General K. S.
Thimayya.

Annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu (1961)

Even though the British and French

vacated all their colonial possessions in
the Indian subcontinent, Portugal refused
to relinquish control of its colonies of Goa,
Daman, and Diu. After repeated attempts
by India to negotiate were spurned by
Portuguese prime minister and dictator,
António de Oliveira Salazar, on 12
December 1961 India launched Operation
Vijay to capture the Portuguese colonies,
which was accomplished by small
contingents of Indian troops. After a brief
conflict that lasted twenty-six hours—
during which 31 Portuguese soldiers were
killed, the Portuguese Navy frigate NRP
Afonso de Albuquerque was destroyed,
and over 3,000 Portuguese were captured
—Portuguese General Manuel António
Vassalo e Silva surrendered to Major
General Kunhiraman Palat Kandoth of the
Indian Army. Goa, Daman, and Diu became
a part of the Republic of India.

Sino-Indian War (1962)

Indian Army Hall of Fame at Leh, near Indo-Tibet
border

The cause of this war was a dispute over

the sovereignty of the widely separated
Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh border
regions. Aksai Chin, claimed by India as
part of Kashmir, and by China as part of
Xinjiang, contains an important road link
that connects the Chinese regions of Tibet
and Xinjiang. China's construction of this
road was one of the triggers of the
conflict.

Small-scale clashes between Indian and

Chinese forces broke out as India insisted
on the disputed McMahon Line being
regarded as the international border
between the two countries. Chinese troops
claimed not to have retaliated to the cross-
border firing by Indian troops, despite
sustaining losses.[35] China's suspicion of
India's involvement in Tibet created more
rifts between the two countries.[36]

In 1962, the Indian Army was ordered to

move to the Thag La ridge, located near
the border between Bhutan and Arunachal
Pradesh and about 3 miles (4.8 km) north
of the disputed McMahon Line.
Meanwhile, Chinese troops had also made
incursions into Indian-held territory, and
tensions between the two reached a new
high when Indian forces discovered the
road constructed by China in Aksai Chin.
After a series of failed negotiations, the
People's Liberation Army attacked Indian
Army positions on the Thag La ridge. This
move by China caught India by surprise;
and on 12 October Nehru gave orders for
the Chinese to be expelled from Aksai
Chin. However, poor co-ordination among
various divisions of the Indian Army, and
the late decision to mobilise the Indian Air
Force in vast numbers, gave China a
crucial tactical and strategic advantage
over India. On 20 October, Chinese soldiers
attacked India from both the northwest
and northeast, and captured large portions
of Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.

As the fighting moved beyond disputed

territories, China called on the Indian
government to negotiate; however, India
remained determined to regain lost
territory. With no agreement in sight, China
unilaterally withdrew its forces from
Arunachal Pradesh. The reasons for the
withdrawal are disputed, with India
claiming various logistical problems for
China and diplomatic support from the
United States, while China stated that it
still held territory it had staked a claim on.
The dividing line between the Indian and
Chinese forces was named the Line of
Actual Control.

The poor decisions made by India's

military commanders, and the political
leadership, raised several questions. The
Henderson-Brooks and Bhagat committee
was soon set up by the government of
India to determine the causes of the poor
performance of the Indian Army. Its report
criticised the decision not to allow the
Indian Air Force to target Chinese
transport lines, out of fear of a Chinese
aerial counter-attack on Indian civilian
areas. Much of the blame was placed on
the then–defence minister, Krishna Menon,
who resigned from his post soon after the
war ended. Despite frequent calls for its
release, the Henderson-Brooks report still
remains classified.[37] Neville Maxwell has
written an account of the war.[38]

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

A second confrontation with Pakistan took

place in 1965. Although the war is
described as inconclusive, India had the
better of the war and was the clear winner
in tactical and strategic terms.[39][40][41]
Pakistani president Ayub Khan launched
Operation Gibraltar in August 1965, during
which Pakistani paramilitary troops
infiltrated into Indian-administered
Kashmir and attempted to ignite anti-India
agitation in Jammu and Kashmir.
Pakistani leaders believed that India,
which was still recovering from the Sino-
Indian War, would be unable to deal with a
military thrust and a Kashmiri rebellion.
India reacted swiftly and launched a
counter-offensive against Pakistan. In
reply, on 1 September Pakistan launched
Operation Grand Slam, invading India's
Chamb-Jaurian sector. In retaliation, the
Indian Army launched a major offensive all
along its border with Pakistan, with Lahore
as its prime target.

Indian Army officer next to a destroyed Pakistani

Sherman tank, after the battle of Asal Uttar.

Initially, the Indian Army met with

considerable success in the northern
sector. After launching prolonged artillery
barrages against Pakistan, India was able
to capture three important mountain
positions in Kashmir. By 9 September, the
Indian Army had made considerable
inroads into Pakistan. India had its largest
haul of Pakistani tanks when an offensive
by Pakistan's 1st Armoured Division was
blunted at the Battle of Asal Uttar, which
took place on 10 September near
Khemkaran.[42] The biggest tank battle of
the war was the Battle of Chawinda, the
largest tank battle in history after World
War II. Pakistan's defeat at the Battle of
Asal Uttar hastened the end of the
conflict.[42]

At the time of the ceasefire declaration,

India reported casualties of about 3,000.
On the other hand, it was estimated that
more than 3,800 Pakistani soldiers were
killed in the conflict.[43][44][45] About 200–
300 Pakistani tanks were either destroyed
or captured by India. India lost a total of
150-190 tanks during the conflict.[42][46]
The decision to return to pre-war positions,
following the Tashkent Declaration,
caused an outcry in New Delhi. It was
widely believed that India's decision to
accept the ceasefire was due to political
factors, not military, since it was facing
considerable pressure from the United
States and the United Nations to cease
hostilities.[47]

1967 Sino-Indian conflict

The 1967 Sino-Indian skirmish, also known

as the Cho La incident, was a military
conflict between Indian troops and
members of the Chinese People's
Liberation Army who, on 1 October 1967,
invaded Sikkim, which was then a
protectorate of India. On 10 October, both
sides clashed again. Defence minister
Sardar Swaran Singh assured the Indian
people that the government was taking
care of developments along the border.
Indian losses were 88 killed, and 163
wounded, while Chinese casualties were
300 killed and 450 wounded in Nathula,
and 40 in Chola.[48] The Chinese Army left
Sikkim after this defeat.[49][50][51]

Operation against the Naxalites during

1971

Under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, during

the president's rule in 1971, the Indian
Army and the Indian police launched
Operation Steeplechase, a gigantic
"counter-insurgency" operation against the
Naxalites, which resulted in the death of
hundreds of Naxalites and the
imprisonment of more than 20,000
suspects and cadres, including senior
leaders.[52] The army was also assisted by
a brigade of para commandos and the
Indian paramilitary. The operation was
organised in October 1969, and Lieutenant
General J.F.R. Jacob was enjoined by
Govind Narain, the Home Secretary, that
"there should be no publicity and no
records". Jacob's request to be presented
with written orders was also refused by
Sam Manekshaw.[53]

Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971

An independence movement broke out in

East Pakistan which was crushed by
Pakistani forces. Due to large-scale
atrocities against them, thousands of
Bengalis took refuge in neighbouring India
causing a major refugee crisis there. In
early 1971, India declared its full-support
for the Bengali rebels, known as Mukti
Bahini, and Indian agents were extensively
involved in covert operations to aid them.

On 20 November 1971, the Indian Army

moved 14 Punjab Battalion, of the 45th
Cavalry regiment, into Garibpur, a
strategically important town in East
Pakistan, near India's border, and
successfully captured it. The following
day, more clashes took place between
Indian and Pakistani forces. Wary of
India's growing involvement in the Bengali
rebellion, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF)
launched a preemptive strike on 10 Indian
air bases—at Srinagar, Jammu, Pathankot,
Amritsar, Agra, Adampur, Jodhpur,
Jaisalmer, Uttarlai, and Sirsa—at 17:45
hours on 3 December. However, this aerial
offensive failed to accomplish its
objectives, and gave India an excuse to
declare a full-scale war against Pakistan
the same day. By midnight, the Indian
Army, accompanied by the Indian Air
Force, launched a major three-pronged
assault into East Pakistan. The Indian
Army won several battles on the eastern
front including the decisive Battle of Hilli.
The operation also included a battalion-
level airborne operation on Tangail, which
resulted in the capitulation of all
resistance within five days.[54] India's
massive early gains were attributed largely
to the speed and flexibility with which
Indian armoured divisions moved across
East Pakistan.[55]

Lt Gen A A K Niazi (right), Commander of the

Lt Gen A A K Niazi (right), Commander of the
Pakistani Eastern Command, signing the Instrument
of Surrender under the gaze of Lt Gen J S Aurora.

Pakistan launched a counterattack against

India on the western front. On 4 December
1971, A Company of the 23rd Battalion of
India's Punjab Regiment intercepted the
Pakistani 51st Infantry Brigade near
Ramgarh, Rajasthan. The Battle of
Longewala ensued, during which A
Company, though outnumbered, thwarted
the Pakistani advance until the Indian Air
Force directed its fighters to engage the
Pakistani tanks. By the time the battle had
ended, 38 Pakistani tanks and 100
armoured vehicles were either destroyed
or abandoned. About 200 Pakistani troops
were killed in action, while only two Indian
soldiers lost their lives. Pakistan suffered
another major defeat on the western front
at the Battle of Basantar, which was
fought from 4 to 16 December. During the
battle, about 66 Pakistani tanks were
destroyed and 40 more were captured.
Pakistani forces were destroyed only 11
Indian tanks.[56] By 16 December, Pakistan
had lost sizeable territory on both the
eastern and western fronts.

On 16 December 1971, under the

command of Lt. General J. S. Arora,
elements of the three corps of the Indian
Army that had invaded East Pakistan
entered Dhaka and forced Pakistani forces
to surrender, one day after the conclusion
of the Battle of Basantar. After Pakistan's
Lt General A. A. K. Niazi signed the
Instrument of Surrender, India took more
than 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of war. By
the time of the signing, 11,000 Pakistani
soldiers had been killed in action, while
India suffered 3,500 battle-related
deaths.[44] In addition, Pakistan lost 220
tanks during the battle compared to India's
69.[57]

In 1972, the Simla Agreement was signed

between the two countries, although
subsequent incidences of heightened
tensions has resulted in continued military
vigilance on both sides.

Siachen conflict (1984)

A memorial for the 22 Indian Army Medical Corps at

the War Cemetery in Taiping, Perak

The Siachen Glacier, although a part of the

Kashmir region, was not demarcated on
maps prepared and exchanged between
the two sides in 1947. In consequence,
prior to the 1980s neither India nor
Pakistan maintained a permanent military
presence in the region. However, beginning
in the 1950s, Pakistan began sending
mountaineering expeditions to the glacier.
By the early 1980s, the Government of
Pakistan was granting special expedition
permits to mountaineers and United
States Army maps showed Siachen as a
part of Pakistan. This practice gave rise to
the term oropolitics.

India, possibly irked by these

developments, launched Operation
Meghdoot in April 1984. An entire
battalion of the Kumaon Regiment was
airlifted to the glacier. Pakistani forces
responded quickly, and clashes between
the two followed. The Indian Army secured
the strategic Sia La and Bilafond La
mountain passes, and by 1985 more than
1,000 square miles (2,600 km2) of territory
claimed by Pakistan was under Indian
control.[58] The Indian Army continues to
control all of the Siachen Glacier and its
tributary glaciers. Pakistan has made
several unsuccessful attempts to regain
control over Siachen. In late 1987,
Pakistan mobilised about 8,000 troops and
garrisoned them near Khapalu, aiming to
capture Bilafond La.[59] However, they were
repulsed by Indian Army personnel
guarding Bilafond. During the battle, about
23 Indian soldiers lost their lives, while
more than 150 Pakistani troops
perished.[60] Further unsuccessful
attempts to reclaim positions were
launched by Pakistan in 1990, 1995, 1996,
and 1999, most notably in Kargil in the
latter year.
India continues to maintain a strong
military presence in the region, despite
inhospitable conditions. The conflict over
Siachen is regularly cited as an example of
mountain warfare.[61][62] The highest peak
in the Siachen Glacier region, Saltoro
Kangri, could be viewed as strategically
important for India because of its height,
which would enable Indian forces to
monitor Pakistani or Chinese movements
in the area.[63] Maintaining control over
Siachen poses several logistical
challenges for the Indian Army. Several
infrastructure projects were constructed in
the region, including a helipad at 21,000
feet (6,400 m).[64] In 2004, the Indian Army
was spending an estimated US$2 million a
month to support its personnel stationed
in the region.[65]

Counter-insurgency activities
The Indian Army has played a crucial role
in fighting insurgents and terrorists within
the nation. The army launched Operation
Blue Star and Operation Woodrose in the
1980s to combat Sikh insurgents. The
army, along with some paramilitary forces,
has the prime responsibility of maintaining
law and order in the troubled Jammu and
Kashmir region, under Northern
Command. The Indian Army sent a
contingent to Sri Lanka in 1987 as a part
of the Indian Peace Keeping
Force.[66][67][68] The Indian Army also
successfully conducted Operation Golden
Bird in 1995, as a counter-insurgency
operation in northeast India.[69]

Kargil war (1999)

In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests;

and a few days later, Pakistan responded
with nuclear tests of its own, giving both
countries nuclear deterrence capability,
although India had tested a hydrogen
bomb, which Pakistan lacked. Diplomatic
tensions eased after the Lahore Summit
was held in 1999. However, the sense of
optimism was short-lived. In mid-1999,
Pakistani paramilitary forces and Kashmiri
insurgents captured the deserted, but
strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil
district of India. These had been vacated
by the Indian Army during the onset of the
inhospitable winter and were to be
reoccupied in spring. The troops that took
control of these areas received important
support, of both arms and supplies, from
Pakistan. Some of the heights under their
control, which also included the Tiger Hill,
overlooked the vital Srinagar–Leh Highway
(NH 1A), Batalik, and Dras.
Kargil War Memorial looking at National Highway 1
from the foot of Tololing

Once the scale of the Pakistani incursion

was realised, the Indian Army quickly
mobilised about 200,000 troops, and
Operation Vijay was launched. However,
since the heights were under Pakistani
control, India was at a clear strategic
disadvantage. From their observation
posts, the Pakistani forces had a clear line-
of-sight to lay down indirect artillery fire on
NH 1A, inflicting heavy casualties on the
Indians.[70] This was a serious problem for
the Indian Army as the highway was its
main supply route.[71] Thus, the Indian
Army's first priority was to recapture peaks
that were in the immediate vicinity of NH
1A. This resulted in Indian troops first
targeting the Tiger Hill and Tololing
complex in Dras.[72] This was soon
followed by more attacks on the Batalik–
Turtok sub-sector, which provided access
to Siachen Glacier. Point 4590, which had
the nearest view of the NH 1A, was
successfully recaptured by Indian forces
on 14 June.[73]

Kargil War Memorial, built to honor fallen soldiers.

Though most of the posts in the vicinity of
the highway were cleared of the enemy by
mid-June, some posts near Dras endured
sporadic shelling until the end of the war.
Once the NH 1A area was cleared, the
Indian Army turned to driving the invading
force back across the Line of Control. The
Battle of Tololing, among others, slowly
tilted the war in India's favour.
Nevertheless, some Pakistani posts put up
a stiff resistance, including Tiger Hill
(Point 5140), which fell only later in the
war. As the operation was fully under way,
about 250 artillery guns were brought in to
clear the infiltrators in posts that were in
the line-of-sight. At many vital points,
neither artillery nor air power could
dislodge the Pakistan soldiers, who were
out of visible range. The Indian Army
mounted some direct frontal ground
assaults, which were slow and took a
heavy toll, given the steep ascents that
had to be made on peaks as high as
18,000 feet (5,500 m). Two months into
the conflict, Indian troops had slowly
retaken most of the ridges they had
lost.[74][75] According to official accounts,
an estimated 75%–80% of the enemy-
occupied area, and nearly all the high
ground, was back under Indian control.

Following the Washington Accord of 4

July, where Sharif agreed to withdraw
Pakistani troops, most of the fighting
came to a gradual halt; but some Pakistani
forces remained in positions on the Indian
side of the LOC. In addition, the United
Jihad Council (an umbrella group for all
extremists) rejected Pakistan's plan for a
draw-down, deciding instead to fight on.[76]
The Indian Army launched its final attacks
in the last week of July. As soon as the
Dras sub-sector had been cleared of
Pakistani forces, the fighting ceased on 26
July, which has since been celebrated as
Kargil Vijay Diwas (Kargil Victory Day) in
India. By the end of the war, India had
resumed control of all the territory south
and east of the Line of Control, as was
established in July 1972 per the Shimla
Accord. By the time all hostilities had
ended, the number of Indian soldiers killed
during the conflict stood at 527,[77] while
more than 700 regular members of the
Pakistani Army had been killed.[78] The
number of Islamist fighters, also known as
Mujahideen, killed by Indian armed forces
during the conflict stood at about 3,000.

2016 Surgical Strikes on Kashmir and the

2016–2018 India-Pakistan conflict
On 18 September 2016, a fedayeen attack
was made by four armed militants on an
army base near the town of Uri. Nineteen
Indian Army soldiers were killed. India
accused Jaish-e-Muhammad, a Pakistan-
based terrorist organisation.[79] On 29
September 2016, the India Army
announced that it conducted "surgical
strikes" against militant launch pads
across the Line of Control, in Pakistani-
administered Kashmir, and inflicted
"significant casualties".[80] Indian media
reported the casualty figures variously
from 35 to 70 killed.[81][82] Partial footage
of the strikes was released to the Indian
media on 27 June 2018 as proof of the
strike.[83][84][85] The incident triggered the
2016–2018 India-Pakistan border conflict,
which ended on 16 June 2018 with both
India and Pakistan agreeing on a
ceasefire.[86][87]
United Nations peacekeeping missions

Indian T-72 armored tanks in Somalia, as part of the

UN peacekeeping mission

India has been the largest troop

contributor to UN peacekeeping missions
since its inception. So far, India has taken
part in 43 Peacekeeping missions, with a
total contribution exceeding 160,000
troops and a significant number of police
personnel having been deployed. In 2014,
India was the third largest troop
contributor (TCC), with 7,860 personnel
deployed, of which 995 were police
personnel, including the first UN Female
Formed Police Unit, serving with ten UN
peacekeeping missions.[88][89] As of
30 June 2014, 157 Indians have been
killed during such missions.[90] The Indian
army has also provided paramedical units
to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and
wounded.

Indo-China Doklam issue

Major exercises

Operation Brasstacks

Operation Brasstacks was launched by the

Indian Army in November 1986 to simulate
a full-scale war on India's western border.
The exercise was the largest ever
conducted in India; it included nine
infantry, three mechanised, three armoured
divisions, and one air assault division, as
well as three independent armoured
brigades. Amphibious assault exercises
were also conducted with the Indian Navy.
Brasstacks also allegedly incorporated
nuclear attack drills. It led to tensions with
Pakistan and a subsequent
rapprochement in mid-1987.[91][92]

Exercise Nomadic Elephant

Since 2004, and every year since, the

Indian Army has been conducting training
exercises with the Mongolian Army. In
2012, the exercise took place in Belgaum;
in June 2013, it was held in Mongolia. The
aim of the exercises is to enhance
counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism
operations, and to train in conducting
peacekeeping operations under the
mandate of the United Nations.[93][94]

Exercise Ashwamedha
Indian Army tested its network-centric
warfare capabilities in the Ashwamedha
exercise. The exercise was held in the Thar
desert, and over 300,000 troops
participated.[95] Asymmetric warfare
capability was also tested by the Indian
Army during the exercise.[96]

Exercise Yudh Abhyas

Play media
Yudh Abhyas 2012 – US and Indian Army military
exercise video trailer

The Yudh Abhyas exercise is an ongoing

series, since 2005, of joint exercises
between the Indian and United States
armies, agreed upon under the New
Framework of the India-US Defence
Relationship. Commencing at the platoon
level, the exercise has graduated to a
command post (CPX) and field training
exercise (FTX).

The seventh edition of Yudh Abhyas began

on 5 March 2012, in two locations under
the South Western Command. The US
Army contingent is from the US Army
Pacific (USARPAC), part of the United
States Pacific Command (USPACOM). The
command post exercise has an engineer
brigade headquarters, with its planners
drawn from both countries, while the field
training exercise comprises troops of the
United States' 2nd Squadron, 14th Cavalry
Regiment, from the 25th Infantry Division,
Hawaii, along with a Stryker platoon, and a
similarly sized Indian Army contingent of
mechanised infantry. A number of key
surveillance, communications, and
improvised-explosive-device detection and
neutralisation technologies, available to
both sides, were fielded in the exercise.[97]

Indian Army Aviation Corps Dhruv helicopter ferrying

U.S soldiers during the Yudh Abhyas training exercise
in 2009

Indian army armoured vehicles during Yudh Abhyas

exercises

The eighth edition of Yudh Abhyas was

conducted from 3 to 17 May 2013 as a
U.S.-Army-Pacific-sponsored bilateral
training exercise with the Indian Army, an
exercise that focused on the two
countries' cultures, weapons training, and
tactics. Units from the United States
included the 1st Brigade Combat Team,
82nd Airborne Division, from Fort Bragg,
N.C., and the 3rd Squadron, 73rd Cavalry
Regiment. Units from India were the Indian
Army's 99th Mountain Brigade; the 2nd
Battalion, 5th Gurka Rifles; the 50th
Independent Parachute Brigade; and the
54th Engineers Regiment.[98][99][100][101]

Exercise Shakti

The Shakti exercise is an ongoing series,

since 2011, of joint exercises between the
Indian and French armies. The exercise is
conducted to practice and validate anti-
terrorist operations in snowbound and
mountainous areas. The first joint exercise
was held in India in October 2011 and the
second one in September 2013. The
theme of the exercise is to conduct joint
platoon-level counter-insurgency
operations in high-altitude mountainous
terrain under the UN Charter, thus
emphasising the shared concerns of both
countries regarding global terrorism. An
added aim of the exercise is to
qualitatively enhance knowledge of each
other's military procedures, thus
increasing the scope for interoperability
and the ability to respond to a common
threat. The twelve-day exercise with the
French Army is scheduled to be conducted
in multiple modules in order to achieve
complete integration between the two
contingents at every stage.[102][103]

Exercise Shoorveer
From the first week of April to the first
week of May 2012, the Indian Army
launched a massive summer exercise in
the Rajasthan desert, involving over 50,000
troops and several hundred artillery pieces
and infantry combat vehicles, as part of its
efforts to shore up its battle worthiness on
the western front, the border with
Pakistan. The exercise, code-named
"Shoorveer", was being conducted by the
Jaipur-based South Western Command.
This was the largest ever exercise
conducted by Indian army since 1947. The
collective training started with the honing
of basic battle procedures and tactical
drills.

A number of field firings were carried out

to check the accuracy and lethality of
weapon systems. Many innovations,
adopted by units and formations to
enhance combat power, were tested in the
field. The troops built on the training
momentum gradually, with increasing
combat tempo, to set the stage for a major
joint army–air force exercise in the later
part of the exercise.[104]

Exercise Rudra Akrosh

In May 2012, the Indian Army conducted a

number of war games aimed (according to
officials) at validating "the operational and
transformational effectiveness of various
formations under the Western Army
Command".[105] The exercise involved
approximately 20,000 troops and support
from the Indian Air Force.

Exercise Shatrujeet

In April 2016, the Indian Army conducted a

major exercise called Shatrujeet, with the
elite Mathura-based Strike Corps in the
desert area of the Mahajan Field Firing
Range in Rajasthan, whose object was to
evaluate the capability to strike deep into
enemy territory, to deliver a quick, lethal
strike against the enemy in an integrated
air-land battle environment, with co-
ordination among all the forces in a
nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare
scenario.[106][107][108]

Mission and doctrine

Initially, the army's main objective was to
defend the nation's frontiers. However,
over the years, the army has also taken up
the responsibility of providing internal
security, especially against insurgencies in
Kashmir and Northeast India. Currently,
the army is also looking at enhancing its
special forces capabilities. With India's
increasing international role, and the
requirement to protect its interests in far-
off countries becomes important, the
Indian Army and Indian Navy are jointly
planning to set up a marine brigade.[109]

The current combat doctrine of the Indian

Army is based on effectively utilising
holding formations and strike formations.
In the case of an attack, the holding
formations would contain the enemy and
strike formations would counter-attack to
neutralise enemy forces. In the case of an
Indian attack, the holding formations
would pin enemy forces down, whilst the
strike formations would attack at a point
of India's choosing. The Indian Army is
large enough to devote several corps to
the strike role.

Organisation
Principal Staff Officers at Headquarters, Indian Army
Post Current Holder

General Manoj Mukund Naravane PVSM, AVSM,

Chief of the Army Staff
SM, VSM, ADC

Lieutenant General Satinder Kumar Saini

Vice Chief of Army Staff
AVSM,YSM,VSM

Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Information

Lieutenant General Saranjit Singh UYSM,YSM
Systems & Training)

Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Planning & Lieutenant General Sudharshan Shrikant Hasabnis
Systems) PVSM, VSM, ADC[110]

Lieutenant General Arvind Dutta

Adjutant General
PVSM,AVSM,YSM[111]

Lieutenant General Anil Kumar Bhatt UYSM, AVSM,

Military Secretary
SM, VSM[112]

Lieutenant General S K Upadhya

Master General of Ordnance
PVSM,AVSM,SM,VSM[113]

Lieutenant General S K Shrivastava

Engineer-in-Chief
PVSM,AVSM,ADC[114]

Lieutenant General Gopal R

Quartermaster General
UYSM,AVSM,SM[115]

Indian Army Structure (click to enlarge)

The troops are organized into 40 Divisions

in 14 Corps.[116] Army headquarters is
located in the Indian capital, New Delhi,
and it is under the overall command of the
Chief of Army Staff (COAS).
Command structure

The army operates six operational

commands and one training
command.[117] Each command is headed
by General Officer Commanding-in-Chief
with the rank of Lieutenant General. Each
command directly reports to Army HQ in
New Delhi. These commands are given
below in order of creation, with location
(city) and commanders listed. There is
also the Army Training Command
abbreviated ARTRAC. Besides these, army
officers may head tri-service commands
such as the Strategic Forces Command
and Andaman and Nicobar Command, as
well as institutions such as the Integrated
Defence Staff.
Insignia Name Headquarters Army Commander Subordinate Unit(s)

Headquarters, 50th Independent Parachute

New Delhi
Indian Army Brigade – Agra

Lieutenant General
Central 6th Mountain Division –
Lucknow Iqroop Singh
Command Bareilly
Ghuman[118][119]

III Corps – Dimapur

2nd Mountain
Division – Dibrugarh
57th Mountain
Division –
Leimakhong
56th Infantry Division
– Likabali

IV Corps – Tezpur
71st Mountain
Division – Missamari
5th Mountain Division
– Bomdila
Eastern Lieutenant General Anil 21st Mountain
Kolkata Division – Rangiya
Command Chauhan[120]

XXXIII Corps – Siliguri

17th Mountain
Division – Gangtok
20th Mountain
Division – Binnaguri
27th Mountain
Division – Kalimpong

XVII Corps** –
Panagarh[121][122]
59th Infantry Division
– Panagarh
72 Infantry Division**
– Pathankot

Northern Udhampur Lieutenant General XIV Corps – Leh

Command Yogesh Kumar 3rd Infantry Division –
Joshi[123] Leh
8th Mountain Division
– Dras

XV Corps – Srinagar
19th Infantry Division
– Baramulla,
 28th Mountain
Division – Gurez

XVI Corps – Nagrota

10th Infantry Division
– Akhnoor
25th Infantry Division
– Rajauri
39th Infantry Division
– Yol
10 Artillery brigade

41st Artillery Division –

Pune

XII Corps – Jodhpur

4th Armoured Brigade
340th Mechanised
Brigade
11th Infantry Division
– Ahmedabad
Southern Lieutenant General CP 12th RAPID –
Pune
Command Mohanty[124] Jaisalmer

XXI Corps – Bhopal

31st Armoured
Division – Jhansi
36th RAPID – Sagar
54th Infantry Division
– Secunderabad
475th Engineering
Brigade

South Jaipur Lieutenant General 42nd Artillery Division –

Western Alok Singh Kler[125] Jaipur
Command
I Corps – Mathura
4th Infantry Division –
Allahabad
23rd Infantry Division
– Ranchi
33rd Armoured
Division – Hisar

X Corps – Bathinda
16th Infantry Division
– Sri Ganganagar
18th RAPID – Kota
24th RAPID – Bikaner
 6th Independent
Armoured Brigade –
Suratgarh
615th Independent Air
Defence Brigade
471st Engineering
Brigade

40th Artillery Division –

Ambala

II Corps – Ambala
1st Armoured Division
– Patiala
14th RAPID at
Dehradun
22nd Infantry Division
– Meerut
474th Engineering
Brigade
612th Mechanised
Independent Air
Defence Brigade

IX Corps – Yol
26th Infantry Division
Western Lieutenant General – Jammu
Chandimandir
Command Ravendra Pal Singh[126] 29th Infantry Division
– Pathankot
2nd Independent
Armoured Brigade
3rd Independent
Armoured Brigade

XI Corps – Jalandhar
7th Infantry Division –
Firozpur
9th Infantry Division –
Meerut
15th Infantry Division
– Amritsar
23rd Armoured
Brigade
55th Mechanised
Brigade

Army Training Lieutenant General Raj

Shimla Army Training Establishments
Command Shukla[127]
Note: ** = Currently being raised

Combat Arms

Indian Army paratroopers with U.S soldiers during an

exercise in Alaska

Indian Army soldiers move into position while

demonstrating a platoon level ambush to U.S Army
paratroopers.

Indian army band in Russia during the Moscow

 y g
Victory Day Parade

Not to be confused with the field corps

listed above, the corps mentioned below
are divisions entrusted with specific pan-
Army tasks.

The Indian Territorial Army has battalions

affiliated with different infantry regiments
and some department units that are from
the Corps of Engineers, Army Medical
Corps, or the Army Service Corps. They
serve as a part-time reserve. On 4 June
2017, the chief of staff announced that the
Army was planning to open combat
positions to women, who would first be
appointed to positions in the military
police.
The mounted President's Bodyguard during a state
visit by a foreign dignitary

Name Director General Center

Armoured The Armoured Corps Centre and

Corps School, Ahmednagar

Regiment of Lieutenant General P K Srivastava, The School of Artillery, Devlali near

Artillery PVSM, AVSM, VSM[128][129] Nasik

Corps of Army
Lieutenant General A P Singh,[130] Gopalpur, Odisha.
Air Defence 

Army Aviation Lieutenant General Kanwal Combat Army Aviation Training School,
Corps Kumar[131] Nasik.

College of Military Engineering, Pune

Madras Engineer Group, Bangalore
Corps of Lieutenant General S K Shrivastava,
Bengal Engineer Group, Roorkee
Engineers AVSM
Bombay Engineer Group, Khadki near
Pune

Military College of Telecommunication

Corps of Lieutenant General Rajeev Sabheral, Engineering (MCTE), Mhow
Signals AVSM, VSM[132] Two Signal Training Centres at Jabalpur
and Goa.

Mechanised
Lieutenant General R K Jagga Ahmednagar
Infantry

Infantry

Armoured Corps
Army Armoured Corps in 2006

There are 65 armoured regiments in the

Indian Army (including). These include the
President's Bodyguard and 61st Cavalry
the as well as the following historic
regiments dating back to the nineteenth
century or earlier: 1st (Skinner's) Horse,
the 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse), the 3rd
Cavalry, the 4th (Hodson's) Horse, the 7th
Light Cavalry, the 8th Light Cavalry, the 9th
(Deccan) Horse, the 14th (Scinde) Horse,
the 17th (Poona) Horse, the 15th Lancers,
the 16th Light Cavalry, the 18th Cavalry,
the 20th Lancers and the 21st (Central
India) Horse. A substantial number of
additional units designated as either
"Cavalry" or "Armoured" Regiments have
been raised since Independence.

Mechanised Infantry

The Mechanised Infantry is the newest

combat arm of the Indian Army. Often
referred to as "tomorrow's arm in today's
army", it is formed of two regiments—The
Brigade of the Guards and Mechanised
Infantry Regiment—and comprises 48
Mechanised Infantry battalions in all. It is
the brainchild of General Krishnaswamy
Sundarji (28 April 1930 – 8 February
1999), who was the Chief of Army Staff of
the Indian Army from 1986 to 1988. During
the late 70s, as part of Indian Army
modernisation, there was an urgent need
to re-calibrate the Indian Mechanised
Forces, which led to the forming of
Mechanised Infantry units to further the
shock-action, fire-power, flexibility, and
mobility of armoured formations by
including ground-holding ability. The
Mechanised Infantry regiments were first
created with carefully selected existing
Infantry battalions, based on their
operational performance. As the need for
more mechanised battalions grew, the elite
Brigade of The Guards were also
converted to the mechanised profile. The
two regiments along with the Armoured
Corps form part of the Indian Army's elite
"Mechanised Forces".

Infantry

A Indian Army Personnel from Assam Regiment

during Yudh Abhyas exercise in 2019
Soldiers of the Rajput Regiment during a Republic Day
Parade

Soldiers of the Sikh Light Infantry during a Republic

Day Parade

Soldiers of the Madras Regiment during a Republic

Day Parade
Upon its inception, the Indian Army
inherited the British Army's organisational
structure, which is still maintained today.
Therefore, like its predecessor, an Indian
infantry regiment's responsibility is not to
undertake field operations but to provide
battalions and well trained personnel to
the field formations. As such, it is common
to find battalions of the same regiment
spread across several brigades, divisions,
corps, commands, and even theatres. Like
its British and Commonwealth
counterparts, troops enlisted within the
regiment are immensely loyal, take great
pride in the regiment to which they are
assigned, and generally spend their entire
career within the regiment.

Most Indian Army infantry regiments

recruit based on certain selection criteria,
such as region (for example, the Assam
Regiment), caste/community (Jat
Regiment), or religion (Sikh Regiment).
Most regiments continue the heritage of
regiments raised under the British Raj, but
some have been raised after
independence, some of which have
specialised in border defence, in particular
the Ladakh Scouts, the Arunachal Scouts,
and the Sikkim Scouts.

Over the years there have been fears that

troops' allegiance lay more with their
regiments and the
regions/castes/communities/religions
from which they were recruited, as
opposed to the Indian union as a whole.
Thus some "all India" or "all class"
regiments have been created, which recruit
troops from all over India, regardless of
region, caste, community, or religion: such
as the Brigade of the Guards (which later
converted to the Mechanised Infantry
profile) and the Parachute Regiment.
Infantry regiments in the Indian Army[133]
Regiment Regimental Center Raised

Parachute Regiment Bangalore, Karnataka 1945

Punjab Regiment Ramgarh Cantonment, Jharkhand 1761

Madras Regiment Wellington Cantonment, Tamil Nadu 1758

The Grenadiers Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 1778

Maratha Light Infantry Belgaum, Karnataka 1768

Rajputana Rifles Delhi Cantonment, New Delhi 1775

Rajput Regiment Fatehgarh, Uttar Pradesh 1778

Jat Regiment Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 1795

Sikh Regiment Ramgarh Cantonment, Jharkhand 1846

Sikh Light Infantry Fatehgarh, Uttar Pradesh 1857

Dogra Regiment Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh 1877

Garhwal Rifles Lansdowne, Uttarakhand 1887

Kumaon Regiment Ranikhet, Uttarakhand 1813

Assam Regiment Shillong, Meghalaya 1941

Bihar Regiment Danapur Cantonment, Bihar 1941

Mahar Regiment Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 1941

Jammu & Kashmir Rifles Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 1821

Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry Avantipur, Jammu and Kashmir 1947

Naga Regiment Ranikhet, Uttarakhand 1970

1 Gorkha Rifles Sabathu, Himachal Pradesh 1815

3 Gorkha Rifles Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 1815

4 Gorkha Rifles Sabathu, Himachal Pradesh 1857

5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) Shillong, Meghalaya 1858

8 Gorkha Rifles Shillong, Meghalaya 1824

9 Gorkha Rifles Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 1817

11 Gorkha Rifles Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 1918

Ladakh Scouts Leh, Jammu and Kashmir 1963

Rashtriya Rifles 1990

Arunachal Scouts Shillong, Meghalaya 2010

Sikkim Scouts 2013

Artillery

Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launchers were used

during the Kargil War.

The Regiment of Artillery is the second

largest arm of the Indian Army,
constituting nearly one sixth of the Army's
total strength. Originally raised in 1935 as
part of the Royal Indian Artillery of the
British Indian Army, the Regiment is now
tasked with providing the Army's towed
and self-propelled field artillery, including
guns, howitzers, heavy mortars, rockets,
and missiles.

As an integral part of nearly all combat

operations conducted by the Indian Army,
the Regiment of Artillery has a history of
being a major contributor to its military
success. During the Kargil War, it was the
Indian Artillery that inflicted the most
damage.[134] Over the years, five artillery
officers have gone on to the Army's
highest post as Chief of Army Staff.

Bofors artillery gun

For some time, the Regiment of Artillery

commanded a significantly larger share of
the Army's personnel than it does now, as
it was also responsible for air defense
artillery and some aviation assets. The
1990s saw the formation of the Corps of
Army Air Defence and the coalescing of all
aviation assets into the Army Aviation
Corps. The arm is now focused on field
artillery, and supplies regiments and
batteries to each of the operational
commands. The home of the Regiment is
in Nashik, Maharashtra, where their
headquarters is located, along with the
service's museum. The School of Artillery
of the Indian Army is located nearby, in
Devlali.

After suffering consistent failure to import

or produce modern artillery for three
decades,[135][136] the Regiment of Artillery
is finally going ahead with procurement of
brand new 130-mm and 155-mm
guns.[137][138][139] The Army is also putting
large numbers of rocket launchers into
service, with 22 regiments to be equipped
with the indigenously-developed Pinaka
multi barrel rocket launcher by the end of
the next decade.[140]

Corps of Engineers

The Indian Army Corps of Engineers has a

long history dating back to the mid-18th
century. The earliest existing subunit of
the Corps (18 Field Company) dates back
to 1777, while the Corps officially
recognises its birth as 1780, when the
senior-most group of the Corps, the
Madras Sappers, were raised. The Corps
consists of three groups of combat
engineers, namely the Madras Sappers,
the Bengal Sappers, and the Bombay
Sappers. A group is roughly analogous to a
regiment of Indian infantry, each group
consisting of a number of engineer
regiments. The engineer regiment is the
basic combat-engineer unit, analogous to
an infantry battalion.

Corps of Signals

Indian Army Corps of Signals is a corps

and the arm of the Indian Army which
handles its military communications. It
was formed on 15 February 1911 as a
separate entity under Lieutenant Colonel
S. H. Powell, and went on to make
important contributions during World War I
and World War II.[141] On 15 February 2011,
the corps celebrated the 100-year
anniversary of its raising.[142]

Army Aviation Corps

The Army Aviation Corps, formed on 1

November 1986, is the aviation arm of the
Indian Army. It is headed by a Director
General with the rank of Lieutenant
General at Army HQ in New Delhi.

Corps of Army Air Defence

The Corps of Army Air Defence

(abbreviated AAD) is an active corps of the
Indian Army, and a major combat
formation tasked with the air defences of
the country from foreign threats. The
Corps is responsible for the protection of
Indian air space from enemy aircraft and
missiles, especially those below 5,000
feet.[143]

The history of the AAD dates back to 1939,

during the times of the British Raj in India.
The corps actively took part in the Second
World War, fighting on behalf of the British
Empire. Post-independence, the corps has
participated in all the wars involving India,
starting with the 1947 Indo-Pakistani War,
up to the 1999 Kargil conflict. The corps
enjoyed autonomous status from 1994,
after the bifurcation of the Corps of Air
Defence Artillery from the Army's artillery
regiment. A separate training school, the
Army Air Defence College (AADC), was
established to train its personnel.

Para (Special Forces)

Para (Special Forces), commonly known

as Para SF, is the special operations unit
of Indian Army. It is part of the Bangalore-
based Parachute Regiment.

Services
 Name Director General Centre

Army Service Corps Lt General M. H. Thakur[144] Bangalore

Lt General Velu Nair, AVSM,

Army Medical Corps Lucknow/Pune
VSM[145]

Lt General T. K.
Army Dental Corps Lucknow
Bandyopadhyay[146]

Jabalpur and Secunderabad

Army Ordnance Corps Lt General Dalip Singh[147]
(HQ)

Corps of Electronics and

Lt General K. K. Agarwal[148] Secunderabad
Mechanical Engineers

Lt General A. J. Singh,
Remount and Veterinary Corps Meerut
VSM[149]

Major General Sunil

Army Education Corps Pachmarhi
Chandra[150]

Corps of Military Police Bangalore

Pioneer Corps Bangalore

Army Postal Service Corps Major General P. S. Negi[151] Kamptee near Nagpur

Lieutenant General D. P.
Territorial Army New Delhi
Pandey [152][153]

Defence Security Corps Kannur Cantonment, Kerala

Intelligence Corps Pune

Judge Advocate General's Institute of Military Law

Department Kamptee, Nagpur

Major General Joyce Gladys

Military Nursing Service Pune and Lucknow
Roach[154]

Recruitment and Training

Pre-commission training of Gentlemen

Cadets is carried out at the Indian Military
Academy at Dehradun and the Officers
Training Academy at Chennai. There are
also specialised training institutions such
as the Army War College, at Mhow,
Madhya Pradesh; the High Altitude
Warfare School (HAWS), at Gulmarg,
Jammu and Kashmir; the Counter
Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School
(CIJW), in Vairengte, Mizoram; and the
College of Military Engineering (CME), in
Pune.

The Army Training Command (ARTRAC), at

Shimla, surpervises training of personnel.

In 2020 a 'Tour of Duty' scheme was

proposed for voluntary recruitment into
the forces for civilians, to enable them to
join for a period of three years of short
service.[155] The scheme is on a trial basis
and will start with a test group of 100
officers and 1000 jawans.[156]

Intelligence
The Directorate of Military Intelligence
(DMI) is an intelligence-gathering arm of
the Indian Army. The MI (as it is commonly
referred to) was constituted in 1941. It
was initially created to check corruption in
the Army's own ranks. With time, its role
has evolved into cross-border intelligence,
intelligence sharing with friendly nations,
infiltrating insurgent groups, and counter-
terrorism.

In the late 1970s, the MI was embroiled in

the Samba spy scandal, wherein three
Indian Army officers were falsely
implicated as Pakistani spies. The
organisation has since emerged from the
scandal as a prime intelligence
organisation of the Indian Army.

As of 2012, the MI has seen many of its

roles taken away by the newly created
National Technical Research Organisation
and the Defence Intelligence Agency.[157]
Since it was set up in 2004 as a premier
scientific agency under the National
Security Adviser in the Prime Minister's
Office, it also includes the National
Institute of Cryptology Research and
Development (NICRD), which is the first of
its kind in Asia.[158]

Field formations

Below are the basic field formations of the

Indian Army:

Command: Indian Army has six

operational commands and one training
command. Each one is headed by a
general officer commanding-in-chief
(GOC-in-C), known as the army
commander, who is among the
seniormost Lieutenant General officers
in the army.
Corps: A command generally consists of
two or more corps. Indian Army has 14
Corps each one commanded by a
general officer commanding (GOC),
known as the corps commander, who
holds the rank of Lieutenant General.[117]
Each corps is composed of three or four
divisions. There are three types of corps
in the Indian Army: Strike, Holding and
Mixed. The Corps HQ is the highest field
formation in the army.[159]
Division: Each division is headed by GOC
(division commander) in the rank of
major general.[117] It usually consists of
three to four Brigades.[117] Currently, the
Indian Army has 40 Divisions[160]
including four RAPIDs (Re-organised
Army Plains Infantry Division), 18
Infantry Divisions, 12 Mountain
Divisions, three Armoured Divisions and
three Artillery Divisions.
Brigade: A brigade generally consists of
around 3,000 combat troops with
supporting elements. An Infantry
Brigade usually has three Infantry
battalions along with various Support
Elements.[117] It is commanded by a
brigade commander who is a
Brigadier,[117] equivalent to a brigadier
general in some armies. In addition to
the Brigades in various Army Divisions,
the Indian Army also has five
Independent Armoured Brigades, 15
Independent Artillery Brigades, seven
Independent Infantry Brigades, one
Independent Parachute Brigade, three
Independent Air Defence Brigades, two
Independent Air Defence Groups and
four Independent Engineer Brigades.
These Independent Brigades operate
directly under the Corps Commander
(GOC Corps).
Battalion: Composed of four rifle
companies.[117] Commanded by a
battalion commander who is a
Colonel[117] and is the Infantry's main
fighting unit. Every infantry battalion
also possesses one Ghatak Platoon.[161]
Company: Composed of three
platoons.[117] Commanded by a
company commander who is a major or
lieutenant-colonel.[117]
Battery: Comprising either 3 or 4
sections, in artillery and air defence
units. Every battery has two officers, the
senior of which is the Battery
Commander.
 Platoon: Composed of three
sections.[117] Commanded by a platoon
commander who is a JCO.[117]
Section: Smallest military outfit, with a
strength of 10 personnel. Commanded
by a section commander of the rank of
Havaldar.[117]

Indian Army forts

Fort William, Kolkata: Garrison of

Eastern Army Command
Fort St George, Chennai: Garrison of
ATNK&K Army Area
OD Fort, Allahabad, Ordnance Depot

Personnel
The Indian Army is a voluntary service, and
although a provision for military
conscription exists in the Indian
constitution, conscription has never been
imposed. As of 1 July 2017, the Indian
Army has a sanctioned strength of 49,932
officers (42,253 serving, being 7,679 under
strength), and 1,215,049 enlisted
personnel (1,194,864 serving, being 20,185
under strength).[7][8] Recently, it has been
proposed to increase the strength of the
army by more than 90,000, to counter the
increasing presence of Chinese troops
along the Line of Actual Control.[162][163]
According to the International Institute for
Strategic Studies, in 2017 the army had a
strength of 1,200,000 active personnel and
960,000 reserve personnel.[164] Of those in
reserve, 300,000 are first-line reserves
(within 5 years of active service), 500,000
are committed to return if called until the
age of 50, and 160,000 were in the Indian
Territorial Army, with 40,000 in regular
establishment. This makes the Indian
Army the world's largest standing
volunteer army.[165][166]

Rank Structure

The ranks of the Indian Army for the most

part follow the British Army tradition.

Commissioned Officers

Commissioned officers are the leaders of

the army and command units from
platoon/company to brigade, division,
corps, and above.

Indian Army officers are continually put

through different courses of training, and
assessed on merit, for promotions and
appointments. Substantive promotions up
to lieutenant colonel, or equivalent, are
based on time in service, whereas those
for colonel and above are based on
selection, with promotion to colonel being
also based on time served.
Equivalent ranks of Indian military

Indian Navy Indian Army Indian Air Force

Commissioned ranks

Admiral of Field Marshal Marshal of

the Fleet the Indian Air Force

Admiral General Air Chief Marshal

Vice Admiral Lieutenant General Air Marshal

Rear Admiral Major General Air Vice Marshal

Commodore Brigadier Air Commodore
Captain Colonel Group Captain

Commander Lieutenant Colonel Wing Comman

Lieutenant commander Major Squadron Leader
Lieutenant Captain Flight Lieutenant
Sub Lieutenant Lieutenant Flying Officer
Junior commissioned ranks
Master Chief Subedar Major[Alt 1] Master warrant
Petty Officer
1st Class

Master Chief Subedar[Alt 2] Warrant officer

Petty Officer
 2nd Class
Chief Naib Subedar[Alt 3] Junior warrant o
Petty Officer

Non-commissioned ranks

Petty Officer Havildar Sergeant

Leading Seaman Naik Corporal

Seaman 1 Lance Naik Leading aircraftsman

Seaman 2 Sepoy Aircraftsman

Footnotes

1. Risaldar Major in cavalry and armoured regime

2. Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments
3. Naib Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regimen
Called as Jemadar until 1965.
Equivalent
OF- OF- OF- OF- OF- OF- OF- OF- OF- OF
NATO
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
code
Ranks of the Indian Army – Officer Ranks
Shoulder
Insignia
Field Lieutenant Major
Rank General2
Marshal1 General Genera
1Honorary/wartime rank.
2Held only by the Chief of the Army Staff

An Indian Army paratrooper with the 50th Parachute

Brigade jumps from a helicopter

Other Ranks
Ranks of the Indian Army – Other Ranks

Insignia
Subedar Naib
Rank Subedar2 HavildarN
Major1 Subedar3,
1 Risaldar Major in cavalry and armoured
regiments
2 Risaldar in cavalry and armoured
regiments
3 Naib Risaldar in cavalry and armoured
regiments. Called Jemadar until 1965.
4 No Insignia

Uniforms

Soldiers of the Assam Regiment

To make themselves less of a target, the
forces of the East India Company in India
dyed their white summer tunics to neutral
tones initially a tan called khaki (from the
Hindi word for "dusty"). This was a
temporary measure which became
standard in the Indian service in the
1880s. Only during the Second Boer War in
1902, did the entire British Army
standardise on dun for Service Dress. The
Indian Army uniform standardises on dun
for khaki.

The Indian Army camouflage uniform

consists of shirts, trousers, and cap of a
synthetic material. Shirts are buttoned up
with two chest pockets with buttoned
flaps. Trousers have two pockets, two
thigh box pockets, and a back pocket. The
Indian Army Jungle camouflage dress
features a jungle camouflage pattern and
is designed for use in woodland
environments. The Indian Army Desert
camouflage, which features a desert
camouflage pattern, is used by artillery
and infantry posted in dusty, semi-desert,
and desert areas of Rajasthan and its
vicinity.

The modern Indian Army wears distinctive

parade uniforms characterised by
variegated turbans and waist-sashes in
regimental colours. The Gurkha and
Garwhal Rifles and the Assam, Kumaon,
and Naga Regiments wear broad brimmed
hats of traditional style. Traditionally, all
rifle regiments (the Jammu and Kashmir
Rifles, the Garhwal Rifles, all Gorkha Rifles,
and the Rajputana Rifles) as well as the
Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry wear
rank badges, buttons, and wire-
embroidered articles in black, instead of
the usual brass (or gold) colour, as the
original role of the rifle regiments was
camouflage and concealment.

Medals and awards

The medals awarded by the President of

India for gallantry displayed on the
battlefield, in order of precedence, are
Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, and
Vir Chakra.

The medals awarded by the President for

gallantry displayed away from the
battlefield, in order of precedence, are
Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra, and Shaurya
Chakra.

Many of the recipients of these awards

have been Indian Army personnel.
Women

A female civilian Contractor[167] briefing Indian Army

soldiers on firing techniques.

The role of women in the Indian Army

began when the Indian Military Nursing
Service was formed in 1888. Nurses
served in World Wars I and II, where 350
Indian Army nurses either died, were taken
prisoner of war, or declared missing in
action; this includes nurses who died when
SS Kuala was sunk by Japanese Bombers
in 1942.[168] In 1992, the Indian Army
began inducting women officers in non-
medical roles.[169] On 19 January 2007, the
United Nations first all-female
peacekeeping force, made up of 105
Indian policewomen, was deployed to
Liberia.[170] In 2014, India's army had 3 per
cent women, the Navy 2.8 per cent, and
the Air Force, the highest, with 8.5 per cent
women.[171] In 2015, India opened new
combat air force roles for women as
fighter pilots, adding to their role as
helicopter pilots in the Indian Air Force.[172]

Equipment

Akash Surface to Air Missile

Most of the army equipment is imported,

but efforts are being made to manufacture
indigenous equipment. The Defence
Research and Development Organisation
has developed a range of weapons for the
Indian Army, including small arms, artillery,
radars, and the Arjun tank. All Indian
military small-arms are manufactured
under the umbrella administration of the
Ordnance Factories Board, with principal
firearm manufacturing facilities in
Ichhapore, Cossipore, Kanpur, Jabalpur,
and Tiruchirapalli. The Indian Small Arms
System (INSAS) rifle, which has been
successfully deployed since 1997, is a
product of Rifle Factory Ishapore, while
ammunition is manufactured at Khadki,
and possibly at Bolangir.

In 2014, Army chief General Bikram Singh

said that if given sufficient budget support,
the Indian Army might be able to acquire
half the ammunition needed to fight in a
major conflict by the next year.[173]
HAL Rudra

Aircraft

The Army Aviation Corps is the main body

of the Indian Army for tactical air
transport, reconnaissance, and medical
evacuation, while the Indian Air Force's
helicopter assets are responsible for
assisting army troop transport and close
air support. The Aviation Corps operates
approximately 150 helicopters. The Indian
army had projected a requirement for a
helicopter that can carry loads of up to
750 kilograms (1,650 lb) to heights of
23,000 feet (7,000 m) on the Siachen
Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir. Flying at
these heights poses unique challenges
due to the rarefied atmosphere. The Indian
Army will induct the HAL Light Utility
Helicopter to replace its ageing fleet of
Chetaks and Cheetahs, some of which
were deployed more than three decades
ago.[174]

On 13 October 2012, the defence minister

gave control of attack helicopters to the
Indian Army, which had formerly rested the
Indian Air force.[175]

Future developments

F-INSAS is the Indian Army's principal

infantry modernisation programme,
which aims to modernise the army's 465
infantry and paramilitary battalions by
2020. The programme aims to upgrade
the infantry to a multi-calibre rifle with
an under-barrel grenade launcher, as
well as bulletproof jackets and helmets.
The helmet would include a visor,
flashlight, thermal sensors, night vision
devices, and a miniature computer with
audio headset. There would also be a
new lightweight and waterproof uniform,
which would help the soldier in carrying
extra loads and fighting in an NBC
environment.[176]
India is currently re-organising its
mechanised forces to achieve strategic
mobility and high-volume firepower for
rapid thrusts into enemy territory. India
proposes to progressively deploy as
many as 248 Arjun main battle tanks
(MBT) and to develop and deploy the
Arjun MK-II variant, as well as 1,657
Russian-made T-90S MBTs. The army is
procuring 2,000 night vision devices for
T-72 tanks, for Rs 10 billion; 1,200 for T-
90 tanks, for Rs 9.60 billion; and 1,780
for infantry combat vehicles, for Rs
8.60 billion. It is also acquiring 700
TISAS (thermal imaging stand alone
systems) and 418 TIFACS (thermal fire
control systems) for its T-72 fleet, at a
cost of around $230 million. 300 Israeli
TISAS were installed as part of several
T-72 upgrade phases, followed by 3,860
image intensifier-based night-vision
devices. 310 Russian produced T-90S
Main Battle Tanks were also fitted with
French Catherine TI cameras.[177][178]
In 2008, the Cabinet Committee on
Security approved raising two new
infantry mountain divisions (with around
15,000 combat soldiers each) and an
artillery brigade. These divisions were
likely to be armed with ultralight
 howitzers.[179] In July 2009, it was
reported that the Army was advocating
a new artillery division. The proposed
artillery division, to be under the Kolkata-
based Eastern Command, was to have
three brigades – two armed with
155 mm howitzers and one with the
Russian "Smerch" and indigenous
"Pinaka" multiple-launch rocket
systems.[180]

The major ongoing weapons programmes

of the Indian Army are as follows:

Tanks and Armoured vehicles

Arjun MK-III – main battle tank[181]
Futuristic Battle Tank (FMBT) – The
FMBT will be a lighter tank of 50 tons. At
conceptual stage.
Abhay IFV – Future Infantry Combat
Vehicle
 TATA Kestrel – A modern armoured
personnel carrier (APC) developed by
Tata Motors and the Defence Research
and Development Organisation (DRDO).
It is developed with the intention to
replace old Soviet-era infantry fighting
vehicles (BMP) and APCs in service with
Indian army. It is expected to join Indian
Army by 2017.

The Brahmos supersonic cruise missile is a crucial

component of the Indian Army's strike capabilities.

HAL Light Combat Helicopter

 Aviation
The procurement process for 197 light
utility helicopters (LUH) has been
scrapped; only 64 will be inducted in the
Army Aviation to replace the Cheetak
and Cheetah Helicopters.
HAL Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) –
requirement for 384 helicopters for both
the army and air force.
HAL has obtained a firm order to deliver
114 HAL Light Combat Helicopters to
the Indian Army.[182]
Missiles

Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile launch, 2008

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
Agni-V – 5,500 km (3,400 mi)–
8,000 km (5,000 mi) Successfully
Tested third time canistered version
by DRDO on 31 January 2015.
Agni-VI – 8,000 km (5,000 mi)–
12,000 km (7,500 mi) range with
MIRVed warheads. Currently in
planning stage.
Cruise Missiles
Hypersonic missile
Nirbhay Missile
BrahMos – M
Tactical Ballistic Missiles
Prahaar (missile) – With a range of
150 kilometres (93 mi).[183]
Agni-II (missile) – It a ballistic
missile with a range of 2000–
3500 km with a speed of 3.5 km/s.
 Agni-III (missile) – It is the
successor to the Agni-II missile with
an effective range of 3500–
5000 km with a speed of 5–6 km/s.
Agni-IV – Also known as the Agni-II
prime in the earlier times, it has an
effective range of 4000 km and a
cruise altitude of 900 km.
Shaurya (missile) – It has a range
of between 750 km
(470 mi)-1,900 km (1,200 mi)
Anti-Tank Guided Missiles
Nag Anti-tank guided missile –
ground and air-launched variant.
The Indian Ballistic Missile Defence
Programme is an initiative to develop
and deploy a multi-layered ballistic
missile defence system to protect India
from ballistic missile attacks. It is a
double-tiered system consisting of two
 interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi
Air Defence (PAD) missile for high
altitude interception, and the Advanced
Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower
altitude interception.[184][185]
Artillery
Under the Field Artillery Rationalisation
Plan, the army plans to procure 3000 to
4000 pieces of artillery at the cost of
₹200 billion (US$3 billion). This includes
purchasing 1580 towed, 814 mounted,
180 self-propelled wheeled, 100 self-
propelled tracked, and 145 ultra-light
155 mm/39 calibre guns. The
requirement for artillery guns would be
met with indigenous development and
production.[186]
Small Arms

Earlier development efforts of the DRDO to

meet the Indian Army's small arms
requirements—namely the Excalibur rifle,
which was meant to replace the INSAS
rifle in service;[187] the Multi Caliber
Individual Weapon System (MCIWS); and
the Modern Sub Machine Carbine, a
combined venture of ARDE & OFB to
develop an assault carbine for the Indian
Army based on a platform of experiences
from the INSAS rifle—have been halted.

The Indian Army has chosen instead to

procure 72,400 Sig Sauer SIG 716 G2
Patrol high-performance assault rifles for
its frontline troops engaged in counter-
militancy operations, and the Caracal CAR
816 to meet a requirement of 94,000 close
quarter battle carbines.[188]

To meet the needs of the rest of its

soldiers, the army has selected the
Russian 7.62 mm AK-103/AK-203 assault
rifle as a "Make in India" project to
manufacture 650,000 rifles through a
government-to-government
agreement.[189]

Vehicles
Tata Motors offers a full range of 6×6,
8×8, and 12×12 multi-purpose high
mobility carriers, designed especially for
integrating specialist rocket and missile
systems. The Tata 2038 6×6 vehicle
platform has, after rigorous field-firing
evaluation trials, been qualified by the
Indian Army to carry the GRAD BM21
Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL)
application.
Mahindra Axe – Light utility vehicle to be
purchased.
The army needs 3,000 light support
vehicles and 1600 heavy motor vehicles
for mounting rockets and radar, and for
 reconnaissance and transportation, at a
cost of Rs 15 billion.[190]

See also
Centre for Land Warfare Studies
List of serving generals of the Indian
Army
Paramilitary forces of India
Army Day (India)

References
Citations
1. Singh Rana, Uday (27 December
2017). "20% Sailor Shortage in Navy,
15% Officer Posts Vacant In Army,
Nirmala Sitharaman Tells Parliament" .
News18. Archived from the original
on 27 December 2017. Retrieved
13 August 2018.
2. The Military Balance 2017 . Routledge.
2017. ISBN 9781857439007.
3. "Archived copy" . Archived from the
original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved
2 March 2019.
4. "About – The President of India" .
Archived from the original on 5 April
2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
5. Singh, Sarbans (1993). Battle Honours
of the Indian Army 1757–1971. New
Delhi: Vision Books. ISBN 978-
8170941156.
. "Indian Army Doctrine" . Headquarters
Army Training Command. October
2004. Archived from the original on 1
December 2007. Retrieved
1 December 2007.
7. "20% Sailor Shortage in Navy, 15%
Officer Posts Vacant In Army, Nirmala
Sitharaman Tells Parliament" .
 News18. Archived from the original
on 27 December 2017. Retrieved
28 December 2017.
. "Armed forces facing shortage of
nearly 60,000 personnel:
Government" . The Economic Times.
27 December 2017. Archived from the
original on 28 December 2017.
Retrieved 28 December 2017.
9. International Institute for Strategic
Studies (3 February 2014). The Military
Balance 2014. London: Routledge.
pp. 241–246. ISBN 9781857437225.
10. The Military Balance 2017 . Routledge,
Chapman & Hall, Incorporated. 14
February 2017. ISBN 9781857439007.
11. The Military Balance 2010 .
Oxfordshire: Routledge. 2010.
pp. 351 , 359–364. ISBN 978-
1857435573.
12. "Indian Army Modernisation Needs a
Major Push" . India Strategic. February
2010. Archived from the original on 6
September 2013. Retrieved 10 July
2013.
13. "India's Military Modernisation Up To
2027 Gets Approval" . Defence Now. 2
April 2012. Archived from the original
on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 10 July
2013.
14. "About The Ministry" . Ministry of
Defence, Government of India.
Archived from the original on 9 May
2012. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
15. Editorial Team. "10 Facts Which Prove
Indian Army Living Up To Its Motto –
"Service Before Self" " . SSB Interview
Tips & Coaching – SSBCrack.
Archived from the original on 14 April
2016.
1 . "Indian army official Facebook page
wiki-facts, official website, motto" .
GuidingHawk. Archived from the
original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved
2 April 2016.
17. richreynolds74 (6 February 2015). "The
British Indian Army During the First
World War" . 20th Century Battles.
Archived from the original on 28
February 2016. Retrieved 22 April
2020.
1 . Institute for Defence Studies and
Analyses"Archived copy" . Archived
from the original on 15 April 2016.
Retrieved 2 April 2016.
19. Harold E. Raugh, The Victorians at war,
1815–1914: an encyclopaedia of
British military history (2004) pp 173–
79
20. Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and
Population. Moscow. p. 85.
21. Khanduri, Chandra B. (2006).
Thimayya: an amazing life . New Delhi:
Knowledge World. p. 394. ISBN 978-
81-87966-36-4. Archived from the
original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved
30 July 2010.
22. Kaushik Roy, "Expansion And
Deployment of the Indian Army during
World War II: 1939–45,"Journal of the
Society for Army Historical Research,
Autumn 2010, Vol. 88 Issue 355, pp
248–268
23. Sumner, p.25
24. "Commonwealth War Graves
Commission Report on India 2007–
2008" (PDF). Commonwealth War
Graves Commission. Archived from
 the original (PDF) on 18 June 2010.
Retrieved 7 September 2009.
25. Martin Bamber and Aad Neeven (26
August 1942). "The Free Indian
Legion – Infantry Regiment 950
(Ind)" . Freeindianlegion.info.
Archived from the original on 17
March 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
2 . Peter Stanley, "Great in adversity":
Indian prisoners of war in New
Guinea," Journal of the Australian War
Memorial (October 2002) No. 37
online Archived 8 February 2016 at
the Wayback Machine
27. For the Punjab Boundary Force, see
Daniel P. Marston, "The Indian Army,
Partition, and the Punjab Boundary
Force, 1945–47", War in History
November 2009, vol. 16 no. 4 469–505
2 . "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence
(Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
24 September 1949. p. 1375.
29. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence
(Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
29 October 1949. p. 1520.
30. "Press Note" (PDF). Press Information
Bureau of India – Archive. 6 April
1948. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
31. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence
(Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
11 February 1950. p. 227.
32. Cooper, Tom (29 October 2003). "Indo-
Pakistani War, 1947–1949" . ACIG.
Archived from the original on 13 June
2006.
33. "Kashmir in the United Nations" . 28
January 1998. Archived from the
original on 28 January 1998.
34. "47 (1948). Resolution of 21 April 1948
[S/726]" . United Nations. Archived
from the original on 13 May 2016.
Retrieved 13 July 2016.
35. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita & David
Lalman. War and Reason: Domestic
and International Imperatives. Yale
University Press (1994), p. 201
Archived 9 May 2016 at the Wayback
Machine ISBN 978-0-300-05922-9
3 . Alastair I. Johnston & Robert S. Ross.
New Directions in the Study of China's
Foreign Policy. Stanford University
Press (2006), p. 99 Archived 6
January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
ISBN 978-0-8047-5363-0
37. Claude Arpi. India and her
neighbourhood: a French observer's
views. Har-Anand Publications (2005),
p. 186 Archived 6 January 2016 at
 the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-81-
241-1097-3.
3 . CenturyChina,
www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uplo
ads/1962war.htm
39. Dennis Kux's India and the United
States: estranged democracies, 1941–
1991, ISBN 1-4289-8189-6, DIANE
Publishing, Pg 238
40. Dijkink, Gertjan. National identity and
geopolitical visions: maps of pride and
pain. Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-
13934-1.
41. Praagh, David. The greater game:
India's race with destiny and China.
McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2003.
ISBN 0-7735-2639-0.
42. R.D. Pradhan & Yashwantrao
Balwantrao Chavan (2007). 1965 War,
the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B.
 Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War .
Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.
p. 47. ISBN 978-81-269-0762-5.
Archived from the original on 6
January 2016.
43. Sumit Ganguly. "Pakistan". In India: A
Country Study Archived 1 April 2007
at the Wayback Machine (James
Heitzman and Robert L. Worden,
editors). Library of Congress Federal
Research Division (September 1995).
44. "Indo-Pakistan Wars" . Microsoft
Encarta 2008. Archived 8 May 2009 at
the Wayback Machine 31 October
2009.
45. Thomas M. Leonard (2006).
Encyclopedia of the developing world,
Volume 2. Taylor & Francis, 2006.
ISBN 978-0-415-97663-3.
4 . Spencer Tucker. Tanks: An Illustrated
History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO
(2004), p. 172 Archived 6 January
2016 at the Wayback Machine.
ISBN 978-1-57607-995-9.
47. Sumit Ganguly. Conflict unending:
India-Pakistan tensions since 1947.
Columbia University Press (2002), p.
45 Archived 6 January 2016 at the
Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-0-231-
12369-3.
4 . Mishra, Keshav (2004).
Rapprochement Across the
Himalayas: Emerging India-China
Relations Post Cold War Period
(1947–2003) . p. 40.
ISBN 9788178352947. Archived from
the original on 6 January 2016.
Retrieved 15 November 2015.
49. Hoontrakul, Pongsak (2014). The
Global Rise of Asian Transformation:
Trends and Developments in
Economic Growth Dynamics
(illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
p. 37. ISBN 9781137412355. Archived
from the original on 18 May 2016.
50. "50 years after Sino-Indian war" .
Millennium Post. 16 May 1975.
Archived from the original on 3
December 2013. Retrieved 12 July
2013.
51. "Kirantis' khukris flash at Chola in
1967" . Hindustan Times. Archived
from the original on 28 February 2016.
Retrieved 22 July 2015.
52. Lawoti, Mahendra; Pahari, Anup Kumar
(2009). "Part V: Military and state
dimension" . The Maoist Insurgency in
Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first
Century. London: Routledge. p. 208.
ISBN 978-11-35261-68-9. "The second
turning point came in the wake of the
1971 Bangladesh war of
independence which India supported
with armed troops. With large
contingents of Indian Army troops
amassed in the West Bengal border
with what was then East Pakistan, the
Government of Indira Gandhi used the
opening provided by President's Rule
to divert sections of the army to assist
the police in decisive counter–
insurgency drives across Naxal–
impacted areas. "Operation
Steeplechase," a police and army joint
anti–Naxalite undertaking, was
launched in July–August 1971. By the
end of "Operation Steeplechase" over
20,000 suspected Naxalites were
imprisoned and including senior
 leaders and cadre, and hundreds had
been killed in police encounters. It was
a massive counter–insurgency
undertaking by any standards."
53. Pandita, Rahul (2011). Hello, Bastar :
The Untold Story of India's Maoist
Movement . Chennai: Westland
(Tranquebar Press). pp. 23–24.
ISBN 978-93-80658-34-6.
OCLC 754482226 . Archived from the
original on 6 January 2016.
"Meanwhile, the Congress government
led by Indira Gandhi decided to send in
the army and tackle the problem
militarily. A combined operation called
Operation Steeplechase was launched
jointly by military, paramilitary and
state police forces in West Bengal,
Bihar and Orissa.
In Kolkata, Lt General J.F.R. Jacob of
 the Indian Army's Eastern Command
received two very important visitors in
his office in October 1969. One was
the army chief General Sam
Manekshaw and the other was the
home secretary Govind Narain. Jacob
was told of the Centre's plan to send in
the army to break the Naxal. More than
40 years later, Jacob would recall how
he had asked for more troops, some of
which he got along with a brigade of
para commandos. When he asked his
boss to give him something in writing,
Manekshaw declined, saying, 'Nothing
in writing.' while secretary Narain
added that there should be no publicity
and no records."
54. Owen Bennett Jones. Pakistan: Eye of
the Storm. Yale University Press
(2003), p. 177 Archived 6 January
 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
ISBN 978-0-300-10147-8.
55. Eric H. Arnett. Military capacity and the
risk of war: China, India, Pakistan, and
Iran. Oxford University Press (1997), p.
134 Archived 6 January 2016 at the
Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-0-19-
829281-4.
5 . S. Paul Kapur. Dangerous deterrent:
nuclear weapons proliferation and
conflict in South Asia. Stanford
University Press (2007), p. 17
Archived 6 January 2016 at the
Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-0-8047-
5550-4.
57. Encyclopedia of the Developing World,
p. 806 Archived 6 January 2016 at
the Wayback Machine.
5 . Edward W. Desmond. "The Himalayas
War at the Top Of the World"
 Archived 14 January 2009 at the
Wayback Machine. Time (31 July
1989).
59. Vivek Chadha. Low Intensity Conflicts
in India: An Analysis. SAGE (2005), p.
105 Archived 6 January 2016 at the
Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-0-7619-
3325-0.
0. Pradeep Barua. The State at War in
South Asia. University of Nebraska
Press (2005), p. 256 Archived 6
January 2016 at the Wayback
Machine. ISBN 978-0-8032-1344-9.
1. Tim McGirk with Aravind Adiga. "War
at the Top of the World" . Time (4 May
2005). Archived 27 December 2008 at
the Wayback Machine
2. Kamal Thakur (1 November 2014). "16
Things You Should Know About India's
Soldiers Defending Siachen" .
 Topyaps. Archived from the original
on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 16 May
2014.
3. Sanjay Dutt. War and Peace in Kargil
Sector. APH Publishing (2000), p. 389-
90 Archived 21 May 2016 at the
Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-81-7648-
151-9.
4. Nick Easen. Siachen: The world's
highest cold war Archived 23 August
2016 at the Wayback Machine. CNN
(17 September 2003).
5. Arun Bhattacharjee. "On Kashmir, hot
air and trial balloons" Archived 28
February 2016 at the Wayback
Machine. Asia Times (23 September
2004).
. "Indian Army organizes a Symposium
titled "North Technical-2014" – Scoop
News Jammu Kashmir" . Archived
 from the original on 6 January 2016.
Retrieved 4 April 2016.
7. "e-Symposium – Northern
Command" . Official Website of Indian
Army. Archived from the original on
24 December 2016. Retrieved
9 January 2017.
. "e-Symposium – Northern Command:
North Tech Symposium 2016" . Official
Website of Indian Army. Archived
from the original on 24 December
2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
9. Bhaumik, Subir (10 December 2009).
Troubled Periphery: The Crisis of
India's North East By Subir Bhaumik .
ISBN 9788132104797. Archived from
the original on 6 January 2017.
70. Indian general praises Pakistani valour
at Kargil 5 May 2003 Daily Times,
 Pakistan Archived 16 January 2009 at
the Wayback Machine
71. Kashmir in the Shadow of War By
Robert Wirsing Published by M.E.
Sharpe, 2003 ISBN 0-7656-1090-6
pp36
72. Managing Armed Conflicts in the 21st
Century By Adekeye Adebajo, Chandra
Lekha Sriram Published by Routledge
pp192,193
73. The State at War in South Asia By
Pradeep Barua Published by U of
Nebraska Press Page 261
74. "Tariq Ali · Bitter Chill of Winter:
Kashmir · LRB 19 April 2001" . London
Review of Books. Archived from the
original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved
4 April 2016.
75. Colonel Ravi Nanda (1999). Kargil : A
Wake Up Call. Vedams Books.
 ISBN 978-81-7095-074-5. Online
summary of the Book Archived 28
September 2007 at the Wayback
Machine
7 . Alastair Lawson. "Pakistan and the
Kashmir militants" Archived 28
February 2003 at the Wayback
Machine. BBC News (5 July 1999).
77. A.K. Chakraborty. "Kargil War brings
into sharp focus India's commitment
to peace" Archived 18 August 2014
at the Wayback Machine. Government
of India Press Information Bureau
(July 2000).
7 . Michael Edward Brown. Offense,
defence, and war. MIT Press (2004), p.
393 Archived 6 January 2016 at the
Wayback Machine.
79. Sameer Yasir (21 September 2016),
"Uri attack carried out by Jaish-e-
 Mohammad militants, confirms Indian
Army" , Firstpost.
0. "India's surgical strikes across LoC:
Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir
Singh" . Hindustan Times. 29
September 2016. Archived from the
original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved
2 October 2016.
1. "Uri avenged: 35–40 terrorists, 9
Pakistani soldiers killed in Indian
surgical strikes" . 29 September 2016.
Archived from the original on 2
October 2016.
2. "Surgical strikes in PoK: How Indian
para commandos killed 50 terrorists,
hit 7 camps" . India Today. 29
September 2016. Archived from the
original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved
1 October 2016.
3. "Video footage provides proof of
surgical strikes across LoC | News-
Times of India Videos ►" . The Times
of India. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
4. "WATCH: "It's the footage I saw the
next day", confirms Lt Gen DS Hooda
who led the Surgical Strike – Republic
World" . Republic World. Archived from
the original on 28 June 2018.
Retrieved 28 June 2018.
5. "Surgical strikes video out, shows
terror casualties, damage to bunkers" .
The Indian Express. 28 June 2018.
Retrieved 28 June 2018.
. Excelsior, Daily (4 June 2018). "BSF
carries out 9 major strikes on Pak; 10
posts, bunkers decimated" .
7. "Indian Army's 21-year-old Rifleman
killed in ceasefire violation" . 16 June
2018 – via The Economic Times.
 . [1] Archived 21 February 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
9. "Past peacekeeping operations" .
United Nations Peacekeeping.
Archived from the original on 12
September 2009. Retrieved 31 March
2011.
90. "United Nations peacekeeping –
Fatalities By Year up to 30 June 2014"
(PDF). Archived (PDF) from the
original on 2 July 2017.
91. John Pike. "Brass Tacks" .
Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the
original on 11 February 2011.
Retrieved 31 March 2011.
92. John Cherian (8 June 2001). "An
exercise in anticipation" .
Hinduonnet.com. Archived from the
original on 7 December 2004.
Retrieved 31 March 2011.
93. "India, Mongolia engage in joint
military exercises" . Business
Standard. 11 June 2013. Archived
from the original on 15 June 2013.
Retrieved 27 June 2013.
94. Exercise Nomadic Elephant, Indo
Mongolian Joint Military Exercise
Archived 18 October 2015 at the
Wayback Machine. Facebook (24 June
2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.
95. "Indian Army tests network centric
warfare capability in Ashwamedha war
games" . India-defence.com. Archived
from the original on 5 February 2012.
Retrieved 1 June 2012.
9 . " 'Ashwamedha' reinforces importance
of foot soldiers" . Archived from the
original on 27 September 2007.
97. "Indo-US Army Exercise Yudh
Abhyas" . Defence.pk. 14 March 2012.
 Archived from the original on 18 April
2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
9 . "Yudh Abhyas enhances U.S., Indian
Army partnership" . Hawaii Army
Weekly. 22 May 2013. Archived from
the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved
11 August 2014.
99. "Steele_August2013.pdf – Association
of the United States Army" (PDF).
Archived (PDF) from the original on 21
September 2013.
100. Sgt. Michael J. MacLeod (11 May
2013). "Yudh Abhyas 2013 Begins" .
Archived from the original on 2
October 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
101. "File:Sgt. Balkrishna Dave explains
weapons-range safety procedures to
Indian Army soldiers with the 99th
Mountain Brigade before they fire
American machine guns.jpg" .
 Archived from the original on 26
October 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
102. "Indo-French joint Army exercise
Shakti 2013 begins today" .
Zeenews.india.com. Archived from
the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved
11 August 2014.
103. "Indo-French Joint Army Exercise
"Shakti 2016" " . Facebook. Archived
from the original on 18 October 2015.
Retrieved 11 August 2014.
104. "Indian Army gears up for war game in
Rajasthan desert" . FacenFacts. 25
April 2012. Archived from the original
on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 1 June
2012.
105. "Western Army Command conducts
summer training exercises" . Business
Standard India. 11 May 2012.
Retrieved 27 June 2019.
10 . "Indian Army's firing exercise
'Shatrujeet' enters its last phase –
Times of India" . The Times of India.
Archived from the original on 18 April
2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
107. "Indian Army Conducts Battle Exercise
'Shatrujeet' In Rajasthan" . NDTV.com.
Archived from the original on 17 April
2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
10 . Admin. "Indian Army Test Its Operation
Abilities" . News Ghana. Archived
from the original on 22 April 2016.
Retrieved 18 April 2016.
109. "Army and navy plan to set up a marine
brigade" . Indiatoday.intoday.in. 9 June
2010. Archived from the original on
19 October 2010. Retrieved 1 June
2012.
110. " 'Make in India' not just confined to
India anymore, benefitting others:
 Jitendra Singh" . Outlook. Archived
from the original on 10 September
2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
111. https://www.aninews.in/news/national
/general-news/lt-gen-arvind-dutta-
appointed-adjutant-general-of-indian-
army . Missing or empty |title=
(help)
112. "Lt Gen A K Bhatt joining as Military
Secretary at army headquarters" .
Greater Kashmir. 9 January 2019.
113. "Lt Gen S K Upadhyay designated as
MGO" .
114. "Engineer in Chief" .
115. "List of serving generals of the Indian
Army" . 1 July 2020 – via Wikipedia.
11 . Divisions and Corps of Indian Army,
Global Security Archived 28 June
2011 at the Wayback Machine
117. "Know Your Army: Structure" . Official
Indian Army Web Portal. Archived
from the original on 24 December
2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
11 . "Lt-General IS Ghuman assumes
charge as Commander of Central
Command of Indian Army" . 2 October
2019.
119. "Lt Gen Ghuman takes over as GOC-in-
C of Central Command" . 2 October
2019.
120. Sep 1, Jayanta Gupta | TNN | Updated
(1 September 2019). "Lieutenant
General Anil Chauhan takes over as
Eastern Army Commander | Kolkata
News – Times of India" . The Times of
India.
121. "Eye on China, India to raise second
division for mountain corps" . The
Indian Express. 17 March 2017.
 Archived from the original on 17
March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
122. "The mountain is now a molehill" .
Archived from the original on 7
December 2016. Retrieved 17 March
2017.
123. Negi, Manjeet Singh (24 January
2020). "Kargil fame Lt Gen YK Joshi
appointed Northern Army
Commander" . India Today. London.
Retrieved 25 January 2020.
124. India, Business Standard (30
December 2019). "Lt Gen CP Mohanty
assumes command of Pune-based
Southern Command" . Business
Standard India. Archived from the
original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved
30 December 2019.
125. "Kler is new chief of Sapta Shakti
Command" . 1 September 2019.
12 . Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (23 July
2019). "Naravane appointed as new
Vice Chief of Indian Army, four army
commanders appointed" . The
Economic Times.
127. Arora, Sumit. "Lt Gen Raj Shukla
assumes charge of ARTRAC" .
12 . "The Regiment of Artillery: Director
General and Colonel Commandant" .
Official Website of Indian Army.
Archived from the original on 24
December 2016. Retrieved 7 January
2017.
129. "List of personnel being conferred
gallantry and distinguished awards" .
The Week. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
130. "Army Air Defence: Director General
Army Air Defence" . Official Website of
Indian Army. Archived from the
 original on 24 December 2016.
Retrieved 7 January 2017.
131. "Army Aviation Corps: Director General
and Colonel Commandant" . Official
Website of Indian Army. Archived from
the original on 24 December 2016.
Retrieved 7 January 2017.
132. "The Corps of Signals SO-in-C" .
Retrieved 7 September 2019.
133. "Infantry Regiments" . Bharat Rakshak.
2008. Archived from the original on 7
October 2013. Retrieved 24 January
2014.
134. "Indian artillery inflicted maximum
damage to Pak during Kargil" . Zee
News. Archived from the original on
31 October 2014. Retrieved
26 November 2014.
135. RAGHUVSNSHI, VIVEK (21 March
2014). "Upgraded Indian Howitzers
 Cleared for Summer Trials" .
defensenews.com. Gannett
Government Media. Retrieved
21 March 2014.
13 . Swami, Praveen (29 March 2012).
"Inside India's defence acquisition
mess" . The Hindu. Archived from the
original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved
4 January 2014.
137. "In 'Dhanush', Indian Army's Prayers
Answered" . NDTV.com. Archived
from the original on 3 November 2014.
Retrieved 26 November 2014.
13 . "Defence ministry agrees to army's
long pending demand of artillery
guns" . dna. Archived from the
original on 24 November 2014.
Retrieved 26 November 2014.
139. "Indigenous Artillery Gun 'Dhanush' to
be Ready This Year" . The New Indian
 Express. Archived from the original on
22 November 2014. Retrieved
26 November 2014.
140. "Indian Army to increase indigenous
rocket regiments by 2022" . Firstpost.
7 December 2016. Archived from the
original on 8 December 2016.
Retrieved 8 December 2016.
141. Brett-James, Antony Report my
Signals London Hennel Locke 1948 –
personal account of a British officer
attached to Indian Army in Egypt and
Burma
142. "Corps Of Signals – Inaugural:
Ceremony Centenary Year" . Ministry
of Defence. 15 February 2010.
Archived from the original on 22
February 2014.
143. Rishabh Mishra (24 June 2015). "21
Different Branches Of Indian Army
 That Make It Such An Efficient Defence
Force" . TopYaps. Archived from the
original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved
7 June 2016.
144. "Lt Gen MH Thakur" . Archived from
the original on 19 February 2018.
Retrieved 30 September 2016.
145. "Army Medical Corps: DGMS (Army)
[Director General, Medical Services,
Army]" . Official Website of the Indian
Army. Archived from the original on
24 December 2016. Retrieved
25 October 2016.
14 . "Army Dental Corps: Director General,
Dental Services" . Official Website of
the Indian Army. Archived from the
original on 24 December 2016.
Retrieved 25 October 2016.
147. "Director General Ordnance Services" .
Official Website of the Indian Army.
 Archived from the original on 23
March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
14 . "75th EME CORPS DAY – DAVP"
(PDF). Archived (PDF) from the
original on 29 December 2017.
149. "Remount and Veterinary Corps:
Director General, Remount Veterinary
Services" . Official Website of the
Indian Army. Archived from the
original on 28 February 2016.
Retrieved 25 October 2016.
150. "Army Education Corps: General
Information" . Official Website of the
Indian Army. Archived from the
original on 24 December 2016.
Retrieved 25 October 2016.
151. "Heads of Service" .
152. "Directors/ ADGs" . Indian Army.
Retrieved 5 May 2020.
153. Snehesh Alex Philip (2 March 2020).
"Territorial Army set for overhaul as
voluntary force gets its first director
general" . ThePrint. Retrieved 5 May
2020.
154. "Major General Joyce Gladys Roach
takes over as ADG, MNS – India
Strategic" . Retrieved 28 September
2019.
155. Som, Vishnu (16 May 2020). "Anand
Mahindra May Recruit Those Who
Served In Army's New 3-Year 'Tour Of
Duty' Scheme" . NDTV. Retrieved
16 May 2020.
15 . "What is Tour of Duty in Indian Army -
Times of India" . The Times of India.
Retrieved 16 May 2020.
157. "How Indian Army's Military
Intelligence Directorate works : Special
Report – India Today" .
 Indiatoday.intoday.in. 28 January
2012. Archived from the original on
31 October 2012. Retrieved
4 November 2012.
15 . "State govt allots land for NTRO in
Borda village" . IBNLive. Archived
from the original on 17 October 2013.
Retrieved 4 April 2016.
159. Richard Rinaldi; Ravi Rikhye (2010).
Indian Army Order of Battle . General
Data LLC. ISBN 978-0982054178.
Archived from the original on 28
February 2016.
1 0. John Pike. "Indian Army Divisions" .
Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the
original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved
31 March 2011.
1 1. "Know about Ghatak commandos, the
invincible Special Forces of India" .
Archived from the original on 15
 October 2014. Retrieved 26 November
2014.
1 2. "The mountain is now a molehill" .
Archived from the original on 19
November 2016. Retrieved
18 November 2016.
1 3. "More soldiers but weaker Army" .
dailypioneer.com. Archived from the
original on 19 November 2016.
Retrieved 18 November 2016.
1 4. (Iiss), The International Institute of
Strategic Studies (14 February 2017).
The Military Balance 2017 . Routledge,
Chapman & Hall, Incorporated.
ISBN 9781857439007.
1 5. "General V K Singh takes over as new
Indian Army chief" . The Times of
India. 31 March 2010. Archived from
the original on 28 February 2016.
Retrieved 31 March 2010.
1 . Page, Jeremy. "Comic starts adventure
to find war heroes" Archived 9
August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
The Times (9 February 2008).
1 7. "Dr Seema Rao: India's First Female
Combat Trainer, Fighting
Stereotypes" . Forbes India.
1 . Indian Army must stop its
discrimination against military nurses
Archived 14 December 2017 at the
Wayback Machine, Hindustan Times,
13 December 2017.
1 9. "Entry Schemes Women : Officers
Selection – Join Indian Army" .
joinindianarmy.nic.in. Archived from
the original on 25 February 2016.
Retrieved 21 January 2016.
170. "First All-Female U.N. Peacekeeping
Force to Deploy to Liberia" . Fox News
Channel. 19 January 2007. Archived
 from the original on 17 February
2008. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
171. "Indian Army's shameful treatment of
women recruits" . NDTV. Archived
from the original on 10 March 2016.
Retrieved 13 December 2017.
172. "India paves way for women in military
combat roles" Channel NewsAsia 24
Oct 2015 Archived 5 February 2017
at the Wayback Machine
173. Pandit, Rajat (24 March 2014). "Army
running low on ammunition" .
indiatimes.com. TNN. Archived from
the original on 26 March 2014.
Retrieved 24 March 2014.
174. PTI. "HAL developing light choppers
for high-altitude operations" . The
Hindu Business Line. Archived from
the original on 21 March 2014.
Retrieved 26 November 2014.
175. Gautam Datt (13 October 2012). "Army
to get attack helicopters: Defence
Ministry" . Mail Today (epaper).
Archived from the original on 1
December 2012. Retrieved
30 November 2012.
17 . "DRDO's F-INSAS programme to be
ready in two years" . Defence News. 9
July 2013. Archived from the original
on 12 December 2013. Retrieved
10 July 2013.
177. "Night-vision devices for Indian Army
approved" . Zee News. 2 April 2013.
Archived from the original on 8 June
2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
17 . "Army to get night vision devices worth
over Rs 2,800 crore for its tanks and
infantry combat vehicles" . The
Economic Times. 2 April 2013.
Archived from the original on 28
 February 2016. Retrieved 10 July
2013.
179. Pandit, Rajat. "Army to raise 2
mountain units to counter Pak, China"
Archived 28 February 2016 at the
Wayback Machine. The Times of India,
7 February 2008. Retrieved 4 January
2010.
1 0. Rajat Pandit, Eye on China, is India
adding muscle on East? Archived 28
February 2016 at the Wayback
Machine 2 2009 July 0325hrs
1 1. "Arjun, Dhruv Get Thumbs Up From
Indian Army Chief" . Archived from the
original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved
4 April 2016.
1 2. Shenoy, Ramnath. "India to test fly light
combat helicopters shortly" . Press
Trust of India, 14 December 2009.
Retrieved 4 January 2010. Archived
 18 December 2009 at the Wayback
Machine
1 3. "Prahaar Missile to be test-fired on
Sunday" . Ibnlive.in.com. 17 July 2011.
Archived from the original on 16
October 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
1 4. The New Guardian India unveils an all
new anti-ballistic missile expected to
be the fore-runner of a sophisticated
air defence system to thwart, among
other threats, a Pakistani nuclear
weapons attack
1 5. "India tests interceptor missile" . 6
March 2009. Archived from the
original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved
19 April 2013.
1 . Business Standard. "155-mm gun
contract: DRDO enters the fray" .
Business-standard.com. Archived
 from the original on 6 October 2012.
Retrieved 1 June 2012.
1 7. "Exclusive: Made in India rifles to
replace INSAS" . Archived from the
original on 28 February 2016.
Retrieved 4 April 2016.
1 . Shiv Aroor (8 March 2020). "First
Images Of Indian Army With Their New
SIG716 Assault Rifles" . Livefist
Defence.com. Retrieved 30 March
2020.
1 9. Shiv Aroor (1 November 2018). "Mega
Made-In-India Kalashnikov Assault
Rifle Deal Around The Corner" . Livefist
Defence.com. Retrieved 30 March
2020.
190. "Indian Military News Headlines" .
Bharat-Rakshak.com. Archived from
the original on 5 November 2012.
Retrieved 4 November 2012.
 Bibliography
International Institute for Strategic
Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (2010).
The Military Balance 2010. London:
Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-557-3.
International Institute for Strategic
Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (7 March
2012). The Military Balance 2012.
London: Routledge. ISBN 978-
1857436426.
Praval, K.C. Praval Indian Army After
Independence (3rd ed. 2013) excerpt
and text search
International Institute for Strategic
Studies (3 February 2014). The Military
Balance 2014. London: Routledge.
ISBN 9781857437225.

Further reading
 Wilkinson, Steven I. 2015. Army and
Nation: The Military and Indian
Democracy since Independence .
Harvard University Press.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media

related to Indian Army.

Official website
Indian Army at Bharat Rakshak
Indian army guide at Global Security

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Indian_Army&oldid=976823539"

Last edited 1 day ago by InternetArchiveBot

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless

otherwise noted.